╘X∙S	Add linesS<M> <M>S
Add VariablesS<M> <INSERT>SArrangeS<A> or <M> <Z>SBlank VariableS<M> <DELETE>S
CalculatorS<=>  or  <C>SCancel FunctionS<Q>SC.D.F.S<M><=> @CDFSChange DirectoryS
<\> or <:>SCreate VariableS<M> <=>SDelete ValueS<DELETE>SDelete VariableS<M> <DELETE>S
DOS AccessS<M> <D>SDownS
<> or <D>S
Down 1 screenS<PAGE_DOWN> or <F3>S	Down fullS<END>  or  <F4>SFilter dataS<M> <FILTER>SFormat numbersS<F>SGo to row #S<HOME>SHelp (any time)S<?> or <?><ENTER>SIndexS<I>S
Input modeS<M> <I>SInsert linesS<M> <INSERT>E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       SLeftS<>  or  <L>S	Load fileS<O>S
Load variableS<M> <O>S
More linesS<M> <M>SNew databaseS<Q><ENTER><ENTER>SNotes (create)S<M> <N>SNotes (look at)S<N>S	Open fileS<O>S	Page downS<PAGE_DOWN> or <F3>SPage upS<PAGE_UP>  or  <F2>SP.D.F.S<M><=> @PDFSPrint databaseS<P> or <Print_Scrn>SProtect modeS<M> <P>SRename VariablesS<M> <V>SQuit any functionS<Q>SRightS<>  or  <R>SRepeat valueS<'> or <`> or <">SRestartS<Q><ENTER><ENTER>S	Save fileS
<CTRL><ENTER>S	Sort dataS<A> or <M> <Z>STop of databaseS<F1>SUpS<>  or  <U>E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             SAnovaS<M> <A>SAverage DeviationS<D> or <M> <D>SBox PlotS
<M> <B><B>S
Chi-SquareS<M> <X>SConf. intervalsS<C> or <M> <A>SContingency tableS<M> <X>SCorrelation Coef.S<S>S
CoVarianceS<D> or <M> <D>SF-TestS<C> or <M> <A>SFisher 2x2 tableS<M> <X>SFriedmanS<M> <A>SGeometric meanS<M> <D>S
Grouped statsS<M> <G>S
Harmonic MeanS<M> <D>S
HistogramsS<H> or <M> <H>S	InterceptS<S>SKendall TauS<M> <N>SKolmogorov-SmirnovS<M> <N>SKurtosisS<M> <D>SLeast-squares fitS<M> <L>SMann-Whitney US<M> <N>SMeanS<D> or <M> <D>E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     SMean DeviationS<D> or <M> <D>SMedianS<D> or <M> <D>SMedian testS<M> <N>SModesS<D> or <M> <D>SMultiple Regress.S<M> <L>SPawlik's coef.S<M> <X>SP.D.F. (or CDF)S<Q><M><=> @PDFSQuadratic meanS<M> <G>S	QuartilesS<M> <D>SRangeS<M> <D>SRank CorrelationS<M> <N>S	ResidualsS<M> <R>S	Runs testS<M> <N>S
Scatter plotsS<S> or <M> <S>SSiegel-Tukey testS<M> <N>SSkewS<M> <D>SSlopeS<S>SSpearman RhoS<M> <N>SStandard DeviationS<D> or <M> <D>SStandard ErrorS<C> or <M> <D>ST-testsS<C>SWilcoxon matchedS<M> <N>E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           S;
     You  can either  enter  the  name  of  the  variable  or the
variable's number.
     The name can be in capital or lowercase letters.
     Every variable  has a  number.  This  number  refers  to the
variable's position in the database  from left to  right. You can
always use the number instead of the variable  name  when you are
asked about a variable. You cannot use a number in an equation to
refer to a variable, because these situations freely mix variable
values with  number values.
     But you can use a  fancy expression instead  of a number, if
you want.   For example,  you could say "1+2"  instead  of "3" to
refer to the third variable if you want. Hell, you could even say
"3000/1000"  or "INT(pi)"  or any other expression that equals 3.
SimpleStats spares no expense to bring you this valuable feature!E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         S└
SimpleStats 3.2, Created by Ernest R. Gundel

     You are using SimpleStats version 3.2,  the world's cheapest
statistics  package.  Software  pirates will  be  disappointed to
learn that  SimpleStats is  absolutely free.  It is impossible to
illegally use SimpleStats.

     Look at  the file  "README.DOC"  for the  SimpleStats user's
manual.  This file is an  ordinary text file  and can be  read by
almost any word processor or text editor.

     To use SimpleStats,  you MUST have a database. Type "new" to
create a new database,  or type "old"  to load a database created
earlier  by  SimpleStats  or  by  another  statistics  package or
spreadsheet. (See manual for details on compatible files.)E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    S2
     SimpleStats works alot like a spreadsheet.  Each column is a
variable,  and  SimpleStats can hold  up  to five variables  at a
time.
     You will be able to name your variables in a moment.
     Variables can  be  deleted  or  erased  at  any  time,  or a
variable  may  be  loaded  from  another  file  into  the current
database.
     Some  statistics  functions   allow  you  to   compare  many
variables from  different files  without  loading  them  into the
current database.  This feature allows you to use more  than five
variables when necessary.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  S
     You should give a maximum size for each variable.  If you do
not, SimpleStats will assign you one.
     This maximum size may be changed  at any time while  you are
in input mode by pressing  <M>  and then <M>  again. You can also
insert lines from input mode by pressing <M>, then <INSERT>, then
<1>.
     If you ask for too many lines of data, SimpleStats will give
you the most that memory will allow.  This will limit  the memory
available to the DOS shell and to some  statistics functions that
need alot of memory.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Sσ
     Each  variable  needs  a  name.   If  you  don't  name  your
variables,   SimpleStats  will   give  a  letter   name  to  them
("a","b","c", etc.)
     Names can be up to eight letters long, and can contain other
characters.   Uppercase   letters   and   lowercase  letters  are
interchangeable.  A name cannot  contain spaces  or the following
characters:    (  [ { } ] )  + - * / ^ > = < ;   You can only use
keyboard characters -- i.e., don't use characters like  or ╟.

     The following names are legal:

     Men  Women  cars1  cars2  big_boys  high\low  %  x  y


     The following names are illegal

     (Men)   big boys   high/low  boy<girl  boy≤girl q  ?


     ("q" and "?" are reserved for quitting a function or help.)E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Së
     You've only  saved filtered  data  from this file.  The data
that was removed by the filter has not been saved.

     Type "yes" to save all the data.

     When you save data in filter  mode,  all the removed data is
not  saved.  You should always enter input mode  or  protect mode
before saving data,  unless you want the removed data permanently
removed from the file you are saving.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Sƒ
     Type the name of the file you want to save. Your file's name
can   include   the   drive,   path   and   extension.   Example:
C:\FILES\EXAMPLE.SST

     If you  don't include the drive or  path,  the default drive
and path are used.
     If you don't  include the extension,  the default extensions
are .SST for standard files, .DEL for comma delimited files, .DAT
for Minitab files, and .TXT for text files.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     S+
     Type the name  of  the file  you want  to  retrieve from the
default directory.  This file can be a SimpleStats  file, a comma
delimited file, or a Minitab data file. If you do not  include an
extension or a period with the file name, SimpleStats will assume
that the extension is ".SST"

     If  you don't know  the name  of  the file you  want to use,
press <ENTER> without typing anything, and you will get a list of
all files in the current directory with the SimpleStats extension
".SST"  and  ".SS?".   If  you want  a  list  of  files  in other
directories or disk drives,  type in the name of the directory or
disk drive much   like you would with  DOS's  "DIR"  command. For
example, type --

     a:\            (to view the root directory of drive A)
     z*.DAT         (to  view  all Minitab data  files  beginning
                     with the letter "z")
     c:\sst\        (to view the SST directory of drive C)

If SimpleStats confuses your directory name with a file name, put
a "\" at the end of the directory name (see last example above).E                                                                                                                                                                                                         Sj
SimpleStats can save a file in four different ways:

     1.  Standard SimpleStats files load faster than  other kinds
of  files.  Standard files  also allow more flexibility,  since a
variable can be retrieved  or used in  statistical functions. You
should usually save your data in this format.  If you choose this
format and don't provide an  extension with  the  file  name, the
extension ".SST" will automatically be given.

     2. Text files are not retrievable. They are meant to be read
by  a word  processor or  text editor.  The default extension for
text files is ".TXT"

     3.  Comma Delimited file are special text files that  can be
written or read by  SimpleStats.  Some spreadsheets and databases
can also use these files. Default extension: ".DEL"

     4.  Minitab data  text  files  can  be  written  or  read by
SimpleStats. Default extension: ".DAT"E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Sb
     SimpleStats can put your data in order from low  to high (or
from  high to low by  pressing  <M>  <Z> from Input mode, Protect
mode, or from Filter mode.)

     To put just one variable in order,  enter the name or number
of the variable you want to put in order.
     To put all variables in order, enter the character "*".
     If you arrange just  one variable,  you  can have  the other
variables not change.  Or you can have  every  row  of  data move
according to the chosen variable (in other words, entire rows are
moved according to one variable,  preserving correlations between
all variables).E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  S~
     SimpleStats can retrieve a variable from a Standard file and
put that variable into the current database.

     If  you already have  five  variables or  if  you don't have
enough memory  for another variable,  SimpleStats  will  have you
replace one of the current variables with the new one.

     If you  do  not  have  enough  rows  for  the  new variable,
SimpleStats will add more rows to the database.

     Press <ENTER>  with nothing else to see a  listing of ".SST"
and ".SS?" files.

     If you don't provide the  variable name with  the file name,
SimpleStats will tell you  which variables are available  in that
file.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      S±
     Type the name or number of the variable  that  is to receive
the value of  the formula you  just  entered  into  the computer.
Every cell  in  this  variable  will  be  filled  with the values
generated by the formula.
     If  a value in  a formula is  undefined,  the result  of the
formula is undefined and left blank.

     When the formula  you  have   entered  uses  the   values in
variables, the following rules apply:
     A formula is  evaluated row  by  row.  For  example,  if the
formula  "FEET/3"  is  sent  to  the variable  "YARDS",  then the
variable feet will be converted to yards.
     If the name of the variable that receives the information is
also used in the formula,  the formula will use the value  in the
previous row of that variable.  The first row is  the initial row
and is not  affected by the formula,  since there is  no previous
value.  If  the first row does  not contain  a  number,  then the
number  zero  is  put there.  This  feature allows  you  create a
"counting"  variable. (E.g., put the number 1980 in the first row
of a variable called "YEAR", and send the formula "YEAR+1" to the
variable  "YEAR".    Row two will get the value  1981,  row three
will get 1982, etc., until every available row received a year.)E   Sú
     The calculator   takes   normal,   BASIC  or Pascal language
type    formulas,    and    these   formulas  follow  the  normal
mathematic  order of operations:  In other words,  multiplication
and   division   is  performed   before addition and subtraction,
etc..   Plus and minus use   the   common  "+"  and "-"  symbols,
while multiplication  and   division   use the computer  standard
symbols   "*"  and "/". SimpleStats understands  the two  numeric
constants "pi"  and "e",  which may be  used   just like numbers.
   See below for examples of legal SS formulas:

   Normal formula     Possible SimpleStats formulas
   --------------     -------------------------------------------
   2+3+4              2+3+4
   2π + 4π            2*pi + 4*pi
   a + 99¢            a + $0.99         (note: "a" is a variable)
   $5,000 / 1,000     5000/1000     or  $5,000 / 1,000
   (a+b)(c+d)         (a+b)*(c+d)   or  (a+b)(c+d)
   π ≥ a ≥ 0          pi>=a and a>=0    (note: true=1; false=0)

     Type  "DEGREES"  or "RADIANS"  to  switch  angle measurement
modes used by trigometric functions (e.g., SIN, COS, TAN, etc.).
     See manual for more info, including a list of functions.E                                                                                 S╔
     Please type  in  the number of lines you want  added  to the
database.
     If you want fewer lines, enter a negative number.

     As usual,  you can use a formula instead of a number, if you
wish.   For example,  if you have 510 rows allotted, but you need
only 25, you could type "25-510" instead of -485.

     If you want to insert specific rows or delete specific rows,
<Q>uit  this  function  and  press  either  <M>  <INSERT>  or <M>
<DELETE>.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           S{
     If you choose  to insert lines,  you will be asked  how many
lines of data you want inserted into  the database  and where you
want those lines inserted.  The inserted lines will all be empty.
If your database  is not big  enough to hold  the inserted lines,
SimpleStats will  automatically make  the database  bigger to fit
the inserted lines.

     If you choose to add a variable,  SimpleStats will add a new
column  beside the  others and ask  you to name that  column. You
cannot  have  more  than  five  variables at a  time. Sorry. Some
statistical functions let you use variables from  multiple files,
so don't panic yet!E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         SΓ
     If you choose to delete lines, you will be asked to indicate
the range of  lines to  be  removed from the  database. The space
that you delete will be closed (in other words, you will not find
a big empty space where the data you deleted once was).

     If you choose to empty a variable,  you will be  asked which
variable you want blanked.   Every value in this variable will be
removed, but the variable will remain available for your use.

     If you choose to delete a variable,  you will be asked which
variable you want deleted. This variable will be removed from the
database and you will no longer be able to use it.

     Enter "q"  to abort these or any functions. "q" will get you
out of anything you don't want to do.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sÿ
     The filter allows you to Filter out (remove)  data you don't
want to use.    You tell the computer which kinds of  numbers you
want   to   keep,  and  the computer puts the  rest safely aside,
so that they can be  used again  later.  Empty spaces in the data
are  always  filtered  out.    The data is not   lost -- just put
aside.    When you filter   out   data,   you enter Filter  Mode.
Filter   Mode   is  alot  like Input mode, except that you aren't
using all your data.

     You can save   filtered  data  the same  way  you save other
data.   You  can also  print it  or do statistical  analysis with
it.  (WARNING:  If you save  your  data  in Filter Mode,  you are
saving only  the   data that survived the  filter's conditions --
the removed data will not be saved.  If you want to  save all the
data,  you  will  have  to return to  Input Mode  or Protect Mode
first.)

      You can use elaborate  expressions  in  the  filter, and if
those expressions have a "true" value, the value is kept. See the
manual  for more  details.   The  following is  an  example  of a
possible (though perhaps useless) expression:
      c^2 = a^2 + b^2  and  (c>=a or c>=b)E                                                                                            S⌠
     Type the directory you want  to  save files in or  get files
from.  This directory will be used until you  quit SimpleStats or
until you change the directory again.

     Use standard MSDOS or PCDOS directory names, like:
         A:
         C:\
         \WINDOWS\SST
         ..

     To  change  the directory that  SimpleStats starts  up with,
begin  SimpleStats by  typing  "SST  /S",  rather  than the usual
"SST".  This will  allow you to  also change start-up  colors and
sound options.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Sè
     Just type in your  notes for the current file  in  this very
simple text editor. (Press any key to exit this help screen.)

     The arrow keys move in the expected directions.
     <Home> moves to the start of a line.
     <End> moves to the end of a line.
     <Ctrl> <Home> moves to the top of the note.
     <Ctrl> <End> moves to the bottom.
     <Ctrl> <Delete> erases a line.

     When you save this  file,  the notes will be  saved with it.
When you  print this file or  save the  data as a text  file, the
notes will be printed or saved with it.

     When you load a file that has notes, the notes will be shown
on the screen without you asking for them. If you want to see the
notes at any time while in input  mode or filter  mode or protect
mode,  press <N>.

     If you  wanted a question mark  instead of  help, just press
<?> a second time.  <F1> will also bring up this help screen.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          S7
     Answer <y>  if you want to leave SimpleStats.  If you forgot
to save the database,  SimpleStats will give you  one last chance
before leaving.
     Answer <n>  if you made a mistake when  you pressed  the <Q>
button.
     Also answer  <n>  if you want to start SimpleStats  over and
create a new database.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             S▓
     Press  <Y>  to start the program over  again.  This  is like
leaving SimpleStats and typing SST at the DOS prompt.

     Press <N> if you don't want to leave this database.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  S╥
     You haven't saved the current database.
     Press <Y> if you want to save it before leaving SimpleStats.
     Press <N> if you don't care and just want to leave.
     Press <Q> to return to the database.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  S╬
     After this help message, the format menu will disappear. You
may want to press the following keys  to see the  menu again: <Q>
<ENTER> <F>

     When you choose the way numbers are shown in every  cell for
each variable, these formats are saved with your database and are
used  when  printing  the database  or creating a text  file.

     The default format (#1) is the most efficient, speed-wise.

     FORMATS:
     <1> Floating point           <6> Integer with $
     <2> Integer                  <7> Four decimal places, fixed
     <3> Aligned decimal places   <8> Integer with commas
     <4> 2 decimal places, commas <9> Integer with leading zeros
     <5> 2 decimal places and $   <10>Scientific notationE                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      SÑ
     Press <D> for Descriptive Statistics of all variables. These
stats include the means,   medians,   and modes   of each of your
variables;  the standard deviations, coefficients of   variation,
mean deviations, lows, highs and n's.

    Press <H>  for a Histogram of a  variable.  The numbers along
the side   are   the  center  points  of each  category,  and the
number accompanying each bar is the total count in that category.

     <S>   gives   a   Scatter   plot   of  two  variables.  When
available,  the correlation  coefficient,  intercept, t-statistic
for slope and probability  of  t will also be given.

     <C>   gives a t-test Comparison  of two  variables, or a one
variable  comparison  to  a   population.   It  also  gives the F
statistic.

    <M> gives a menu of more statistics functions.

     <I> gives an index to help you find statistical functions.
     <Q> returns to Input, Filter or Protect mode.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Sa
     Press <1> if you want to see results on the screen.

     Press <2>  if you want to send the results  to your printer.
If these results use graphics  characters,  and your printer does
not show them properly, look at your printer manual. Your printer
may not be properly set up,  or it may not be capable of creating
graphics characters, or your operating system might not have your
printer driver loaded.

     Press <3>  if you want to send the results to  a  text file.
You can create  a new file  or  add to  an old  file. This option
allows you to move results into a word processor or text editor.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   S
     Enter  the name  of the file where you want  results  to go.
This may be any legal DOS filename.

     If the file already exists,  you will be given the option of
overwriting the existing file or adding to it.

     The default extension for this kind of file is ".STX"E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                S╦
     Input  the number  of bars you want  for the  histogram. The
computer  will  automatically calculate  the  midpoints  for each
category.  Every bar will have  equal widths.

     Histograms based on  ASCII characters  use the low  and high
points in  your  data  for the end points  of the  first and last
intervals;  histograms drawn graphically allow you the  option of
making the low and high  points  center-points  of the  first and
last intervals.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         S`
     A one sample T-test compares the mean of a sample of data to
the mean of a population. This is useful when you want to know if
your  data  differs significantly from  official  data  or from a
hypothesized value.
     You will be asked to provide the population's mean, the null
hypothesis and the number of tails for the test (1 or 2), and the
alpha value for rejecting the null hypothesis.
     You will  get the t value,  the probability of  equal means,
the  mean  value of  the data,  the  standard  error,  degrees of
freedom, left edge of confidence interval, and the right edge.
     The T-test can usually be used instead of a Z-test.

     A Two sample T-test compares the mean of a sample of data to
the mean of another sample.  This is useful when you want to know
if one sample's mean differs significantly from another's.
     You will be asked to provide the null  hypothesis and number
of tails, and the alpha value for rejecting the null hypothesis.
     You  will get  three T-tests (one  assuming equal variances,
one not assuming  equal variances,  and a matched pair  test) and
also an F test.E                                                                                                                                                    S▓
     Enter the number for the T-test  or  ANOVA confidence level.
This number will be used to  suggest whether to  accept or reject
the null hypothesis, with a chance of error equal to 1 minus your
confidence level.  The most commonly used numbers  are: .95, .90,
.99 and .995.
     This number will also be used to compute the  left and right
edges of the confidence interval.
     This  number  indicates the  chance  that  your  T-test will
result in a type 1 error.
     If you enter a number larger than 1, SimpleStats will assume
the number is a percentage and will divide it by 100.
     As usual,  you may use a  formula instead of  a number.  For
example, "19/20" instead of ".95"E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sb
     You should input the population mean that  you are comparing
your sample to.  The null hypothesis  should usually  be that the
population mean and the sample mean are the same;   if the sample
mean  is  being compared  to  a hypothetical value  rather than a
mean, enter that value instead.
     After you enter the population  mean,  you will be  asked to
indicate whether the test is one or two tailed.  (You will not be
asked to provide the alternate hypothesis; you will be asked what
range of values would not reject the null hypothesis --  in other
words, the opposite of the alternate hypothesis.)E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  S
     If your null hypothesis is that the sample means  are equal,
enter 0.   If your null hypothesis  is that the  first variable's
mean is 5  greater than the second variable's mean, then enter 5.
If your null  hypothesis is that  the first variable's  mean is 3
less than the second variable's, enter -3.  Etc.
     Usually  your hypothesis will  be that the means  are equal,
and you would then enter 0.
     As usual,  you may enter a formula instead of a  number. For
example, you can type "sqr(2)" instead of "1.414" if you want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Sr
     Type  "yes"   if  you  want  to  use  fractional  values  to
interpolate nonparametric confidence intervals.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  SO
     Enter  the number  for the   confidence  level.  This number
will  be  used  to suggest whether  to accept or  reject the null
hypothesis,  with a chance of error equal to 1  - your confidence
level.  The  most  commonly used numbers are:  .95,  .90, .99 and
.995.
     This number will also be used to compute the left  and right
edges  of  the  confidence  interval  for  the  following  tests:
Mann-Whitney  U  (also  called  Wilcoxon  rank-sum)  and Wilcoxon
matched pair rank sum.
     As usual,  you may use a formula instead  of  a number.  For
example, "19/20" instead of ".95"E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     S
     If you press =, then you will perform a two tailed test. The
null  hypothesis  should  be  rejected  if the two  means are not
equal.
     By pressing  either  <  or >  you  will be asking  for a one
tailed T-test.  For a two sample T-test, if you press <, then the
null hypothesis should only be rejected if the  first sample mean
is GREATER than the second. For a one sample T-test, if you press
<,  then null hypothesis should only be rejected  if the sample's
mean is GREATER than the population's or the hypothesized mean.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Sf
     Type  "y"  if  you  want  to  use  F.Yates'  correction  for
contingency tables and chi-squares.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Sí
     Type 1  if you want to use the low and high  points  in your
data for the end points  of  the first and  last  intervals. This
option will give uniformly distributed data a flat histogram.
     Type 2  if you want low and high points  to be center-points
of the first and last intervals.  Uniformly distributed data will
be chopped at either end.
     Type 3  if you want to choose your own low and high points.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Sk
     Enter the title that you want printed on top of  your graph.
If  you don't care  about the title for  your  graph,  just press
<ENTER>.  (Some graphs have a default title.  If you really don't
want a title, press <M> and then <ENTER>).
     You  will  also  be  asked for labels  for the side  and the
bottom of the graph.  These labels work like the title.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Sb
     Enter  the name  or  number  of the variable as  you usually
would.

     If  you want  to  plot  every other variable  against  the x
variable,  press <*>,  and each scatter plot will  be overlaid on
the same graph.  SimpleStats will scale the graph  so all scatter
plots  will fit; unfortunately, SimpleStats does not offer manual
scaling. Sorry.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sc
     Press  <1>   if  you  want  a  least-squares  line  and  95%
confidence band drawn with your graph.
     Press <2> if you want a least-squares line drawn without the
confidence band.
     Press <3> if you want to see only the points and no line.
     Press  <4>  if  you  want  a  median  (i.e.,  least absolute
deviation line drawn with your graph.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 SV
     Type "y"  if  you  want  to  use  Sheppard's  correction for
grouped statistics.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              S-
     If you only  want  to  use variables from  this file, merely
type the number of variables you want to use.
     If you want to use both variables in this file and variables
from other SimpleStats files, first press the number of variables
you  want from this  file (0-5),  and then press comma,  and then
press the number of variables you want from other  files. You can
use as many outside variables as will fit in memory.  You will be
asked the  names of the  files you want  to use,  and you will be
shown the names of the variables in those files.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       S┬
     You can use any  variable from a standard  SimpleStats file.
You cannot use a comma separated file or a Minitab file or a text
file.
     If  you don't know  the name  of  the file you  want to use,
press <ENTER> without typing anything, and you will get a list of
all files in the current directory with the SimpleStats extension
".SST"  and  ".SS?".   If  you want  a  list  of  files  in other
directories or disk drives,  type in the name of the directory or
disk drive just  as  you  would  with  DOS's  "DIR"  command. For
example, you could type the following:
     c:\            (for the root directory of drive C)
     a:             (to view drive A)
     z*.SST         (to view all SimpleStats files beginning with
                     the letter "z") 
     c:\sst\        (to view the SST directory of drive C)

If SimpleStats confuses your directory name with a file name, put
a "\" at the end of the directory name (see last example above).E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sα
     Press <ENTER> to overwrite the file on disk.
     Press <A>  to add to the file on disk. This will add the new
information to the end of the file, if the file is a text file.
     Press <Q> to not save the information.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    S(
     The  default value is  the  number  of  rows  you  have been
allotted  for your  database.  If you want  fewer,  just type the
number you want,  but if you want more numbers, press <Q> <ENTER>
<M> <M> and ask for more.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Sα
     Enter the number that you want to  be the  average value for
the new variable. This is the number where a histogram of the new
variable will peak.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Sç
     Enter  the standard  deviation for  the  new  variable. This
number  will  measure the "noise"  in the  data.  For  example, a
histogram of  normally  distributed data  with  a  large standard
deviation will  show  a  fat  bell-shaped  curve,  while  a small
standard deviation will give a thin bell-shaped curve.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Sè
     Enter the number of trials for each example. Every trial has
a chance for success and a chance for failure,  which you will be
asked to  provide in  a moment.  How many trials do you  want for
each example?  (E.g.,  How many dice should SimpleStats throw for
each example, or how many coins should SimpleStats toss?)
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          S≥
     What is  the probability of  success for each  trial? (E.g.,
what is the chance of a head when tossing a coin,  or what is the
chance of a six when throwing a die.)
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  S9
     Negative Binomial distributions  are not limited to  a fixed
number of trials for each example, as is a binomial distribution;
negative  binomials count how many  failures in each  example was
needed  for a fixed number  of  successes.
     Enter this number of successful trials for each example.
     Every trial has  a  chance  for  success  and  a  chance for
failure,  which you will be asked to provide in a moment. But for
now, how many successful trials do you want for each example?
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           S■
     Enter the number that you want to  be the  average value for
the new variable.
     The mean  in  a  poisson  distribution  equals  the standard
deviation squared (i.e.,  variance),  so you will not be asked to
provide that statistic.
     A binomial distribution with a large number of trials  and a
small  probability   of  success   for   each  trial   is  better
approximated  by a poisson  distribution than by  a normal curve.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Sp
     Enter  the geometric mean  that  you  want  the  data  to be
geometrically distributed around. This is also the probability of
success for each trial, so the number should be between 0 and 1.
     If you enter a number  between 1  and  100, SimpleStats will
treat this as a percent value and divide it by 100.

                                               1
     The mean in a geometric distribution  =  ---
                                               p
                        1-p
     The variance  = --------
                      (p)(p)

     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    S¼
     Enter  the exponential mean  that  you want  the data  to be
exponentially distributed around.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        S┌
     Enter the number of events for an Erlang distribution.
     You will soon be asked the mean that these events are  to be
distributed around.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          Sè
     Enter the mean that the events are to be distributed around.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          S▒
     The names "b"  and "c"  are chosen arbitrarily. I could just
as easily chosen "x"  and "y", or "events#1" and "events#2". Beta
distributions require two numbers of events.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Sù
     A   hypergeometric   distribution   is   like   a   binomial
distribution,  except that a binomial distribution  draws from an
infinitely large population,  while a hypergeometric distribution
draws from a fixed sized population without replacement.
     You need  to  provide  three  numbers  for  a hypergeometric
distribution:
     Please type now the number of trials you want for each value
in your new variable.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.
     You will then be asked to  input the probability  of success
for each trial.
     Finally,  you will give the population size that  the trials
will be drawn from.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             SÅ
     A   hypergeometric   distribution   is   like   a   binomial
distribution,  except that a binomial distribution  draws from an
infinitely large population,  while a hypergeometric distribution
draws from a fixed sized population without replacement.
     You need  to  provide  three  numbers  for  a hypergeometric
distribution:
     You already entered the number  of trials you want  for each
value in your new variable.
     Now you  need to input the probability of  success  for each
trial.
     Next you will give the population size that the  trials will
be drawn from.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Sî
     A   hypergeometric   distribution   is   like   a   binomial
distribution,  except that a binomial distribution  draws from an
infinitely large population,  while a hypergeometric distribution
draws from a fixed sized population without replacement.
     You need  to  provide  three  numbers  for  a hypergeometric
distribution:
     You already entered the number  of trials you want  for each
value in your new variable.
     Then you inputed the probability of success for each trial.
     Now you need  to  give  the population size that  the trials
will be drawn from.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Sh
     Enter  the standard  deviation for  the  new  variable. This
number  will  measure the "noise"  in the  data.  For  example, a
histogram of log-normally distributed data with a  large standard
deviation will show a fat curve, while a small standard deviation
will give a thin curve.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            S┌
     Uniform  distributions have  flat  histograms. Random number
generators usually give  uniformly distributed numbers  between 0
and 1.  Lottery suckers (er,  players)  expect  that  the winning
numbers will  be  uniformly distributed,  so  that every possible
number has an equal chance of winning.
     Uniform distributions  have a lowest possible  value. Please
enter the lowest possible value.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          S█
     Uniform  distributions have  flat  histograms. Random number
generators usually give  uniformly distributed numbers  between 0
and 1.  Lottery suckers (er,  players)  expect  that  the winning
numbers will  be  uniformly distributed,  so  that every possible
number has an equal chance of winning.
     Uniform distributions have a highest possible  value. Please
enter the highest possible value.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         SΦ
     Discrete means integer.  A uniform  distribution  means that
every integer with a given range has an equal chance of occuring.
Example: every time you throw a die, the die is just as likely to
land on the number two as it  is likely to  land on three  or any
other number.  A die could not land on a smaller number than one,
and it couldn't land on a larger number than six, so the range of
values is one to six.
     Please enter the lowest possible value.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.
     (Note:   This  function  behaved  differently   in  previous
versions of SimpleStats.  The frequency distribution is now flat,
and every integer in the specified  range has an  equal chance of
occuring.)E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            SΘ
     Discrete means integer.  A uniform  distribution  means that
every integer with a given range has an equal chance of occuring.
Example: every time you throw a die, the die is just as likely to
land on the number two as it  is likely to  land on three  or any
other number.  A die could not land on a smaller number than one,
and it couldn't land on a larger number than six, so the range of
values is one to six.
     Please enter the highest possible value.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.
     (Note:   This  function  behaved   differently  in  previous
versions of SimpleStats.  The frequency distribution is now flat,
and every integer in the specified  range has an  equal chance of
occuring.)E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Sƒ
     This function  creates y values  for x values  in an already
existing   variable.   These  x-y  values  will  have   a  linear
relationship  and  will  be  normally   distributed  around  this
regression line with a standard  deviation you will  provide. You
will also  need  a  slope  and  intercept  value  for  the linear
formula.
     Please enter the name or number of the variable that has the
x values.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     S╧
     This function  creates y values  for x values  in an already
existing   variable.   These  x-y  values  will  have   a  linear
relationship  and  will  be  normally   distributed  around  this
regression line with a standard  deviation you will  provide. You
will also  need  a  slope  and  intercept  value  for  the linear
formula.
     Please enter the slope for the linear formula.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Sτ
     This function  creates y values  for x values  in an already
existing   variable.   These  x-y  values  will  have   a  linear
relationship  and  will  be  normally   distributed  around  this
regression line with a standard  deviation you will  provide. You
have given the slope for the linear formula,  but now you need to
provide the intercept value.
     Please enter the intercept for the linear formula.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             S╝
     This function  creates y values  for x values  in an already
existing   variable.   These  x-y  values  will  have   a  linear
relationship  and  will  be  normally   distributed  around  this
regression line with a standard  deviation you will  now provide.
You have given the slope and intercept  for  the  linear formula.
     Please enter the standard deviation.
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Sû
     You are randomly taking  data from one variable  and putting
it  into  another.  The variable  you  want  to  draw  from  is a
population,  and the variable that gets the data  is  a sample of
that  population.  SimpleStats will ask you shortly  how  large a
sample you want.
     If  you asked for "@Sample  Repeat",  then  a number  in the
population can be  drawn continuously.  This  is  called sampling
with replacement.
     If you asked for "@Sample No Repeat",  then a  number in the
population  can be  drawn  only  once.  This  is  called sampling
without replacement.
     Please enter the name or number of the variable  that is the
population.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              SP
     You are randomly taking  data from one variable  and putting
it  into  another.  The variable  you  want  to  draw  from  is a
population,  and the variable that gets the data  is  a sample of
that population.
     How many numbers do you want in the sample?
     As usual, you can type a formula instead of a number, if you
want.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Sç
     Please  enter  the  number  of  significant  digits  for the
variable.
     Significant digits are the  digits in a number  that contain
information. Rounding limits the number of significant digits.
     SimpleStats can use up to 16  significant digits, but only a
few of these digits are going to be  meaningful to users.  No one
really cares if  a millionaire has  $2,228,568.75  (9 significant
digits)  in the bank; we would be just as impressed if we saw the
number $2,200,000  (2  significant  digits)  instead. SimpleStats
allows you to strip away the meaningless digits.
     How many significant digits do you want for the variable?E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             S}
     @Combine combines two variables into one. The variable being
added to stays where it is,  while the variable being  taken from
is added to the end.
     Any  missing values will be  removed from  the new, combined
variable.
     If more  rows are  needed in the database,  SimpleStats will
automatically add them.
     Enter the name or number of the variable being added to?E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       S0
     @Combine combines two variables into one. The variable being
added to stays as it is,  while the variable being taken from  is
added to the end.
     If  more rows are needed  in the  database, SimpleStats will
automatically add them.
     Enter the name or number of the variable to be taken from?E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    S│
     Type the number of variables you want to use in  Chi Squared
analysis.   Example:  a 2x2  table occupies two variables and two
rows,  so you would enter 2.   You don't need to enter the number
of   rows;   SimpleStats   will  use   every   row  with  values.
Unfortunately, SimpleStats does not allow you to label rows.
     The   Chi   Square  function  examines   frequencies  across
categories  and tells  you  whether  or  not  different  kinds of
categories affect each other.
     For instance,  if we  wanted  to  know  if  a happy  day was
related to clear skies,  we would  count happy days  and bad days
that were sunny,  and we would count happy and bad days that were
overcast or rainy. Then we might have the following 2x2 table:

                Sunny     Overcast
          ----------------------------- 
1 (happy)         55         23
2 (bad day)        7         12

     For this example you would enter the number 2, now.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Sß
     Press <1>  for a histogram with the actual counts plotted on
the y axis.
     Press <2>  for the same histogram with  relative proportions
(between 0 and 1) plotted on the y axis.
     Press  <3>   for   a  histogram  created  from  a  frequency
distribution.  You will need to provide the high  and  low values
for each interval and the counts.
     Press <4>  for  a histogram with  the area plotted  on the y
axis and with a normal curve and relative proportions.
     Press <5>  for a frequency polygon of one or  more variables
with actual counts plotted on the  y axis.   This could be normal
frequency polygons or cumulative. 
     Press <6>  for a frequency polygon of one or  more variables
with relative  proportions (between  0  and  1)  plotted on the y
axis.  This could be normal frequency polygons or cumulative. 
     Press <7> for a scatter plot of two or more variables.
     Press (8) for a multiple box plot of up to five variables.

     Press <Q> to leave the menu.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   S
          You   must   provide   the   highs   and  lows  of each
interval  in  two separate  variables,  and the  counts  for each
interval in a third variable. Example:

          Dollars earned/hour    count of sample
              $5 - $5.99               9
              $6 - $6.99               6
              $7 - $7.99               4
              $8 - $8.99               3
              $9 - $9.99               2
              $10- $50.00              6

    ...could be entered into SimpleStats as:

           Low$     High$     Count
           ------------------------
              5      5.99      9
              6      6.99      6
              7      7.99      4
              8      8.99      3
              9      9.99      2
              10     50.00     6E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Si
The following functions create or adapt variables. Type:

@Combine: Combine the data of two variables into one
@Binomial: Create random numbers with a binomial distribution
@Beta: Create random numbers with a beta distribution.
@DiscUniform: Uniformly distributed random integers.
@Erlang: Random numbers with an Erlang distribution.
@Exp: Exponentially distributed random numbers.
@Geom: Geometrically distributed random numbers.
@Linear:Create normally distributed y values for x values.
@LogNormal: Log-normally distributed random numbers.
@HyperGeom:Draw hypergeometrically distributed random numbers 
     from a population.
@NegBinomial: Negative binomial distribution of random numbers.
@Normal: Normally distributed random numbers.
@P.D.F. or @C.D.F. --Probability or Cumulative Density Functions 
@Poisson: Poisson distributed random numbers.
@Uniform: Uniformly distributed random numbers.
@SampleRepeat: Draw a sample from a variable with the
     possibility  of drawing the same number twice.
@SampleNoRepeat: Sampling without possible repeat drawings.
@Round: Round to the number of significant digits you provide.E                                                                                                                                           SH
     Type the name of the file you want to save. Your file's name
can   include   the   drive,   path   and   extension.   Example:
C:\FILES\EXAMPLE.SST

     If you  don't include the drive or  path,  the default drive
and path are used.
     If  you don't include the extension,  the  default extension
will be .SST

     A SimpleStats residual  file  can be  loaded  like any other
file.  The file  includes  the  real  values  from  the dependent
variable,    expected   values   for   the   dependent  variable,
standardized   residuals,   PRESS   residuals,   and  Studentized
residuals.

     Rows   that  contain   missing   values  are   ignored  when
SimpleStats  calculates the  residuals.  So, if the original data
contains missing values, the rows from the residual file will not
match up with the rows from the original data.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            S
     Type the number of variables you want to show as a  box plot
(or frequency polygon).  If you ask for more  than  one variable,
you will be asked which variables you want  to see  as box plots.
Up to five box plots may be shown on the screen at the same time.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            S⌠
     This bar graph allows you to treat your data as if they were
categorical.   The numbers in a variable  are treated  as symbols
for something else.  For instance, in a variable called "people",
the number 1  could be used to represent women,  and the number 2
could be used for men.  To then show a bar chart that counts both
women and men, you would type:
                   Women: 1  <ENTER>
                   Men: 2    <ENTER>
                   Adults: 1;2   <ENTER>   <ENTER>
     SimpleStats will consider each instance of the number 1 as a
woman,  and each number 2  as a man. Since both men and women are
adults, either 1 or 2 will count as a adults.
     If a variable has numbers that  you have  not assigned  to a
category (in the example,  the number 3), these extra numbers are
counted in a final category called Other (maybe kids).
      You can also compare People with another variable by typing
the name of that variable instead of a number.  You could even do
more elaborate comparisons  by  using  an  explicit  formula like
those  used in SimpleStats'  filter routine instead  of a number.
For example, the following could work:
                   Adults: People = 1 or People =2
Unfortunately, these formulas are calculated extremely slowly.ES▓
    SimpleStats is such a wimpy stats package! It can only handle
five variables at a time!
    Well,  this  isn't  exactly  true,  because  many SimpleStats
functions can use variables  from files that aren't  even loaded,
which allows  the user  to use  as many variables as  s/he wants.
But  these functions only  work with SimpleStats files,  so Comma
Delimited  files and Minitab Data  files must  be  broken up into
SimpleStats files of five or fewer variables.

     If you  type Y,  SimpleStats will do that for  you.  You can
break up a file with up to 45 variables into 9 SimpleStats files.
The original file will not be altered.

     If you type N, SimpleStats will do nothing.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Sφ
    SimpleStats is such a wimpy stats package! It can only handle
five variables at a time!
    Well,  this  isn't  exactly  true,  because  many SimpleStats
functions can use variables  from files that aren't  even loaded,
which allows  the user  to use  as many variables as  s/he wants.
But  these functions only  work with SimpleStats files,  so Comma
Delimited  files and Minitab Data  files must  be  broken up into
SimpleStats files of five or fewer variables.

     Multiple files created out of a Comma Delimited file or Data
file  have  special  names.   Instead  of  getting  ".SST"  as an
extention,  these  files get ".SS1"  through ".SS9".   The actual
number of files created depends on the number of variables in the
source file.

      Right now,  SimpleStats needs a  name  for  the files.  For
example,   if  you  type  "ALLEYOOP",   SimpleStats  will  create
ALLEYOOP.SS1, ALLEYOOP.SS2, etc..
       If you just  press <ENTER>,  the source  file name will be
used with new extentions.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       S²
Probability and Cumulative Density Functions

Binomial:
  P.D.F.  calculates the likelihood of  exactly k successes  in a
    Binomial count of n trials with a probability of p.
  C.D.F. calculates the likelihood of k or fewer successes.

Poisson:
  P.D.F.  calculates the likelihood of  exactly k successes  in a
    Poisson event with a mean you provide.
  C.D.F. calculates the likelihood of k or fewer successes.

Normal:
  P.D.F. calculates the height (y) of the Normal curve when  x=k.
   You provide the mean & standard deviation of the distribution.
  C.D.F. calculates the area under the normal curve from -∞ to k.

For both PDF and CDF functions,  you need to provide the variable
that contains  the k values,  and  a variable to receive  the new
values.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       S1
Binomial:

P.D.F.  calculates the likelihood  of  k successes in  a Binomial
event  of n trials with a probability of p.
C.D.F. calculates the likelihood of k or fewer successes.

You need to provide the number of trials for each  Binomial event
(n) and the probability of each trial (p).

Example:
Suppose you want to find the probability that Larry Bird will hit
90  out of 100 free throws.  Larry has a free throw percentage of
95%,  so that's our p value.   Larry is going to take  100 shots,
so that's  our n value.  To find the probability  that Larry will
hit EXACTLY 90  free throws,  you want to use P.D.F.. If you want
to  know  if  he  will  hit 90  OR FEWER free throws,  use C.D.F.
instead.

You will also  need a variable containing  the number  90, and an
empty variable to hold the probability value.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   S╝
Poisson:

P.D.F.  calculates the likelihood  of  exactly k  successes  in a
  Poisson event with a mean you provide.
C.D.F. calculates the likelihood of k or fewer successes.

A Poisson mean is also the Poisson variance, so you don't need to
provide that stat.

When you count the number of rescues by a super hero in  a period
of time  or the  number of defects on  a space sprocket,  you may
find that the counts are predictable with  a Poisson distribution
once you know the mean.

You  also  need  to provide a  variable with values  of k.  These
values are the possible  counts  during  a particular  time.  For
example,  lets say that super  heroes  average 3.5 rescues a day,
and you want to know how likely today will have 5 rescues.  Put a
5 in the variable that contains the k values.  @PDF will tell you
the  probability that  today will  have EXACTLY  5 rescues.  @CDF
will tell  you the probability that  5  OR FEWER  people  will be
rescued.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        SX
Normal:

P.D.F.  calculates the height (y)  of the Normal curve when  x=k.
You provide the mean &  standard deviation of the distribution.

C.D.F. calculates the area under the normal curve from -∞ to k.
In  other words,  @CDF.  will give  you  the  probability  that a
randomly  chosen  sample  from a  Normally distributed population
will  be  between -∞  and k.  You need  to  provide the  mean and
standard deviation of the population.

For example,  suppose you were having a baby,  and  you wanted to
know how likely your baby would weigh 5  pounds or less at birth.
You only need two numbers: the mean weight of babies at birth and
the standard deviation. Then make sure the number 5 is one of the
numbers in your k variable,  and  that you choose @CDF.   The new
variable will contain the probability that your child  will weigh
5  pounds or less.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            S|
You need a source and a destination variable.

You need  to  provide the name  or  number  of  the variable that
contains the k values.   This variable has the source information
for the P.D.F.  and C.D.F.  functions, and may have any number of
values.

(Do you need a variable with the values k={1,2,3,4...}  but don't
want to  type  every value in  by  hand?  Look in the SimpleStats
manual under "Calculator and  Creating  Variables,"  and discover
how you can create a counting variable.)

You also need to provide the name or number of  another variable.
This variable will receive the probabilities generated from the k
variable.E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Sè
     Type <N> if you want an ordinary histogram.
     Type  <Y>  if you want  to  plot  a cumulative histogram.  A
cumulative  histogram is  like an ordinary  histogram except each
successive interval includes the counts of previous intervals.
     The   following    examples  are  from   the  same, Normally
distributed data:

        Ordinary Histogram               Cumulative Histogram
.4│                                 1.│                 ▄▄█████
  │            ██▄▄                   │               █████████
  │            ████                   │             ███████████
  │          ████████                 │             ███████████
  │          ████████                 │           █████████████
  │          ████████                 │           █████████████
  │        ▄▄████████▄▄               │         ███████████████
  │        ████████████               │         ███████████████
  │      ▄▄██████████████             │       █████████████████
0.│  ▄▄▄▄████████████████▄▄▄▄       0.│  ▄▄▄███████████████████
  └─────────────────────────────      └──────────────────────────
   -4           0             4        -4         0           4
E                                                                                                          Sτ
     You must enter the low and high values for the graph.  These
values  will  be  used  for the extreme ends  of  the  lowest and
highest intervals.
     By choosing a range far wider than the range of the data you
are plotting,  you will squish the  graph into the  middle of the
graph's frame.  Some intervals will be empty.
     By  choosing a  range within the  range of the  data you are
plotting,  you will  stretch the graph outside the  width  of the
frame.   Values below the low value or above the high  value will
be graphed in bars marked  "lo"  and "hi".   If you don't want to
see  this data at  all in your graph,  you must  first filter the
unwanted data out (see README.DOC for more information  about the
filter function).E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             