MISCELLANEOUS MATH SOFTWARE PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS The following is a list of programs that are in the Public Domain that are used by the students in the Math Lab at Santa Monica College. These programs are for IBM compatible computers. If you wish to print this file so you can read from a paper copy you can try importing this file into any word processor. Failing that, you can try the DOS command COPY README.TXT PRN. THE BACKGROUND AND KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED TO USE THE PROGRAMS ============================================================================== These programs have been designed to be used by people with little or no computer background. All of these programs contain self-documenting help screens and the more complex programs are accompanied by tutorial lessons for first-time users that are in text files. The mathematical background required to use these programs depends on the nature of each individual program. However, each program is designed to be a learning tool to help motivate an interest in mathematics and computer science, so users may benefit from trying a program even if they do not fully exploit all of the program's capabilities. AVAILABLE DISK FORMATS ============================================================================== The programs are made available free to anyone who supplies pre-formatted floppy disks. Either 5 1/4 inch or 3 1/2 inch floppy disks of either high or low density can be used. The 3 1/2 inch disks are more durable and hold more information and are thus preferable. A higher density disk is also preferable to a lower density one, since the higher the density the fewer the number of disks that need to be handled. The programs are normally distributed in self- extracting archive files that are called packages. The most significant programs are in the single file called PACKAGE1.XXX which can be copied or transferred on one high density (1.44MB) 3 1/2 inch floppy disk. An accompanying installation program will automatically install all the files for you. (You can manually install the files yourself by copying the file PACKAGE1.XXX to a hard disk, renaming this file as PACKAGE1.EXE and then executing the file.) A hard disk is normally required to unpack the programs if they are received in this archived form. But once extracted, individual program and documentation files may be copied to and used with any kind of floppy or hard disk. Other files in the list below that are not in the first PACKAGE1.XXX file are in a second file PACKAGE2.XXX which requires a second high density floppy disk. Each package is a very large file which by definition fills almost all the space on a high density disk. In fact the disk size is the limiting factor which determines how much can be placed in a single package file. Thus there is only one package available per disk. THE HARDWARE REQUIRED TO USE THE PROGRAMS ============================================================================== The hardware required to run these programs is fairly simple. Some programs use only a text mode, but those that require a graphics capability can be used with monochrome display screens if a color monitor is not available. Several programs require an IBM-compatible graphics adapter card which may be any one of CGA, or EGA, or VGA capability. Each program automatically selects the highest resolution available and each program description indicates when graphics hardware is required to run the program or when the program runs in a text mode only. Some of the programs may use multiple windows and take advantage of a mouse, if one is available. But any program that uses a mouse can usually be used without one. A hard disk is not required to run any of these programs, although a hard disk may be needed to acquire and unpack the archived files. A printer is optional for a few programs if you want to produce hard copy output. Any version of DOS later than version 3.1 should be compatible. The programs have all been tested and run under DOS version 6.0. UPDATE AND VERSION INFORMATION ============================================================================== This file: README.TXT 44388 05-29-93 9:00 PM These programs are periodically updated to make improvements and add new features (and sometimes to correct bugs!). The line before each paragraph description gives the latest filename information about the most recent version of the program at the time this README.TXT file was made. This information includes the file size in bytes and the date and time of the most recent update. If you already have a version of one or more of these programs you may wish to compare your file dates with the corresponding dates in the list below. FURTHER TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND USER SUPPORT ============================================================================== Any technical questions about any of these programs may be referred to the author. John Kennedy Touch Tone Telephone Messages Mathematics Department may be left by calling: Santa Monica College (310) 450-5150 Extension 9721. 1900 Pico Blvd. A message may be left at any Santa Monica, CA 90405 time of day or night. FILE TYPES & TUTORIAL & ADDITIONAL HELP & DOCUMENTATION INFORMATION ============================================================================== Files of the type *.EXE are executable program files. Files with the same primary name but of the type *.TXT are ASCII text files which contain important documentation about the corresponding program. These files may be imported into any word processor for reading and/or printing. It is suggested that you read any text file associated with a program before you try to run the program. Many of the *.TXT files contain tutorial lessons for first-time users that will take you through the beginning steps of using the program. These tutorial files also illustrate some of the typical uses of the programs. Files of the type *.HLP are compiled binary files that must accompany the *.EXE program with the same primary filename. These files are NOT intended to be read or printed because they contain some special binary codes. For the most part however, they only contain specially formatted ASCII text that is part of a context-sensitive hypertext on-line help system. Files of the type *.EXE and *.HLP with the same primary filename must normally reside in the same subdirectory. Programs that use *.HLP files first search for them in their own subdirectories, and if not found there, they will search for a matching *.HLP file in all subdirectories listed in your DOS PATH. Each program contains some form of Help information which can be accessed by either pressing key H (or Alt+H for Help) or by pressing function key F1 from within most menus or dialog boxes. By reading all the Help information you may learn about some of the more subtle features of each program. 1. MATRIX.EXE 217424 03-14-93 7:33 PM ========================================================================== The MATRIX program is designed to teach row operations on matrices. The program can be used to find complete solutions to systems of linear equations, to find determinants and inverses of matrices, to solve standard and non-standard Linear Programming problems, and to perform some special algorithms which include the Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization process, and the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The program can calculate sets of basis vectors for the kernel, range, and row space of a matrix. The inter-matrix operations include addition, subtraction, and multiplication of matrices as well as scalar multiplication. The program allows easy entry and editing of matrices which may be up to 20x20 in size. Matrices may be re-dimensioned and rows and columns can easily be inserted or deleted. Matrices may be saved to and/or read from disk files. The program can work in a decimal floating-point mode in which calculations are carried out to 18 significant digits, or the program can work in a fraction mode with exact rational arithmetic. The fraction mode is more useful for instructional purposes while the decimal mode is more appropriate for scientific or engineering applications. You can easily switch between fractions and decimals at any time. A mouse is recommended but is also optional. Each matrix occupies a window and as many as 9 overlapping windows may be open on the desktop at once. This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware. There is context sensitive help in the file MATRIX.HLP which normally must reside in the same subdirectory as MATRIX.EXE. There is an independent tutorial file, MATRIX.TXT, which is for first-time users. MATRIX.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 2. YFUNX.EXE 205040 05-29-93 9:57 AM ========================================================================== The YFUNX program is designed to graph and analyze functions which are written in the form Y=F(X), in which Y is a function of X; thus the name YFUNX. This program provides a set of 24 basic operators (those found on most scientific calculators), but you can compose any or all of these to build function expressions of arbitrary complexity. The program can then be used to graph the function. Any number of function curves may be combined in one graph. An XY-plane rectangular window may be any size and centered anywhere in the plane. The X- and Y-axes may be scaled independent of one another and a local coordinate system may be located anywhere in the window. The user can perform automatic zooming in and out to make a smaller or a larger window, or they can explicitly mark the contents of a zoom-in window. After a graph has been made the user can enter a Coordinate Trace Mode in which they can move a cursor anywhere across the screen and track the world coordinates of the points it traces out. This can be used to find points of intersection of two curves or to approximate the X- and Y-intercepts of a function. There is also a line drawing mode in which the user can spin a line around an anchor point, usually to manually approximate the tangent or normal line to a graph at a particular point on the graph. The user can also enter a Tangent/Normal Line Mode in which they can move either a tangent line or a normal line along the graph to study the variation in the tangent or normal directions along the curve. At each point on the curve the tangent line equation (or normal) and the coordinates of the point of tangency (normality) are given. This program provides seven different kinds of numerical integration and for each kind it dynamically displays the resulting areas when in in graphics mode. In addition to the lower, midpoint, and upper Riemann sums, and the Trapezoid and Simpson's Rules, the program performs Gaussian Quadrature and Romberg integration. This program also calculates the arc length between any two points on the graph of a function. In graphics mode it dynamically displays the arc length elements. Three additional integration techniques are provided for finding volumes and surface areas associated with 3-dimensional rotations. Either the disk method or the method of cylindrical shells can be animated. The program simulates the drawing of 3-dimensional disk and shell volume slices. The lateral surface area for the volume of rotation of a plane region over a horizontal line can also be performed. In still another mode the user can apply Newton's Method or the method of Successive Bisections to dynamically solve for the zeros of the function. In graphics mode the program animates each convergence process. In text mode the user can observe the convergence of a table of values to the zero of the function. Another feature is the ability to automatically find the the max/min extrema of any function over a closed interval. This feature can be applied in either graphics or text modes. This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware. The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds. There is an independent tutorial file, YFUNX.TXT, which is for first-time users. YFUNX.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 3. POLAR.EXE 168848 05-29-93 10:01 AM ========================================================================== The POLAR program is designed to graph and analyze relations which are written in terms of Polar Coordinates. This program does for polar graphs what the YFUNX program does with graphs of rectangular functions. Polar functions may be of the form R=f(@) or the radius may be squared, R^2=f(@). You can quickly switch between these two forms and you can enter arbitrarily complex function expressions. This program also provides an XY-plane window, a Coordinate Trace Mode, a Tangent/Normal Line Mode, zooming features, and can perform two types of numerical integration in terms of polar coordinates. The Coordinate Trace Mode together with the overlapping graph feature makes it easy to find points of intersection of two or more polar graphs. The program is particularly useful to observe the shape and dynamic tracing out of the circular sectors that are employed with polar graph integrals. Setting up the limits of integration in polar coordinates is more subtle than setting up the limits in rectangular coordinates. The numerical integration features can be used to dynamically show the tracings of either the circular sectors for areas or the tracings of line segments for arc length calculations. Max/min extrema of X and Y coordinates can be found automatically for any polar curve. This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware. The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds. There is an independent tutorial file, POLAR.TXT, which is for first-time users. POLAR.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 4. PARAM.EXE 166576 05-29-93 10:04 AM ========================================================================== The PARAM program is designed to graph and analyze relations which are written in terms of parametric equations. This program is analogous to the POLAR and YFUNX programs, but handles X-Y plane relations of the form X=f(t), Y=g(t), where the parameter t may be considered to represent time. This program also has an XY-plane window, a Coordinate Trace Mode, a Tangent/Normal Line Mode, zooming features, and performs numerical integration in terms of areas and arc length. The program can animate the tracings of area and arc length elements whenever numerical integration is performed. Max/min extrema of X and Y coordinates can be found automatically for any parametric curve. This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware. The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds. There is an independent tutorial file, PARAM.TXT, which is for first-time users. PARAM.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 5. POLPM.EXE 167760 05-29-93 10:08 AM ========================================================================== The POLPM program is designed to graph and analyze relations which are written in terms of polar coordinates, where both the radius and angle are expressed in terms of a parameter variable. This program is analogous to the YFUNX, POLAR, and PARAM programs. The polar coordinates R and @ are represented by two functions, R=f(t) and @=g(t), where the parameter t may be considered to represent time. This program also has an XY-plane window, a Coordinate Trace Mode, a Tangent/Normal Line Mode, zooming features, and performs numerical integration in terms of areas and arc length. The program can animate the tracings of area and arc length elements whenever numerical integration is performed. Max/min extrema of X and Y coordinates can be found automatically for any section of a curve. This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware. The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds. 6. DIFEQ.EXE 151392 05-29-93 10:11 AM ========================================================================== The DIFEQ program is designed to graph and solve first order differential equations. The program can make the graph of the direction field that is associated with the differential equation. It also dynamically shows the solution graph to an initial value problem which can be overlaid on the direction field. This provides an insightful view of the family of solution curves and demonstrates how equations are sensitive to the initial conditions. The graphing features include an XY-plane window, scalable axes, a Coordinate Trace Mode, and zooming features similar to those found in the YFUNX program. The numerical methods for solutions to initial value problems include the standard Euler and modified Euler methods as well as a 4th order Runge-Kutta method. Solutions to initial value problems can be animated using a single-step mode which graphically demonstrates the convergence process. In text mode the same convergence processes can be observed with a table of values. This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware. The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds. There is an independent tutorial file, DIFEQ.TXT, which is for first-time users. DIFEQ.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 7. CURVE3D.EXE 125952 05-29-93 10:22 AM ========================================================================== The CURVE3D program is designed to graph and analyze a curve given in the form X=f(t), Y=g(t), and Z=h(t). Thus the curve is parametrized in 3-dimensions. The 3-dimensional graphing scheme allows the curve to be viewed from any point in space. The program draws a true-perspective 3D picture. This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware. The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds. 8. SURF3D.EXE 138880 05-29-93 10:15 AM ========================================================================== The SURF3D program is designed to graph 3-dimensional surfaces of the form Z=f(X,Y). The program allows the resulting surface to be viewed from any point in space. This program draws a true-perspective 3D picture. The surface can be realized in the form of a fishnet, or it can be viewed with surface traces with lines of constant X or constant Y. The program also has a hidden line feature that allows for even more realistic pictures. The user can move their perspective eye-point to view the surface from any direction in 3-dimensions. This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware. The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds. There is an independent tutorial file, SURF3D.TXT, which is for first-time users. SURF3D.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 9. CFIT.EXE 182464 05-10-93 4:50 PM ========================================================================== The CFIT program is designed to perform curve fits to data. Thus this program is a statistical program that can be used to analyze data and discover a functional relationship between two variables. The program can employ any one of four kinds of regression functions which include linear functions, exponential functions, logarithmic functions, and power functions. The user can select any particular function or they can let the program automatically choose the function of best fit for the given data. Once a curve has been fit to the data the user can predict new points along the curve. The program employs a recursive process for accumulating statistical sums which provides more accurate than usual statistics. The program makes easy entry and editing of data. The program can graph a scatter diagram of the data and it can graph the fitted function curve that passes through the data. The graphing features include an XY-plane window, scalable axes, a Coordinate Trace Mode, and zooming features similar to those found in the YFUNX program. All of the data and/or statistics may be saved to or read from disk files, or printed on a printer. This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware. The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds. There is an independent tutorial file, CFIT.TXT, which is for first-time users. CFIT.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 10. GALTON.EXE 106112 03-09-93 6:20 PM ========================================================================== The GALTON program was designed to simulate an experiment in mathematical probability. The idea is derived from a board which contains several rows of staggered but equally spaced nails, named after its inventor, Francis Galton (1822-1911). Objects are dropped across this board and stack up in collection bins at its bottom. The user can control the left-right probabilities and can observe either coins or ping-pong balls in conjunction with the board. Given the correct parameters, you can visually see how nature produces the binomial coefficients from Pascal's Triangle and their relation to a Gaussian bell-shaped normal curve. The program can also simulate coin tossing experiments with biased coins which result in skewed distributions. This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware. The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds. There is an independent tutorial file, GALTON.TXT, which is for first-time users. GALTON.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 11. PROPC.EXE 88384 05-12-92 6:02 PM ========================================================================== The PROPC program performs analysis of formulas from the Propositional or Sentential Calculus, a branch of symbolic logic. PROPC can be used to perform a complete truth table analysis of propositional formulas of arbitrary complexity. Up to 9 independent variables are allowed which implies tables may contain as many as 512 truth value lines. The program can print all lines, print only the true lines, or print only the false lines, or it may simply test a formula as a tautology. The program can also display the parse tree structure that corresponds to any formula, and it can translate formulas from the common infix notation to Polish notation. This program also generates and displays the Karnaugh Map that is associated with a given formula or a given truth table which is comprised of 2, 3, or 4 variables. The program also displays a minimal length formula that generates the same truth table as determined by the Karnaugh Map. Truth tables and formulas can be printed on a printer or saved in disk files. This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware. There is an independent tutorial file, PROPC.TXT, which is for first-time users. PROPC.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 12. RPNDEMO.EXE 69120 03-31-92 6:45 PM ========================================================================== The RPNDEMO program was designed to simulate a programmable RPN calculator that is very similar to the HP-41 calculator. This calculator provides an integrated programming environment which includes a built-in editor with complete syntax checking. The environment includes an interpreted language that provides full run-time error checking. You can learn to program a computer with this program. Programs you create may be saved to or read from disk files. This program is an excellent tool for learning how a Reverse Polish logic calculator works. It can also be used to simulate a type of assembly language that is simple, yet is rich with features which include conditional comparisons and flag testing, indirect memory addressing, and the ability to make subroutine calls and watch the build-up and break-down of the subroutine return stack. Programs may be executed in a Slow Mode which animates the internal workings of the machine. The Fast Mode turns off the animation when speed is desired. This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware. Included with this program are 5 demonstration program files called DEMO1.TXT, DEMO2.TXT, DEMO3.TXT, DEMO4.TXT, and DEMO 5.TXT. There is also a 75-page User's Manual for this program in the files named RPNMAN1.TXT, RPNMAN2.TXT, RPNMAN3.TXT, and RPNMAN4.TXT. A background paper which discusses some of the history of the Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) is provided in the file BKGRND.TXT. Any of these *.TXT files may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 13. CALC.EXE 191616 02-21-93 10:34 AM ========================================================================== The program called CALC.EXE is a general purpose calculator that works with five basic data types which include real numbers, complex numbers, fractions, integers (with binary logic, base b=2, b=8, b=10, or b=16), and polynomials. Thus CALC.EXE is really five calculators combined into one. The real numbers have between 19 and 20 significant digits with a dynamic range between 3.4 x 10^-4932 and 1.1 x 10^4932. Real number functions include the basic four +, -, *, /, reciprocals, squares and square roots, powers, nth roots, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions (in degrees or radians modes), logarithmic and power functions (base 10 and base e), hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions, factorials, permutations, combinations, prime factorizations of integers, greatest common factor, least common multiple, and the group order of one integer modulo another. The complex number functions include all of the real number functions for which the analogous operations are well-defined. Of significance are complex values for nth roots, complex powers, complex logarithms, complex trigonometric and complex inverse trigonometric and complex hyperbolic and complex inverse hyperbolic functions. In fraction mode you can perform basic operations on fractions which may be displayed in both improper and mixed number form. There are special functions for working with both simple and general continued fractions. In the integer mode you can specify the word size in terms of the number of bits per integer. The word size may be any multiple of 4 up to a maximum width of 32 bits. Integer display options include binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal formats. Integers may be signed or unsigned. If signed, integers may be in either 1's or 2's complement format. In addition to normal arithmetic, there are logical operators which include bitwise NOT, AND, OR, NAND and XOR. The polynomial mode operators include +,-,* and /. Polynomial division yields both quotient and remainder polynomials. A special function allows any polynomial with integer coefficients to be completely factored using exact rational linear factors. Polynomials may be up to degree 25 and are easily entered, edited, and evaluated. Other special functions include the ability to determine the fixed and periodic parts of any repeating decimal that represents any fraction. In addition to base 10, repeating decimals may be analyzed and displayed with respect to binary, octal, and hexadecimal formats. Another special function converts any decimal to a simple continued fraction and displays all the convergent terms as fractions and decimals. CALC.EXE provides all this functionality in a model of a calculator that operates using reverse Polish logic. Each number (data type) occupies its own window. Use of a mouse is recommended, but is optional. There can be multiple overlapping windows. The program automatically detects the presence of a hardware numeric coprocessor. If not present, a numeric coprocessor will be simulated via software. This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware. This program has context sensitive help in the file CALC.HLP. Normally CALC.EXE and CALC.HLP must reside in the same subdirectory. There is an independent tutorial file, CALC.TXT, which is for first-time users. CALC.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 14. LOAN.EXE 71872 05-12-92 5:56 PM ========================================================================== The LOAN program was designed to be part of a financial program that handles the two standard cases of compound interest. Either a lump sum or a series of periodic constant payments may be considered to earn compound interest. This program works with the 5 standard financial variables n, i, PV, FV, PMT and can calculate these in any meaningful combination. n is the number of compounding time periods. i is the periodic interest rate. PV, FV, and PMT represent the Present Value, Future Value, and periodic payment amounts in terms of dollars. When working with loans this program can also print out a complete amortization schedule for the loan with any specified beginning and ending periods. For any series of payments this program will calculate and display the payment number, the amount of the payment that goes to interest and the amount that is applied to the principle and the new remaining balance. The amortization schedules may be saved in disk files or printed on a printer. This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware. There is an independent tutorial file, LOAN.TXT, which is for first-time users. LOAN.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 15. FCARD.EXE 52560 05-12-92 5:38 PM ========================================================================== The FCARD program is a general Flash Card program. Although initially designed to aid the learning of formulas for a 2nd semester calculus class, this program can be used to help learn any set of simple facts. The user may write their facts in a file using any word processor and then bring them into this program which has one of three display modes. This program can present the items in a given order, or it can present them in a random order, or it can flash them in a timed sequence, where the user sets the timing in seconds between each question and answer. This program accommodates up to 150 questions and related answers per file. Each question and each answer occupies one line in the file. This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware. Two sample data files included with this program are MATH8.FC and SAMPLE.FC which are text files which may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. 16. THANOI.EXE 28208 03-14-93 9:28 PM ========================================================================== The THANOI program was designed to show a recursive process which is known as the Towers of Hanoi game. The user can direct the game moves, or the user can watch the program run in an automatic, or a semi-automatic mode. The main logic in this program is only three lines long! The game illustrates a process which doubles in both complexity and the time required to complete the game by incrementing a single parameter. Up to 511 consecutive game moves can be animated. This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware. 17. TRIANGLE.EXE 90432 03-18-93 8:40 PM ========================================================================== The TRIANGLE program solves triangle problems using applications of the Law of Sines and/or the Law of Cosines. In a typical problem, three known parts of a triangle are entered and the program will calculate the other three parts. There are 19 possible cases and this program handles all of them, including the ambiguous case of the Law of Sines. So if two triangles match the given input, this program yields both answers. This program also draws the triangle solutions to scale on a graphics screen and in addition to calculating all the sides and angles it also calculates the area and the perimeter. This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware. The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds. 18. EXPMCON.EXE 51840 05-12-92 5:30 PM ========================================================================== The EXPMCON program is a simple utility program that works with files saved by the program called MATRIX.EXE. When a matrix is saved by the MATRIX.EXE program, it is saved in an ASCII text file that is both displayable and printable on any standard device. The EXPMCON program takes such a file as input and converts it to another file that can be read by the commercial scientific word processor called EXP. Thus EXPMCON is only of use to those who use both MATRIX and EXP. The name of this program is suggestive of EXP Matrix Conversion. The EXP word processor requires special formatting codes for matrices, and this program can be used to convert an ASCII formatted matrix file into a file that can be read into an EXP-formatted document. This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware. 19. BMPLOT.EXE 129360 05-29-93 10:19 AM ========================================================================== The BMPLOT plot program can be used to make high resolution monochrome bitmap function plots. Thus BMPLOT stands for bitmap plotter. The kinds of graphs made by this program match those made by the programs YFUNX, POLAR, PARAM, and POLPM. But the graphs made by this program are stored in files that can be read into other programs such as paint or drawing or desktop publishing programs. This program can also make graphs using the HP-GL/2 plotter language which is provided as part of the PCL 5 printer language on HP LaserJet III and later printers. Plotter graphs may be easily sized and placed anywhere on a page with either portrait or landscape orientation. For bitmap files, the user can specify both the resolution (in terms of dots per inch) and the size of the bitmap (in inches). Virtually any resolution or size bitmap may be made. The default resolution is 300 dots per inch to match high quality output on laser printers. But within the limits of memory, even higher resolutions may be used. The output file formats include PCX, TIFF, and BMP files. TIFF (Tag Image File Format) files may be uncompressed, or may be compressed using a pack bits scheme or the CCITT/3 compression algorithm. In particular, the TIFF or PCX files made by this program may be read directly into any EXP graphics library. (EXP is a commercial scientific word processor.) Other scientific word processors or desktop publishing or paint or drawing programs may be used to read in the bitmap files to add labels and titles and/or to print the bitmap. 640K of RAM is recommended if large bitmaps are desired. A PCL 5 class laser printer is required if you plan to use the plotter functions. But any bitmap file made by this program can be printed on any dot matrix or laser printer that does not have the PCL 5 plotting capability. The variable resolution and size features allow you to match virtually any output device. This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware. 20. XPRES.EXE 149696 02-26-93 9:29 AM ========================================================================== The XPRES program is for performing multiple precision arithmetic with large integers. Thus the name XPRES stands for extended precision. This program is useful whenever you need to work with numbers that would overflow the 10-digit capacity of your calculator. The program works with nonnegative integers with a dynamic range between 1 and 20,000 digits. The special computational algorithms include unusually large factorials, powers, permutations, and combinations. For example, you can use XPRES to compute the exact value of 1000 factorial which is a number 2,568 digits long. Or you can compute the number of combinations of 3000 objects chosen 1500 at a time which results in a number 902 digits long. The number 2 raised to the 5,000th power is a number 1,506 digits long. The need for computing exact values of large integers may seldom arise, but when it does, XPRES may satisfy the need. XPRES warns you whenever any calculation would overflow the 20,000 digit capacity of any single number. The program employs a model of a Reverse Polish Logic calculator. There are multiple overlapping windows. Each number occupies its own window and can be displayed in any one of three formats. Numbers may be displayed as long strings of continuous digits. Digits may also be grouped three at a time separated by commas. The third format displays a number with 5-digit groups separated by spaces. A clipboard may be used to copy temporary results. Numbers may be saved to or read from disk files. The program will automatically count and display the count of the number of digits in each number. The program can also be used to automatically compare any two extended precision numbers; a task that would be extremely tedious if done manually. It also has a built-in timer that automatically computes the elapsed time of any calculation. The speaker may also be used to alert you when a long time-consuming calculation finishes. This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware. Use of a mouse is recommended but is also optional. This program has context sensitive help in the file XPRES.HLP. Normally XPRES.EXE and XPRES.HLP must reside in the same subdirectory. There is an independent tutorial file, XPRES.TXT, which is for first-time users. XPRES.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer. +------------------------+ | INDEX OF ALL THE FILES | +------------------------+ NAME .TYPE ## BRIEF 1-LINE DESCRIPTION OF THE FILE ============ == =========================================================== BKGRND .TXT 12 Historical origins of RPN notation (RPNDEMO.EXE program). BMPLOT .EXE 19 Bitmap File/Plotter program file. CALC .EXE 13 General purpose RPN Calculator program file. CALC .HLP 13 Help file to accompany CALC.EXE program. CALC .TXT 13 Tutorial text file for the CALC.EXE program. CFIT .EXE 9 Curve Fit program file. CFIT .TXT 9 Tutorial text file for the CFIT.EXE program. CURVE3D .EXE 7 3-Dimensional parametric curve graphing program. DEMO1 .TXT 12 1st of 5 demonstration programs for RPNDEMO.EXE program. DEMO2 .TXT 12 2nd of 5 demonstration programs for RPNDEMO.EXE program. DEMO3 .TXT 12 3rd of 5 demonstration programs for RPNDEMO.EXE program. DEMO4 .TXT 12 4th of 5 demonstration programs for RPNDEMO.EXE program. DEMO5 .TXT 12 5th of 5 demonstration programs for RPNDEMO.EXE program. DIFEQ .EXE 6 Differential Equations program file. DIFEQ .TXT 6 Tutorial text file for the DIFEQ.EXE program. EXPMCON .EXE 18 EXP matrix conversion program file. FCARD .EXE 15 Flash Card program file. GALTON .EXE 10 Galton Board Simulator program file. GALTON .TXT 10 Tutorial file for the GALTON.EXE program. LOAN .EXE 14 Loan program file. LOAN .TXT 14 Tutorial text file for the LOAN.EXE program. MATH8 .FC 15 Sample calculus questions for the FCARD.EXE program. MATRIX .EXE 1 Matrix program file. MATRIX .HLP 1 Help file to accompany the MATRIX.EXE program. MATRIX .TXT 1 Tutorial text file for the MATRIX.EXE program. PARAM .EXE 4 Parametric Functions (2-dimensional) program. PARAM .TXT 4 Tutorial text file for the PARAM.EXE program. POLAR .EXE 3 Polar Functions program. POLAR .TXT 3 Tutorial text file for the POLAR.EXE program. POLPM .EXE 5 Parametrized Polar Functions program. PROPC .EXE 11 Propositional Calculus program file. PROPC .TXT 11 Tutorial text file for the PROPC.EXE program. README .TXT Text file with detailed descriptions of all the files. RPNDEMO .EXE 12 Programmable RPN calculator program. RPNMAN1 .TXT 12 1st part of 75 page user's manual for RPNDEMO.EXE program. RPNMAN2 .TXT 12 2nd part of 75 page user's manual for RPNDEMO.EXE program. RPNMAN3 .TXT 12 3rd part of 75 page user's manual for RPNDEMO.EXE program. RPNMAN4 .TXT 12 4th part of 75 page user's manual for RPNDEMO.EXE program. SAMPLE .FC 15 Sample file for the FCARD.EXE program. SURF3D .EXE 8 3-Dimensional Surface Graphing program. SURF3D .TXT 8 Tutorial text file for the SURF3D.EXE program. THANOI .EXE 16 Towers of Hanoi Game program file. TRIANGLE.EXE 17 Triangle Solver program file. XPRES .EXE 20 Extended Precision program file. XPRES .HLP 20 Help file to accompany XPRES.EXE program. XPRES .TXT 20 Tutorial text file for the XPRES.EXE program. YFUNX .EXE 2 Rectangluar Functions Y=F(X) program. YFUNX .TXT 2 Tutorial text file for the YFUNX.EXE program.