Archive-name: apple2/part1
Last-modified: 07 Jun 1993
Version: 3.3.7



Topic:  The FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) post
==========================================

      Hi! Welcome to the comp.sys.apple2 newsgroup!
      This article contains the answers to some Frequently Asked Questions
 (FAQ) often seen in comp.sys.apple2. I am posting this article (once every
 three weeks or so--but once a week in September) to help reduce the volume in
 this newsgroup and to provide hard-to-find information of general interest.
      I hope it answers some of your questions. If you have other questions,
 feel free to e-mail me.
     Dan DeMaggio (dmag@umich.edu)

        Table of contents
        -----------------
Part I: The Net
 - What is c.s.a2? What is INFO-APPLE?                    (Why is there air?)
 - What is c.b.a2?                                     (Binaries only please)
 - FTP sites and e-mail servers      (or How To Get Great Programs for Free!)
 - File name extensions                                    (How to ID a file)
 - Archivers and decoders                          (What they are useful for)
 - Downloading                         (Term programs and download protocols)
 - Field guide to file formats                     (How to ID a file part II)

Part II: Apple stuff
 - What is an Apple II?                 (common configurations and additions)
 - Frequently Asked Questions   (IBM+HFS disks, HD drives, computer versions)
 - GS System 6.0 Notes                                     (from the experts)
 - What the Apple II can do                 (ideas for adding to your system)
 - Apple II resources                              (Places supporting the II)
 - troubleshooting           (90% of problems can be solved with these hints)
 - SCSI Notes                                    (Notes on dealing with SCSI)

      New items are marked with:
---- <NEW OR CHANGED>
      FTP-able items are marked like this:
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/faq/faq1.txt
      Note that the apple2.archive.umich.edu site is often loaded down, so see
 the section on FTP for other sites, including mirrors of umich.

Topic:  What is comp.sys.apple2? What is INFO-APPLE?
==========================================

      Comp.sys.apple2 is a Usenet newsgroup that was created for the discussion
 of the Apple II series of computers. This forum provides a way for interested
 people to compare notes, ask questions, and share insights about Apple IIs.
 Each message gets passed on to tens of thousands of systems around the world
 that make up Usenet.
      INFO-APPLE is a mailing list that is maintained on some networks other
 than Usenet. Comp.sys.apple2 messages are sent to INFO-APPLE and INFO-APPLE
 messages are sent to comp.sys.apple2. The central location of INFO-APPLE is
 at apple.com.
     Thank you, Apple Computer!
      Comp.sys.apple2 is also accessed by users of ProLine bulletin board
 systems. ProLine systems run, appropriately enough, on Apple II computers.
 ProLine users account for a large group of participants on comp.sys.apple2.
 Using ProLine's Conference System, users can read and reply to articles on
 comp.sys.apple2, as well as many other Usenet newsgroups. And since ProLine
 systems have UUCP/Internet access, users can also exchange electronic mail
 with people world-wide.
      To subscribe (or (sadly) unsubscribe) to INFO-APPLE, send your request to
 the info-apple-request@apple.com address. Please do not send subscription
 requests to info-apple@apple.com - it is doubtful that you will achieve what
 you are attempting!!!! There is no need to subscribe to INFO-APPLE when you
 are getting comp.sys.apple2, since the messages are identical.
      To post a message to the thousands of readers of INFO-APPLE (and
 comp.sys.apple2) subscribers send their messages to one of the following
 addresses: info-apple@apple.com OR comp-sys-apple2@ucbvax.berkeley.edu. To
 post programs to be used by thousands of grateful readers, send the
 appropriately formatted mail to one of the following addresses: Ececutable
 code in BSQ format (with text describing what it is in the first message) to
 comp-binaries-apple2@ucbvax.berkeley.edu. Source code in AAF format should go
 to comp-sources-apple2@ucbvax.berkeley.edu
     [There is no need for comp.sys.apple2 users to do this - they can use the
 standard posting features of Usenet.]
      On BITNET, INFO-APP@NDSUVM1 (aka VM1.Nodak.Edu) is available through the
 LISTSERV on NDSUVM1 to distribute the Apple II discussion mail and
 APPLE2-L@BROWNVM distributes messages dealing with programs. They work by
 maintaining a private list of users who wish to see the messages in their
 mailbox.
      The appropriate place for posting equipment for sale is in the Usenet
 groups misc.forsale.computers, misc.forsale, or misc.wanted.

Topic:  comp.binaries.apple2 and comp.sources.apple2
==========================================

      Comp.binaries.apple2 is a newsgroup used to distribute public domain,
 freeware, and shareware Apple II software (executables, pictures, sounds,
 etc...). Software distributed on comp.binaries.apple2 is expected to be a
 BinSCII text file of ShrinkIt archives. [See later in the FAQ for information
 on getting these programs.] ALWAYS include text in the first message that
 describes what is in the BSQ file. Include such things as what type of
 computer it runs on and what it does.
      [Public Domain programs may be used and copyied freely. FreeWare is the
 same, except that the origninal owner retains the Copyright. ShareWare
 programs can be distributed freely, and tried out for free, but if you use it
 a lot, you are expected to help pay for it.]
      Comp.sources.apple2 is a newsgroup used to distribute public domain,
 freeware, and shareware Apple II source code. The posts in
 comp.sources.apple2 should be in Apple Archive Format. Contact
 jac@paul.rutgers.edu for details.
      Discussions concerning the software posted in these groups, or the
 methods of locating, decoding, or accessing this software, or questions on
 locating archive sites of this software, or any OTHER discussions are to be
 held in comp.sys.apple2. If someone DOES either intentionally or accidentally
 post to these groups, please respond only in Email - do not compound the
 problem!
     Note: Distributing commercial software on the net is a crime - just don't
 do it!

Topic:  E-mail to other services
==========================================

      Compuserve: Enter the Compuserve numerical address, replacing commas with
 periods, and tack "@compuserve.com" to the end. America Online: Enter the
 America Online address, followed by "@aol.com". Do not use uppercase letters
 in the AOL name.

Topic:  Anonymous FTP sites and e-mail servers (6/7/93)
==========================================

      FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It allows one Internet computer to
 access files on another site. Many sites archive software and make it
 available via Anonymous FTP. The following is a list of sites with Apple //
 related files.

THE BIG SEVEN
=============
(All the shareware, freeware, & PD ware you could possibly want)

Site name                Directory
---------                ---------
apple2.archive.umich.edu /archive/apple2 (Note 1)
brownvm.brown.edu        LISTSERV.193 (Note 2)
cco.caltech.edu          /pub/apple2 (mostly GS, but some non-GS)
f.ms.uky.edu             /pub/appleII
grind.isca.uiowa.edu     /apple2
plains.nodak.edu         /pub/apple2
wuarchive.wustl.edu      /systems/apple2, /usenet/comp.binaries.apple2

Note 1: umich doesn't like FTP connections.  Use the mirror sites, or
use gopher (type "gopher gopher.itd.umich.edu"), or use AFS (/afs/
umich.edu/group/itd/archive/apple2).

Note 2: Files on brownvm.brown.edu are stored by serial number.  For a
human-readable directory, send e-mail with the text "help" to
listserv@brownvm.brown.edu.

samba.acs.unc.edu has a mirror of wuarchive.wustl.edu, under /pub/wuarchive.
wuarchive.wustl.edu has a mirror of apple2.archive.umich.edu.

Smaller sites
=============
calvin.sfasu.edu         /pub/apple2 (HyperC, a few other things)
cs.bu.edu                /PC/APPLE (a little bit of everything)
ftp.apple.com            /dts/aii (sys software, tech notes)
ftp.cc.utexas.edu        /gifstuff (some Apple GIF programs)
ftp.hawaii.edu           /incoming/apple2 (a couple of games)
headcrash.berkeley.edu   /pub/Apple2 (some Andy McFadden software)
iskut.ucs.ubc.ca         /pub/apple (Kermit, BinSCII, unshrinkit)
pindarus.cs.uiuc.edu     /pub/apple2 (GNO utils and info)
slab.slip.uiuc.edu       /apple2 (GScii, fonts, GS sys 6)
ucrmath.ucr.edu          /PC/apple2 (LISA assembler)

Archives of comp.sources.apple2
===============================
wuarchive.wustl.edu      /usenet/comp.sources.apple2 (complete!)
cnam.cnam.fr             /pub/Archives/comp.sources.apple2 (incomplete)
hp4nl.nluug.nl           /pub/newsarchive/comp/sources/apple2 (incomplete)
mcsun.eu.net             /pub/newsarchive/comp/sources/apple2 (incomplete)
nic.funet.fi             /pub/archive/comp.sources.apple2 (complete?)

Archives of comp.sys.apple2
===========================
relay.cs.toronto.edu     /pub/lists.1989 (1989 only)
wsmr-simtel20.army.mil   PD2:<ARCHIVES.APPLE> (1990 and 1991 only)

Kermit-only archives
====================
watsun.cc.columbia.edu   /kermit/a (the OFFICIAL source for Kermit)
j.cc.purdue.edu          /kermit/appleII (an old version)
oswego.oswego.edu        /pub/kermit/appleII (an old version)
shark.nosc.mil           KER*MIT.
syr.edu                  /software/kermit/appleII (an old version)

Apple II-related e-mail servers
===============================
Internet address                 BITNET address
----------------                 --------------
LISTSERV@brownvm.brown.edu       LISTSERV@BROWNVM (APPLE2-L archives)
LISTSERV@utarlvm1.uta.edu        LISTSERV@UTARLVM1 (games from APPLE2-L)
archive-server@plains.nodak.edu  FILESERV@PLAINS (lotsa stuff)
LISTSERV@vm1.nodak.edu           LISTSERV@NDSUVM1 (INFO-APPLE mailing list)

Users without USENET access may subscribe to comp.sys.apple2/INFO-APPLE by
writing to info-apple-request@apple.com.

Generic FTP-by-email servers
============================
BITFTP@PUCC (BITNET only)
ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com


Subtopic:  A quick blurb on Anonymous FTP
------------------------------------------

      FTP is a protocol for tranfer between different computers on the
 internet. Most Proline sites are not directly on the internet, and cannot do
 regular FTP. Anonymous FTP is where you use "anonymous" as your username, and
 your e-mail address as your password. As a guest, you must not abuse your
 privileges: Only use the site at off peak times: i.e. after 6pm LOCAL time.
 (Yes, these sites are all over the world: fr=France, jp=Japan). Your system
 administrator can help you if you are not familiar with FTP.
      You can use the following commands in FTP:

Command                Explanation
-------------          -------------------------------------
type binary            set binary mode to on for .SHK, .tar,
                       or .Z files.  (Not needed for .BSQ files)
ls                     list the files in the current remote directory
cd /pub/apple2         to change the current directory
get file.name          to get a file from the remote system
put file.name          to send a file to the remote system
quit                   leave FTP
    

Subtopic:  Apple II-related Electronic Mail servers
------------------------------------------

     [users who have access to FTP should not need to use the e-mail servers]
      APPLE2-L is an software archive of Apple II programs provided by a BITNET
 mail server. To get help, send mail with a body of 'help' to
 LISTSERV@BROWNVM.BITNET. You can also send the message 'INDEX APPLE2-L' for a
 long listing of the Apple 2 archives. To get a program (BinSCII in this
 example), send the message 'get APPLE2-L 89-01123'. The file will come by
 return e-mail in text format. Most of the files come in BinSCII format
 (except BinSCII, of course-- it's in EXE format). Note that many sites have a
 maximum size on e-mail, so be sure to check the size of the file (the nrecs
 column) before getting it. The server may break up files for you (and you
 must piece them together before decoding them).
      Chris Chung <CHRIS@BROWNVM> administers APPLE2-L. (Thanks Chris!)
      There is also the server at plains.nodak. Send e-mail with the body
 'help' or 'index appleII' to archive-server@plains.nodak.edu for details.
      Note that these e-mail servers must do more work than FTP servers, and
 they can cause quite a bit of traffic on the networks. Do not abuse them by
 requesting large files. For alternatives, check the 'Apple II resources' part
 of the FAQ.

---------Internet-------------             ----------BITNET--------
archive-server@plains.nodak.edu            FILESERV@PLAINS (BITNET)
KERMSRV@cuvmb.cc.columbia.edu              KERMSRV@CUVMA (BITNET)
LISTSERV@brownvm.brown.edu                 LISTSERV@BROWNVM (BITNET)
LISTSERV@utarlvm1.uta.edu                  LISTSERV@UTARLVM1 (BITNET)
       {umn-cs, ogicse, uunet}!plains!archive-server (UUCP)

      Note: Most games from comp.binaries.apple2 are stored on UTARLVM1, rather
 than BROWNVM.

Subtopic:  Archie, the archive searcher
------------------------------------------

      There is a program called archie that allows you to search many archives
 quickly. Look for the program 'archie' or 'xarchie' at your site, or you can
 telnet (login as archie) to:

archie.rutgers.edu   128.6.18.15   (Rutgers University)
archie.unl.edu       129.93.1.14   (University of Nebraska in Lincoln)
archie.ans.net       147.225.1.2   (ANS archie server)
archie.mcgill.ca     132.206.2.3   (Canada server, original archie site)
archie.au            139.130.4.6   (Australian server)
archie.funet.fi      128.214.6.100 (European server in Finland)
archie.doc.ic.ac.uk  146.169.11.3  (UK/England server)
archie.cs.huji.ac.il 132.65.6.15   (Israel server)
archie.wide.ad.jp    133.4.3.6     (Japanese server)
     

Topic:  Some common filename extensions (6/7/93)
==========================================

      Many times, people put filename extensions (extra characters at the end
 of a filename) to denote what type of file it is. Please note that these are
 just accepted standards. If a file does not indicate it's type, see the
 'Field guide to file formats'. The following is a table of some common
 filename extensions. See the section on 'Archivers and decoders' for programs
 that will deal with these files.

Extension   What is it?  (What program do I use?)
---------  ---------------------------------------------------------------

 .aaf   [TEXT] Apple Archive Format for source code (aaf.unpacker)
 .ACU   NuFX (Shrinkit)
 .ARC   ARC Archive (IBM ARC, GS Shrinkit, //e Angel or DeArc2E)
 .CPT   Compactor Pro archive (Compactor Pro on a Mac only)
 .BSC   BinScii file. [TEXT]  (BinScii)
 .BSQ   BinScii'ed NuFX file. [TEXT]  (BinScii, Shrinkit on the result)
 .BXY   NuFX archive with a Binary II header.  (Shrinkit)
 .BNY   BLU archive. (Shrinkit)
 .BQY   NuFX with BLU header. (Shrinkit)
 .BNX   NuFX with BLU header. (Shrinkit)
 .exe   Executioner file [TEXT]. May only work in DOS 3.3.
 .GIF   Graphics Interchange Format: Compressed picture.
        (IIGIF for //e, many programs for all other computers)
 .HQX   Mac BinHex file. [TEXT] (BinHex on Mac or GSCII+)
 .JPG   Newer graphics format. (only Unix/IBM/etc viewers)
 .JPEG  Newer graphics format. (only Unix/IBM/etc viewers)
 .LZH   LZH Archive (IBM/Amiga LZH program, //e Angel)
 .LHA   LHA Archive (IBM/Amiga LZH program, //e Angel)
 .QQ    BLU archive.  (Shrinkit)
 .SEA   Self-extracting archive (Might be Mac, Might be Shrinkit archive)
 .SIT   Mac StuffIt archive. (Stuffit on Mac or GS ShrinkIt)
        GS Shrinkit will not decode StuffIt Deluxe files.
 .SHK   NuFX archive. (Shrinkit)
 .SDK   NuFX with a shrunk disk image. (Shrinkit)
 .tar   Unix Tape Archive (Unix tar [with -xvf option, GS EXE tar])
 .txt   [TEXT] An ASCII text file: usually english text.
 .TIFF  Graphics format (GS SHR Convert)
 .uu    Unix uuencode file [TEXT] (//e uudecode, Unix uudecode)
 .ZOO   IBM Zoo Archive (GS Shrinkit or IBM ZOO program, //e Angel)
 .ZIP   IBM Zip Archive (GS EXE Unzip, IBM PKUNZIP, Unix unzip, //e Angel)
 .Z     Compressed file (GS Shrinkit, Unix uncompress, //e Angel)

      All of these types, except the ones marked [TEXT] are BINARY files.
 Binary files cannot be sent over e-mail, posted to the newsgroups or FTP'd in
 text mode. You must FTP them in binary mode (see the section on FTP). You can
 also download them using kermit, X-,Y- or Z-Modem.
      Generally, anything labeled as 'Archive' above will contain multiple
 files, and even subdirectories. Most archives are also in compressed format.
      Sometimes you will find multiple filename extensions. Simply take the
 filename extensions apart one at a time and you should be able to reconstruct
 the original file. (i.e. somefile.bsq.tar.Z would mean: uncompress, untar,
 unbinscii, then unShrink to get the original file!)

Topic:  Archivers and decoders
==========================================


Subtopic:  BinSCII
------------------------------------------

      BinScii converts binary files to text files and back. Binary files
 contain pictures, computer programs, etc. Text files usually contain human
 readable text (like this file), but a BinSCII file just looks like a jumble
 of letters and symbols. A BinScii text file is larger than the original
 binary file. Binscii is needed to transfer programs across the network when
 there is no binary mode (like the Usenet newsgroups and e-mail).
      When turning a binary file into text, BinSCII will output a series of
 files. Each file contains a segment of the original program encoded in
 BinSCII format. These segments are small enough to be posted or e-mailed
 without clogging the network. (Actually, they are usually posted 3 at a time
 to save bandwidth).
      When re-creating a binary file from the BinScii segments, all one has to
 do is collect ALL the segments and run them through BinScii. Each segment has
 a header that tells BinScii which segment it is. BinScii is intelligent
 enough to wade through all extraneous text (i.e. newsgroup headers, etc) and
 find the segments. It does not matter what order the segments are in, and the
 segments can be in different files. The only thing you have to remember is
 that BinScii does not check to see if ALL of the segments have been accounted
 for. If there are segments missing, the program will not work, or more likely
 you will get a 'file corrupted' error when unshrinking.
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/8bit/archivers/binscii.exe
FTP:  ?
      GS users can use GSCII+, an NDA version of Binscii. GSCII+ can also
 encode/decode several other formats.
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/gs/archivers/gscii.bsc
     [ Note that most files on the network are NuFX archives that have been
 BinSCII'ed so they can be posted. After running Binscii, you will still need
 to run ShrinkIt on the resulting file.]
      For those of us on Unix boxes who are able to transfer binary files to
 our Apple ][, SciiBin can reduce the time spend downloading. It is a
 decode-only version of BinSCII written in C. The idea is that you compile
 this on your Unix box, and run your BinScii files from comp.binaries.apple2
 through it. It will re-create the original (smaller) file. This works great
 if there is a NuFX archive in the BinSCII file, but can cause problems if
 BinSCII was applied directly to ProDos executable files. (Unix has no way of
 storing the ProDos file type and aux type of a file, so they simply get lost.
 See the section on filetypes.
FTP:  wuarchive.wustl.edu /?
      If you need a Unix BinSCII encoder, Bsc will do the trick. The source
 code is in "Apple archive format".
FTP:  cco.caltech.edu /pub/apple2/source/bsc.aaf ?
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/unix/bsc.aaf

Subtopic:  ShrinkIt and NuFX archives
------------------------------------------

      ShrinkIt is an Apple II program which takes one or more Apple II ProDOS
 files or disks and 'archives' them into a single file (called a NuFX
 archive). It also stores all the vital ProDos information, such as filetype
 and auxtype. Usually these files are denoted by putting a ".SHK" extension on
 the archive. ShrinkIt can also shrink an entire disk into a file (extension
 ".SDK"), but this is only used when the disk is not ProDos. ShrinkIt is also
 a menu driven utility that compresses/extracts, but also formats disks,
 copies files, etc. ShrinkIt can also extract programs with Binary II headers,
 and files in BLU archives.
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/8bit/archivers/shrinkit.3.3.exe.bsc
      GShk is a version of ShrinkIt for GS computers. This is even more of a
 wonder utility in that it extracts many different archive types (Unix
 compress, PC Arc, Mac StuffIt, Apple Single). Files encoded with GShk are
 usually smaller than those encoded with ShrinkIt, but can still be extracted
 with ShrinkIt (except files with resource forks).
      ShrinkIt+ and UnShrinkIt+ are programs for the Apple II+ that allow an
 Apple II+ user to create NuFX archives and extract from them. Autounshrink is
 a NuFX extractor that attempts to recover from errors within an NuFX file.

Subtopic:  Executioner
------------------------------------------

      Executioner was the standard program previous to BinSCII for converting
 Apple II files into text to be mailed/posted. It is no longer considered the
 standard for most transferals of Apple II binary files. Presently,
 Executioner is typically only used to distribute BinSCII. Some older files in
 the various archives may also be encoded with this program. Many of them will
 not work under ProDos.
      To translate an Executioner text file to an Apple II file required that
 you delete the mail headers/trailers, translated the newlines into carriage
 returns, download the file to your Apple II and from Applesoft Basic, type
 the command 'EXEC <filename>' where <filename> is the name of the file you
 downloaded.

Subtopic:  Apple Archive Format (aaf)
------------------------------------------

      Apple Archive Format was invented as a standard way to post source code
 to comp.sources.apple2. The C and Basic source code to aaf unpackers are
 available on the various FTP sites, in aaf format. Fortunately, files in aaf
 format can be turned back into source code with a simple text editor. Just
 break the file up into component files and remove the first character of each
 line.
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/unix/*.aaf

Subtopic:  Net standard formats
------------------------------------------

      There are several formats that are used widely on the Internet. The most
 common in FTP sites are tar (.tar) and compress (.Z). To undo a Tape ARchive,
 type 'tar -xvf filename.tar'. To undo a compress, type 'uncompress
 filename.Z'. Since tar does not make the file smaller, and compress can only
 compress 1 file, many times you will find files that are 'tarred an
 feathered'. They have a '.tar.Z' extension. Just run uncompress then un-tar
 the result.
      To distribute binaries on the net, most other groups use uuencode (c.b.a2
 uses BinSCII). To return them to normal, type 'uudecode filename'. Note that
 uuencoded things were not meant to be split up and posted, so when getting
 multiple parts, you will have to paste them together and run them through
 uudecode. (BinSCII is a lot smarter, that's why we use it on c.b.a2.) BinSCII
 is better because 1) It stores the ProDos filetype, etc. 2) It splits the
 file into 12K chunks, 3) It does a CRC checksum on each chunk.
      Most of these 'Unix' standard formats are available on the Apple. For
 example, ShrinkIt GS will uncompress files, there is a uudecode for the //e,
 and Tar is available as a GS shell executable.
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/8bit/util/dearc.*

Subtopic:  A quick note about ProDos filetypes
------------------------------------------

      ProDos keeps some information about a file's type. Files can be text
 (TXT), binary (BIN), executable (SYS), fonts (FON), etc. Most other file
 systems do not have a place to store this information, so it may get 'lost'
 when you upload the file. Similarly, when you download a file, you may not
 know the file type. Most comm programs will use some default. For NuFX
 archives, this is not a big deal, since you can still unpack an archive if
 the filetype is wrong (and the archive stores the filetype of the files
 inside the archive). For other files, you may need to change the file's type.
 One utility I recommend is File Attribute Zapper II.
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/8bit/util/fazz.2.3.bsq

Program        Format   Author
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nulib v3.21      C      Andy McFadden  (fadden@uts.amdahl.com)
SciiBin v3.10    C      Marcel Mol, Dave Whitnet, Bruce Kahn
Bsc v1.2         C      Neil Parker
Executioner      A      Glen Bredon
BinSCII v1.0.3   A      David Whitney  (davewh@microsoft.com)
ShrinkIt v3.3    A      Andy Nicholas  (shrinkit@apple.com)
(Un)ShrinkIt+    A      Andy Nicholas  (shrinkit@apple.com)
AutoUnShrink     A      Andy Nicholas  (shrinkit@apple.com)
GShk v1.1        G      Andy Nicholas  (shrinkit@apple.com)
GSCII+ 2.3.1     G      Darek Taubert  (dat33228@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu)

Format:
  C - Distributed as source code written in C.
  A - Executable, runs on most Apple //s.
  G - Executable, runs on GS only.

     |Type| NuFX | Bin  | uuen-| com-  |.ZOO | Bin | LZH/| Stuff| ARC | Other|
Program | |      | SCII | code | press |     | Hex | LHA | -It  |     |      |
--------|-|------|------|------|-------|-----|-----|-----|------|-----|------|
Binscii |E|      |   X  |      |       |     |     |     |      |     |      |
Shrinkit|E|   X  |      |      |       |     |     |     |      |     |      |
DeArc   |E|      |      |      |       |     |     |     |      |  D  |      |
Angel[1]|E|      |      |      |   X   |  X  |     |  X  |      |  X  | .ZIP |
GShk    |G|   X  |      |      |   D   |  D  |     |     |  D   |  D  |      |
GSCII+  |G|      |   X  |   X  |       |     |  D  |     |      |     | .AAF |
sscii   |X|      |   X  |   X  |       |     |  X  |     |      |     |      |
PMPUnzip|X|      |      |      |       |     |     |     |      |     | .ZIP |
LHext   |X|      |      |      |       |     |     |  D? |      |     |      |
BSC     |C|      |   E  |      |       |     |     |     |      |     |      |
Nulib   |C|   X  |      |      |       |     |     |     |      |     |      |
SciiBin |C|      |   D  |      |       |     |     |     |      |     |      |

(Key:   E = Encode only,    D = Decode only,  X = Encode and Decode)
(Type:  E = Apple //e,  G = GS Only,  X = GS EXE file, C = C Source code)

[1] Angel is pretty Buggy, but it's worth a try.
    

Topic:  How to get stuff off the net: (6/7/93)
==========================================

      This is a tricky question. You will have to look around for what
 resources you can get your hands on. You can break it down into two steps.
 Step 1: Get the file to your online account. Step 2: get the file to your ][.
      Step 1:
      -Use FTP (via e-mail or direct)
      -get it off of comp.binaries.apple2
      -Somebody could e-mail you a file.
      Once you have the file on your online account, you may want to run
 uudecode, uncompress, tar, SciiBin, Nulib, etc on the file. See the section
 on Decoders and archivers for details. By far, most Apple // files are
 transferred around in either .SHK (NuFX) or .BSQ format. I recommend getting
 SciiBin to turn your .BSQ files into .SHK files for 3 reasons: 1) The archive
 is smaller than the original files, and a LOT smaller than BinScii files. 2)
 One file can hold all the files and documentation for the program. 3) The
 archive keeps the ProDos filetype information.
      Step 2 also has a variety of options:
 a) If your ][ has a modem, you may be able to download it directly. There are
     a variety of downloading protocols (both sides must support the same
     protocol). Kermit is slowest, but can work over a 7 bit network. X-Modem
     is faster and available just about everywhere. Y-modem and Z-modem are
     even better. (the Unix command for zmodem is usually 'sz'). Sometimes
     downloading can be tricky if you are not familiar with your terminal
     program.
 b) If you have access to a Mac or IBM that is on the internet/has a modem,
     see the Q & A section on ways to tranfer files from those computers.
      Once you get the file to your Apple, you have to undo any encoding (i.e.
 run ShrinkIt). Alternately, you may have to change the ProDos file type. One
 easy to use program is File Attribute Zapper II (FAZII).

Subtopic:  Communications programs
------------------------------------------

      If you go for route (a) above, you will need a communications program on
 your Apple //. Most of the time, the program is simply a 'dumb terminal'
 putting characters on the screen and sending them out the serial port to the
 modem. There are two areas where the program actually DOES something:
 terminal emulation and downloading. Emulation is where your computer pretends
 to be a certain type of terminal. By far, the standard is VT-100. This allows
 the other computer to do nice effects on your screen, like clear it or move
 text around. If your program doesn't support it, your screen may look funny,
 and you will see ]'s and ;'s where the remote computer is trying to make the
 screen look nice. IBM's use a special character set and variation of VT-100
 called ANSI. ProTerm supports a subset of this (no graphics), and also
 another format called ProTerm Special Emulation (PSE). [Don't you just love
 standards?]
      The other time your term program matters is when you are trying to
 download. By far, the Apple ][ standard is X-modem. It allows a file to be
 sent across a modem with an error correction protocol. New variations are
 Y-modem and Z-modem. These are very, very nice and should be used where
 possible. Note that both sides have to support it in order to use it. There
 is also a protocol called Kermit. You are probably better off using X-modem,
 but sometimes it is useful.



Program   Comp Emulations     Protocols             Note
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ProTerm    E$  PSE, VT-100     Kermit, X,Y,Z-modem  From InSync
Kermit-65  E   VT-100          Kermit, X-modem      Hard to use,Works on ][+
Z-Link     E   VT-100          X-modem              Good.
CommSys    E   none            X-modem              Works on ][+
TIC        E$  VT-52 (+)       X-modem              For hackers. From Q-Labs
Agate      E   mono ANSI       X,(Y,Z rec'v only)   Unpacks ZIP, Buggy
ColorTerm  GS  color ANSI      X-modem              Desktop based
MegaTerm   GS  color ANSI      none                 ProDOS 8
ANSITerm   GS$ color ANSI, PSE X,Y,Z-modem          Editor, scrollback, etc.
SnowTerm   GS  VT-100 (+)      none                 Desktop based
FreeTerm   GS  none            X-modem              Desktop based
GenComm    GS  none            none                 Text, Shell Compat.
GSVT       GS  VT-100          none                 Desktop
GTerm      GS  color ANSI      none                 Written in BASIC/ML
Telcom     GS  VT-100, PSE     X, (Y rec'v only)    Shell compat
----------Key:---------
Key: $ = A commercial program
Computer:  E = works on GS and //e, GS = only works on GS

See the resources section for where to buy the commercial programs.

      All of the non-commercial programs are available on the different FTP
 sites. If you don't have a comm program already, your best bet is to have
 someone mail you one on a disk.
     *T Field guide to file formats
      Here is a simple guide to help you identify a file. You should always go
 by filename extension first, but not everybody uses those. In Unix, you can
 use the 'head' command to look at the first couple of lines of a file. If it
 turns out to be a binary file, you may be in for a nasty surprise. You may
 want to use the Unix 'file' command to find out if it is a text file or not
 first. Once you have identified the file, see the section on filename
 extensions for how to deal with it.
      If there are lines in the file that look like this (there can be other
 text before it--search for 'FiLeStArT'):

FiLeStArTfIlEsTaRt
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789()
GBINSCII        AQhmAAAAA8)4MIAI02DA9ARMQEDtAQhmAIVZ
gYITA6u7xADA0MjM3YTNBlDOENkQwYURzITM2UDN5gzNDJUQGVERyEDM1QzM4cjN
CFUOFR0QxAjR0MjM3YTNBlDOENkQwAQRzITM2UDN5gzNDJUQGVERyEDM1QzM4cjN
..

     then you've got something encoded by BinSCII. You must decode _all_ the
 parts using BinSCII before attempting to extract using ShrinkIt.
      On the other hand, if you have a binary file which resembles:

NuFilei][![/#NuFX_<:c[[[ H`F-fGSCII~[
cRJ0)fNN^P)3'A2p6SF6X#GPd<9#'LC^08N7n\NB7Dd!eMN&eYX0Am=fXp
d@PAsp7rh`I'NS0ALAfi2)2ysGEQ$k9CP%L9
...
     then you have a NuFX file (note the key words NuFile and NuFX). You
 should be able to extract the files it contains using ShrinkIt.
      On the third hand, if you have a text file which resembles:

begin 666 nonsense.bny
M4W5N3U,@4F5L96%S92 T+C$@*%-$4U0V,"D@(S@Z(%1U92!/8W0@.2 Q,CHS
M...3HT.2!%1%0@,3DY, HT
     then you have a uuencoded file.
      On another hand, if you have a text file which begins with

(This file must be converted with BinHex 4.0)
:$&4)48C28N0&,P0*9!"6593K8dP8)3%!!!#L@!!!!!!Qie0*9#%!!3!!SPKb6'&
e!3!!!!!!!!!#!!P8D'8J4QpbBf9P)IN33)(4$N#"d4K!JG%S!!!!!`!'VfJ!"VP

     then you have a BinHex file. The GSCII+ NDA by Derek Taubert decodes
 BinHex files on an Apple IIGS. You can also use a variety of macintosh
 programs to do the decoding. There is also a Unix implementation of BinHex
 called mcvert.
      On one more hand, if you have a text file which resembles:

CALL-151
E00:38 A5 FF D0 32 D8 20 8E FD AD 30 BF 8D 6A 0E 20 00 BF C7 6D 0E 0D 80 02
E18:D0 1D 20 00 BF C5 69 0E B0 15 AD 81 02 29 0F AA E8 8E 80 02 A9 2F 8D 81

     and more lines like that, followed by a bunch of lines that look like:

A90885A420732090242039FB2058FCA200BD9220F00620EDFDE8D0F5200CFDA9
008DF2038DF3038DF4036CFCFFE6A4A5A4C96F90CFA9008DFCBFA9018DFDBFA0
A90885A420732090242039FB2058FCA200BD9220F00620EDFDE8D0F5200CFDA9

     then you have an Executioner file.

======================================================================
This FAQ is available on-line at apple2.archive.umich.edu (see FTP)
Permission granted to reproduce in non-profit User Group newsletters.

Any additions/corrections/suggestions would be appreciated.  Also,
if this FAQ has helped you, e-mail me and let me know!
                                        Dan DeMaggio (dmag@umich.edu)
    
-- 
      -=- Dan DeMaggio -=- dmag@caen.engin.umich.edu -=-
"That is really incredible. That is truly incredible.  That is so
incredibly incredible that I think I'd like to steal it." -Zaphod
-- 
      -=- Dan DeMaggio -=- dmag@caen.engin.umich.edu -=-
"That is really incredible. That is truly incredible.  That is so
incredibly incredible that I think I'd like to steal it." -Zaphod
Archive-name: apple2/part2
Last-modified: 07 Jun 1993
Version: 3.3.7


Topic:  What is an Apple II? (6/7/93)
==========================================

      Excuse me while I wax a little philosophical, but the Apple II is one of
 the computer that started the computer revolution because it is so flexible
 and open--a pure hacker's machine, but also one that there is a lot of
 software to allow novices to use it too. The following are the various models
 of the Apple ][:

    Apple ][
    Apple ][+
$   Clones, like the Multitech MPF-II/III, Franklin Ace
    Apple /// (w/emulation software)
    ][ In A Mac emulator
    track emulator for IBM
    Apple ][ Emulator for Unix
    Apple ][e (Unenhanced)
E+  Laser 128
E   Laser 128 EX/2
E+  Apple ][e Emulation card (and a Mac LC)
E   Apple ][e (Enhanced)
E+  Apple //e (Platinum w/numeric keypad)
E   Apple //c
E   Apple //c+
E   Apple IIGS (ROM 00/Woz edition.)
E   Apple IIGS (ROM 01 with 256K built-in)
E+  Apple IIGS (ROM 03 with 1 MB built-in)

 (E) = Emulates an Enhanced //e  (+) = Still in Production
 ($) = Different features, depending on model.

      Apple ][+: Surprisingly, the ][+ can run some of today's software. For
 instance, Davex and FredWriter. You can even run AppleWorks if you have more
 than 128K and a program called PlusWorks. Recommended configuration: 16K
 language card (in slot 0 with a ribbon cable running to the RAM), an
 80-column video card (not the same as a //e 80-column card), shift key
 modification (a wire running from shift key to game port). You can also add
 accelerators like the Rocket/Zip.
      Apple //e: The //e comes in two flavors: Enhanced and Unenhanced. The
 Enhancement kit allows an upgrade path by replacing 4 chips. Most current
 software requires an Enhanced //e, and sometimes 128K too. The current
 operating system is ProDos. The Apple //e is still useful for three major
 reasons: 1) It runs AppleWorks, a simple to use, yet sophisticated integrated
 program. 2) There are many Apples in schools, so there is a ton of
 educational software for it. 3) It is was and will always be a _Personal_
 computer. You can learn as little or as much as you want, and nothing stops
 you from learning about every nook and cranny in it. Ask any big name
 programmer in MS/DOS or Mac where they learned to program. Most of them
 taught themselves on a good ol' Apple //. Good programs for an Apple //e:
 AppleWorks 3.0 (from Claris) with TimeOut (Beagle Brothers), Copy ][+
 (Central Point), ProTerm (InSync), PrintShop (Broderbund). Recommended
 configuration: 80 extended column card, 512K to 1MB RAM, Enhanced, Hard Drive
 is nice. You can also speed it up with an accelerator (like the Rocket Chip
 or the Zip Chip or TransWarp).
      //c and //c+: The //c and //c+ are 'luggable' versions of an Enhanced
 //e, with many built-in 'cards'. Included are 2 serial ports, a mouse port, a
 3.5" disk port and 128K of RAM. The //C+ has a built-in accelerator that runs
 at 4 MHz. Even though they were supposed to be unexpandable, you can still
 add extra memory (there's room under the keyboard) and a hard drive (through
 the disk port--a bit slow by ordinary standards, but usable). Some software
 that uses the mouse may get confused on the //C+. The //C and //C+ cannot do
 AppleTalk or take any cards. Recommended configuration: Not much you can add
 to it, except maybe extra RAM and a 3.5" drive/Hard drive. Runs everything
 that an Enhanced //e runs.
      The Laser 128EX is a cross between the //c and an Enhanced //e. It is as
 luggable as a //c and has built-in 'cards', and an accelerator. It also has a
 slot to expand. If you want to add a card, you may have to disable the
 internal UDC (for 3.5" drives) or the internal 1MB memory expansion. Runs
 almost everything that the //c and //e runs.
      The Apple IIGS represents a giant leap in the Apple // line. It can still
 run //e software, but has a better processor (16-bit), a new super-hires
 graphics mode, a toolbox in ROM (just like the Mac) and a 32 oscillator
 Ensoniq sound chip. It can not only run ProDos, but it can also run GS/OS, a
 sophisticated operating system very much like the Macintosh's OS. The
 original GS (I think they all have the Woz signature) must have several chips
 upgraded to boot/run current software. The ROM 01 had 256K on the
 motherboard, while the ROM 03 has 1 MB. Although there were a few ROM
 changes, the current system software will work patch the toolbox ROMs to look
 identical. Recommended configuration: 1.25 MB lets you boot up and launch
 programs. With 2 MB, you will have room for Desk Accessories. Go for 4 MB if
 you want a RAM disk (useful if you don't have a hard drive) or do a lot of
 Graphics work. Adding a hard drive is highly recommended. You can also speed
 it up with a TransWarp GS or Zip GS (better).
      The Apple ][e emulation card is a card that can only go into a Macintosh
 LC, Preforma 4000, or Color Classic. It lets one run Apple //e software. It
 is actually more like a //c because it has no slots. Unfortunately, the
 emulation can be slower than a real //e because the LC is slow at updating
 the screen. There is a place on the back of the card to plug in a UniDisk
 5.25" and a joystick.

Topic:  Some Common Questions
==========================================

Q: What is 8 bit and 16 bit?

A: That indicates how big the chunks of data are that the CPU can manipulate.
 The Apple IIGS is a 16-bit machiene and all previous Apple ]['s are 8-bit.
 This is only one of the reasons you cannot run GS software on a //e.

Q: How do I get out of Basic (that little "]" prompt and flashing cursor?

A: Type the word "BYE" and press return. Now get out the Apple manual 'A Touch
 of BASIC' and read it.

Q: Can the Apple II connect to SCSI devices?

A: Yes. See the section on SCSI in this FAQ.

Q: How can I tranfer stuff to/from and IBM/Mac?

A: Here's a summary: [Note that you can always do transfers by modem or Null
 Modem]

 ==== Apple //e ---> Macintosh
 There's the IIe Emulation Card that fits into the LC, LC II, LC III, Performa
     4000 and the Color Classic. The card has a port for a 5.25" drive, from
     which you could probably copy things to/from the Mac.
 The ProDos File System Manager is an init (avaliable via FTP) that allows you
     to use ProDos 3.5" disks as if they were normal Mac disks. [You will have
     to download the entire disk to get that one file.]
FTP:  ftp.apple.com /aii/lc.iiecard /*
 Apple File Exchange (comes with Mac system software) allows you to copy
     to/from ProDos (3.5") disks.
     
 ==== Apple //e <--- Macintosh
 The programs A2FX and HFSLink will allow you to read Mac disks in a regular
     3.5" Apple //e drive. They don't work with High Density disks though.
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/8bit/util/a2fx.8.bsq
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/8bit/util/hfslink.b3.bsq
     
 ==== Apple //e ---> IBM
 See also the CTI drive (next question)
     
 ==== Apple //e <--- IBM
 If you have a new Apple High Density 3.5" Drive and High Density 3.5"
     controller card, then you can use the program MSDOSCOPY (via FTP) to read
     IBM disks. (I'm not sure if this does high density IBM Disks or not.)
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/8bit/util/nsdos.cnvt.bsq
 See also the CTI drive (next question)
     
 ==== Apple IIGS ---> Macintosh
 See above for //e to Mac, or below for Mac to GS
     
 ==== Apple IIGS <--- Macintosh
 GS/OS (Apple system software for the GS) 6.0 will read and write Mac disks
     just fine if you have the HFS FST installed.
 Note that you want to read high density (HD) disks, you will need BOTH the
     Apple HD 3.5" drive <AND> the HD 3.5" Drive Controller Card.
     
 ==== Apple IIGS ---> IBM
 The Applied Engineering PC Transporter has a utility to copy files from
     MS/DOS to/from ProDos (regardless of disk size). Unfortunately, the PCT
     often has problems and AE is unwilling to actively support the card.
 See also the CTI drive (next question)
     
 ==== Apple IIGS <--- IBM
 If you have a new Apple High Density 3.5" Drive and High Density 3.5"
     controller card, then you can use GS/OS 6.0.1's MSDOS FST to read IBM
     3.5" disks. Note that Apple 5.25"s don't have the hardware to read/write
     IBM 5.25" disks.
 See also the CTI drive (next question)
    
Q: What's the CTI Drive?

A: The CTI drive allows you to hook up IBM 3.5" and 5.25" disk drives (no High
 Density support yet) to your Apple II. [IBM drives are cheaper] Some software
 is included to read MS/DOS disks on your Apple. Otherwise, ProDos and GS/OS
 recognize them like normal drives. See CTI's address in the resources
 section.

Q: How do I USE stuff I have transfered to/from an IBM/Mac?

A: In general, only certian types of files can be usefully transfered
 back-and-forth between computers. One thing that you CANNOT do is run
 programs designed for another type of computer. But often you can tranfer
 data files between similar programs (Spreadsheets) on different platforms.
 Here are some pointers:

      One helpful hint is that all computers can read text files. Most word
 processors can save your file as text and import as text. But with text
 files, you will loose all your formatting (font type, centering and
 so-forth). For spreadsheets, saving as DIF will make conversion a breeze.
 Databases can be saved as tab-delimited records. (Note that in AppleWorks,
 you have to go to Print to save in these formats). Look for options like
 "Import" or "Export" (or "Save As" in the Mac world).
      If you want to do better, there are several options available. A
 commercial program called MacLinkPlus can do some conversions. Some Claris
 programs do conversions automagically. Also, AFE can convert between some
 kinds of documents (For example AppleWorks Word Processor to MsWorks) if you
 have the right translator.
FTP:  sumex-aim.stanford.edu /info-mac/util/afe-appleworks-msworks.hqx
      For IBM folk,The CrossWorks program can convert between many Apple and
 IBM formats, and even comes with a universal null modem cable. Alternately,
 If you use AppleWorks a lot, you can get SuperWorks for the IBM, a clone of
 AppleWorks. It can import AppleWorks files directly. For graphics,
 SuperConvert can convert between all Apple-specific graphics formats and many
 Mac, Amiga and IBM specific formats. It can also save as GIF, which is a
 universal standard.
Q: What's the scoop on the new HD 3.5" drive?

A: In order to do High Density on the Apple //, you will need both the High
 Density 3.5" drive and the new Apple 3.5" controller. If you don't have both,
 you will only be able to do regular density. Of course, you will also need
 High Density Disks.

      Once you have collected the above items, you are in for a pleasant
 surprise. ProDos 8 programs not only recognize it, but most programs format
 and recognize HD disks just fine. You can even boot off of a HD disk,
 allowing plenty of room for GS/OS Desk Accessories and such.
      There are a few drawbacks: You cannot boot copy-protected software or (or
 some FTA demos.) Also, it takes up a slot, even on the GS. On the GS, this
 can be a pain. If you put it in slot 5, but then you will not be able to use
 a RAM disk (/RAM5). If you have a ROM 03 GS, you can put it in slot 4 and
 disable the mouse. Your GS/OS programs will work, but your ProDos 8 programs
 won't be able to find the mouse. If you use AppleTalk on a ROM 01, you may be
 able to put it in slot 1 (or 2), and use the drive in the same slot as
 AppleTalk.
Q: AppleWorks won't print to my printer. What gives?

A: AppleWorks will refuse to print to a slot that has a disk device. In the
 past, this worked well because if you try to print to a slot that has a disk
 controller in it, you will re-boot. But now, this can cause problems when a
 disk device is 'mapped' into your printer slot (due to a limitation in
 ProDos, you can only have 2 drives per slot. Extra partitions on your hard
 drive will be re-mapped to other slots). If you have a RamFast, you can
 re-map the drives to different slots. Otherwise, (for AW 3.0) use this patch:
 POKE 768,128: POKE 769,10 and then BSAVE APLWORKS.SYSTEM,TSYS,A$300,L2,B$AE3.
 If you didn't understand that, e-mail me, or look into John Link's SuperPatch
 program, which includes many more patches.

Q: Can I use Macintosh Monitors or 3.5" drives with my ][?

A: In general, no. Apple's 3.5" drive has logic to sense which machine it is
 hooked up to (Apple II or Macintosh) and it works accordingly. Most 3rd party
 drives don't bother to put in Apple II support in their drives. The Mac
 monitors cannot be used with the ][ line, not even the GS.

Q: Can I hook up a LaserWriter, DeskJet, etc to my Apple //e?

A: Yes, all the above connections have regular serial or parallel connections.
 The tricky part is getting them to do what you want. The DeskJet, for example
 will print very nice looking text with regular old "PR#1". But if you want to
 change the font or print graphics, you may have to purchase some software.
 One excellent program for these types of printers is PublishIt 4. You won't
 believe the output you can get from a //e. For AppleWorks fans, there is the
 program called SuperPatch. Among it's patches is a cool DeskJet 500 printer
 driver. You can print sideways, and change fonts with normal AppleWorks
 commands.

Q: Can I hook up a LaserWriter, DeskJet, etc to my Apple IIGS?

A: On the GS, you can hook up a LaserWriter via AppleTalk or direct serial
 connection. A GS program can typically print to a LaserWriter if it's
 connected to the GS via AppleTalk. If you get a DeskJet, or PaintJet, etc,
 you can hook them up via the serial port. But in order to use them
 effectively, you will want Harmony from Vitesse (better) or Independence
 (cheaper) from Seven Hills. They are new printer drivers for GS/OS programs
 only. If you want to print from an 8-bit program, see the previous question.

Q: Can I hook up a scanner up to my //e? Can it do OCR (Optical Character
     Recognition)?

A: Yes and Yes. Just pick up a Quickie scanner (by Vitesse) and InWords (by
 WestCode Software). You can scan 4" columns (you must have 512K to 1 Meg) and
 can even paste them together to make 8" scans. Then you can use InWords to
 "read" text and put it into a text file or AppleWorks Word Processor file.

Q: What version is my computer?

A: Apple //e: The major division is between the Enhanced and unenhanced
 models. Look at your computer while re-booting. If it says "APPLE ][", it is
 not enhanced. The enhanced computers will say "Apple //e". You can upgrade it
 yourself by getting the Apple //e Enhancement kit. (It contains 4 chips to
 replace on your motherboard.) Many newer programs will not work unless you
 have an Enhanced //e. If you have a //c or GS, or a Laser 128, you have
 Enhanced //e compatibility. There are also some older //e's that are not
 capable of double-hires. Check the serial number on the motherboard (in the
 back, by the power-on led). If it ends in -A, you may need a motherboard swap
 (unless you have the PAL version).

      Apple //GS: There are 3 major versions of the GS: Check the initial
 power-up screen. It will say ROM 01, ROM 03. If it does not say either, you
 have the Original (Woz Signature edition). You must upgrade it in order to
 run current system software. The ROM 01 has 256K on the motherboard, while
 the ROM 03 has 1 MB on the motherboard. All the enhancements of the ROM 03
 (except the 1MB, of course) can be added to the ROM 01 simply by booting up
 with current system software.
      Apple //c: Go into Basic and type "PRINT PEEK (64447)" and press return.
 If it says 255, you have a very old //c. See your dealer about getting an
 upgrade. If it says 0, you can do 3.5" drives, but you don't have the memory
 expansion connector. If it says 3 You have the memory expansion. If it says
 4, you have the latest model of the //c. If it says 5, you have a //c+.
Q: What programming languages are available for the Apple ][?

A: Larry W. Virden maintains The Apple II Programmer's Catalog of Languages
 and Toolkits. It's archived on several FTP sites. (The main one fisrt)

FTP:  ???? /pub/compilers-list/AppleIICatalog2.2

FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu
         /apple2/misc/textfiles/programming.languages.2.2.txt

Q: My GS control panel keeps resetting to the defaults and/or forgetting the
     date.

A: It's probably your battery. If you have a ROM 03 GS, you just pop it out an
 get another. On the ROM 01, you will need a Slide-On Battery Replacement Kit
 from Night Owl Productions. See address in 'Resources' section.

Q: I want a Y-adapter for my GS keyboard.

A: Redmond Cable has an ADB Y-connector cable for separating your mouse from
 the side of your keyboard (also can be used to work around a failing ADB port
 on the keyboard). See the 'Resources' section of this FAQ.

Q: What programs are there for conversion of graphic images?

A: There are quite a few:

 IIGIF is a freeware GIF converter for any Apple II (but there is a patch
     needed for the Apple //c). It reads in GIF and saves as hires or
     double-hires.
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/8bit/graphics/iigif.bsc
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/8bit/graphics/iic.patch.for.iigif
 MACDOWN is also freeware and lets you do the same with MacPaint pics.
 A ProDos 8 version of The Graphics Exchange (don't know much about it).
      [The following software only work on an Apple IIGS]
 The Graphics Exchange converts between many formats of graphics.
 SuperConvert loads all GS formats, plus GIFS and other non-GS specific
     formats and saves in all GS formats (including Finder Icon files). It has
     more dithering options than most of the other programs, but you may have
     to play with it to find the best one.
 SHRConvert is the earlier, shareware, predecessor to SuperConvert. It does a
     pretty good job on the types of graphics it supports.
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/gs/graphics/shrconvert.2.1.bsq
 Platinum Paint is a commercial program that can import all GS formats plus
     MacPaint. It can only save in SHR and Apple Preferred. Version 2.0 can
     make Animations too!
 ShowPic 6 is a shareware NDA that can display most GS formats. You can also
     save the resulting graphic as a IIGS SHR painting.
FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/gs/gsos/nda/showpic.6.0.bsq
 Dream Grafix supports all 3200 color picture types and also 16 color and 256
     color pictures. This is a very impressive commercial paint program with
     its 3200 color support.
      Note: 'All GS formats' includes Superhires (type $C1 and $C0), hires,
 double-hires and PrintShop/PrintShop GS.
Q: Where can I get old games and stuff?

A: See the resouces section (Big Red Computer Club, TMS Peripherials, Quality
 Computers, Resource Central.) There is also a project called Lost Classics
 that is trying to track down origninal authors to get them to donate their
 stuff to the Public Domain.

Q: I have an old CPM / PASCAL / DOS 3.3 disk. How do I get it into ProDos?

A: The //e system software, the DOS3.3 FST (GS/OS System 6), and Copy ][+ can
 all convert Dos 3.3 files into ProDos. This is only helpful for text files,
 graphics, and some Basic programs. For ProDos, CPM, Pascal, Dos 3.3, try the
 program Chameleon. It's only drawback is that it does not recognize hard
 disks. (just use a temporary ProDos floppy disk)

FTP:  apple2.archive.umich.edu /apple2/8bit/util/chameleon.bsq

Q: I'm getting Error XXX. What's it mean?

A: Some common errors and their cause:


ProDos Errors:
UNABLE TO LOAD PRODOS   - You can't boot a disk unless it has ProDos and a
                          something.SYSTEM file on it
$27    I/O Error.  Possibly a bad disk?  Verify it with Prosel or Copy II Plus
$44    Path not found (You gave an invalid directory name)
$45    Volume not found (you didn't type in the right disk name)
$46    File not found (you didn't type a valid filename)

GS/OS errors:
0911   Either your GS is overheating, or the ADB port is having problems
0301   Bad TransWarp
0308   see 8021
8020   Either random TransWarp, or SCSI (try using different SCSI connector)
8021   If you get this at random times and you have a HS Apple SCSI, it's
       probably a version conflict.  Install the SCSI drivers from your GS/OS
       disk, not your HS Apple SCSI disk.

Q: How do you copy from a 5.25" disk to 3.5" disk?

A: ProDos has no problems with this, as long as you copy by files. Note that
 ProDos can only have 51 files in the main directory. If you try to exceed
 that, it will give you a cryptic 'Disk Full' error. If there really is space
 left on the disk, you can copy all the files into a subdirectory to get
 around the 51-file limit. In theory, you can put an unlimited number of files
 in a Subdirectory, but in practice, you should limit them to a few hundred.

Q: Why does my Apple II lose characters when I'm using the modem?

A: Check the following: 1) Your software may need interrupts enabled. Examine
 DIP Switch 2-6 on your Super Serial Card. 2) If you have an unenhanced //e,
 you need to enhance your //e. 3) If you have a //c, it may be one of the ones
 that had a serial port problem. Talk to your dealer about upgrading it for
 2400 baud support.

Q: What happened to Beagle Brothers?

A: Quality computers is now distributing the Apple II Beagle Brothers
 packages. In fact, they are even expanding the TimeOut line of AppleWorks
 enhancement packages. On paper, Beagle no longer exists, but Quality is
 trying to recruit the same programmers to continue to create new Appleworks
 add-ons. BB has retired their extremely old stuff (mostly DOS 3.3) and now
 you can download it (for free) exclusively on the QC BBS. (email
 jerry@pro-quality.cts.com for details).

Q: Is the Apple // dead?

A: Old computers never die, they just get upgraded. Ok, ok, maybe not. But as
 long as the computer is still useful to you, it is not dead. Many people
 continue to use their Apple II's to run their buisness, control robots, etc.

Q: Yes, but isn't the Apple // wimpy? Isn't it old technology? Isn't 1 MHz
     slow in today's computer world?

A: You don't always need a 50 MHz computer to do word processing, or a 3-D
 relational spreadsheet to do checkbook balancing. Of course, I wouldn't use
 my Apple to run Mathmatica. Use the right tool for the job. The Apple // is
 simple enough that one can take total control of it. Write directly to to
 screen. Re-write the operating system. Do cool hardware hacks with it. Write
 a simple basic 'guess-the-number' game. Whatever. The point is that many
 programmers write software for the Apple // because it is FUN as well as
 challenging.

      As for the 'old' bit: the IBM PC was released well over a decade ago too.
 The GS is to an Apple II+ as the IBM 486 is to the IBM XT. (Ok, so maybe
 that's stretching it a bit). As for speed, you can't directly compare those
 because the underlying processors are different. The Apple gets more done in
 1 clock cycle than the IBM processor. Really, the only speed that matters is
 REAL time. Windows and fancy graphics can really load a computer down. Even
 though hardware is getting faster and better, software is getting larger and
 slower. You can't win. Compare the time to start up the following word
 processors: FrameMaker on a Sun SparcStation w/X-windows (30 seconds), M.S.
 Word on a Mac w/System 7 (2 seconds) classic AppleWorks (instantly --I have a
 RamFast ;).

Topic:  System 6.0 mini-FAQ
==========================================


Subtopic:  Common Problems
------------------------------------------

      Some programs are incompatible with CloseView. Symptoms are the mouse
 wipes out everything it moves over. Remove CloseView or inactivate it in the
 system folder. May still cause troubles if active, but set to 'off'. See GS
 Technote #91.
      EasyAccess is also incompatible with some applications, (especially on
 ROM 01). Symptoms are a locked keyboard, and not being able to reboot. Remove
 it or make it inactive.
      Missing features of system 6? Perhaps you just used easy install, which
 doesn't install all the bells and whistles. Try clicking on customize and add
 the nifty things like Calculator, Find File, HFS FST, etc. You can also read
 the Shortcuts file on SystemTools2 for some great keyboard shortcuts.
      Finder icons that match by name and have a leading wildcard require
 uppercase letters. For example, a name like "*.txt" never matches, but
 "*.TXT" works fine (it matches regardless of a file's actual capitalization).
 (This was accidental; the 5.0.4 Finder did not care about capitalization in
 icon files.)
      Two misconceptions about System 6: The A2.RAMCARD is not for the GS's
 /RAM5. It only works with "slinky" (i.e. standard slot) cards. Also, the DOS
 3.3 FST has nothing to do with MS-DOS.

Subtopic:  Tips & Hints
------------------------------------------

      The AppleShare logon programs have always looked for a folder named
 "Mail" inside your user folder whenever you log onto a user volume. If
 there's any items in there, they present a dialog that says "You have mail."
 Under SSW 6.0, that also sends a SysBeep2 request so you can get the sound of
 your choice.
      If you don't want to see your icons on boot, set bit 1 (i.e. the 2nd LSB)
 of BRAM Location $5F. Be sure not to mess with the other bits. Use the
 toolbox calls!
      The FinderExtras folder goes in the same folder as the Finder (generally
 *:System).
      If you don't like yellow folders in the Finder you can change the byte at
 offset +65 in the Finder resource with type $C001 and ID 1. Change the $E0 to
 whatever you want (the first digit is the default folder foreground color,
 and the low nibble is for the outline color). Only folders that do *not*
 already have a color recorded in a Finder.Data file get the default color.

Subtopic:  If you have a RamFast
------------------------------------------

      The RamFast and ProDos 2.0.1 both try to do re-mapping of drives to
 unused slots. This can cause problems, mostly when launching and returning
 from ProDos 8 applications (crashes or wants you to insert disk). Solution:
 Configure the RamFast not to re-map. If you have a RamFAST with a ROM
 revision less than 2.01a, you need to get a newer ROM from CVT. Otherwise,
 V2.01c allows setting Slot Priority Allocations to 0 which will let ProDos
 deal with them. V3.0 allows you to choose between RamFast mapping (works now)
 and ProDos 8 mapping. If you can't wait, you can Patch ProDos 2.0 not to
 re-map slots. Look for "10 BF C9 A5 D0 07" and change the $A5 to $00 (should
 be byte $1A3 in the 5th block of the file). Hack at your own risk.

Subtopic:  If you have a Vulcan or AE High Density disk
------------------------------------------

      Due to problems with the Vulcan, when booting, it asks for your System
 Disk. Just put the Vulcan driver on your boot disk, boot it, and then launch
 the installer. Alternately, put the driver on the installer disk and boot it.
 (but you have to delete some of the installer scripts first) For the AE High
 Density Drive, be sure to remove Apple's 3.5" driver when putting on AE's.

Subtopic:  If you have ProSel
------------------------------------------

      Rename start to something else before running the installer, or else the
 Finder won't be installed. Believe me, you don't want to miss out on Finder
 6.0!

Subtopic:  If you have an AMR 3.5"
------------------------------------------

      If the computer hangs (mostly at the Standard File dialogue box) with no
 disk in the drive, try putting one in. What's happening is that GS is reading
 the status from the drive, and the drive won't return anything unless there
 is a disk in the drive. Just stick a disk in and all will be fine. If it
 really annoys you, either deactive the 3.5" driver (get IR so you can
 double-click to re-activate it) or simply keep a disk in the drive at all
 times. This is not a problem under ProDos 8.

Subtopic:  GSCII+ & HFS Note
------------------------------------------

      There is a problem with the HFS FST, but only GSCII seems to be affected.
 When de-binscii-ing files, put the output onto a ProDos volume, not an HFS
 one.
      [ Mega-thanks to Dave Lyons & friends for these. ]

Topic:  What to do with an Apple ][?
==========================================

Q: What can you hook up to an Apple ][?

A: Hard Drives, Scanners, Video Digitizers, Laser Printers, Video Overlay
 Cards, Tape backups, Inkjet Printers, 24 pin Dot Matrix Printers, EPROM
 Burners, AppleTalk Networks, High Density 3.5" drives, serial cards, parallel
 cards, audio Digitizers, CP/M boards (Z-80 processor), an IBM-on-a-card, 9600
 baud modems, D/A and A/D cards, joysticks, mice, graphics tablets, touch
 screens, extended keyboards, track balls, several Megabytes of RAM, Real-time
 clocks, (cheap) IBM disk drives and of course, Users!

      This list is by no means exhaustive: This is just what I personally have
 done. All of it is available NOW, and can be done on any Apple //e. In the
 very near future, you will be able to hook up:
      EitherTalk Networks, DSP boards, and cheap FAX modems.
Q: What can you do with an Apple ][?

A: As if the above weren't impressive, how about: Optical Character
 recognition, Desktop publishing, Integrated Spread sheet, Database and Word
 Processing, Interactive fiction adventure games, Arcade quality games,
 Educational games, Programming, Telecommunications, Inventory, Accounting,
 Money Management, and that's not even scratching the surface.

Q: What can the //e can "borrow" from other computers? (w/the right software)

A: GS bitmapped fonts, Mac Disks, MacPaint pictures, GIF pictures, just about
 any Mac SCSI device (Hard Drives, Tape backup), Mac sounds?, many archive
 formats (like uudecode), any serial device (EPROM burners, FAX modems,
 mega-fast modems w/ MNP5), etc.

Q: What can the GS can "borrow" from other computers? (w/the right software)

A: Mac bitmapped fonts, Mac Icons, Mac and Windows TrueType fonts, Mac Disks,
 Amiga Mod songs, MacPaint pictures, MacWrite documents, GIF pictures,
 WordPerfect documents, just about any Mac SCSI or ADB device (including Hard
 Drives, Pen Mice, etc), Mac sounds, Many archive formats (.uu, .zip, .arc,
 .sit, .hqx, etc), any serial device (EPROM burners, FAX modems, mega- fast
 modems w/hardware MNP-5), etc.

      If you are interested in doing any of the above, feel free to e-mail me
 (dmag@umich.edu). Someday, maybe I'll fill in the specific software or
 hardware you need to do any of the above. If you have any additions, let me
 know too!

Topic:  Resources for the Apple II: (5/1/93)
==========================================

      Listed below are some places to get information about the Apple II. You
 should also try your local user group (and the user group library), friends,
 relatives, library, school, FTP sites, books, and etc. One good book is "The
 Whole Internet Users Guide & Catalog" by Ed Kroll, published by O'Reilly &
 Associates Inc.
---- <NEW OR CHANGED>
      If you can't find a local user group to get system software from, you can
 dowload it from the Cynosure BBS, which has a license to distribute system
 software.

       The Cynosure BBS                     (410) 549-2584 (BBS)
       [Settings: 8 data bits, No parity 1 stop bit, up to 14400 bps]
       Internet: dig@pro-cynosure.cts.com (Doug Granzow)

      You can also get system software off of Apple Computer's FTP site. It is
 maintained by DTS in their spare time. Thanks guys!
FTP:  ftp.apple.com ./aii/sys.soft/*
      To find the closest Apple II (or Macintosh) User Group near you, contact:

       The Apple User Group Connection      Phone:
       Apple Computer, Inc.                 (800) 538-9696, extension 500
       20525 Mariani Avenue, MS:36-AA
       Cupertino, CA 95014

      InCider/A+ is a monthly Apple II/Macintosh magazine. Although their Apple
 II coverage is shaky at best, you can find a lot of Apple II ads in there.

     InCider/A+
     P.O. Box 56818
     Boulder, CO 80322-8618

      A2-Central (formerly Open-Apple) is an 8-page monthly newsletter, but it
 is packed with information. It has technical discussions and philosophical
 discussions. It is also available on disk, with many PD/SW programs each
 month. Resource Central (the parent company) also publishes many monthly
 disks, including ones for HyperStudio users, TimeOut users, HyperCard users,
 and probably others. All are on 3.5" disk only. They also have taken over
 APDA's job of keeping the latest and greatest from Apple and some 3rd party
 vendors. They have programming tools and manuals not available anywhere else
 (like the Video Overlay Card Development kit, Tool 35/SynthLab docs, etc).

     Resource-Central                       (913) 469-6502
     P.O. Box 11250                         (913) 469-6507 (FAX)
     Overland Park, KS  66207

     GEnie: A2-CENTRAL, UNCLE-DOS, or DENNIS.DOMS

      Apple Programmers and Developers Association (APDA) produces the Develop
 CD, a great resource if you have access to a CD player. APDA (800) 282-2732
 Apple Computer, Inc. 20525 Mariani Ave, MS:75-2C Cupertino, CA 95014
      You can become an associate in the Apple Developer Program for $350 (for
 Mac and Apple II) or a mere $150 (for Apple II only) by calling
 1-408-974-4897. That gets you Develop magazine, Apple Technical notes, the
 Apple Developer CD, discounts on Apple products, and more! If you want to
 license Apple Software for distribution with your product you can get
 information by calling 1-408-974-4667. (Note: You need a license to
 distribute Apple System Software, including ProDOS, and the Installer.)
      Apple has a toll-free customer assistance line for handling sales
 questions and user concerns. This toll-free line is not designed to be a
 technical support hotline, but instead is an extension to the comprehensive
 Apple customer relations effort. The Customer Assistance Center is open
 Monday through Friday from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. Pacific time by dialing
 1-800-776-2333.
      GS+ is published bi-monthly, as a magazine and as an accompanying disk.
 They are a great source for unique programs, which are not available anywhere
 else. They also have reviews of new software. Of course, it's GS specific.

       GS+ Magazine                         (800) 662-3634 (orders only)
       c/o EGO Systems                      (615) 843-3988 9am-6pm M-F EST
       P.O. Box 15366                       (913) 469-6507 (FAX)
       Chattanooga, Tennessee  37415-0366

       Aol: GSPlusDiz     Delphi: GSPlusDiz   GEnie: JWANKERL
       Internet: jwankerl@pro-gonzo.cts.com

      Hyperstudio Network is a quarterly newsletter about HyperStudio. They put
 out an annual 'Best of HyperStudio' disk of stacks, and have discounts on
 HyperStudio accessories. They even do some teacher-oriented stuff.

       HyperStudio Network                  Phone:
       Box 103                              (609) 446-3196
       Blawenburg, NJ 08504

      The Road Apple - An Apple // "End Users" Underground Newsletter.
 Published bi-monthly.

      1121 NE 177th, Suite B                Phone:
      Portland, OR 97230                    (503) 254-3874.

      Computist is a publication devoted to gathering and distributing
 information on removing copy protection from Apple II software.

      P.O. Box 110846
      Tacoma, WA  98411

      Softdisk and Softdisk GS - monthly disk magazines containing a variety of
 software (PD/SW, clip art, reviews, etc). Softdisk is available on 5.25" or
 3.5" disks. Softdisk GS is available only on 3.5" disks.

       Softdisk Publishing                  Phone:
       P.O. Box 30008                       (800) 831-2694
       Shreveport, LA 71130-0008            (318) 221-8718

       AOL: zak    Internet: zak@aol.com

      USUS is an international non-profit organization dedicated to promoting
 and influencing software standards to aid in the development of portable
 software. They have a large software library including a lot of source code
 (for almost every language or computer).

       Keith Frederick (Secretary), USUS Inc.,
       P.O. Box 1148
       La Jolla, CA 92038

      Night Owl makes a slide-on battery for ROM 01 GS's.

  Nite Owl Productions                      Phone:
  Slide-On Battery Dept.                    (913) 362-9898
  5734 Lamar Street
  Mission, KS 66202

      Redmond cable makes and sells all sorts of custom cables.

  Redmond Cable Corporation                 Phone:
  17371-A1 NE 67th Ct                       (206) 882-2009.
  Redmond, WA 98052,

      Quality Computers not only sells Apple II products, but maintains a list
 of user groups and publishes an informative newsletter geared towards
 educators (called Enhance). To get a QC catalog and a free subscription to
 Enhance, just call or write.

    Quality Computers                       (800) 777-ENHAnce
    20200 E. 9 Mile Road                    (313) 774-7200 (International)
    Box 665                                 (313) 774-2698 (FAX)
    St. Clair Shores, MI  48080             (313) 774-7740 (Technical Support)

    Internet: jerry@pro-quality.cts.com  or  QC@genie.geis.com
    GEnie: QC      America Online: QualityCom

      NAUG, the National AppleWorks Users Group is a group devoted to that
 wonder program, AppleWorks.

   NAUG                                     (313) 454-1115
   Box 87453                                (313) 454-1965 FAX
   Canton, Michigan 48187                   (615) 359-8238 BBS


      The Big Red Computer Club, or BRCC, (formerly the Big Red Apple Club,
 sells all kinds of good software that you can't get anywhere else. (including
 discontinued games, etc.)

   Big Red Computer Club                    (402) 379-4680
   423 Norfolk Ave.
   Norfolk, NE 68701

      TMS Pheripherals also sells good stuff (discontinued games, etdc)

   TMS Pheripherals                         (800) ASK-4TMS, 
   1120 Holland Dr.
   Ste. 16
   Boca Rato FL, 33487

      Alltech sells all kinds of replacement parts for Apple II's.

   Alltech Electronics                     (800) 995-7773 (orders)
   602 Garrison St                         (619) 721-2823 (Fax)
   Oceanside, CA 92054                     (619) 721-7733 (Technical Support
                                                            and inquiries)
      Sun also sells used Apples parts and books.

   Sun Remarketing                         (800) 821-3221

      A new ShareWare-Fee payment service has been established for info, write
 to:

   Some Assembly Required
   1132 Adelaide St. N.  #719
   London, Ontario  N5Y 2N8
   Canada

shareware@uwo.ca  or hackett@gaul.csd.uwo.ca

      ANSITerm is a GS-only communications program that supports X/Y/Z-Modem
 (plus variants), Kermit, VT-100, Color ANSI, and offers features like a text
 editor, a large scrollback buffer, and macros.

   Parkhurst Micro Products                (510) 837-9098
   2491 San Ramon Valley Blvd., Suite 1-317
   San Ramon, CA, 94583.

      The CTI drive allows you to hook up cheap IBM 3.5" and 5.25" disk drives
 to you Apple II.

        Conversion Technology  (CTI)      Phone: (801) 364-4171
        c/o Patrick L. McLaughlin
        516 12th Ave
        Salt Lake City, Utah 84103

     (More resources to be added as I think of them. Email suggestions to
 dmag@umich.edu. as always, let me know of any mistakes, updates, corrections,
 additions, etc.)

Topic:  General guidelines on How To Troubleshoot
==========================================

 First, resist the temptation to install all your new toys at once. Take it
     one step at a time and test everything after adding each item.
 Leave the computer plugged in, but turned off when installing cards. Touch
     the power supply before and often during your work. Better yet, use a
     wrist strap tied to ground through a 1 Megaohm resistor.
 When asking others for help, it is essential to know the EXACT error message
     you are getting. Also, be as specific as possible. Saying "It did not
     work" or "I could not get any farther" is not helpful. Exactly which
     screen did it stop at? Does it respond to any input at all? What had you
     done up to that point? Is it reproducible any other way?
 Make sure you have the required components for the program. Does it require
     an Enhanced //e? More RAM? A separate boot disk?
 Never use your original disks. Make a backups and store the write-protected
     originals in a safe place.
 Be sure to keep your disks away from stray magnetic fields emanating from
     phones, monitors and speakers.
 If you have an accelerator, try to disable it or take it out entirely. It may
     not be compatible with the new item.
 Is the problem re-producible? If so, what are the MINIMUM actions to
     reproduce it?
 Check all your cable connections. Do not disconnect or connect any cables
     with the computer on.
 Try pulling out other cards and disconnect your joystick. If you have a lot
     of cards, you might consider a Heavy-Duty Power Supply from A.E. It
     supplies 6 Amps instead of a measly 2.5 Amps. Test the power supply with
     a voltmeter while the computer is on.
 Call the manufacturer to see if there is an upgrade or a fix.

Subtopic:  Trouble shooting and good maintenance
------------------------------------------

 Try the system test: hold down the Control key, the Open Apple key, and the
     Option (or Solid Apple) key. Then press and release Reset. Lastly, let up
     on the other keys. Sit back and 'Watchen Der Blinken Lighten.'
 Most RAM cards come with a memory tester. Try running it in continuous mode
     for several hours, even if your RAM seems to be working.
 Write down your configuration when you have it working (for future
     reference).
 Verify your disk(s) with Copy ][+ or the Finder to see if you have any bad
     blocks.

Subtopic:  GS Trouble shooting
------------------------------------------

 Check your control panel settings: What is the startup slot set to? Is the
     slot set to "Your Card"? Check your RAM disk setting. Is it taking up all
     your memory? Try setting the speed to normal if it's a non-GS program.
 Take out or disable your INITS, CDAs, NDAs, and CDEVS. (With System 6, just
     hold down Shift while booting).
 If you have a hard disk, try booting from a System Disk and/or re-install the
     latest system software. Many random problems can be traced to corrupted
     or improperly installed system software.
 Never connect/disconnect an ADB device when the computer is on.
 AppleWorks GS comes with a memory tester (try it).
 The TransWarp GS has a continuous test on the CDA (try it too).

Topic:  SCSI
==========================================

      SCSI is a protocol (kind of like serial or parallel) that lets you hook
 up several devices (up to 8) on a SCSI bus (a bus is just a series of wires).
 You must give each device it's own unique ID number from 0-7. The SCSI card
 is usually set to 7. There are two types of SCSI cables: the 50 pin
 Centronics-type (like on parallel printers) or the 25-pin "D" connector. The
 50-pin is the SCSI standard, the 25-pin is the Apple standard. On a SCSI
 chain, there must be a Terminator at each end. A Terminator is just a bunch
 of resistors. Some drives have internal terminators (3 small yellow-orange
 packs), and some drives come with an external terminator (a "plug" to put on
 the back of the drive). Also, somebody on the bus must supply terminator
 power (one of the SCSI lines). If There are any problems (multiple things
 with the same ID, too much termination or not enough, or no terminator
 power), you may be able to use the drive, but your data will get corrupted.
 Most of the time, the computer will refuse to recognize the drive.
      At first, there was the Apple Rev 'C' SCSI card (named after the final
 ROM version--all previous versions MUST be upgraded to work with current
 software). There were several clones from the likes of CMS and Chinook. Then
 Apple came out with it's High Speed DMA SCSI card. This has the ability to do
 Direct Memory Access to the RAM in your computer, which speeds things up.
 This created a lot of problems with cards that were not DMA compatible. CV
 Technologies also has a DMA SCSI card called the RamFast. This card has 256K
 or 1MB of on-board RAM to make it even faster than Apple's card. It can also
 supply terminator power if you drive does not supply it. Both of the new
 cards support things like SCSI tape backup units, removable SCSI drives, SCSI
 CD-ROM, and of course SCSI hard drives. Both the new cards also require an
 Enhanced //e.

Subtopic:  Tips on setting up a SCSI system:
------------------------------------------

 You can have multiple drives on one SCSI card, just make sure you remove the
     termination on all the drives but the last one. This is because the newer
     SCSI cards are terminated (and they count as a SCSI device).
 Always check that the cords are plugged in properly. Never connect/disconnect
     anything when the computer is on.
 The computer will boot the hard drive with the highest SCSI ID, which should
     be ID 6.
 Try letting the drive 'warm up' for 15 seconds before turning the computer
     on. The SCSI cards look for drives only at startup, and may ignore any
     drives that are not ready.
 Try turning off DMA. If this helps, you may have a non-DMA compatible card,
     such as the early versions of the TransWarp, early versions of the GS
     RAM, or any 8-bit accelerator.
 Check that each device has a unique ID. Most drives have a thumbwheel on the
     back to set the ID. Your SCSI card (yes, it counts too) is probably ID 7.
     Number your drives from 6 downwards for best compatibility. The IDs have
     nothing to do with what slot the card is in.
 Is there a terminator at each end of the SCSI bus? (the DMA cards are
     terminated, and some drives are internally terminated.)
 Try the software that came with the card. It may give helpful diagnostic
     messages (I.E. the Apple DMA SCSI utilities-- Does it say "No Apple SCSI
     card found" or "No SCSI devices found"?)
 Do you get the message "Unable to Load ProDos"? If so, it's booting your
     drive but you have no system software on it. Try hitting Control-Reset,
     then PR#5 (or PR#6) to boot a floppy. Then install the system software
     (i.e. ProDos or GS/OS).
 In extreme cases, try reformatting the drive, repartitioning, and
     re-installing the System software.
 If the drive access light blinks in a regular pattern before the computer is
     turned on, it is telling you that it has a hardware malfunction. It needs
     to be serviced.
 Did you try re-installing the System software? Many times, the data on a
     drive will get corrupted if you run the drive with improper terminators
     or conflicting SCSI ID's. Sometimes you will not notice the corrupted
     data until after you fix the problem. If re-installing the System
     software helps, it was probably a software problem, not a hardware
     problem.
 The Apple HS DMA SCSI card requires an Enhanced //e. It will not work on the
     older //e without an Enhancement Kit.
 To really put a drive through it's paces, copy a LOT of stuff from one
     partition to another (copy the entire partition if you can). If there is
     a problem with DMA or SCSI ID's, it will probably show up as a strange
     GS/OS error. (GS only)
 Make sure you do not have the Apple SCSI drivers installed if you have a
     RamFast. It may cause random problems (they leave an interrupt handler
     dangling if they can't find their card.) (GS only)
 Make sure you are booting the right slot. If the card is in slot 7, you can
     set the startup slot to Scan or 7. (GS only)
 If you boot up and only 1 partition shows up, you need to install the SCSI
     drivers. (GS only)
 If you boot up and it says "Drive XXX is already on the desktop" over and
     over: Probably a SCSI ID problem. (GS only)
 If you add a CD-ROM, drivers are avaliable from Trantor Systems LTD, 5415
     Randall Place, Fremont, CA 94538 (415)770-1400 (GS only)
 Watch this space for info on flopticals...

======================================================================
This FAQ is available on-line at apple2.archive.umich.edu (see FTP)
Permission granted to reproduce in non-profit User Group newsletters.

Any additions/corrections/suggestions would be appreciated.  Also,
if this FAQ has helped you, e-mail me and let me know!
                                        Dan DeMaggio (dmag@umich.edu)
    
-- 
      -=- Dan DeMaggio -=- dmag@caen.engin.umich.edu -=-
"That is really incredible. That is truly incredible.  That is so
incredibly incredible that I think I'd like to steal it." -Zaphod
-- 
      -=- Dan DeMaggio -=- dmag@caen.engin.umich.edu -=-
"That is really incredible. That is truly incredible.  That is so
incredibly incredible that I think I'd like to steal it." -Zaphod