This is the second set of articles on the 92 Olympics as posted on ExecNet mid July, 1992. Enjoy! Scanning 1992_Olympics (227) Conference Date: 07-10-92 (22:41) Number: 42 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: DIVING: GENERAL Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Wendy Lucero-Schayes would rather be an ice skater than a world -> class diver. "Diving is enjoyable," she says, "but ice skating -> is still my favorite." 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 9/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Since divers and swimmers both end up in water, they're inextricably linked in the minds of spectators. But the truth is that diving has more in common with gymnastics than with swimming. Fancy diving, as opposed to the functional, no-frills, head-first kind, is believed to have begun as long ago as the 1600's as part and parcel of the lively gymnastics movement that flourished throughout Germany and Sweden. During the short summers of northern Europe these gymnasts moved themselves and their equipment, platforms included, and performed their acrobatics over the lakes, rivers and estuaries. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Diving made it to the Olympic Games for the first time in St. Louis in 1904 as an event on the men's swimming program. Platform diving - the platform was 10 meters (33 feet) high - made its appearance in the London Games in 1908. Women's diving was not introduced until four years later, in Stockholm, and then only as "plain diving", evidently without any of the rotations or twists of modern diving competitions. By 1920 women were allowed to compete in springboard diving. "Fancy diving" for women wasn't introduced internationally until 1928. Today, women divers share the spotlight equally with men. Both compete, though separately, in two events: the 3-meter springboard and the 10-meter platform. For each of these events, the divers choose from types or groups of dives. The first four types all involve a rotation of the body, in effect, some variation of a somersault; the fifth any dive with a twist - when the diver revolves around his body's longitudinal axis, that is, around his spine. The sixth type, used only off the platform, begins with a handstand. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 A dive can be broken down into different parts. First is the "approach" - smooth yet forceful. The "takeoff" must demonstrate body control and balance, plus the proper angle required of the attempted dive. "Elevation" can make or break a dive. The higher a competitor can rise above the board or platform, the better chance he or she has of achieving smoothness and accuracy. But the most important single aspect of the dive is "execution" in the air. Every diver in world competition will spend hours a day just on proper mechanics, the technique required of each specific dive and, of course, on those artistic elements of form and grace. Last is the "entry": it should be as vertical to the water as humanly possible with little or no splash. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 In each type of dive, the diver uses one or more of the four body positions: "Straight" - it requires no bend at waist or knees. But, depending on the dive, there may be an arch in the back. "Pike" - the legs are straight with the body bent at the waist. "Tuck" - body is bent at the waist and knees, with thighs drawn to the chest and heels kept close to the buttocks. "Free" - this is not an actual body position, but a diver's option to use any of the other three positions or combinations of them when doing a twisting dive. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The diving competition will take place at the Montjuic municipal pool. The diving pool is 16.4 feet deep and the stands can seat 6,498 spectators. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-10-92 (22:41) Number: 43 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: DIVING: THE EVENTS Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Wendy Lucero-Schayes would rather be an ice skater than a world -> class diver. "Diving is enjoyable," she says, "but ice skating -> is still my favorite." 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 9/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 3-Meter Springboard - Women In the finals, the women perform 10 dives off the 3-meter board. First are five required dives, one from each of the aforementioned groups (except armstand). Their collective degree of difficulty (DD) must total 9.5 or less. These tend to be the simpler dives from each group, so the judges can determine a competitor's command of basic diving skills. Then there are five optional dives, again, one from each group, with a higher degree of difficulty, to demonstrate more complex and daring acrobatic skills. The minimum cumulative DD for the optionals is 12.1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 3-Meter Springboard - Men In the 3-meter finals, men are obliged to perform five required dives, one from each group, with a maximum DD of 9.5, collectively. As with the women, these first five obligatory dives for men tend mostly to demonstrate a command of diving's fundamental techniques. But unlike the women, men must execute six (instead of five) optional dives in the second portion of the 3-meter finals with a minimum cumulative DD of 16.8. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 10-Meter Platform - Women Eight dives - four required dives with a maximum DD of 7.6; four optionals with a minimum degree of difficulty of 10.0. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 10-Meter Platform - Men Ten dives - four required dives with a maximum of 7.6 DD; six optionals with a minimum of 15.8. Note that in the men's competition one of the optional dives must begin with a handstand; in the four optional dives for women, the competitors may choose to do a handstand or not, depending entirely on their personal preference. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-10-92 (22:42) Number: 44 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: DIVING: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Wendy Lucero-Schayes would rather be an ice skater than a world -> class diver. "Diving is enjoyable," she says, "but ice skating -> is still my favorite." 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 9/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls Kent Ferguson of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., and Mark Lenzi of Fredericksburg, Va., are both contenders for a medal in the men's 3- meter competition. In the women's 3-meter, Wendy Lucero-Schayes of Denver has a good chance to medal, as does Krista Klein, of Dallas. In the 10-meter platform competition, look for Scott Donie of Ft. Lauderdale for the men; and Cokkey Smith, of Ann Arbor, Mich., and Ellen Owen, of Bellevue, Wash., for the women. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Contenders Despite the retirement of Greg Louganis and Wendy Wyland, the U.S. will field a strong and experienced squad. But the Chinese are expected to garner the heavy medal, followed by the U.S., the Unified Team and Germany. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wendy Lucery-Schayes Wendy Lucero-Schayes would rather be an ice skater than a world class diver. "Diving is enjoyable," she says, "but ice skating is still my favorite." She was interested in skating long before she took up diving seriously. That was in 10th grade, long after most competitive divers take up the sport. Why did she switch? "Money," she replies succinctly. Paying for skates and getting into the ice rink cost a great deal more than getting into the high school swimming pool in Denver. Besides, Wendy and her mother realized that no one gave college scholarships for figure skating, but did give them for diving. The first - and for a long time only - diving coach Wendy Lucero had was her mother, who has never been a competitive diver herself. Wendy, now married to professional basketball star Dan Schayes, did get a college scholarship for her diving skill. And now that she's an Olympian, she still frequently calls on her mother to serve as a coach. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-10-92 (22:42) Number: 45 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: DIVING: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Wendy Lucero-Schayes would rather be an ice skater than a world -> class diver. "Diving is enjoyable," she says, "but ice skating -> is still my favorite." 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 9/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competition Schedule Men 3-meter Preliminaries July 28 (Tues.) 3-meter Finals July 29 (Wed.) Platform Preliminaries Aug. 2 (Sun.) Platform Finals Aug. 4 (Tues.) Women 3-meter Preliminaries Aug. 1 (Sat.) 3-meter Finals Aug. 3 (Mon.) Platform Preliminaries July 26 (Sun.) Platform Finals July 27 (Mon.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-10-92 (23:26) Number: 46 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: EQUESTRIAN: GENERAL Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Horse and rider form a team that is closer and more inter- -> dependent than any other in all of sports. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 10/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Although it is generally not perceived as such, Olympic equestrian competition is a team sport. Virtually every competing nation will present a team of riders who have worked together before, and figuratively helped each other over the hurdles. Horse and rider form a team that is closer and more interdependent than any other in all of sports. The three equestrian events, each part of the Olympic Games since 1912, are dressage, show jumping and the three-day event. In all three Olympic equestrian events the horses must be at least 7 years old. Most are older, usually 12 or 13 for dressage; 10 to 12 in show jumping; and generally 9 to 11 in the three-day. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Show jumping and dressage will be held in the Royal Polo Club. Finals of the popular individual jumping event are set for the Olympic Stadium in the Montjuic Area. The endurance phase of the three-day event will be held at the El Montana Equestrian Circuit in the Osaka district. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-10-92 (23:26) Number: 47 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: EQUESTRIAN: THE EVENTS Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Horse and rider form a team that is closer and more inter- -> dependent than any other in all of sports. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 10/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dressage In dressage, the most aesthetic and formal of the three equestrian disciplines, the elegantly top-hatted rider guides the horse through a series of precise and intricate movements. Each horse and rider will perform the same test of about eight minutes in length. Some of the precise and artistic movements, scored by five judges situated strategically around the arena, include a stunning element called "the passage," which calls for a suspension of motion between each step of a trot, and another, "the piaffe," in which the animal trots in place. The better performances have the quality of a dance. There is a maximum score possible for the test but no rider in history has ever received the perfect dressage score. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Show Jumping Known too as Grand Prix jumping, this is the most well-known equestrian event, probably the one you will see most of on television. The team of horse and rider is obliged to jump a series of obstacles, set at irregular distances from each other over the "course." The goal is to jump each cleanly, without knocking down any part of the obstacle. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Three-Day The three-day, also called "combined training," is grueling - a test of endurance and style that demands the most of both the horse and rider. There are three phases to the three day, all performed by the same horse under the same rider. The day-one event is dressage, which tests the horse just as in regular dressage but at a lower level of complexity. The rider must control a horse accustomed to running and jumping, to evoke a quirt, controlled performance. Day two is reserved for the four-phase endurance test. In the first phase, the horse trots and slowly canters over a few miles of roads and tracks. In phase two, the pair must perform high-speed jumps over fairly low man-made obstacles on a flat "steeplechase" circuit. Phase three marks a return to "roads and tracks." Phase four is played out over a hilly "cross-country" course that leads over permanent obstacles: water, hedges, banks and solid jumps. On the third day, the phase held in the equestrian stadium challenges horse and rider in show jumping. This phase can be difficult, considering that it comes on the heels of day two's endurance test. The three-day event is so demanding that it remains the only equestrian event in which both individual and team medals are derived from the same performance. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-10-92 (23:27) Number: 48 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: EQUESTRIAN: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Horse and rider form a team that is closer and more inter- -> dependent than any other in all of sports. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 10/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls The U.S. Show Jumping Team still looks great after its silver medal performance in Seoul. Greg Best of Annandale, N.J. who won the individual silver medal in 1988 aboard Gem Twist, is a strong contender. So is Anne Kursinski of Flemington, N.J., who rode Starman to a fourth in the individual standings in Seoul. In dressage, look for Carol Lavell of Fairfax, Vt., riding Gifted. Strong contenders in the three-day include Karen Lende of Uppervill, Va, riding Mr. Maxwell and Bruce Davidson of Unionville, Pa., aboard Irishman II. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Contenders In show jumping, the top athletes include John Whitaker of Great Britain, who took silver in the 1990 world championships; world champion Eric Navet of France; and Germany's gold medal Olympic team. Top athletes in the three-day event include individual Olympic gold medalist Mark Todd of New Zealand; world champion and double gold-medalist Blithe Tact, also from New Zealand; and Ia Stark of Great Britain, whose team looks strongest in this event. In dressage, the German team is a real powerhouse. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-10-92 (23:27) Number: 49 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: EQUESTRIAN: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Horse and rider form a team that is closer and more inter- -> dependent than any other in all of sports. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 10/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competition Schedule Individual Jumping Aug. 7 & 9 (Fri.,Sun.) Team Jumping Aug. 4 (Tues.) Individual Dressage Aug. 5 (Wed.) Team Dressage Aug. 2-3 (Sun.,Mon.) Three-Day July 27-30 (Mon.-Thurs.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-11-92 (04:02) Number: 50 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: FENCING: GENERAL Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Fencers do not have to abide by a "right of way" and real combat -> takes place with simultaneous hits.. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 11/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The art of swordsmanship, practiced from Biblical times on, has evoked from deadly combat to an Olympic sport. The premium is on trigger-fast reflexes and keen intelligence aimed at striking without being struck. Three weapons - the foil, the epee (pronounced epa-a) and the sable - are used in fencing, and there are individual and team competitions for each. Foil and epee are "point-thrusting" weapons, while the sable can both thrust and slash with its blade edge. All three weapons have been modified to allow for electronic scoring. All fencers wear protective masks. In Barcelona, the U.S. will field men's squads in each of the three disciplines, but a women's team just in the foil, the only fencing event open to distaffers in these Olympic Games. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The fencing competition will be held in the Palau de la Metal*lurgia in Montjuic, in an area on a hill overlooking the Mediterranean that will be the nerve center of the games. The venue will hold 3,500 spectators. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 What's New In '92? The number of touches and the time requirement relating to them have been compressed. This year, fencers must score five touches within six minutes, as opposed to the system used in 1988 in Seoul; eight touches in eight minutes for women, and 10 touches in 10 minutes for men. If time expires, the fencer ahead is the winner. If there's a tie at the end of six minutes, in the Olympic direct-elimination system only, the next fencer to score wins. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-11-92 (04:02) Number: 51 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: FENCING: THE EVENTS Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Fencers do not have to abide by a "right of way" and real combat -> takes place with simultaneous hits.. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 11/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 All competition is on a direct-elimination basis. To take a match, a fencer must win two out of three five-touch bouts. No timeout is allowed between the first and second bouts, but if a third bout is needed, the rules permit a one-minute rest period before it beings. The "strip" in which fencers battle is a mat 45.9 feet long and 6 1/2 feet wide. Should a fencer cross the rear boundary with both feet, the opponent is awarded a penalty touch. Should he or she step off the side of the strip, the other fencer is allowed to advance one meter toward the opponent's end of the strip. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The Scoring Touch, By Weapon Touches that count as scores vary according to the weapon involved. Fencers must score five touches within six minutes. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The Foil The foil is the flexible, rectangular version of the old- fashioned rapier and weighs less than a pound. In foil events, touches are scored with the tip of the blade only, and only against the opponent's torso, from collarbone to hipbone. Each fencer's torso is encased in a conductive lame vest connected to the scoring machine at the scorer's table, so there is no guesswork about whether the torso has been touched. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The Sabre The sabre is a close relative of the cavalry sword and is like the foil in length and heft. But it differs significantly from the foil in that it is both a thrusting and cutting weapon against a legal target. A legal target, in the instance of sabre events, encompasses the front and back of the body, from the head down to the bend of the hips. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The Epee The epee is a descendant of the dueling sword. Like the foil, it is 35 inches long, but 11 ounces heavier and equipped with a larger hand guard and a much stiffer blade. In epee events, too, touches can be scored only with the point of the blade, but with this weapon, touches count that are made against any part of the opponent's entire body: head, neck, legs, even feet. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fine Points of Watching Fencing To follow fencing's lightning speed, start by concentrating on one fencer only. The fencer being attacked defends by using the parry, a motion intended to deflect the attacker's blade by pushing the attacker's blade away, usually to the left or right. After parrying, he or she will usually launch a riposte, an answering attack. Thus, the two fencers alternate defense and offense. In foil and sable, the first fencer to extend his or her weapon arm and threaten the opponent's legitimate target area is said to have "the right of way" to attack, and the opponent is obliged to defend. In epee, though, fencers do not have to abide by a "right of way" and real combat takes place with simultaneous hits (within 1/25 of a second) possible. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Watching The Lights The official, known as the director, or commonly in the U.S. as President of the Jury (even though the jury in all events has been replaced by the electronic scoring device), must confirm a touch before it counts. There are two light towers at opposite ends of the strip. One has a red light and a white light; the other, a green light and a white light. A flashing red or green light indicates a point or blade has landed in a valid target area on the fencer nearer that tower. A point is scored for the fencer who made the touch (provided the official confirms it). A white light means the point or blade landed off-target and no point is earned. A white light and a colored light flashing simultaneously indicate that the strike first landed off-target, then on-target. In this instance, no point is awarded because an off-target nullifies an ensuing valid hit. Simultaneous flashing of the red and the green indicates that the official must determine which of the fencers shall be awarded the touch point. In epee events, when both lights go on, a touch is awarded to each fencer ("a double touch"). 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-11-92 (04:02) Number: 52 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: FENCING: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Fencers do not have to abide by a "right of way" and real combat -> takes place with simultaneous hits.. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 11/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls At last look, Caitlin Bilodeaux of Concord, Mass., in women's foil and Michael Lofton and Peter Westbrook of New York City in sabre seemed likeliest among American fencers to earn berths on the Barcelona-bound team. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Contenders Countries expected to send the strongest contingents to Barcelona are France Germany, Italy and the Unified Team (EUN), with Cuba a sleeper. One to watch is the EUN's Gregory Kirienko in the Sable. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Michael Lofton Michael Lofton, a two-time member of the U.S. Olympic Fencing Team, started sabre-rattling at the age of 9 in the local recreation program in Freeport, Long Island. "I went to sign up for baseball, took a wrong turn and ended up in fencing. I loved Errol Flynn and Robin Hood. I guess I was a pirate at heart", Lofton says. Considered the best in America with the sable, he was a member of the silver medal men's team at the 1987 Pan American Games. To top in off, the then 28-year-old New York University graduate was the 1991 U.S. Fencing Association Division I national champion in his fencing specialty. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-11-92 (04:02) Number: 53 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: FENCING: TERMINOLOGY Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Fencers do not have to abide by a "right of way" and real combat -> takes place with simultaneous hits.. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 11/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Attack: The initial offensive action made with the arm extending and the blade threatening the valid target. Beat: A sharp, controlled blow against the opponent's blade with the object of opening a line or provoking a reaction. Corps-A-Corps: When the fencers are physically in contact. The director halts the action when this takes place. Counterattack: An attack made after and against an opponent's attack. Disengage: An offensive action in which the blade passes from one line to another. En Garde: The basic starting position of the fencer facing the opponent. Engagement: A crossing of the blades. Feint: A blade movement intended to look like an attack or the beginning of an attack. Its aim is to draw a reaction parry. Fleche: A running attack. Invitation: Any movement intended to tempt the opponent into an attack. Lunge: The primary way of reaching the opponent when attacking. It is executed by kicking out the front foot while the rear foot remains behind, ending up with the forward leg bent at the knee, and the rear leg straight. Parry: A defensive action made with the blade to deflect an attack. Pris De Fer: Any action that "takes the blade." Remise: A renewed action in one instantaneous moment, usually replacement or insistence of the point. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-11-92 (04:03) Number: 54 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: FENCING: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Fencers do not have to abide by a "right of way" and real combat -> takes place with simultaneous hits.. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 11/5 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Men's Finals Individual Foil July 31 (Fri.) Team Foil Aug. 5 (Wed.) Individual Sabre Aug. 2 (Sun.) Team Sabre Aug. 7 (Fri.) Individual Epee Aug. 1 (Sat.) Team Epee Aug. 6 (Thurs.) Women's Finals Individual Foil July 30 (Thurs.) Team Foil Aug. 4 (Tues.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-12-92 (01:49) Number: 55 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: GYMNASTICS: GENERAL Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> The impact of the American victories resulted in an intangible -> that proved more precious than the medals themselves... 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 12/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 In 1904, gymnastics included a 100-yard footrace and a shot put competition. In 1912, a 100-meter obstacle course was added to the sport. It wasn't until 1924, in Paris, that men's Olympic gymnastics largely assumed its present shape, and four years later, when the Games moved to Amsterdam, women's gymnastics was added. Distinct eras of domination followed; first it was the Germans in the 1930s, the Soviets in the 1950s, and, in the 1960', the Japanese who reigned over international gymnastics for 20 years. In 1984, the power resided among the Chinese - that is, until the Olympic Games came to Los Angeles in 1984 and the Americans came into their own. The U.S. men's team took the gold and Mary Lou Retton took the individual gold in the women's "all-around", and the U.S. women's team took its first silver that glorious summer. The impact of the American victories resulted in an intangible that proved more precious than the medals themselves: there emerged an awareness that captured the imagination of an army of 7, 8, 9 and 10 year old girls, and some younger, who sought to master every vault, swing and tumble that overworked but delighted gymnastics coaches could teach them. The 1988 Games saw the American girls storm the gates of Eastern bloc domination, and only a technical deduction kept them from a bronze medal in Seoul. coach Bela Karolyi was pleased: "We did not produce an Olympic champion...but we showed the world that the U.S. can be tough." 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The top 12 countries from the 1991 world championships compete with men's and women's teams of six gymnasts each, plus any countries that had individual gymnasts qualify. The six athletes from each team and the individual qualifiers compete in all six men's events, or all four women's events. A maximum of two women per country compete in the four rhythmic event all-around competition. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The first round is the team competition, and 90 athletes will compete in men's events, and 90 in women's events. This first round consists of two parts - "competition 1A," or the compulsories; and "competition 1B," the optionals, which allows each competitor to create his or her own routine. The second round - "competition 2" - is the all-around competition which includes the top 36 men and 36 women (no more than three per nation, however) who advanced from round one's team events. The third and final round accepts only the top eight in each apparatus (and a maximum of only two athletes from each country). In this round, gold,silver and bronze medals will be awarded on each apparatus. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 There is a definite order for gymnastics events, established by the Federation of International Gymnastics. Women perform the vault first in their program, followed by uneven bars, balance beam and, finally, the floor exercise. For men, the sequence is floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault parallel bars and horizontal bar. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The Palau Sant Jordi, in the Montjuic Olympic Ring, will house men's and women's artistic gymnastics events in the course of eight days. the rhythmic gymnastics competitions take place over three days in the Palau Municipal d'Esports, also in Montjuic. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The gymnast in each routine begins with less than a perfect score - 9.6 for women, 9.4 for men. From that, judges deduct for flaws in execution or for omitting a required component. Conversely, they will award bonuses up to 0.4 for women and up to 0.6 for men for the "most difficult" maneuvers. Skills are divided into four levels of difficulty, ranging from easiest to most difficult. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-12-92 (01:50) Number: 56 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: GYMNASTICS: WOMENS EVENTS Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> The impact of the American victories resulted in an intangible -> that proved more precious than the medals themselves... 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 12/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Womens' Events Vault The vaulting horse is 4 feet high, 5 feet long and 14 inches wide, but while the men vault over it lengthwise, women approach the horse from the side and vault over its width. Generally, gymnasts start to sprint at the far end of an 82-foot runway, gathering speed as they go, and then bounce off a springboard into the air, land on the horse with their hands and instantaneously push into the air a second time, then into a landing. Try to see this event as the judges do: a championship vaulter explodes off the springboard quickly, feet rising above the level of her head in this first flight phase until she makes contact with the top of the horse. As the gymnast powers off the horse, the judges look for proper body, shoulder and hand position and take into account how quickly she leaves the horse into the second phase of flight. This second phase is critical: the judges watch for the height and distance travelled, and evaluate the number and quality of the airborne somersaults and twists. There is a predetermined "degree of difficulty" for each element of a gyration; the higher the degree, the higher the score - if done correctly, that is. But to clinch a high score overall, vaulters must land far beyond the horse - and without so much as a hop or a wobble. In gymnasts' parlance, the perfect landing is called "sticking it." Uneven Bars The upper bar is set at 7 feet 9 inches, and lower at 5 feet 2 inches, which creates opportunities for a variety of grip changes, releases and regrasps, giant swings into handstands and flight elements such as somersaults in the air. Olympic rules permit only four of these elements in a row on one of the bars. Judges expect the entire routine on the uneven bars to flow from one movement to the next without pauses, extra swings or any motion that is not prescribed for an element. Balance Beam The only thing that's easy to do on this 4 inch wide apparatus is fall off. A fall has cost more than one woman gymnast victory in the all-around competition and more than one team a gold, silver or bronze in the team competition. The routine must last between 70 and 90 seconds and cover the entire length (more than 16 feet) of the beam. The judges expect to see tumbling, both on the beam and in the air, strength and balance and a variety of turns, leaps and body waves that are akin to dance steps. Floor Exercise This is the most artistic of all Olympic gymnastics events. Dance is combined with tumbling and acrobatics, performed to music of the gymnast's own choosing. No other event reveals such an expression of personality and freedom. There are displays of balance and flexibility. The 70-to-9 - second routine is judged as a single creative unit which blends graceful athletic movements with an array of the most daring and exciting stunts. A tumbling run or "pass" performed diagonally across the 40-by-40 foot mat will include double back somersaults and double somersaults with a full twist. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-12-92 (01:50) Number: 57 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: GYMNASTICS: MENS' EVENTS Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> The impact of the American victories resulted in an intangible -> that proved more precious than the medals themselves... 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 12/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mens' Events Floor Exercise What is last in the women's competition is performed first by the men. While both sexes use the same (40-by-40-foot) mat of springs, foam, wood and carpeting, the men's floor exercise is almost a different event. The demand among women gymnasts is for dance-like movement. Among men, there is a definite acrobatic style, performed without music. The men's routine lasts 50 to 70 seconds. Judges for the men's event demand at least three or four tumbling passes, in at least two directions - forward, backward or sideways. Strength must be clearly demonstrated too: watch the men perform the obligatory straight arm press to a handstand. As with women, flexibility is another requirement. You'll see it in the way the more accomplished men perform the splits. Balance is yet another element, demonstrated, for example, by somersaults (salts, the gymnasts prefer to call them). These mid-air activities elicit high marks only if the man performs them at head height. That means he has to reach the climax of his rotation at least 5 feet above the mat's surface. Pommel Horse The gymnast is obliged to cover the middle and both ends of the horse in a continuous series of circular movements interrupted only long enough to complete the required scissors elements (switching one leg to the front, the other to the rear, then reversing them). The only part of the body the judges expect to see touching the apparatus is the hands. Doing the pommel horse exercise requires more subtlety than other men's gymnastics events. Each move is defined by complex hand placements and body positions, and the skills must seem to blend together easily. Judges look for a series of moves with the hands reaching behind the back and taking hold of the horse quickly, quietly and rhythmically. But the secret of high marks also resides in the gymnast's ability to keep his legs absolutely straight with toes pointed at all times. Still Rings Here the performance is on two rings suspended by approximately 10 feet of steel cable and leather or nylon strap from a frame 18 feet high. There is no question that working the rings demands the most strength of all gymnastics exercises. Routines must include at least two handstands. The gymnast may swing into one of them but in the other variation of a handstand he must raise himself slowly and smoothly using only the muscles in his upper body. All strength moves must beheld for two seconds and each competitor must perform at least three of them, including one variety of "press to a handstand." The rings must remain still throughout the routine. This is paramount to the judges, who scrutinize for the slightest wobble or swing in the rings. Another thing that affects scoring negatively is when the body sags or twists, or the arms waver or shake. Overall, there must be as many "swing" moves - actually swinging into position - as there are strength moves. Vault While the men vault from the same apparatus as the women, the horse is turned so the men vault over the length of the apparatus. Men are also obliged to pass through certain minimum height and distance requirements on every vault. In the so-called preflight from the springboard to the vaulting horse, the body must rise swiftly to the proper angle of contact by the time the hands actually touch the surface of the apparatus. During the second flight, from horse to landing, the body must rise at least one meter above the height of the horse and travel at least two meters from the end of the horse before the landing on the mat. The landing must be firm, without extra steps, and in s straight line with the horse, the springboard and the runway where the competitor started. Parallel Bars This is the world of mid-air somersaults, mind-boggling changes in body direction and spectacular dismounts. At least one move of superior difficulty, in the judges' eyes, must be a swinging element. The gymnast is also required to release and regrasp the bars with both hands during a move of medium or superior difficulty. In an optional move, some of the world's top gymnasts choose to perform outside the two rails in a series of handstands, kips (moving from below the bar to a position above), presses (like push-ups) and hip circles (circling the bar at the hip), all completed on the same bar. The most difficult skill demanded of the gymnast on this apparatus requires a move in which for a moment he loses sight of the bars, as in front and back somersaults. The more of these risky moves he performs in succession, the higher his score is likely to be. Horizontal Bar The gymnast swoops around a "high" bar that is more than 8 feet up in a variety of "giant" (a 360-degree rotation with the body fully extended) swinging motions, arms and body fully extended. The routine must include frequent changes in grip, direction and body positions. The athlete also has to complete at least one move in which the bar is released and then regrasped, such as a somersault above the bar. On top of that, he is obliged by the judges to complete one giant with his back to the bar or, alternately, perform the "eagle" grip, a move in which the wrists are rolled inward until the thumbs are on the outside of the grip, pointing away from each other. Then there are the giants done with just one arm. Because the strain of these one-arm giants is so great, judges tend to score competitors highly if they can do several one-arm swings in a row while changing direction. All this must be done without breaks or stops during the routine. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-12-92 (01:50) Number: 58 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: GYMNASTICS: RHYTHMIC Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> The impact of the American victories resulted in an intangible -> that proved more precious than the medals themselves... 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 12/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rhythmic Gymnastics Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics, which involves different dance steps and body movements while manipulating one of the following: rope, hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon. Everything is done to music on a 40-by-40 foot carpet. Each routine must contain at least four elements of superior difficulty and four of medium difficulty. In the hoop, ball and ribbon events, one of these difficulties must be performed with the left hand. The choreography must cover the entire carpet and contain a balanced choice of elements: jumps, leaps, pivots, balances and flexibility. Each apparatus has a number of characteristic movements: Rope Swings, circles, figure-eight-type circling movements called "mills," tosses and catches of the rope; skips, leaps and jumps with the rope open or folded. Hoop Swings, rolls, tosses and catches, spins, passing through and over the hoop on the floor, and rotating the hoop around the hand and other parts of the body. Most impressive are the high tosses and complex techniques for catching the hoop in a different way each time. Ball Waves, circles, tosses and catches, movement with the ball balanced on the hand, bouncing the ball, and rolling the ball on the floor and along parts of the body are all key movements. Clubs Swings, large circles, small circles, mills, tosses and catches, rolls along the body and rhythmical tapping are the general rule. Ribbon Snakes, spirals, swings, circles, tosses and catches, and figure-eight movements of the ribbon. Certain pre-acrobatic elements, such as rolls, are permitted, providing the competitor shows no flight. The ribbon must be handled "harmoniously" at all times. In general, elements of medium difficulty can be recognized as one leap, a small bodywave, and one full turn in combined movement with the apparatus. A series of leaps or pirouettes combined with a large toss and catch of the ribbon or a large body wave below the horizontal are examples of superior difficulty. Rhythmic Scoring The base score is 9.40. For exceptional performances, it is possible to earn bonus points up to a total of .60, for that rare 10.0. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-12-92 (01:51) Number: 59 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: GYMNASTICS: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> The impact of the American victories resulted in an intangible -> that proved more precious than the medals themselves... 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 12/5 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls The U.S. women, led by Kim Zmeskall of Houston, Texas, the 1991 world champion; Betty Okino of Elmhurst, Ill.; and Shannon Miller of Edmond, Okla., present a powerful presence in Barcelona, second only to the Unified Team (EUN). A year ago, in the world championships, the U.S. women placed second to the former Soviet team. In the rhythmic events look for Jenifer Lovell of Miami. At the same world championships, the U.S. men placed fifth, but Scott Keswick of Las Vegas and Chris Waller of Mt. Prospect, Ill., have great potential to medal in the individual competitions at the Olympic Games, as does Lance Ringnald of Albuquerque, N.M. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Contenders The EUN's men, with their probable top three of Gregori Misutin, Vitali Scherbo and Valeri Liukin, are expected to take home the gold; and the EUN's women, led by Tatiana Gutsu, will also be strong. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Shannon Miller Shannon Miller was only 13 when she became the first American to win the all-around title at the 1990 Catania Cup competition in Italy. She is a lady of perfect scores: she scored her first 10 in the 1991 Swiss Cup and another 10 in the 1991 Arthur Gander Memorial competitions. She also achieved a 4.0 grade point average at Summit Middle School in her hometown of Edmond, Okla. It's no wonder that she was recently given the Women's Sports Foundation's 1991 Up & Coming Award, honoring female athletes who show promise of becoming America's next world champions. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-12-92 (01:51) Number: 60 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: GYMNASTICS: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> The impact of the American victories resulted in an intangible -> that proved more precious than the medals themselves... 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 12/6 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 What's New In '92? There will be eight judges for each men's gymnastics event for the first time in Olympic history. There will be a "superior judge" and an assistant to the superior judge whose votes only act as guides for the other six judges. The women will have an "expert" judge for the first time in the Games. This judge does not vote, but monitors the panel of six judges. For both men and women, the six scores are totaled, throwing out the high and the low scores and averaging the four middle scores. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competition Schedule Women Team Competition July 26 & 28 (Sunday & Tuesday) Individual All-Around July 30 (Thursday) Apparatus Aug. 1 (Saturday) Rhythmic Aug. 6-8 (Thursday-Saturday) Men Team Competition July 27 & 29 (Monday & Wednesday) Individual All-Around July 31 (Friday) Apparatus Aug. 2 (Sunday) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-13-92 (16:23) Number: 61 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: JUDO: GENERAL Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> "This will be my fourth Olympic Team", says Mike, who has been -> ranked among the top three in the world for the last seven years. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 13/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Judo, a discipline practiced today by six million Japanese and many more athletes worldwide, might be somewhat misrepresented to the viewer as the martial art of "gentleness" or "giving way". There is a degree of giving way in this 100-year-old refinement of jujitsu, without jujitsu's deadly holds and blows: an advantage can be won by a judoka (player or athlete) by using the attacker's own weight and impetus against himself or herself, to put him or her off balance. But judo, as you will see it practiced in Barcelona, will also demonstrate that it is hard to win without force. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The 1992 Olympic Games mark the first official appearance of women judo competitors. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The judo competitions, involving 300 male and 200 female judokas, each in seven weight divisions, will be held at the Pallau Blaugrana, part of the Barcelona FC sports complex. The Blaugrana, an octagonal structure holding 6,400 spectators, is normally the home of the Barcelona FC basketball team. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-13-92 (16:23) Number: 62 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: JUDO: RULES/SCORING Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> "This will be my fourth Olympic Team", says Mike, who has been -> ranked among the top three in the world for the last seven years. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 13/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The principles of movement, balance and leverage govern judo in which "players" seek to accomplish one or more of four objectives: to throw a rival to the mat (or tatame); to hold the rival there; to apply armbar (elbow joint locking) techniques with the stipulation that a lock on any bodily joint other than the elbow is a dangerous infringement of the rules; and to choke the rival while avoiding any action that might injure the neck or spine. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 How Judo Is Scored To start, players stand face to face in the contest area, at assigned red or white tape, which corresponds to the sash they wear. Then they bow and take one step forward. The referee declares, "Hajime" (begin). All scoring and refereeing terms are in Japanese. During a contest, for either men or women, a competitor may record an ippon (full point), a waza-ari ("almost" ippon, a half of a point), a yuko ("almost" waza-ari, a quarter of a point) and a koka ("almost" yuko, an eighth of a point). There are negative scores too, resulting from bansoku-make (very grave infringements), keikoku (grave infringements), chui (serious infringements) and shido (slight infringements). During the contest, the negative scores are recorded in favor of the contestant who did not commit the violations. In judo, the object is to score an ippon or its equivalent, which is the sum of two waza-ari, known as an awaste ippon. Scoring an ippon or an awaste ippon automatically ends the contest. An ippon can be scored by: o Throwing a rival onto his or her back with considerable force or speed. o Applying an effective stranglehold or arm-bar o The disqualification of a rival (bansoku-make) for an infringement such as wearing a hard or metallic object that can injure either player. The disqualification marks an automatic ippon to the winner. o Receiving two waza-ari. An awaste ippon results from: o Successfully executing one of the discipline's throwing techniques, which is given a waza-ari, followed by a 25- second hold-down, or vice versa. o Winning a waza-ari, yuko and koka, do not automatically terminate the competition but are counted toward the decision when time expires. A waza-ari results from: o A throwing technique that does not have the full value of an ippon. o A hold-down that is effective for more than 25 seconds but less than 30. o An opponent receiving a keikoku, which can be given for intentionally going outside the contest area. A yuko results from: o A throwing technique that does not have the value of a waza- ari. o A hold-down that lasts for more than 20 seconds but less than 25. A koka results from: o A throwing technique that does not have the value of a yuko. o A hold-down that lasts for more than 10 seconds but less than 20. If a player fails to respond to the summons to compete or can't because of injury not caused by the opponent, then the contest is awarded to the latter. A women's contest lasts four minutes, a men's contest five. If no ippon or awaste ippon is scored, the three officials decide the winner on the basis of who demonstrated the better judo technique. Any lesser scores earned are counted toward the decision. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-13-92 (16:24) Number: 63 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: JUDO: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> "This will be my fourth Olympic Team", says Mike, who has been -> ranked among the top three in the world for the last seven years. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 13/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls Most likely to medal among the Americans competing in Barcelona are Lynn Roethke of Fond du Lac., Wis., who competes in the women's half-middleweight class (61 kg) and, among the men, Michael Swain of San Jose, Calif., who competes in the 71-kg division. Roethke, the 1991 national champion, came in second in the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, Swain won the bronze in 1988; 1992 will be his fourth Olympic appearance. Six other men and six other women make up the U.S. Olympic Team for Barcelona, among them are Joey Wanag (86 kg) of San Jose and JoAnn Quiring (52 kg) of Littleton, Colo. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Contenders Look for competitors from the Unified Team, Japan, Poland, Korea and Germany to be strong at the 1992 Olympic Games. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Michael Swain When Mike Swain was 8, he was introduced to judo by his uncle, who had learned it while in the U.S. Marine Corps. Mike was one of only two American men to win an Olympic medals for judo in 1988, a bronze in his lightweight (71 kg) category. A year earlier, he became the 1987 world champion - the first American male to ever win a world judo championship. This is likely to be the last Olympic appearance for Mike, now 32. "This will be my fourth Olympic Team", says Mike, who has been ranked among the top three in the world for the last seven years or so, "I am hoping for nothing less than the gold." 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-13-92 (16:24) Number: 64 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: JUDO: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> "This will be my fourth Olympic Team", says Mike, who has been -> ranked among the top three in the world for the last seven years. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 13/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competition Schedule Men 60 kg (132 lbs.) July 27 (Monday) 65 kg (143 lbs.) July 28 (Tuesday) 71 kg (156 lbs.) July 29 (Wednesday) 78 kg (172 lbs.) July 30 (Thursday) 86 kg (189 lbs.) July 31 (Friday) 95 kg (209 lbs.) Aug 1 (Saturday) +95 kg (+209 lbs.) Aug. 2 (Sunday) Women 48 kg (106 lbs.) July 27 (Monday) 52 kg (114 lbs.) July 28 (Tuesday) 56 kg (123 lbs.) July 29 (Wednesday) 61 kg (132 lbs.) July 30 (Thursday) 66 kg (145 lbs.) July 31 (Friday) 72 kg (158 lbs.) Aug. 1 (Saturday) +72kg (+158 lbs.) Aug. 2 (Sunday) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-14-92 (14:53) Number: 65 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: PENTATHLON: GENERAL Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> ..highlighting the skills theoretically required of army couriers -> for survival and success in times of war 100 years before the -> automobile. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 14/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Is there such a things a modern pentathlon? In truth, it is a sport for the renaissance man, the one who can do everything .. well, nearly everything. The presumption is that it is called "modern" because the gentlemen who conceived of the first modern Olympics in 1896 also conceived of the first Olympic pentathlon and introduced it to the Games in 1912. To do that, Baron de Coubertin drew on the past, highlighting the skills theoretically required of army couriers for survival and success in times of war 100 years before the automobile. The idea was if the courier's horse collapsed beneath him from a bullet wound or exhaustion, the man might have to run the rest of the way to deliver his message, or swim a wide river, while fighting his way out of an enemy ambush with gun and sword. Though in 1992 the events won't occur in that order - and the danger of an ambush is long past - skill, exertion and endurance are qualities still required of the 66 pentathletes who will participate. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fencing will be held at the Palau de la Metal*lurgia; the largest of the Bernat Picornell pools will be the swimming site; shooting will take place at the regular Olympic shooting locale in Mollet del Valles; the cross-country event will be in the Parc del Midgia, next to Montjuic Stadium; and the riding will take place at the Royal Polo Club in the Diagonal Area. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-14-92 (14:54) Number: 66 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: PENTATHLON: THE EVENTS Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> ..highlighting the skills theoretically required of army couriers -> for survival and success in times of war 100 years before the -> automobile. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 14/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Five disciplines will be contested over four days. Day 1: An epee fencing tournament that could easily go on for 12 straight hours. Each of the 66 men must face all the others in a series of three-minute bouts. The first touch with the tip of the blade on any part of the opponent's body determines the winner of each bout. Day 2: A 300-meter (328-yard) freestyle swim in the morning. In the afternoon, shooting with a .22 caliber pistol at a revolving target 25 meters (82 feet) away. Each athlete shoots four rounds of five shots each. Day 3: The 4,000-meter (2 1/2-mile) cross-country run. Day 4: The climax, the one the 1992 organizers believe will attract the most viewer attention, is the 600-meter (656-yard) equestrian event in which the athletes ride a horse, chosen by lot, over a 15 obstacle course. Here the luck of the draw can play a major role in deciding who captures the gold. The athlete is allowed only 20 minutes before he competes to get to know the mannerisms of the horse he will ride. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Points are added or subtracted against a par of 1,000 points for all events except equestrian, which has a maximum of 1,100. The athlete with the highest overall point total after the five events wins the gold medal. To determine the team score, the point totals of the top three athletes from each nation/team are added together. Fencing Winning 70 percent of all the bouts earns the competitor 1,000 points. Each win beyond 70 percent earns another 17 points, and conversely 17 are deducted for each match under 70 percent. Swimming Crossing the finish line in 3:54 garners 1,000 points. Four points are added for each half-second faster, four deducted for each half-second slower. Shooting Each hit counts up to 10 points (the maximum is awarded only for a bull's-eye.) A total of 194 points out of a possible 200 earns 1,000 points for the whole event. Twenty-two points are added or subtracted for each point above or below 194. Running A finish of 14:15 earns 1,000 points with three points added or subtracted for each second over or under 14:15. Equestrian In riding, a clean ride of under 1:43 earns the maximum of 1,100 points. Two points are deducted for each second slower, and additional points are penalized for falls (60 points), refusals (40) and knockdowns (30). 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-14-92 (14:55) Number: 67 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: PENTATHLON: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> ..highlighting the skills theoretically required of army couriers -> for survival and success in times of war 100 years before the -> automobile. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 14/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls Rob Stull, of Clarksburg, Md., a two-time pentathlon Olympian in 1984 and 1988, is the U.S.'s main hope. Stull, who also competed in Seoul as a fencer, is strong in swimming, riding and, of course, his specialty of fencing. A decent score in shooting makes him a serious medal threat. The best American runner and swimmer is Mike Gostigian of Newtown Square, Pa. Conrad Adams of Fredericksburg, Va., is also likely to make the trip to Barcelona, as is James Halley of Lake City, Fla. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Contenders Hungary and the Unified Team continue to be the international power in the modern pentathlon, with Italy, Poland and Great Britain close behind. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-14-92 (15:13) Number: 68 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: PENTATHLON: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> ..highlighting the skills theoretically required of army couriers -> for survival and success in times of war 100 years before the -> automobile. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 14/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competition Schedule Fencing July 26 (Sunday) Swimming & Shooting July 27 (Monday) Running July 28 (Tuesday) Equestrian July 29 (Wednesday) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-14-92 (15:12) Number: 69 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: ROWING: GENERAL Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Since medals are won or lost by fractions of seconds, starting -> the finishing sprint too early or too late can be disastrous. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 15/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The smooth, fluid, seemingly effortless motion may trick a viewer into thinking that Olympic rowing takes no more effort than a Sunday afternoon spin on a lake. But, in reality, the agonized expressions on the faces of the athletes tell it all. World-class competitive rowing leaves muscles aflame and bodies drained of oxygen and energy, and the last 500 meters of a race are inevitably excruciating. And, in crews of two, four or eight, added to the pain is the rower's knowledge that his or her performance directly affects every teammate. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Boats compete in two basic categories: sculling and sweep rowing. There are sculls for one, two and four persons, who use two oars each and are called scullers. These boats are known, respectively, as single, double and quadruple or quad. In sweep rowing, each competitor uses only one oar. The sweep boats carry two, four or eight rowers. In every eight-person boat event and some of the pairs and fours, the crews are guided by a coxswain. This in-boat coach, pronounced "cox-n," usually sits in the back of the boat (stern) facing the finish line and also steers. In sweep rowing events without a coxswain, the boats may be steered by pressure exerted by the rowers or by rudder. In both types of boats, rowers sit on sliding seats that allow them to put more power in their stroke by pushing off with their legs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rowing events will be held at Banyoles. Because the site is about 80 miles from Barcelona, rowers, coaches and officials will live in their own Olympic Village in Banyoles. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-14-92 (15:12) Number: 70 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: ROWING: THE COMPETITION Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Since medals are won or lost by fractions of seconds, starting -> the finishing sprint too early or too late can be disastrous. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 15/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Olympic racing employs a double-elimination system, whereby each rower/crew gets at least two chances to compete. Competitors go through a series of elimination heats until only six crews/boats remain for the finals. At Barcelona, there will be eight medal events for men and six for women. The men's sculling events are single, double and quadruple; the men's sweep rowing events are pair with coxswain, pair without coxswain, four with coxswain, four without coxswain, and eight. The women's sculling events are single, double and quadruple sculls; the women's sweep events are pair without coxswain, four without coxswain, and eight. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 At the start of the race, the number of strokes per minute (or stroke rating) is usually at its highest, perhaps hitting the 40s, compared with an average in the mid-30s through most of the remainder of the 2,000-meter (approximately 1 1/4-mile) course. Since medals are won or lost by fractions of seconds, starting the finishing sprint too early or too late can be disastrous. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rowers need strong legs (where the stroke begins with a push) as much as upper body strength. Rowing a mile and a quarter in about six minutes is exceptionally demanding on the body. Watch for continuous, fluid motion and synchronization of stroking. If you see a lot of splash, the oarblades aren't entering the water correctly. And when oars are brought out of the water, they all should be at the same height, just above the surface. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-14-92 (15:12) Number: 71 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: ROWING: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Since medals are won or lost by fractions of seconds, starting -> the finishing sprint too early or too late can be disastrous. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 15/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls Among rowers to watch in the men's sweep rowing events are Tom Bohrer of Babylon, N.Y.; Jeffrey McLaughlin of Warwick, R.I.; and Doug Burden of Middletown, R.I. In men's sculling, keep an eye on David Gleeson of Philadelphia; Chip McKibben of Balboa Island, Calif.; and Allan Green of Barrington, R.I. At the 1991 world championships, a U.S. team won silver in the women's four-without-coxswain sweep event with Anna Seaton, whose hometown is Manhattan, Kan.; Stephanie Maxwell-Pierson of Somerville, N.J.; Cindy Eckert of Brookfield, Wis.; and Shelagh Donohoe of Lowell, Mass. They should be at Barcelona, but not necessarily all on the same crew. They bear watching. In women's sculling, hopefuls include Alison Townley of Minneapolis; Kris Karlson of Weston, Conn.; and 1988 Olympic silver medalist Anne Marden of Concord, Mass. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Contenders Germany continues to be the dominant men's rowing country, and while the German women are still strong, it was the Canadian women who won four of six gold medals at the 1991 world championships, followed by Romania, which also had four medals (but no golds). 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Anna Seaton It may sound like Sylvester Stallone's fictional "Rocky" calling, but "Yo! Row!" is a very real program that brings together inner city kids and Olympic hopefuls through rowing. It's the job of Anna Seaton, through the Olympic Job Opportunities Program (OJOP), to coach "Yo! Row!" in Boston. Very much a coach who can, Anna is an outstanding sweep rower and one of the U.S. hopefuls for a medal at Barcelona. She and her pair partner, Stephanie Maxwell-Pierson, were the 1990 U.S. Rowing Female Athletes of the Year. Anna, a 28-year-old native of Kansas, now lives in Watertown, Mass. She began rowing in college in 1985,, and has amassed impressive credentials since, winning U.S. national championships in 1991 in three events: women's eight, women's pair without coxswain and women's four without coxswain. She was on the team that won silver in the women's four without coxswain at the 1991 world championships and at Lucerne International Regatta. Her degree from Harvard is in English; as rowing coach and competitor, she's something of a classic. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-14-92 (15:13) Number: 72 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: ROWING: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Since medals are won or lost by fractions of seconds, starting -> the finishing sprint too early or too late can be disastrous. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 15/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competition Schedule Men's Finals Pair w/o Coxswain Aug. 1 (Saturday) Pair with Coxswain Aug. 2 (Sunday) Four w/o Coxswain Aug. 2 (Sunday) Four with Coxswain Aug. 1 (Saturday) Eight with Coxswain Aug. 2 (Sunday) Single Sculls Aug. 1 (Saturday) Double Sculls Aug. 1 (Saturday) Quadruple Sculls Aug. 2 (Sunday) Women's Finals Pair w/o Coxswain Aug. 1 (Saturday) Four w/o Coxswain Aug. 1 (Saturday) Eight with Coxswain Aug. 2 (Sunday) Single Sculls Aug. 2 (Sunday) Double Sculls Aug. 1 (Saturday) Quadruple Sculls Aug. 2 (Sunday) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-15-92 (16:30) Number: 73 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SHOOTING: GENERAL Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Shooters fire a 12-gauge shotgun at 200 of the 4-inch clay -> targets that spring into the air one or two at a time at speeds -> up to 80 mph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 16/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hardly had guns been invented when people started shooting competitively at targets. Recorded competition dates back to 1477, and shooting was one of the sports in the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. At those Games, eight nations participated in five shooting events with Greece the most successful. Since then, shooting competitions have been a part of all but the 1904 and 1928 Games. Twenty-one events were presented at Antwerp at the 1920 games, but the number gradually decreased. All competition used to be open, with men and women competing together. Of the 13 rifle, pistol and shotgun events slated for the 1992 Games, however, there will be seven events for men, four for women, and two open. three of the women's events - air rifle, three position rifle and sport pistol - were instituted in the 1984 Games. Separate air pistol competitions for men and women were added in the 1988 Games. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Except for trap and skeet shooting, two competitors from each nation may enter each of the events, which are named either for the type of gun or target used. Three from each nation may enter trap shooting and skeet shooting. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The shooting competition will take place at Mollet del Valles, where bleachers are erected behind shooters at every range. Advanced scoring technology will aid viewers in keeping abreast of developments in the various competitions. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-15-92 (16:31) Number: 74 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SHOOTING: MOVING TARGETS Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Shooters fire a 12-gauge shotgun at 200 of the 4-inch clay -> targets that spring into the air one or two at a time at speeds -> up to 80 mph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 16/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Trap Shooting In trap shooting, 200 clay targets - discs about 4 inches in diameter - are propelled a distance of at least 70 meters (230 feet), one at a time. Each shooter, using a 12-gauge shotgun, is allowed only two shots at each target. Men and women compete in the same trap shooting event and the most total hits wins. (In both trap and skeet shooting, the top six athletes advance to a 25-target final round.) Skeet Shooting This event is similar to trap shooting in that shooters fire a 12-gauge shotgun at 200 of the 4-inch clay targets that spring into the air one or two at a time at speeds up to 80 mph and are propelled at least 65 meters. Targets emerge from two structures resembling chimneys (the high and low house). There are three main distinctions from trap shooting: 1) in skeet shooting, a shooter gets only a single shot at each target; 2) the shooter must move through a series of eight shooting stations, so that shots must be taken at a greater variety of angles; and 3) the shooter must hold the shotgun at hip level until the target appears, which can be any time from zero to three seconds after his or her call. Men and women compete in the same event. Running Target In this men's event, shooters aim at a circular paper target that runs along a track 10 meters (33 feet) away at two speeds, slow and fast. Contestants are allowed 30 shots at each speed. In slow runs, the competitor has five seconds to track, aim and fire; in fast runs, the target is exposed for 2 1/2 seconds. The target actually contains two sets of 10-ring targets, the edges of which are about 3 1/2 inches apart. These 10-inch ring targets are each about 2 inches in diameter, each with a bull's-eye about 3/16 of an inch in diameter. An aiming dot between the targets helps the shooter in tracking. In this event, men shoot .177 caliber air rifles with telescopic sights. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-15-92 (16:31) Number: 75 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SHOOTING: STATIONARY TARG Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Shooters fire a 12-gauge shotgun at 200 of the 4-inch clay -> targets that spring into the air one or two at a time at speeds -> up to 80 mph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 16/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rapid-Fire Pistol Aptly named, this men's event requires shooters to be increasingly quick on the draw. The target is a six-ring circle 22 inches in diameter, the bull's-eye of which is just under 4 inches in diameter. A hit on the outer ring earns five points; six on the next ring, and so on, up to 10 points for the bull's-eye. The event consists of two days of firing, each involving three phases. In the first phase, five targets are shown simultaneously, and the shooter is allowed only eight seconds to hit each. In the second phase, he gets only six seconds, and in the third, the time limit is reduced to four seconds. When the targets first appear, only their edges are visible to the competitor. Free Pistol This men's event features a 10-ring target, 19 1/2 inches wide, the center of which is a 2-inch bull's-eye. Points for hits range from 10 in the center to one point on the outermost ring. The target is 50 meters (164 feet) from the shooters, who aim with the aid of metallic sights. To enable a shooter to gain his composure or to wait until wind or other conditions become more favorable, each shooter can take up to 2 1/2 hours to get off 60 shots. (A relatively lengthy time period also applies in men's free rifle prone and in three-position rifle for men and women, for the same reasons.) The highest point total wins. The men fire with a .22 caliber pistol. Air Pistol Separate men's and women's events are contested with air and gas- powered .177 caliber pistols from 10 meters at a 10-ring target whose diameter is 6 1/8 inches, with a bull's-eye the size of a pencil eraser. Shooters have one shot per target. Men may take 60 shots in 2 3/4 hours; women, 40 shots in 1 1/2 hours. Sport Pistol In this women's event, competitors use a .22 caliber standard pistol from 25 meters (82 feet), to fire 60 shots. The shooting is divided into two 30-shot phases: a "precision" or slow-fire stage, and a "duel," or rapid-fire stage. The precision stage is fired in six series of five shots at a 10-ring target with a 2-inch bull's eye, with competitors allowed six minutes per series. In the duel stage, the 10-ring target has a 4-inch bull's-eye and the target begins on edge, faces the shooter for three seconds, then turns away for seven seconds. Free Rifle Prone Like the free pistol competition, this men's event uses a 10-ring target 50 meters away. But the 10-point bull's-eye is smaller - only 5/8 of an inch in diameter - and the time limit is reduced to 1 3/4 hours for the 60 shots. Also, as the name suggests, firing is done from the prone, rather than standing or kneeling, position, with one shot per target. In the prone position, the shooter's stomach is touching the ground, one leg flat one one bent. The men use .22 caliber rifles weighing up to 17.6 pounds. Three-Position Rifle Considered by many to be shooting's most difficult competition, this event requires each competitor to shoot at the tiny (3/8 of an inch) bull's-eye from each of three positions: prone, kneeling and standing. Men and women compete in separate events. Men use .22 caliber free rifles weighing no more than 17.6 pounds. Women fire .22 caliber standard rifles not exceeding 12.12 pounds. The men fire 40 shots from each position from 50 meters. They have a time limit of 1 1/4 hours for prone, 1 3/4 hours for standing, and 1 1/2 hours for kneeling. Women get 20 shots from each position, with a total time limit of 2 1/2 hours. Women can spend their time however they want on each position. Air Rifle There are separate events for men and women, but all competitors use air or gas-powered .177 caliber rifles that weigh up to 12.12 pounds. Athletes fire one shot per target from the standing position at a distance of 10 meters. Men fire 60 shots in up to two hours; women, 40 shots in up to 1 1/2 hours. The 10-ring target has a one- half millimeter bull's eye, roughly the size of a dot. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-15-92 (16:31) Number: 76 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SHOOTING: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Shooters fire a 12-gauge shotgun at 200 of the 4-inch clay -> targets that spring into the air one or two at a time at speeds -> up to 80 mph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 16/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls Among U.S. shooters to keep in your sights at the Olympic Games is Colorado Springs resident Bob Foth, who was honored as Shooting Athlete of the Year by the U.S. Olympic Committee. It was the third such honor for Foth, who's been outstanding in prone, three-position and air rifle. Also worth watching are David Johnson of Colorado Springs in rifle; Bret Erickson of Buena Vista, Calif., in trap; and Fritz Allen of Vail, Colo., in running target. Among the women, strong medal contenders include Launi Meili of Colorado Springs, a standout in both women's air rifle and three-position, and Debra Sinclair of Tygard, Ore., in women's air rifle. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Contenders The Unified Team is the strongest contender, followed by the U.S., Germany, China, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Italy. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-15-92 (16:32) Number: 77 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SHOOTING: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Shooters fire a 12-gauge shotgun at 200 of the 4-inch clay -> targets that spring into the air one or two at a time at speeds -> up to 80 mph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 16/5 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competition Schedule Men Free Pistol July 26 (Sunday) Air Rifle July 27 (Monday) Air Pistol July 28 (Tuesday) Free Rifle Prone July 29 (Wednesday) Rapid-Fire Pistol July 29-30 (Wed-Thurs) Running Target July 31-August 1 (Friday-Sat) Three Position Rifle July 31 (Friday) Women Air Rifle July 26 (Sunday) Sport Pistol July 27 (Monday) Three Position Rifle July 30 (Thursday) Air Pistol August 1 (Saturday) Open Skeet July 26-28 (Sun-Tuesday) Trap July 31-August 2 (Friday-Sunday) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-17-92 (01:11) Number: 78 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SOCCER: GENERAL Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Soccer is the most popular game in the world - few if any sports -> have roused such passions. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 17/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 What the United States calls soccer and the rest of the world calls football bears little resemblance to the American game of football. True, both sports use 11 men on a side, but in soccer 10 of them can't touch the ball with their hands. Soccer is the most popular game in the world - few if any sports have roused such passions. The outcome of at least one soccer match helped precipitate a shooting war (in 1969, Honduras and El Salvador went to war after a hotly contested World Cup match between the two countries). One indicator of soccer's growing popularity in the U.S. is that 1,400,000 spectators, the largest number of all Olympic sports, paid to see it played in the 1984 Olympic Games held in Los Angeles, where baseball, basketball, possibly volleyball and certainly American football are viewers' games of choice. Those 1,400,000 customers represented one-fifth of all the people who watched an Olympic event in 1984 - and that happened even though the U.S. team never made it beyond the first round. Soccer was also the most attended event at Seoul in 1988. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Because soccer is so popular in Spain, there are numerous places to play it that were already in existence in and near the city. Five sites are available for the 1992 Olympic competition: Camp Nou and the Sarria Stadium, both in the Diagonal Area, Luis Casanova in Valencia, La Romareda in Saragossa, and the Nova Creu Alta stadium in Sadabell. All five venues have a regulation playing area of 105 x 68 meters. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Soccer's international governing body, FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association), ended its ban on professionals in the Olympic Games before the 1984 Games in Los Angeles. But it has imposed a new restriction for 1992 and Barcelona: no player born before August 1, 1969, may participate for any of the 16 countries slated for Olympic competition. It is the only Olympic sport other than boxing to impose a maximum age restriction - all competitors must be under 23. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-17-92 (01:11) Number: 79 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SOCCER: THE RULES Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Soccer is the most popular game in the world - few if any sports -> have roused such passions. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 17/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The object of the game is to put the 27 to 28-inch round leather ball into the opponent's goal. The goal mouth is 24 feet wide and 8 feet high, and is defended by the goalkeeper, who is the only player on the team who can use his hands or arms to touch the ball. The other 10 can kick it with their feet, block it with their torsos or strike it with their heads, but no hands. The only exception is when the ball is put back into play from out of bounds. The game is played on a field roughly 115 x 74 yards. In soccer there is a rectangular penalty area, 18 x 44 yards, surrounding each of the goals. There are two halves in soccer, each 45 minutes long. The official time is kept by the referee, who will add time to the end of the game if there were any delays due to injuries or other circumstances. Fouls committed result in a direct or indirect free kick. A team can score from a direct kick without a second player touching the ball. With an indirect kick, the ball must be touched by someone other than the player who puts the ball into play. Common fouls consist of pushing, tripping, shoving or holding an opponent. Should a foul such as pushing, tripping, or holding, or a "hand ball" (touching the ball with the hands or arms) be committed inside the penalty area by the defending team, a penalty kick is awarded from a spot 12 yards from the goal mouth. The only one permitted to defend against this penalty shot is the goalkeeper. "Offside" occurs when an attacking player is beyond the last defensive player (other than the goalkeeper) at the time the ball is kicked to him. In other words, if he is the lead attacker, and the only person in his path is the goalkeeper when the ball was kicked to him, he is ruled offside. This infraction will result in an indirect free-kick for the defending team, which then becomes the offensive team. The offside rule puts a premium on physical conditioning since an attacker cannot remain near the opposition's goal all the time. Only two substitutions are permitted, per side, per game. If the two substitutions are used and a player is later injured, the team must play short. A referee will refrain from enforcing a foul if, in his view, calling the foul would result in the offended team losing an advantage. This is known as the "Advantage Clause." It has been estimated that the average soccer referee runs about eight to 12 miles during a game. The average world-class soccer player runs about two to six miles in 90 minutes of playing time. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-17-92 (01:12) Number: 80 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SOCCER: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Soccer is the most popular game in the world - few if any sports -> have roused such passions. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 17/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls Restricting the age of players to those who have not reached their 23rd birthday when the Games begin may have an equalizing effect. The younger American players have a good deal of talent that could carry them far since they are on par with the rest of the world's under-23 players. The U.S. Under-23 Team established itself in the 1991 Pan American Games in Cuba where it was the only U.S. team to capture a gold medal. The U.S. team (sometimes called the U-23s) proved itself further in advancing to the final round of the Olympic qualifications by overwhelming its two opponents, Haiti and Panama, by an aggregate score of 18-2, over four games. The U.S. will be led in goal by Brad Friedel of Bay Village, Ohio, the starting goalkeeper for the 1990 NCAA Championship UCLA Bruins. Several members of the squad going to Barcelona have strong international experience: among them are captain Cam Rast of Simi Valley, Calif.; Dante Washington of Columbia, Md.; Steve Snow of Schaumburg, Ill.; Mike Burns of Marlborough, Mass., and Chris Henderson of Everett, Wash. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Contenders The favorites are Paraguay and Columbia; Germany, one of sport's traditional powerhouses; and Spain, with a formidable team of its own. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-17-92 (01:12) Number: 81 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SOCCER: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Soccer is the most popular game in the world - few if any sports -> have roused such passions. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 17/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 (Sorry, team pair-ups not available at the time of this writing) Preliminaries July 23-30 (Friday - Thursday) Quarterfinals August 1-2 (Saturday-Sunday) Bronze Medal Match August 7 (Wednesday) Gold Medal Match August 8 (Saturday) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-18-92 (22:00) Number: 82 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SWIMMING: GENERAL Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> In the 1988 Olympic Games, medals were won by swimmers from 22 -> different countries, the most in Olympic swimming history. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 18/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competitive swimming in the form we're familiar with is a relatively recent development. It was the early 19th century when swimming pools were introduced, and the breaststroke and sidestroke were favored as the fastest, most efficient strokes. What came to be known as the Australian crawl was introduced late in the century by an Englishman, Alec Wickman, who presented a stroke he had observed being employed by Solomon Island natives. Richard Cavill taught an improved version of the stroke in England, while his brother Sydney introduced it in the United States. These swimming styles evolved into three of the four Olympic strokes. The fourth - the butterfly - resulted when Erich Radmacher of Germany improved on the breaststroke by thrusting his arms forward through the air, where he encountered less resistance. This stroke was separated from the breaststroke, and the modern-day butterfly became the fourth Olympic stroke in 1956. The rest, as the saying goes, is history. And what a glorious history it's been. From just four swimming events of different distances in the first modern Olympic Games in Athens, with no style restrictions, the Olympic sport has grown to include a variety of events, with steady improvements and expansion of style, distances and facilities. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Starts and turns are key points of any race. Many a race has been lost by a swimmer who starts or turns poorly. Swimmers are called to starting positions by the starter, who visually ascertains that all swimmers are down and still. Once the starter is satisfied, the race is started by an electronic tone. If the starter feels that one of the swimmers has "jumped the gun," the race will be recalled; a second premature start by a swimmer, and the offender will be disqualified. Quick turns are another essential to a good race. Swimmers must touch the wall in turning in all events, but in the freestyle and, since March 1991, in the backstroke, the swimmer may somersault as he or she reaches the wall, touching only with the feet. In the other two competitive strokes, both hands must touch the wall before the turn is executed. The sprint races (50 meters and 100 meters) are swum at all-out speeds from start to finish. There are basically two ways to swim a distance race (200 meters or more): 1) evenly-holding the same pace throughout, or 2) "negative split" - swimming the second half of a race faster than the first. In the 1970s and 1980s, "negative splitting" was considered the way to win a distance race. But recently, world records have been set by Janet Evans and Jorg Hoffman using "even pace" strategies. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The swimming events will take place at the Bernat Picornell swimming pools (Montjuic Area). Events are held in an Olympic pool, 50 meter long (164 feet) and referred to as a "long course." It has a minimum of eight lanes, each from 7 to 9 feet wide, and the water must be at least 4 feet deep. At Barcelona, the pool's depth will be 6 to 9 feet. The water temperature must be between 78 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-18-92 (22:01) Number: 83 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SWIMMING: THE EVENTS Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> In the 1988 Olympic Games, medals were won by swimmers from 22 -> different countries, the most in Olympic swimming history. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 18/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 There are 13 individual events each for men and for women as well as three relay events for men and two relays events for women. The events are categorized by the type of stroke the swimmer uses. The distances of the events range from 50 meters to 1,500 meters for men, and from 50 meters to 800 meters for women. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Freestyle In freestyle, the competitor may swim any stroke he or she prefers. The usual choice is the Australian crawl, which calls for two or six beats (or kicks) per stroke. The slower two-beat kick is used in distance races; the faster six-beat kick is used in the sprint events and at the very end of the distance races. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Backstroke In the backstroke, swimmers must stay on their backs at all times. Swimmers used to be required to touch the wall with a hand before turning, but since April 1991, that is no longer necessary. Now what is required is a "continuous turning action" - that is, a uniform, unbroken motion with no pauses. In the Olympic Games and all U.S. and international competitions, each swimmer's head must surface within 15 meters (49.2 feet) of the start of the race. The rule is a change from the previous 10-meter requirement which was passed after David Berkoff of the U.S., using a 35-meter underwater start that came to be known as the "Berkoff Blastoff" set a world record at Seoul in 1988. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Breaststroke The breaststroke, which requires simultaneous movements of the arms on the same horizontal plane, is one of the most difficult strokes to master. The hands are pushed forward from the breast, on or under the surface of the water, and brought backward simultaneously in the propulsion stage of the stroke. The kick, known as a "frog" or breaststroke kick, is a simultaneous thrust of the legs. No flutter or dolphin (in which both legs move up and down together) kicking is allowed. Before executing a turn, a swimmer must touch the wall with both hands at the same time. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Butterfly The butterfly features the simultaneous overhead stroke of the arms combined with the dolphin kick. No flutter kicking is allowed. As in the breaststroke, swimmers must touch the wall with both hands before turning. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Individual Medley Commonly referred to by its initials (the I.M.), the individual medley comprises all four competitive strokes. The swimmer swims the butterfly for the first quarter of the distance, the backstroke for the second, the breaststroke for the third, and the freestyle for the final quarter. The new "no-touch" backstroke rule comes into effect only in the 400-meter individual medley and only in the middle of the backstroke leg, not in the backstroke-to-backstroke turn. It does not apply in the 200-meter individual medley. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Medley Relay In the medley relay, the four strokes are swum by four different swimmers, none of who may swim more than one leg (one portion or quarter) of the relay. The race is swum in order: backstroke first, then breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Freestyle Relay In freestyle relay, each swimmer may choose the stroke he or she will use, with each leg of the race swum by a different competitor. As in the medley relay, no individual may swim more than one leg. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-18-92 (22:01) Number: 84 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SWIMMING: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> In the 1988 Olympic Games, medals were won by swimmers from 22 -> different countries, the most in Olympic swimming history. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 18/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls The men's medal contenders include Matt Biondi of Castro Valley, Calif, in the 50 and 100 meter freestyle, and 4 x 100 meter freestyle relay; Melvin Stewart of Charlotte, N.C. in the 100 and 200 meter butterfly and 4 x 200 meter freestyle relay; Mike Barrowman of Potomac, Md., in the 200 meter breaststroke; Jeff Rouse of Fredericksburg, Va., in the 100 meter backstroke; and Tom Jager of Tijeras, N.M. in the 50 meter freestyle. Among hopefuls for women's medals are Jenny Thompson of Dover, N.H., in the 50, 100 and 200-meter freestyle and 4 x 100-meter freestyle relay; Janet Evans of Placentia, Calif., in the 400 and 800- meter freestyle; Summer Sanders of Roseville, Calif., in the 200 and 400-meter individual medley and the 100 and 200-meter butterfly; Anita Nall of Towson, Md., in the 100 and 200-meter breaststroke; Janie Wagstaff of Mission Hills, Kan., in the 100 and 200-meter backstroke; Nicole Haislett of St. Petersburg, Fla., in the 100 and 200-meter freestyle, the 200 I.M. and the 4 x 100-meter freestyle relay; and Crissy Ahmann-Leighton of Tucson, Ariz., in the 100-meter butterfly and the 4 x 100-meter freestyle relay. The lineup for the 4 x 100- meter medley relay team will probably be Wagstaff, Nall, Ahmann- Leighton and Thompson. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World contenders In the 1988 Olympic Games, medals were won by swimmers from 22 different countries, the most in Olympic swimming history, and it's likely the trend will repeat itself at the Games this year. While no one country seems positioned to outswim the U.S. at Barcelona, a number of nations will be strong, among them Australia and Germany, while China has emerged as a fledgling swimming power. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-18-92 (22:01) Number: 85 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SWIMMING: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> In the 1988 Olympic Games, medals were won by swimmers from 22 -> different countries, the most in Olympic swimming history. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 18/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competition Schedule Men's Finals 50-m Freestyle July 30 (Thursday) 100-m Freestyle July 28 (Tuesday) 200-m Freestyle July 26 (Sunday) 400-m Freestyle July 29 (Wednesday) 1,500-m Freestyle July 31 (Friday) 100-m Backstroke July 30 (Thursday) 200-m Backstroke July 28 (Tuesday) 100-m Breaststroke July 26 (Sunday) 200-m Breaststroke July 29 (Wednesday) 100-m Butterfly July 27 (Monday) 200-m Butterfly July 30 (Thursday) 200-m Individual Medley July 31 (Friday) 400-m Individual Medley July 27 (Monday) 4 x 100-m Medley Relay July 31 (Friday) 4 x 100-m Freestyle Relay July 29 (Wednesday) 4 x 200-m Freestyle Relay July 27 (Monday) Women's Finals 50-m Freestyle July 31 (Friday) 100-m Freestyle July 26 (Sunday) 200-m Freestyle July 27 (Monday) 400-m Freestyle July 28 (Tuesday) 800-m Freestyle July 28 (Tuesday) 100-m Backstroke July 28 (Tuesday) 200-m Backstroke July 31 (Friday) 100-m Breaststroke July 29 (Wednesday) 200-m Breaststroke July 27 (Monday) 100-m Butterfly July 29 (Wednesday) 200-m Butterfly July 31 (Friday) 200-m Individual Medley July 30 (Thursday) 400-m Individual Medley July 26 (Sunday) 4 x 100-m Medley Relay July 30 (Thursday) 4 x 100-m Freestyle Relay July 30 (Thursday) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-20-92 (11:31) Number: 86 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMING Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Though duet swimmers perform their compulsory figures separately, -> they are judged on how precisely they mirror each other's -> movements in the routine portion. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 19/1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Synchronized swimming is a sport requiring overall body strength and agility, grace and beauty, split-second timing, musical interpretation, and a bit of the dramatic. It is a unique sport in which power, strength and technical skill are displayed in an artistically choreographed piece. The competitive rules and manner of judging are similar to its counterparts - figure skating and gymnastics. To perform a strenuous routine while maintaining an effortless appearance is a very difficult and important quality expected by the judges. To understand the physical demands and endurance needed to perform the 3 1/2-to-four minute routines, consider running without breathing for that length of time. Two synchronized swimming events - the solo and duet competitions - will be presented in Barcelona. In the 1996 Olympic Games, team competition (eight swimmers, plus two alternates per team) will replace the current solo and duet competitions. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 To date, no synchronized swimmer has ever achieved success or recognition without undergoing years of intense, arduous training. Coaches have found that without it, the most gifted athletes cannot develop the timing and precision needed to excel. American champions Karen and Sarah Josephson, silver medalists in Seoul, spend six to eight hours a day in the water working on unified movements and timing. For their part, solo competitors practice synchronizing to the music and work tirelessly to eliminate any minute imperfections in stroke and body control that might detract from their scores. Because approximately half of the swimmers' time is spent entirely underwater during competition, without contact with the bottom of the pool, swimmers run, bike, lap swim and lift weights to build up endurance and strength. Synchronized swimmers at the Olympic level of competition often appear equal in performing their routines. What enables the swimmers to distinguish themselves from their competitors - the factor often determining medal performance - is the quality of the compulsory figures. Though duet swimmers perform their compulsory figures separately, they are judged on how precisely they mirror each other's movements in the routine portion. Hence, the name, synchronized swimming. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Synchronized swimming will be held at the Bernat Picornell swimming pool, which seats 10,700, in the Montjuic Area. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-20-92 (11:31) Number: 87 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SYNC-SWIM: THE RULES Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Though duet swimmers perform their compulsory figures separately, -> they are judged on how precisely they mirror each other's -> movements in the routine portion. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 19/2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competition in both solo and duet synchronized swimming consists of two elements: compulsory figures, and routines of 3 1/2-minute duration for solo performers, four minutes for pairs. In the compulsory figures, four figures are drawn randomly from 28 possible variations by the officials and are the same for every competitor. Judges award points from zero to 10 based on the accuracy of the performance. Although this element of competition may be a nuance beyond the grasp of the average viewer, it is vital to the final judging. To prevent distractions, the competitors in the figures must dress alike in black suits and white caps, so the judges can concentrate fully on execution of the compulsory figures. Duets are required to perform the four figures individually, and their scores are averaged together. No music accompanies the compulsory figures. In the routine competition, a panel of seven judges awards points from zero to 10 in two categories: technical merit and artistic impression. The technical merit score has three major components: Execution: the perfection of swimming strokes, propulsion technique, figures and transitions. Synchronization: the art of becoming one with a partner and music. Difficulty: the amount of airborne weight extended above the surface of the water, the complexity and multiplicity of movements, strength required, the amount of time movements take, and placement of movements in a routine. The artistic impression score also has three components: Choreography: the variety and creativity of movements, transitions and pool patterns and usage. Musical the use of movement to interpret the mood and Interpretation: feeling of the music, its dynamics and rhythms. Manner of the poise and confidence with which the Presentation: routine is presented, the ability to communicate through the choreography with the audience and spectators, and the seeming effortlessness of the performance. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-20-92 (11:31) Number: 88 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SYNC-SWIM: WHO THEY ARE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Though duet swimmers perform their compulsory figures separately, -> they are judged on how precisely they mirror each other's -> movements in the routine portion. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 19/3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Hopefuls In 1991, 21-year-old Becky Dyroen of San Jose, Calif., made a terrific splash in international competition, capturing gold medals in solo, duet and team events at the French Open. Later in the year, she went on to grab the solo gold at the XI Pan American Games in Cuba. Another top contender is Kristen Babb-Sprague of Pleasanton, Calif., who won her fourth U.S. national solo title last year and the gold at the Pan Pacific Championships in Australia. Karen and Sarah Josephson started 1991 by winning the world duet title at Perth, Australia, and then continued their international dominance by claiming gold at the Rome Open, the Pan Pacific Championships, the V FINA World Cup and the pre-Olympic meet in Barcelona. The 28-year-old sisters from Bristol, Conn., have not lost a competition since 1988, and remain the overwhelming favorites to take the duet gold at the Olympic Summer Games. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Contenders In the solo, Canada's Sylvia Frechette may be Babb-Sprague's strongest challenger. Another contender is Japan's Fumiko Okuno. In the duet, Canadian twins Penny and Vicky Vilagos may be the Josephsons' strongest challengers. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Karen and Sarah Josephson Wouldn't it be easier if synchronized swimmers could just be twins? Well...not entirely. Seoul silver medal winners Sarah and Karen Josephson, who are twins from Bristol, Conn., find they have to practice as hard and long as any duo competing against them - maybe harder. "In Barcelona," according to Sarah, "we've got a little bit more pressure to deal with than in 1988. At that time, we had nothing to lose...This time around, a little bit more is at stake." Roommates from birth, teammates and classmates since childhood, the sisters, who briefly retired from swimming after Seoul, plan to retire again after Barcelona, for keeps. This year both Karen and Sarah have been studying for the medical school entrance exam and plan to attend medical school next year. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567 Date: 07-20-92 (11:32) Number: 89 of 89 (Echo) To: ALL Refer#: NONE From: EXECNET SUPPORT Read: (N/A) Subj: SYNC-SWIM: SCHEDULE Status: PUBLIC MESSAGE Conf: 1992_OLYMPICS (227) Read Type: READING ALL (+) -> Though duet swimmers perform their compulsory figures separately, -> they are judged on how precisely they mirror each other's -> movements in the routine portion. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Articles by Sean Michaels 19/4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Competition Schedule - Finals Solo August 6 - Thursday Duet August 7 - Friday Figures August 5 - Wednesday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 -> 1992_Olympics Conference and the series of articles are brought to -> you by the Executive Network. Compilation copyright 1992, ExecNet. -> 914 667-4567