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7M                                                                             ┌────────────────┐                                                      │╒═══════════════╧╕                                                     ││    Help File   ├─────────────────────────────────────                ││                └──────────────────────────────────────               ││                                                                      ││    AstroEquationSolver 3 Spreadsheet/Calculator                      ││                                                                      ││      Help File  Version 3.12   03-01-1994     <ASP>                  ││                                                                       │                                                                                                                                               (c) Copyright 1981, 1994  PC SuperComputer Capital, Inc.                                                                                                            All rights reserved.                                                                                                     Read and understand  WARRANTY INFORMATION . Type J twice to read.                                                                            Instructions on using help file are at end of file. Type K to read.                                                                                                                                                   ╒══════════╕                                                            │ CONTENTS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                          0.00                  Table of Contents                                                                                                               *    To quickly jump to Sections, position the Section line number      *    on the │JUMP│ line (line 12) and type J or type Lxxx (enter)       *    where xxx is line number. For example, to jump to line 139,        *    type L139 (ent).  Type S or R to skip back/forth to Sections.                                                                         SECTION                   TITLE                              PAGE│LINE                                                                           0.00 ... Table of Contents ................................... 1   25  1.01 ... Equations Display, What is it? ...................... 3   96  1.02 ... How to Use the Calculator. .......................... 4  183  1.03 ... How to find Things With Auto-search Function ........ 6  231  1.04 ... Summary of Letter Commands Used in Equations ........ 6  249           Display                                                        1.05 ... F1-F10 Keys, Commands assigned. .................... 18  812  1.06 ... Command Sequences Used to Perform Special .......... 19  840           Operations                                                     1.07 ... Editing Keys: Functions During Text Entry .......... 19  861  2.01 ... Entering Equations Into the Program ................ 21  960  2.03 ... Writing Equations: Definition of Terms ............. 22 1010  2.10 ... Rules for Writing Algebraic Expressions, ........... 25 1109           Formulas and Equations                                         2.15 ... Rules for Evaluation of Parentheses ................ 27 1209  2.20 ... Rules for Evaluation of Intrinsic Functions ........ 27 1231  2.25 ... Rules for Evaluation of Mathematical Operations .... 28 1254  2.30 ... Glossary of Intrinsic MATH FUNCTIONS and ........... 29 1293           Function Operators                                             2.40 ... Numbers: Format-free, Examples of Formats .......... 34 1526  2.42 ... Controlling the Number of Decimal Digits ........... 34 1562  2.45 ... Maximum Number of Equations, Variables and ......... 35 1600           Constants                                                      2.50 ... Errors During Equation Evaluation and Elsewhere .... 36 1632  3.01 ... Directory Screen: Commands During Display .......... 36 1652  3.05 ... Commands Used While Plot Screen is Displayed ....... 39 1750  4.01 ... Commands Unique to this Program ASOL3.EXE. ......... 41 1845  4.03 ... Solving (If possible) Linear Simultaneous .......... 42 1929           Equations.                                                     4.05 ... Solving (If possible) Nonlinear Simultaneous ....... 45 2033           Equations.                                                     4.10 ... Shooting a Marble into a Moving Ferris Wheel ....... 47 2151           Car: Solution of Simultaneous Nonlinear                                 equations                                                      4.20 ... Resource Allocation in an Instrument Company: ...... 54 2462           Solving Simultaneous Linear equations                          4.30 ... How to Generate (Look-up) Tables. .................. 58 2663  5.01 ... Summary of Common WARNINGS During Calculations. .... 60 2750  5.05 ... Summary of ERRORS During Evaluation of Equations ... 63 2861  6.01 ... Setting Foreground/background Colors of Main ....... 65 2947           Equations Screen and Program                                   6.05 ... Clock Screen: Commands During Display .............. 65 2979  6.10 ... Apostrophe Commands: What They Do and How to Use ... 67 3042           Them                                                           7.01 ... Information After Program Name on DOS Command ...... 70 3183           Line. How the Program Uses It and What It Does.                8.01 ... Product License and Warranty. ...................... 71 3244  8.03 ... User Support. ...................................... 72 3310  8.04 ... Ombudsman/Arbitration Policy. ...................... 73 3331  8.05 ... Product Information and How to Order Complete ...... 73 3353           Package.                                                       8.06 ... Software Included in Astro 3 Registration .......... 75 3443  8.07 ... Order/Registration Form ............................ 77 3528  8.08 ... Instructions for Manually Installing Package. ...... 79 3593  8.09 ... Interested in Becoming the Author of Your Own ...... 80 3635           Interactive Application File?                                  9.01 ... Help File: Summary of File Viewing Commands ........ 80 3657                                                                                                                                                ╒═══════════════╕                                                       │ EQUATIONS ??? └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         1.01    Equations Display, What is it?                                  ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The equations display is the spreadsheet portion of                     AstroEquationSolver 3.  It contains the equations, variable             names, variable values and a comment.  Most operations are              performed while in the equations display through the use of             characters, letters, combinations of characters with letters            and the "F" keys.  The blinking cursor prompt ">" is always             positioned between a variable name like TIME and its current            value which might be 2.3.  For example:  TIME => 2.3.  Numbers          and math operations are passed to the variable on which the             blinking cursor resides.  Other characters and combinations             serve as commands to activate certain functions such as                 integration or derivitization.  Certain commands require that           two characters be typed consecutively.  Commands such as "!C"           or "@C" mean that the "!" or "@" is typed first and the "C"             next.  Representations such as "(esc)", "(enter)" and "(space)"         represent single keystrokes.                                                                                                                    To change the display colors to high-intensity white on blue            type Q when the highlight bar is lighted on the EQU below.                                                                             'EQU                                                                    'COL HWHITE BLUE                                                        'HELP                                                                                                                                                    An illustration of the equations display for the equation               of a straight line:  Y=M*X+B with the blinking cursor on                variable X is shown below.  A comment which describes the               equation is listed first.  The equation and the value of its            dependent variable Y (=4) is listed next.  The current time and         date are listed in the middle of the screen.  The three                 independent variables B, M and X are listed in alphabetical             order.  Finally, a summary of keys and functions is displayed           at the bottom of the screen.  The last line scrolls through             additional commands and is not shown.                                                                                                  ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Comment -->  Equation of a straight line.                                                                                                                          Y=M*X+B                               Y =  4                                                                                                                                                     12:23:04                                                     03-07-1981                                                                                                                                                        B =  4                    M = -2                    X => 0                                                                                                                                                       F1 hlp, F2 appl hlp, F3 exit, F4 shl, F5 com, F6 equ, F7 dir, F8 get, F9-----------------------------------------------------------------------                                                                                  Definitions of terms used to define an equation.                                                                                                ■ EQUATION.  A formula, expression or recipe directing the              program on how to execute mathematical operations such as               Y=M*X+B which is the mathematical representation of a straight          line (Y.  vs.  X) with slope M and y-intercept B.  Equations            are written in a symbolic language which is identical to how            they would be expressed if written in the popular computer              language BASIC.  In this equation Y is assigned the value of M          multiplied by X and then added to the value of B.                                                                                               ■ DEPENDENT VARIABLE.  Unique name associated with every                equation and its value is usually the object of a calculation           such as Y in Y=M*X+B.                                                                                                                           ■ INDEPENDENT VARIABLE(S).  Name(s) always to the right of the          equal sign such as M, X and B in Y=M*X+B.  Independent                  variables are always used to calculate the values of the                dependent variables.                                                                                                                            ■ STORAGE VARIABLE(S).  Names that are generated by simple              assignment statements entered in the equations display such             as (space) PI=3.1415926 (enter).  They are similar to                   independent variables and can be used in all equations,                 expressions and calculations.  The storage variables and their          values are saved and recalled separately from the equations             using the "!]" and "![" commands.  Their values are usually             hidden unless requested with the "Z" or "Y" commands which              toggle through their names or by typing the variable name               followed by equal sign:  (space) VARNAME= (enter).                                                                                     ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ CALCULATOR ??? └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        1.02    How to Use the Calculator.                                      ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        The "blinking cursor" or "=>" is located between a variable name and    its value. It begins the ASOL3 command line just like a DOS prompt.     Information is passed to the program by typing appropriate characters.  Just about any calculation can be performed and stored by assigning its value to a variable name, one that already exists or a new one.         Variables that do not appear on the equations display screen are called "storage variables".   For example, if the cursor is on variable B, thenone can perform a calculation and save it as a storage variable named   Q1:                                                                                                                                             ----------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Comment -->  Equation of a straight line.                                                                                                                          Y=M*X+B                               Y =  4                                                                                                                                                     12:25:04                                                     03-07-1981                                                                                                                                                        B => q1=23.45+56.78+12.98-34.56-12.78 (enter)       X =  0                                                                                                                                                       F1 hlp, F2 appl hlp, F3 exit, F4 shl, F5 com, F6 equ, F7 dir, F8 get, F9-----------------------------------------------------------------------                                                                                  When "(enter) is typed, the program will evaluate the                   expression, assign its value to Q1 and display the result on            the time/date line.  Note, because most letters represent               commands, it is wise to start such calculations with a space.           Expressions can reference any previously defined variable:              dependent, independent or storage.  For example (space)                 x=2*B-y+3*m (enter) or q1=q1+67 (enter).  The current values of         storage variables can be displayed with the storage toggle              commands "Y" and "Z" or by typing their name followed by the            equal sign and enter.  For example, (space) Q1=(enter).                 Storage variables can be used in the equations, if previously           defined.  Multiple assignment can be made with the 'VAR                 apostrophe command.  For example:  'var y=3 b=4 x=-5 (enter)            The storage variables are saved independent of the equations            with the command "!]".  See below for more discussion on                storage variables.                                                                                                                     ╒═════════════╕                                                         │ AUTO-SEARCH └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        1.03    How to find Things With Auto-search Function                    ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 This entire file can be automatically searched for words,               phrases and other characters using the auto-search command "A".         Type "A" and then enter the characters.  Search is in uppercase         and is case-insensitive.  To continue the search, type "A"              repeatedly as required until wrap around occurs.  To perform            another search, it may be necessary to first type "(space)"             then "A".  For example, to find "Help File:", type "A", then            (end esc) help file: (enter).  However, this will only get you          back to this line because the search starts at the top of the           screen!  Type "A" again to continue and find another "hit".             Type "A" a few times to get back to here.                                                                                              ╒══════════╕                                                            │ COMMANDS └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        1.04    Summary of Letter Commands Used in Equations Display            ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The following discussion may assume that the "default"                  equations or amortization equations are currently being                 displayed.  To load these equations from the main equation              display, type (F6) or "!/" and type (end esc) "" (enter) in             response to the "-- ?  Equations ->" prompt.                                                                                                **** Commands, keystrokes, functions and explanations follow ****                                                                          -> Activate variable:  A    !A    @A                                                                                                                     Use "A" to activate an equation and its dependent variable.             Used to mark equations which participate in other commands like         the "G" and "D" commands used for integration and                       differentiation, respectively.  Only active equations are               integrated and differentiated.  Also used to specify equations          set equal to each other in the intersection command "U" or              plotted with the plot command "P".  Initially, all equations            are active.  Inactive equations do not have an "=" following            variable name.  Use !A to activate all dependent or independent         variables at once.  The location of the cursor determines which         set.  Use @A to activate all variables at once.  One can also           use the apostrophe command 'ACT VARNAME (enter) to perform              activation.  See below.  Use the commands I, !I or @I to                inactivate variables and equation(s).                                                                                                  -> Background/foreground colors:  !N    @N                                                                                                               "!N" toggles next foreground color.  Use "@N" to toggle next            background color.  Colors are normal-intensity black, blue,             green, cyan, red, magenta, brown and white and the                      high-intensity shades.  For monochrome monitor, default values          are recommended.  Color settings are saved with equations.  If          fore/back colors are equal then displayed info becomes                  invisible.  Use "!(esc)" to reset monochrome colors:  Fore,             white (green); Back, black.  "!(esc)" sets monochr colors:              Fore, white (green) #7; Back, black #0.  "@ (esc)" sets monochr         colors:  Fore, black #0; Back, white (green) #7.  One can also          use the apostrophe command 'COL color1, color2 (enter) to               perform this function.  'COL (enter) resets monochrome colors.          See below for more details.                                                                                                            -> Bottom line command scrolling: J  !J  @J    K  !K  @K                                                                                                 "J" toggles to previous command menu display at bottom of               screen.  "!J" turns on auto-scrolling about every 10 seconds.           "@J" turns off auto-scrolling.  "K" toggles to next command             menu display at bottom of screen.  "!K" turns on auto-scrolling         about every 10 seconds.  "@K" turns off auto-scrolling.                                                                                -> Calculate dependent variables: C     (enter)     (esc)                                                                                                "C" calculates the values of all dependent variables using the          current values of the independent and storage variables.                "(enter)" calculates dependent variables if used after a valid          number or allowed expression is entered.  "(esc)" recalculates          equations and redraws the display.  Also, use the apostrophe            command 'CALC (enter) to recalculate without entering a                 variable.                                                                                                                              -> Chaining calculated values to other equations (overlaying equations)                                                                                  Use "@[" to get a file of equation(s), comment and variable             status only.  Common variables are assigned existing values and         new variables are initialized to 0.0.  Allows overlay or chain          operations to other equation(s) with identical variable names.                                                                         -> Chaining to other ASTRO3 programs: 'CHAIN                                                                                                             The 'CHAIN apostrophe command is used to switch to another              ASTRO3 program and pass it the current equations, dependent and         independent variables (as file A.EQU) and storage variables (as         file A.EQU).  CALC or C is used to designate                            AstroFormulaCalculator 3.  SOLVE or S is used to designate              AstroEquationSolver 3.  FIT or F is used to designate                   AstroDataFitter 3.  At the blinking cursor, type 'CHAIN C               (enter) to chain to AstroFormCalc, type 'CHAIN S (enter) to             chain to AstroEquationSolver and 'CHAIN F (enter) to chain to           AstroDataFitter.  In AUTOEXEC.BAT, be sure to set a PATH to             where the ASTRO 3 programs can be found and set the environment         variable ASTRO3 to that same path.                                                                                                     -> Changing displayed precision of dependent variables: !\   @\                                                                                          Use "!\" for the single-precision display (default) of                  dependent variables of equations with var name displayed before         current value:  ABC = 1.234567.  Use "@\" for the                       double-precision display of dependent variables of equations            without variable name displayed before current value:  =                1.234567890123456.  To see the full precision of an independent         variable, type "\".  and then type (enter) to return to the             blinking cursor ">".  Also, use the apostrophe commands 'PRE            SINGLE (enter) or 'PRE DOUBLE (enter).                                                                                                 -> Changing number of displayed decimal digits in main equation display                                                                                  The number of decimal digits displayed in the main equation             display can be globally changed with the  'DEC apostrophe               command.  For example, to set 2 decimal digits, type                    'DEC 2 (enter).  To set none, type 'DEC 0  (enter).                     To reset, type 'DEC (enter).  The decimal operator attached to          a variable name will override the global default.  For example,         a variable named MONEY.2 will always display 2 decimal digits           no matter what the global default. Global defaults also apply           to the displayed values of the storage variables and numbers            displayed on the plot.                                                                                                                 -> Clock display:  !C                                                                                                                                    Use "!C" to display full-screen clock/calendar in which the             alarm is set.  Type $ to exit back to the equation display.             See below for a summary of the clock commands.  Also, use the           apostrophe command 'CLO (enter) to jump to the clock.                                                                                  -> Copy an equation                                                                                                                                      Move the cursor to the desired equation, type "@/" and type             "(esc) or "(ctrl Q)" to exit to the equation display without            any changes.  Remember that the immediate calculation buffer            (command "|") now contains this equation.  Type (F6) or "!/" to         edit the displayed equations.  Move the cursor to the location          where the equation is to be inserted and type "(alt 9)" to              insert.  Remember to add spaces where needed to separate                equations and remove or change the other equations/dependent            variables.  Also, the name of the dependent variable of each            equation must be unique.  Also, see command "!F", "@F", "!M",           "@M", "!L" and "@L" for other ways to copy equations.                                                                                  -> Cursor movement: B F L M N  arrow keys (tab) (shift tab) (backspace)                                                                                  "B" and (shift tab) move the cursor ">" backwards to preceding          variable.  Also use (backspace) for the same purpose.  "F"              moves the cursor ">" to the first dependent variable "L" moves          the cursor ">" to the last independent variable.  "M" moves the         cursor ">" to the middle or first independent variable.  "N"            and (tab) move the cursor ">" to the next variable.  Also use           (enter) and (ctrl enter) for the same purpose.                                                                                                  Arrow keys - Use edit keys:  (Home) (up arrow) (PgUp) (left             arrow) (right arrow) (End) (down arrow) (PgDn) to move blinking         cursor.  Note:  Keys (up arrow) and (down arrow) move cursor            vertically through variables Keys:  (left arrow) and (right             arrow) move cursor through independent variables only.  The             (tab)/(shift tab) and backspace keys moves the cursor to the            next/previous variable.                                                                                                                -> Cut and Paste (copying equations): !F  @F  !M  @M  !L  @L                                                                                             These commands save equations in the immediate calc text                buffer.  This buffer is accessed by the | command and its               contents are further saved in the immediate calc text stack.            The contents of this buffer can be "pasted" into equations and          other text fields while in the edit mode using the (alt 9)              function.                                                                                                                                       "!F" adds the immediate calc text buffer to the text stack,             clears the immediate calc buffer and inserts all INACTIVE               equations into it.  Inactive equations have variable names that         are not followed by an "=" sign.  The immediate calc buffer can         be inserted while in the edit mode using the (alt 9) function.          Use A and I commands to activate/inactivate equations before            using these commands.                                                                                                                           "@F" adds the immediate calc text buffer to the text stack,             clears the immediate calc buffer and inserts all ACTIVE                 equations into it.  Active equations have variable names that           are followed by an "=" sign.                                                                                                                    "!M" appends all INACTIVE equations to the immediate calc text          buffer without appending to the text stack.                                                                                                     "@M" appends all ACTIVE equations to the immediate calc text            buffer without appending to the text stack.                                                                                                     "!L" clears the immediate calc buffer of all text.  The buffer          is displayed with the | command.                                                                                                                "@L" clears the immediate calc text stack.  This stack is used          to save the immediate calc buffer.                                                                                                     -> Directories of *.EQU, *.STO and *.HLP:   (F7) or *   !*   @*                                                                                          "(F7)" or "*" gives directory of *.equ in directory of                  specified path.  "!*" gives directory of *.sto in directory of          specified path.  "@*"gives directory of *.hlp in directory of           specified path.  Enter path for desired directory in response           to prompt.  For example:  (end esc) \project1\analysis (enter).         A filename can be included in path but it must have a period.           For example (end esc) \calc\*.dat (enter) or \calc\beta???.  If         no extension, then the default extension is used.  Use cursor           keys to locate file and (enter) to select.  Program will always         load file as EQU, STO or HLP even if extension differs from             default.  Use (esc) or (ctrl Q) to exit.  Use "(space)" to get          information about the current highlighted file.                                                                                        -> Designate coordinate variable                                                                                                                         O - Designate an independent variable as the coordinate for the         X-axis of a plot.  One or more equations can be plotted vs.  a          single coordinate.  A ":" designates a coordinate and will              appear in place of the "=".  Use A or I to change status to             active or inactive as required.                                                                                                        -> Display all 16 digits of variables value                                                                                                              \ - Display the full 16 digit precision and position the cursor         for editing the number.  Type (enter) to return to the blinking         cursor.  For example, to subtract 1000 from the current number,         type "\", and type (end) -1000 (enter).  After typing "\", the          cursor is always positioned at beginning of number.  Type (end)         to move the cursor to the end of the number and (esc) to clear          the number.  Always type (enter) to perform a calculation or            exit.                                                                                                                                  -> Display entire comment:  (comma key)                                                                                                                  Type the comma from the equations display in order to see               the entire text of the comment.  If the comment ends in "...",          then it was terminated because of a lack available screen               space.  If the "||" pairs are used within a lengthy comment             then only the part enclosed by the || is displayed.  If a               double single quote '' is used, then only the part before the           '' is displayed.  In these cases, use the comma command to              display the full text.  Type any key to return to the main              equation display.                                                                                                                      -> Display/remove storage variables: Y   !Y @Y   Z   !Z   @Z                                                                                             "Y" displays the name and value of storage variable, if any.            Repeat "Y" to toggle to previous storage variables and so on.           "!Y" displays the current storage variable without toggling.            "!Z" has the same functions as "!Z".  "@Y" removes all storage          variables.  Program will prompt "?  equations" to check for any         references to the erased storage vars.  If present, they now            become independent vars.  "Z" displays the name and value of            storage variable, if any.  Repeat "Z" to toggle to next storage         variable and so on.  Up to 256 storage variables can be entered         with user-defined names.  For example:  =PI=3.1415926 (enter)           (spc) DATA1=:  (ent) Always start first with "(space)" or "="           because most commands begin with letters.  "!Z" like "!Y"               displays the current storage variable.  Use "@Z" to remove the          current storage variable.  If a storage variable is removed,            the immediate calc buffer (command "|" ) is assigned:  VARNAME          = value.  To restore storage var or assign value to storage var         which has become independent var, type "|" (enter).  Storage            variables are not displayed like other variables.  To display           the value of any storage variable, type (space) VARNAME=                (enter).  The storage-index counters are positioned on this             variable.  Type "!Z" to check and type "@Z" to remove, if               necessary.  Type "|" to recall this calc, if it needs to be             recovered.                                                                                                                             -> DOS shell: !E     @E                                                                                                                                  "!E" executes DOS command and then returns control to program.          Type the DOS command in response to the prompt.  "@E" shells by         exiting to DOS.  The program is still memory resident.  Enter           DOS commands and other operations.  Must type EXIT (enter) to           return to program.                                                                                                                     -> Edit an individual equation:  @/                                                                                                                      "@/" edits a single equation and updates the immediate calc             buffer with that equation.  Move cursor to dependent var of             desired equation and type "@/".  To inspect and return to               equation display without changes, type "(esc)" or "(ctrl Q)".           To update, type changes followed by "(enter)".  To remove               equation, type the null string "" (enter).  Can also be used to         copy and/or move equation.  See "Entering Equations", below.            "@/" always causes immediate calc ( | ) to be updated.                                                                                 -> Entering comment:   (F5)   /                                                                                                                          Use "(F5) or "/" to enter or modify a comment only.  Comment            can contain up to 1840 characters (23 lines).  Use "||" pairs           to designate segment of comment to be displayed.  If the text           is "first part || second part || third part" then the displayed         comment will be "second part".  Use the double single-quote             "''" to indicate the end for the displayed comment.  If the             text is "first part''second part" then only "first part" is             displayed.  A double single-quote "''" or four "|" at beginning         of text:  "'' rest of text" or "|||| rest of text", suppresses          comment.  To view entire comment, type (comma key).  Type any           key to exit.  The amount of the displayed comment depends on            number of equations/variables.  Quotes are not required for             strings but may be needed to prevent string compression or loss         of desired spaces.  Complete equations and comment are save             with screen dump.  See command "V" for more details.                                                                                   -> Entering equations:  (F6)   !/                                                                                                                        Type "(F6) or "!/" to enter 1 or more equations.  Equations are         entered in BASIC symbolism.  Leave at least one space between           each equation.  Read rules discussed below.  Total equations            can contain up to 1840 characters (23 lines).  Current maximum          of 63 equations with up to 66 independent and dependent                 variables.                                                                                                                             -> Entering number without calculating main equations:  (ctrl enter)                                                                                     To enter a number into a variable of the main equations without         calculating the dependent variables type the number and                 terminate it with (ctrl enter) instead of (enter).                                                                                     -> Escaping from the "? Enter Equation(s)" prompt.                                                                                                       If the equations contain only constants, then typing (esc)              will result in program termination. For example,                        starting with ASOL3  45.19+56.78+89.34 (enter) and then                 typing (esc) will get to the "? Enter Equation(s)" prompt.              Typing (esc) now will terminate the program.                                                                                                    In some situations, the (ctrl Q) or (esc) sequences may not             return to the equations display.  This event will usually               occur when a previously-entered valid equation does not exist.          For example, if the program is started with an improper                 equation entered on the DOS command line, then one must either          correct the equation or type (end esc) then "" (enter) to load          the default equations.  To exit from the program while in the           edit mode, one must use the apostrophe command:  'exit (enter).                                                                        -> Exit program:  E                                                                                                                                      Use "E" to exit from the program.  If equations or storage need         to be saved, the program will inform you.  Save them                    immediately because the use of "E" clears the reminders.  If            necessary type "E" a second time to exit.  Type Y (enter) to            exit/terminate.  or N (enter), "(enter)", "(ctrl Q)" to return          to equation display.                                                                                                                   -> Generate "Definition of variables" template as comment: ! (comma)                                                                                     "!  (comma)" will generate a comment which is a template of             variable names each followed by the define character "≡".  The          comment must be empty for this to happen.  If the comment               contains text, set it to a null comment by typing (F5) then             (end esc) "" (enter) or type the apostrophe command                     'com "" (enter).  If the equation is y=m*x+b then the comment           will look something like:     Definition of variables.                  Y ≡                                                                     B ≡                                                                     M ≡                                                                     X ≡                                                                     Type (F5) to edit the comment and type in the meanings of the           variables.                                                                                                                             -> Get/save file of equations: (F8)  [     (F9)  ]                                                                                                       "(F8)" or "[" gets a file of equations and the values of                variables.  Enter the path/filename followed by "(enter)" in            response to prompt.  "(F9)" or "]" saves a file of the                  equations and the values of variables.  These two commands save         equations, dep and ind vars but not storage vars.  Filenames            can be specified with paths.  For example:  \data\results.001,          \project\z21\analysis.equ, d:\appl\line.equ.  Default extension         for equation files is ".EQU".  Use "." at end of filename if            does not have extension.  For get operation, if .HLP is the             extension, then program will re-initialize and attempt to read          file as application file.  The extension .HLP cannot be used            with a filename for the save (F9) operation.                                                                                           -> Get/save file of storage variables:   ![   !]                                                                                                         Use "![" to get a file of storage variables and values only.            Note:  Use "!*" to generate a directory on the screen from              which the name of an existing file can be located and selected.         Use "!]" to save a file of storage variables and values only.           Default extension for storage files is ".STO".  Use "." at end          of filename if does not have extension.  If .HLP is the                 extension, then program will re-initialize and attempt to read          file as application file.                                                                                                              -> Help files:  Using on-line help file, user-manual help file and         application help file.                                                                                                                                To use the on-line help file, type (F1) or the letter "H".  To          use the on-line user-manual, type "!H" or type (F2) and enter           its name.  To use the application help file type "(F2)" or              "@H".  Type the name followed by "(enter)".  After reading the          application help file, to get the program to prompt for a new           name, first type "@C" to display version number or type "(F1)"          to access the on-line help file.  Type "(esc)" or "E" to exit           and then type "(F2)".  Set DOS environment variable ASTRO3 to           the path where ASOL3HLP.HLP can be found prior to running this          program.                                                                                                                                  Summary:                                                                                                                                        (F1)  or H      Read on-line condensed help file ASOL3HLP.HLP.                                                                                  !H              Read on-line user-manual help file ASOL3MAN.HLP.                                                                                (F2)  or  @H    Read application help file *.HLP.  Enter filename                       in response to prompt.  If found, program will not                      prompt unless (F1), H, !H or @C is typed.                                                                                    -> Inactivate variable:   I   !I   @I                                                                                                                    "I" inactivates an equation or variable.  The "=" will                  disappear.  Used to indicate dummy eqns for D, G and U.                 Inactive equations are not plotted.  "!I" inactivates all               dependent or independent variables at once.  The location of            the cursor determines which set.  "@I" inactivates all                  variables at once.  Also use the apostrophe command 'INA                varname (enter) for the same purpose.  See below for more               details.  Use the commands "A", "!A" or "@A" to activate an             equation or variable.                                                                                                                  -> Inspect a too-long-to-display equation                                                                                                                Move the cursor to the desired equation, type "@/" and type             "(esc) (enter)" or "(ctrl Q)" to exit to the equation display           without any changes.  Remember that the immediate calc buffer           (command "|") now contains this equation and it can be dumped           with the "(alt 9)" command in the edit mode.                                                                                           -> Modify an equation:   @/                                                                                                                              Move the cursor to the desired equation, type "@/" and make             changes.  Type "(enter)".  Remember that the immediate calc             buffer (command "|") now contains the original equation.                                                                               -> Multiple calculations: apostrophe command 'IMM                                                                                                        The apostrophe command 'IMM allows multiple calculations to be          performed from the main equation display.  These calculations           can reference any defined variable and if a calculation results         in the creation of a new variable it is assigned as a storage           variable.  The main display equations are not evaluated                 during/after these calculations.  For example the immediate             calc:  'IMM y=sqr(2*x)+b z=2*y (enter) would assign variables Y         and Z the results of these calculations.  The immediate calc            buffer is updated following this calculation.  The ":" implies          the value of the variable the cursor resides on.  For example           the immediate calc:  'imm sqr(2*:+45) (enter) would use the             value of the variable the cursor is on and would assign the             result to this variable.                                                                                                               -> Plot equation:   P                                                                                                                                    "P" plots the active equation(s) vs.  coordinate.  See below            for a complete discussion of the additional commands that can           be used while the plot screen is displayed.  The cursor should          reside on the independent variable to be the coordinate of the          x-axis, if some var is not already designated.  A coordinate            variable has a ":" following its name.                                                                                                 -> Printer initialization:  !P    @P                                                                                                                     Use "!P" to initialize printer for NLQ (double strike)                  printing.  Use "@P" to reset printer and cancel NLQ printer.                                                                           -> Program name and version number:  @C                                                                                                                  Use "@C" to recalculate with the program name and version #.                                                                           -> Recalling last immediate calculation:  |                                                                                                              "|" displays the last immediate calculation and position the            cursor after an imbedded apostrophe (').  Use edit keys to              change a calculation and use (enter) to execute.  Use (alt 9)           to insert the current immediate calc before the cursor when in          the edit mode.  Use (alt 4) and (alt 5) to toggle to previous           calculations saved on the immediate calc text stack.  The "|"           command allows a single calculation to be entered and the main          display equations are evaluated after this calculation.  On the         other hand, the immediate calc apostrophe command 'IMM allows           multiple calculations to be entered and the main display                equations are not evaluated during/after these calculations.                                                                           -> Reference to current value of variable in calculations                                                                                                Use ":" to designate the current value of variable on which the         cursor resides while entering an immediate calculation.  For            example, if the cursor is on variable A which currently equals          10, then typing 2*:+6 (enter) will result in A being set to 26.                                                                        -> Remove an equation:   @/                                                                                                                              Move the cursor to the desired equation, type "@/" and type             (end esc) "" (enter).  Remember that the immediate calc buffer          (command "|") now contains the original equation.  Should you           wish to add it back, type "(F6) or "!/" to edit equations,              locate cursor and type "(alt 9)" to insert it before the                cursor.                                                                                                                                -> Repetitive calculations without variables                                                                                                             To perform repetitive calculations without variables such as            adding and subtracting numbers, get to the "-- ?  Equations(s)"         prompt by typing (F6) or "!/".  Type (end esc) to clear the             field.  Enter the calculations such as 23.45+46.78-32.00                (enter).  The text of the calculations is now stored on the             immediate calc text stack.  Use the (alt 4) and (alt 5) keys to         toggle back and forth to previous calculations.  The (alt 6)            key is used to insert the entire immediate calc text stack into         the present calculation and the (alt 7) key is used to replace          the current calculation with the entire contents of the                 immediate calc text stack.  To exit the Program, type (end esc)         "" (enter) to return to equation display and then type "E".                                                                            -> Saving equation in immediate calc text buffer: !|                                                                                                     "!|" replaces immediate calc buffer with the equation on which          cursor resides and updates the immediate calc text stack with           the previous contents.                                                                                                                 -> Saving comment in immediate calc text stack:  @|                                                                                                      "@|" replaces immediate calc buffer with comment and updates            immediate calc text stack with the previous contents of the             buffer.  One can use "@|" to transfer equations/values from the         comment to the equations and or variables.  Once the                    comment is on the immediate calc text buffer it can be recalled         in the edit mode by using (alt 4) and (alt 5) keystrokes.  The          text can be edited to select what is desired.                                                                                          -> Screen dump to text file:  V                                                                                                                          "V" dumps the equations display (or the plot) to a text file.           Used to save calculations or plots for inclusion in reports,            etc.  Program name and date/time are appended.  The complete            equations, comment and values/status of the variables are               appended at the end in the 'EQU format.  These files can be             used to build a user-generated application file.  Enter                 filename in response to prompt.  Note:  Filenames ending in             numeric extensions from "000" to "999" are automatically                incremented each time the command is used.  Thus, SCRN.001 -->          SCRN.002 --> SCRN.003 and so on.  Filenames can be specified            with paths.  For example:  \data\calc.001,                              \project\p23\screen.056, d:\appl\calc10.new If a file already           exists, the program will prompt to "APPEND" or to "REPLACE".                                                                           -> Set all variables to same value: ?   !?   @?                                                                                                          "?" sets values of all variables to a constant.                         Active/inactive status of variables not affected.  Use "!?" to          set all dependent or independent variables only.  The location          of the cursor determines which set.  Use "@?" to set all                variables to a constant and to change status of all variables           to active.  Constant may be explicitly specified or be the              current value of any variable or the result of a simple                 calculation such as 2*A.                                                                                                               -> Turn sound on/off:   !B    @B                                                                                                                         "!B" turns beeping sound "on" at various locations in program.          "@B" Turns beeping "off" at most places including warnings.             The default is sound "off".                                                                                                            -> Universal quit:   (ctrl Q)                                                                                                                            "(ctrl Q)" will cause control to return to the equation display         but only if valid equations exist in the program.  "The                 universal quit".  Use the (ctrl Q) anywhere to get back to a            familiar part of the program which is usually the main equation         display.                                                                                                                               ╒═══════════════╕                                                       │ F1 - F10 KEYS └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        1.05    F1-F10 Keys, Commands assigned.                                 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                           Key    Command    Purpose                                                                                                                       F1     help       Access on-line help file ASOL3HLP.HLP                                                                                         F2     appl help  Access application on-line help file.                                                                                         F3     exit       Exit from program                                                                                                             F4     shell      Shell to DOS, type exit (enter) to return.                                                                                    F5     comment    "? comment" prompt                                                                                                            F6     equation   "? equation" prompt.                                                                                                          F7     directory  "Directory of *.EQU" prompt.                                                                                                  F8     get file    Get a file of equations (*.equ)                                                                                              F9     save file   Save the current equations (*.equ)                                                                                           F10    prod info   List product information.                                                                                                 ╒════════════════════╕                                                  │ SPECIAL OPERATIONS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        1.06    Command Sequences Used to Perform Special Operations            ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        -> Saving and inserting one or more equations into existing equations.                                                                                   1) Type @L to clear immediate text stack.                                                                                                       2) Move cursor to each equation.  Type !|                                                                                                       3) Type !/ to edit equations.                                                                                                                   4) Mover cursor to place for insert, type (alt 6).  Remember:           all dependent vars must have different and unique names to              first 8 characters.  Edit as necessary.                                                                                                         5) Type (enter) to load equations and return to main equation           display.                                                                                                                               ╒══════════════╕                                                        │ EDITING KEYS └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        1.07    Editing Keys: Functions During Text Entry                       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Editing keys can be used whenever the underscore cursor "_" is          flashing on the screen.  At these instances, any character              above the cursor will also blink.  A summary of the editing             keys follows.                                                                                                                                   (esc) - Clear the entire text, line or number.  If cursor on            first position of field, specifies the escape sequence (ctrl Q)         discussed below.  Note, if the program is started with an               improper equation, either correct the equation or type (end             esc) then "" (enter) to load the default equations.                                                                                             (backspace) - Delete character directly in front of cursor.                                                                                     (tab) - Move cursor 5 characters to right.                                                                                                      (shift tab) - Move cursor 5 characters to left.                                                                                                 (home) - Move cursor to beginning of text.                                                                                                      (ctrl) (home) - Delete all before cursor to beginning of text.                                                                                  (ctrl) (PrtSc) - Redraw all lines of the current text.                                                                                          (arrow up) - Move cursor one line up, if possible.                                                                                              (arrow left) - Move cursor one character to left.                                                                                               (ctrl) (arrow left) - Move cursor 5 characters to left.                                                                                         (arrow right) - Move cursor one character to right.                                                                                             (ctrl) (arrow right) - Move cursor 5 characters to right.                                                                                       (end) - Move cursor to end of text.                                                                                                             (ctrl) (end) - Delete all from cursor to end of text.                                                                                           (arrow down) - Move cursor one line down, if possible                                                                                           (ins) - Insert text before cursor.  Toggle on and off.                                                                                          (del) - Delete character at cursor.                                     In insert mode (large cursor), the cursor character is                  deleted and the entire remaining text is shifted left.  In the          replace mode (small cursor), the cursor character is deleted            but only text on the current line is shifted left.                                                                                              (enter) - Used to terminate a string of information which is to         be entered into the program.                                                                                                                    (ctrl enter) - Same function as enter but prevents the program          from calculating the main equations when appropriate.                                                                                           (ctrl Q) - Quit entry, erase information and return back into           the program.  Used to return to program if the wrong command            was typed.  "The universal quit".                                                                                                               (alt 1) - Fill current line to end with spaces (if necessary)           and move cursor to the next line.  Used to provide the                  "carriage return" function in the text edit mode.                                                                                               (alt 2) - Split line at cursor.                                         To insert a blank line, position cursor on start of line and            type (alt 2). Line is inserted before cursor.                                                                                                   (alt -)  Join function. Cursor must be on space (blank).                The opposite of the split function (alt 2). Removes the cursor          blank and all following blanks up to first non-blank character          across the entire text.                                                                                                                         (alt 3) - Add all remaining lines and fill with spaces.  This           is essentially full-screen edit because information can be              enter anywhere in the allowed field.                                                                                                            (alt 4) - Toggle to previous calculation or text stored in the          immediate calculation text stack and replace current text.              Note:  If a mistake occurs, type (ctrl Q) to exit.  The imm             calc text stack is updated with information from the immediate          calculation, command |.                                                                                                                         (alt 5) - Toggle in opposite direction to that of (alt 4).                                                                                      (alt 6) - Insert the entire text of the immediate calculation           text stack before the cursor.                                                                                                                   (alt 7) - Replace current text with entire contents of                  immediate calculation text stack.                                                                                                               (alt 8) - Clear all text from immediate calculation text stack.                                                                                 (alt 9) - Insert the text of the last immediate calculation             before the cursor.  The immediate calculation is command |.                                                                            ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ EQUATION ENTRY └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.01    Entering Equations Into the Program                             ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 An equation or a series of equations is entered into the                program in response to the prompt "-- ?  Equation(s) -->".              While the screen is displaying the equations, type (F6) or              "!/".  Use the edit keys, as discussed above, to enter the              equations.  In particular note that the "(end esc)" key clears          the screen.  Following a successful evaluation of the                   equations, the program will prompt "-- ?  Comment -->".  At             this time a comment can be added to describes the equations,            their use, meaning of of variables, etc.  Double quote marks            are required to preserve string spacing.  To clear away an old          comment type (end esc) "" (enter).  The "" signifies an empty           or null character string.  To enter three equations, one might          type (F6) then:                                                                                                                                 (end esc) y1=a+b+c y2=a-b-c y3=a-b+c (enter)                                                                                                    Next, to enter a comment, one might type:                                                                                                       (end esc) "Three equations with three unknowns." (enter)                                                                                        Note:  The string does not have to be enclosed in quotes,               however if quotes are used, make sure that there are 2 -- one           at each end!                                                                                                                                    If one enters equations without any independent variables, then         the program will perform the calculations and prompt "?                 Equation(s)".  For example, one can enter a series of                   equations:                                                                                                                                      (end esc) y1=1+2+3 y2=1-2-3 y3=1-2+3 (enter)                                                                                                    The values of y1, y2 and y3 are remember and can be referenced          in the next calculation.  For example:                                                                                                          (end esc) y1=y1-10 y2=y2-20 y3=y3-30 (enter)                                                                                                    Also, more than one calculation can be performed if expressions         are enclosed in parentheses.  For example:                                                                                                      (end esc) (1-45) (23+45+67) (sqr(4/98)) (enter)                                                                                                 Use the (ctrl Q) keys to abruptly and immediately terminate             anything!                                                                                                                              ╒═══════════════════╕                                                   │ WRITING EQUATIONS └───────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.03    Writing Equations: Definition of Terms                          ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Before any further discussion of equations and their                    evaluation, the user should become familiar with the following          terms:                                                                                                                                          ■ EQUATION:  A symbolic recipe for calculating a number                 associated with a dependent variable.  An equation consists of          a dependent variable followed by an equal sign and ending with          a series of mathematical operations involving constants,                independent variables, functions and dependent variables.  An           INCONSISTENT EQUATION is one in which the final value of the            dependent variable depends on its initial value in some way.            Counters, such as COUNT=COUNT+1, and summers, such as                   TOTAL=TOTAL+X, are good examples.                                                                                                               ■ DEPENDENT VARIABLE:  A name, beginning with a letter, which           identifies a variable whose value is calculated.  The dependent         variable usually appears to the left of the equal sign but it           may also appear to the right in certain cases.  Each equation           must have a unique name for its dependent variable.                                                                                             ■ INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:  A name, beginning with a letter, which         identifies a variable whose value is assigned.  The value of an         independent variable usually does not change as the result of a         calculation.  An independent variable always appears to the             right of the equal sign.                                                                                                                        ■ STORAGE VARIABLE:  A variable which is used similarly to an           independent variable and is created as the result of an                 assignment statement.  For example, an assignment statement             might be PI=3.1415926 and an equation using PI might be                 AREA=PI*RADIUS^2.  The values of the storage variables are              saved independently of the dependent and independent variables.                                                                                 ■ CONSTANT:  A number whose value is explicitly defined and             does not ever change.  Numbers may be in the integer format (no         decimal point), decimal format or floating (exponential)                format.  Some examples are:                                                                                                                     INTEGER:  -50, 100, 0                                                                                                                           DECIMAL:  -49.95, 99.67, 0.0                                                                                                                    FLOATING or EXPONENTIAL:  -1E-3, 1.674E+6, 0.0E0, 3.2D-3 Note:          E-3 or D-3 means 10^-3                                                                                                                          ■ FUNCTION:  A special mathematical recipe that has an argument         enclosed in parentheses.  A special number is calculated from           the value of the argument.  See help file for more details.             For example:                                                                                                                                    E=M*C^2 AVERAGE=(ITEM1+ITEM2)/ABS(N) Y=3*COS(X)^2-1                                                                                                     Dependent variables: E, AVERAGE, Y                                      Constants: 2, 3, 1                                                      Independent variables: M, C, ITEM1, ITEM2, N, X                         Functions: ABS(...), COS(...)                                           Math operations: * (multiplication), ^ (power),                                          + (addition), / (division)                                              - (subtraction)                                                                                                        Note:  Parentheses specify the order of the calculation.                                                                                        All equations begin with a dependent variable, whose value is           calculated by the equation.  The dependent variable is followed         by an equal sign "=".  Following the "=" sign are a collection          of constants, independent variables, dependent variables and            functions.  Pairs of parentheses are used to group terms and to         specify the the order of a given calculation, especially when           the desired order opposes the default priorities discussed              below.  More than one equation can be entered in response to            the "?  Equation(s)" prompt.  If you enter more than one                equation, you should be careful with the use of spaces!  The            equations, including spaces, cannot exceed 1840 characters (23          lines).                                                                                                                                         An example of a group of equations is:                                                                                                                        H=1+C*R1*R2/(R1+R2)                                                     A=20*LOG(X^(2*Y))                                                       E=P*(A-D)/2                                                             REL_MIN=SQR(1+DMIN^2)                                                   EMAX[Q]=-LOG10(SQR(1-Q^2))                                                                                                           Dependent variables: H, A, E, REL_MIN, EMAX[Q]                          Constants: 1, 20, 2                                                     Independent variables: C, R1, R2, X, Y, A, D,                                                  DMIN, Q                                          Functions: LOG(...), SQR(...), LOG10(...)                               Math operations:  + (addition),                                                           * (multiplication),                                                     / (division), ^ (power)                                                 - (subtraction), - (negation)                                                                                     ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ EQUATION RULES └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.10     Rules for Writing Algebraic Expressions, Formulas                            and Equations                                             ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Algebraic expressions, formulas and equations are virtually             identical mathematically and will all be collectively called            "equations" in this Manual.  The rules for writing equations            are fairly universal.  Equations are entered using the                  conventions found in the BASIC computer language.  In                   particular, the user should note that an implied multiplication         is not allowed.  Thus AB would be interpreted as a variable             name and A*B, as multiplication.  Also, operations of equal             priority always execute from left to right.  The rules are:                                                                                     ■ All variable names must begin with either an English capital          letter.  (Lower case letters will be converted to upper case)           or a Greek letter such as α, ß, Γ, π, Σ, σ, µ, τ, Φ, Θ, Ω, or           δ.  To enter these Greek letters use the keypad numbers.  Hold          down the (alt) key and type the following ASCII codes on the            keypad and then release the (alt) key.  α 224, ß 225, Γ 226, π          227, Σ 228, σ 229, µ 230, τ 231, Φ 232, Θ 233, Ω 234, δ 235.            Variable names such as AMAX, EMIN, TIME_OF_DAY, F[T] are ok but         123ABC is invalid.  The remaining characters can be any ASCII           characters with values greater than ASCII 32 which is the               "(space)".  For example, "R║" and "R┴" may be used to define            variables where the ║ (ASCII 186) conveys "parallel" and the ┴          (ASCII 193) conveys "perpendicular".  If an embedded space is           desired, use ASCII 255 which is the "alternate" blank.  Note,           the "normal" space (ASCII 32) is a separator.                                                                                                   ■ Variable names can be any length of characters but only the           first 8 are significant.  Thus variable names such as MINIMUM_,         MINIMUM_HEIGHT, MINIMUM_VALUE and MINIMUM_LENGTH are all                equivalent.                                                                                                                                     ■ Variable names must be different from the names of the                intrinsic functions described above.  Thus Y=SINZ+LOGQ would be         ok but Y=SINH*LOG is invalid because SINH and LOG are the names         of intrinsic functions.  The names of the intrinsic functions           are reserved words.  Don't use them for the names of variables!                                                                                 ■ Equations must begin with the name of a single dependent              variable.  If a group of equations is entered, each equation            must have a dependent variable with a unique, different and             allowed name.  For example, Y1=A+B Y2=A-B not Y=A+B Y=A-B.                                                                                      ■ The dependent variable must be followed by an equal sign and          the remainder of the equation.  Intervening spaces are ok.  For         example:  Y=M*X+B not Y-B=M*X.  Operations are not allowed to           the left of the equal sign.  See other rules below.                                                                                             ■ Spaces and commas are allowed within the equation(s).  Most           are ignored and removed by the program.  Use them in numbers            for ease of entry:  1,000,000 or 1 000 000 or 1000000.  Y =             2,000 * ( X + 3 0 * Z ) is equivalent to Y=2000*(X+30*Z).  If           exponential notation is used in a number then the "E" or "D"            must immediately follow the last digit of the number.  Thus,            1.45E-2, 1 .  4 5E - 2 and 1.45E -2 are equivalent but 1.45 E-2         signifies two equations:  The first contains the number 1.45            and the second, the variable E minus 2.  Separate all equations         by at least one space.                                                                                                                          ■ There must be at least one constant, independent variable or          dependent variable to the right of the equal sign.  For                 Example:  Y=3, Z=X, W=SIN(0.7), A=A+1.  A single equation with          only constants to the right of the equal sign, such as                  Y=SQR(4)+ABS(-3), is calculated and then the program prompts            for a new equation.                                                                                                                             ■ Parentheses must always be matched.  They must always occur           in pairs.  For example:  Y=(3*X)-2 and Y=3*(X-2) not                    Y=LOG(SQR(1-X^2).                                                                                                                               ■ An empty pair of parentheses is not allowed.  Y=SIN() and             Y=3+()-4 are not allowed.                                                                                                                       ■ Independent variables with the same names, that are used in           different equations, always share the same memory locations.            Their values are always in common to all equations.  To make an         independent variable unique, it should be given a unique name.                                                                                  ■ If a group of equations is entered, the first equation is the         "nearest to start" of the string and the last equation is the           "nearest to end".  Calculations proceed from the first equation         to the last.  For example, a group of equations might be:                                                                                                     N=N+1                                                                   YTOTAL=YTOTAL+X                                                         YAVE=YTOTAL/N                                                                                                                     Each time that a calculation is made, the following happens.            The current value of N, a counter, will be increased by 1.  To          the current value of YTOTAL is added the value of X.  The               average value, YAVE, is calculated as YTOTAL divided by N.  "N"         and "YTOTAL" are termed inconsistent equations because they do          not represent math equalities.                                                                                                         ╒═════════════╕                                                         │ PARENTHESES └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.15    Rules for Evaluation of Parentheses                             ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 ■ Nested parentheses, that is, parentheses within parentheses,          are evaluated from innermost to outermost matched pairs.  For           example, if Y=ABS(5+LOG10(3*X+2)-6) then 3*X+2 would be                 performed first, then 5+LOG10(..)+6, then ABS(...).  If                 Y=(((X+1)/2)*3)+4, then X+1 would be performed first, then /2,          then *3, then +4.                                                                                                                               ■ Matched parentheses are always evaluated from left to right.          For example:  if Y=(3+X)+(4-X)/(X^2-1) then 3+X would be                performed first followed by 4-X and X^2-1.  Finally, the                results of the last two parentheses would be divided and that           result added to the first parentheses.                                                                                                          ■ The maximum number of pairs of parentheses in any equation is         128 and parentheses may be nested in any depth up to 128.                                                                              ╒════════════════════╕                                                  │ BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.20    Rules for Evaluation of Intrinsic Functions                     ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 ■ The names of the intrinsic functions are reserved words and           these names cannot be used as the names of variables.  For              example, Y=SIN(X) is ok but Y=SIN+X is not allowed.                                                                                             ■ Operations within a function are always performed prior to            the evaluation of that function.  For example if Y=SIN(2*PI*X)          then the order of evaluation would be 2*PI*X and then SIN(...).                                                                                 ■ Nested functions are always evaluated from innermost to               outermost function.  For example if Y=LOG(ABS(SIN(X))) then the         order of evaluation would be SIN(...) then ABS(...) then                LOG(...).                                                                                                                                       ■ Functions are evaluated from left to right.  For example, if          Y=SIN(X)+COS(X)+LOG(X) then the order of evaluation would be            SIN(...) then COS(...) then LOG(...).                                                                                                  ╒═════════════════╕                                                     │ MATH OPERATIONS └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.25    Rules for Evaluation of Mathematical Operations                 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                              ■  Highest priority: power (exponentiation)    Y=X^2                                         leading negation          Y=-X                                          multiplication, division  Y=3*X, Y=X/4                lowest priority:   addition, subtraction     Y=X+10, Y=X-7                                                                                   ■  Operations of the same priority are evaluated from left to              right.  For example:                                                                                                                                    Y=2^2^3       (=64, not 256!)                                           Y=8+4/4-2*5   (=-1, not 5!)                                             Y=-4^2        (=-16, not 16!)                                           Y=2+4*2^2/4   (=6, not 36!)                                                                                                          ■  Parentheses can be used to change the order of mathematical             operations.  For example:                                                                                                                               Y=2^(2^3)         (=256, not 64!)                                       Y=((8+4)/4-2)*5   (=5, not -1!)                                         Y=(-4)^2          (=16, not -16!)                                       Y=((2+4)*2)^2/4   (=36, not 6!)                                                                                                      ■  Redundant or superfluous operations will be simplified and/or           eliminated from the equations.  These operations usually                include multiple combinations of the "+" and "-" with                   themselves or other operators.  For example:                                                                                                            Y=-+A or Y=+-A --> Y=-A                                                 Y=--A or Y=++A --> Y=A                                                  Y=A^-+2 or Y=A^+-2 --> Y=A^-2                                           Y=10/+A --> Y=10/A                                                      Y=A*+50 --> Y=A*50                                                      Y=-+-+-+A --> Y=-A                                                                                                             ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ MATH FUNCTIONS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.30    Glossary of Intrinsic MATH FUNCTIONS and Function                            Operators                                                  ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The program contains intrinsic mathematical functions which             perform well-know calculations based on the value of their              arguments.  All functions have names which start with a letter          and contain from 3 to 5 characters.  The name is followed by an         argument which may be a simple constant, a variable or an               expression.  The argument is always enclosed in a matched set           of parentheses.  For example:  Y=SIND(45) has a constant, 45,           as the argument.  Y=ALOG(X) has a variable, X, as the argument.         Y=ABS(4*X-6) has an expression, 4*X-6, as the argument.                 Y=SQR(ABS(X)) has another function, ABS(...), as the argument.                                                                                  Functions are "built in" recipes for performing well-known              mathematical operations which are described below.  The                 argument of a function may be a number or an expression which           is always enclosed in parentheses.  Function operators are 2            letter suffixes attached to numbers.  Thus SIND(45) and 45SD            are equivalent.  Function operators can be attached to any              number except the constants in equations entered in response to         the prompt "-- ?  Equation(s) -->".  There are one-to-one               correspondences between functions and operators.  The allowed           functions and function operators and their uses are:                                                                                         Op  Function                Purpose                                                                                                             AB  ABS(X)  The absolute value of X. If X > or = 0 then ABS(X)=X,                   but if X<0 then ABS(X)=-X.                                              op:  -5AB   10AB   -20AB                                                func: Y=ABS(-5), Y=5.  Y=ABS(10), Y=10                                                                                              OC  ACOS(X)  The inverse cosine of X.  The result is in radians.                     ABS(X) must always be < or = to 1.0.                                   op:  1OS  0OC  .5OC                                                     func: Y=ACOS(1), Y=0.  Y=ACOS(0), Y=1.570796                                                                                        DC  ACOSD(X)  The inverse cosine of X.  The result is in degrees.                     ABS(X) must always be < or = to 1.0.                                    op: 1DC  0DC  -.61DC                                                    func: Y=ACOSD(1), Y=0.  Y=ACOSD(0), Y=90                                                                                          HC  ACOSH(X)  The inverse hyperbolic cosine of X.                                     X must always be > or = to 1.0.                                         op: 1.54308HC  1HC  2HC                                                 func: Y=ACOSH(1.54308), Y=1.  Y=ACOSH(1), Y=0                                                                                     IS  ASIN(X)  The inverse sine of X.  The result is in radians.                       ABS(X) must always be < or = to 1.0.                                    op: 1IS  0IS   .707IS                                                   func: Y=ASIN(1), Y=1.570796.  Y=ACOS(0), Y=0                                                                                       DS  ASIND(X)  The inverse sine of X.  The result is in degrees.                       ABS(X) must always be < or = to 1.0.                                    op: 1DS  0DS   .707DS                                                   func: Y=ASIND(1), Y=90.  Y=ASIND(0), Y=0                                                                                          HS  ASINH(X)  The inverse hyperbolic sine of X.                                       op: 1.17520HS  0HS  1.5HS                                               func: Y=ASINH(1.17520), Y=1.  Y=ASINH(0), Y=0                                                                                     AT  ATAN(X)  The inverse tangent of X.  The result is in radians.                    op: 1AT  0AT  2AT                                                       func: Y=ATAN(1), Y=.7853982.  Y=ATAN(0), Y=0.                                                                                      DT  ATAND(X)  The inverse tangent of X. The result is in degrees.                     op: 1DT  0DT  2DT                                                       func: Y=ATAND(1), Y=45.  Y=ATAND(0), Y=0                                                                                          HT  ATANH(X)  The inverse hyperbolic tangent of X.                                    X must always be > -1.0 and < 1.0                                       op: 0.76159HT  0HT  -.435HT                                             func: Y=ATANH(0.76159), Y=1.  Y=ATANH(0), Y=0                                                                                     CI  CINT(X)  Convert X to an integer by rounding. The absolute                       value of X must always be less than 1E16 for this                       to be a meaningful calculation.                                         op: -5.75CI  12.65CI  4.567CI                                           func: Y=CINT(-5.75), Y=-6.  Y=CINT(12.65), Y=13.                                                                                   CO  COS(X)  The cosine of X.  X is in radians.                                      op: 0CO  1.7CO   -.567CO                                                func: Y=COS(0), Y=1.  Y=COS(1.570796), Y=0.                                                                                         CD  COSD(X)  The cosine of X.  X is in degrees.                                      op: 0CD  90CD  45CD                                                     func: Y=COSD(0), Y=1.  Y=COSD(90), Y=0                                                                                             CH  COSH(X)  The hyperbolic cosine of X.                                             op: 1CH  0CH  0.567CH                                                   func: Y=COSH(1), Y=1.54308.  Y=COSH(0), Y=1                                                                                        DE  DECM(X)  The signed decimal fraction of the number X                             with no rounding.                                                       op: -123.456DE  456.789DE   789.123DE                                   func: Y=DECM(-123.456), Y=-.456                                               Y=DECM(456.789), Y=.789                                           Can be used to calculate the MOD(X) to base Z which                     may be decimal. Use Y=Z*DECM(X/Z).                                      Y=16*DECM(19/16), Y=3   Y=.5*DECM(1.3/.5), Y=.3                                                                                    EX  EXP(X)  The natural or Naperian antilog, base "e".                              op: 1EX  0EX   .51534EX                                                 func: Y=EXP(1), Y=2.71828.  Y=EXP(0), Y=1.                                                                                          FA  FACT(X)  Factorial of X. X may be a signed integer or                            decimal. FACT(6) = 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 *1                                           X=0, FACT(0)=1                                                          X>0, FACT(X)= X*(X-1)*(X-2)....*1                                       X<0, FACT(X)= X*(X+1)*(X+2)....*-1                            op: 4FA=24, -4FA=24, 3FA=6, -3FA=-6, 0FA=1, 1FA=1                           -3.3FA=-9.867,  -4.3FA=+42.4281                                     func: Y=FACT(4), Y=24.  Y=FACT(-3), Y=-6.                                                                                          FI  FIX(X)  Truncate X to an integer. No rounding.  The                             value of X must always be less than 1E16                                for this to be a meaningful calculation.                                op: -5.75FI  12.65FI  4.567FI                                           func: Y=FIX(2.3), Y=2.  Y=FIX(-56.70), Y=-56.                                                                                       LN  LOG(X)  The natural or Naperian log of X.                                       X must be greater than 0.0                                              op: 2.71828LN  1LN   6.784LN                                            func: Y=LOG(2.71828), Y=1.  Y=LOG(1), Y=0.                                                                                          LG  LOG10(X)  The log, base 10, of X.  X must be > 0.0.                               op: 10LG  1LG   1002LG                                                  func: Y=LOG10(10), Y=1.  Y=LOG10(1), Y=0.                                                                                         NZ  NZE(X)  The "not zero" function. If X=0 then X=10^-30,                          a very small number.  Useful in division to prevent                     divide by zero errors.                                                  op: 0NZ  1NZ   .000001NZ                                                func: Y=NZE(0), Y=1D-30  Y=NZE(1D-15), Y=1D-15                                                                                      RA  RAND(X)  Generates a random number from 0 to 1.                                  The argument X controls the seeding:                                    X<0 reseeds the random number generator.                                X=0 repeats the last number generate.                                   X>0 generates the next number in the sequence.                          op:    -1RA, new sequence.                                                      1RA, generates the next random number.                          func: Y=RAND(-1), new sequence.                                               Y=RAND(1), generates the next random number.                                                                                 RN  RND(X)  Round the number X to two decimal places.  Useful                       in financial calculations in order to round decimal                     fractions to cents.                                                     op: 123.456RN  -123.543RN   735.196RN                                   func: Y=RND(123.456), Y=123.46                                                Y=RND(-123.543), Y=-123.54                                        To round to other numbers of decimal digits, use the                    function CINT.  For example, to round X to 3 decimal                    places use CINT(1000*X)/1000.                                                                                                       SF  SFACT(X)  "Skip" factorial of X. X may be a signed integer or                     decimal. Similar to FACT(X) except decrement is by                      2.0. If X is an even integer than SFACT(X) is the                       product of the even integers and if X is an odd                         integer than SFACT(X) is the product of the odd                         integers.                                                               SFACT(6) = 6 * 4 * 2, SFACT(7) = 7 * 5 * 3 * 1                                 X=0, SFACT(0)=1                                                         X>0, SFACT(X)= X*(X-2)*(X-4)....*(1 or 2)                               X<0, FACT(X)= X*(X+2)*(X+4)....*(-1 or -2)                       op: 6SF=48, -5SF=-15, 3SF=3, -3SF=3, 0SF=1, 1SF=1                          -3.3SF=+4.29,  -5.3SF=-22.737                                        func: Y=SFACT(8), Y=384.  Y=SFACT(-7), Y=105.                                                                                     SG  SIGN(X)  Returns the sign of the argument X.                                     op: -123SG  0SG   256SG                                                 func: Y=SIGN(-123), Y=-1. Y=SIGN(0), Y=0.                                     Y=SIGN(256), Y=1.                                                                                                            SI  SIN(X)  The sine of X.  X is in radians.                                        op: 0SI  1.085SI   .657SI                                               func: Y=SIN(0), Y=0.  Y=SIN(1.570796), Y=1.                                                                                         SC  SINC(X)  The sinc function ( SIN(X)/X ) of X.                                   op: 0SI  3.0SC   -9.9SC                                                 func: Y=SINC(0), Y=1.  Y=SINC(4.9), Y=-0.200501                                                                                     SD  SIND(X)  The sine of X.  X is in degrees.                                        op: 0SD  90SD   45SD                                                    func: Y=SIND(0), Y=0.  Y=SIND(90), Y=1                                                                                             SH  SINH(X)  The hyperbolic sine of X.                                               op: 1SH  0SH    .56123SH                                                func: Y=SINH(1), Y=1.17520.  Y=SINH(0), Y=0                                                                                        SQ  SQR(X)  The square root of the argument X.                                      X must be > or = to 0.0                                                 op: 144SQ  100SQ    256SQ                                               func: Y=SQR(144), Y=12.  Y=SQR(100), Y=10.                                                                                          SN  SUMN(X) Summation of integers with sign. 0+1+2+3+...+X.                         If X<0 then SUMN(X)<0. If X is decimal than                             SUMN(X) is intermediate between nearest integers.                       op: 5SN   -6SN    5.5SN                                                 func: Y=SUMN(5), Y=15. Y=SUMN(6), Y=21.                                       Y=SUMN(5.5), Y=17.875.                                                                                                        TA  TAN(X)  The tangent of X.  X is in radians.                                     op: .815TA  0TA    .312TA                                               func: Y=TAN(3.15193/4), Y=1.  Y=TAN(0), Y=0.                                                                                        TD  TAND(X)  The tangent of X.  X is in degrees.                                     op: 45TD  0TD    60TD                                                   func: Y=TAND(45), Y=1.  Y=TAND(0), Y=0                                                                                             TH  TANH(X)  The hyperbolic tangent of X.                                            op: 1TH  0TH    .3765TH                                                 func: Y=TANH(1), Y=0.76159.  Y=TANH(0), Y=0                                                                                        UI  UIF(X)  The unit impulse (delta) function of X.  If X = 0 then                  UIF(X)=1 or if X < 0 or X > 0 then UIF(X)=0.                            op: 0UI  6UI   -56UI                                                    func: Y=UIF(3), Y=0.  Y=USF(X-6), X=6, Y=1, X=5, Y=0.                                                                               UR  URF(X)  The unit ramp function of X.  If X > 0 then                             URF(X)=X or if X < 0 or X = 0 then URF(X)=0.                            op: 0UR  6UR   -56UR                                                    func: Y=URF(3), Y=3.  Y=URF(X-6), X=6, Y=0, X=5, Y=0.                                                                               US  USF(X)  The unit step function of X.  If X > 0 or X = 0 then                    USF(X)=1 or if X < 0 then USF(X)=0.                                     op: 3US  -6US   -56US                                                   func: Y=USF(3), Y=1.  Y=USF(X-6), X=7, Y=1, X=5, Y=0.                                                                         ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ NUMBER FORMATS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.40    Numbers: Format-free, Examples of Formats                       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Numbers can be entered in many convenient forms which usually           depend on their magnitudes.                                                                                                                     ■ DECIMALS:  0.567, -.903                                                                                                                       ■ FRACTIONS:  1/4, -45/64, 16/4                                                                                                                 ■ INTEGERS:  -1, 2, -123                                                                                                                        ■ FLOATING POINT:  1.2E3, 1.2e3, -123e-2, 1.2D4, 34d1                                                                                           (Note:  E means 10^ thus 1E2 equal 1*10^2 or 100 and usage of           "E" and "D" are equivalent.  Thus 1E2 and 1D2 are identical.            Maximum FP value of 1E+25. FP numbers with exponents greater            than +25 will be ignored.)                                                                                                                      Numbers can also be entered as the result of a mathematical             expression:  (34+45)/2, (10+34+56+78)*45, 2*COSD(30)-.467 and           so.                                                                                                                                             Commas and spaces within numbers are ignored.  Thus 1,002 and 1         002 and 1002 are all equivalent.  Also 18.89 and 1,8.8,9 and 1          8 .  8 9 and 1,,,8 .,,,,8 9 and so on are also equivalent.                                                                                      Numbers can also include references to previously defined               variables.  For example:  PAYMT$-100, PRINCPL$+100.                                                                                             Numbers can also have function operators attached:  45SD,               3*60CD-1/3 and so on.                                                                                                                  ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ DECIMAL DIGITS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.42    Controlling the Number of Decimal Digits                        ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The number of significant decimal digits shown in the main              equation display can be controlled in two ways:  globally with          the 'DEC apostrophe command and locally for any variable by             appending the decimal operator to dependent and independent             variable name.  The 'DEC apostrophe command sets the default            number of decimal digits.  For example, 'DEC 2 (enter) would            specify 2 decimal digits.  Global defaults also apply to the            displayed values of the storage variables and numbers displayed         on the plot.                                                                                                                                    A variable such as "A" will display up to 7 decimal digits in           single precision and up to 16 in double precision.  Appending a         period followed by an integer from 0 to 16 to the end of the            variable name will result in from 0 to 16 decimal digits being          displayed.  However, the internal representation of the number          always has full 16 digit resolution.  for example, if A                 =7.123456789012345 then a variable A.1 would display 7.1, A.2,          7.12, ...., A.14, 7.1234567890123 (if double precision display)         and so on.  A.0 or A.  would round out the decimal and display          7.  The decimal operator overrides the global default.                                                                                          The variable names are now A.1, A.2, ....  and they must be             referenced that way.  For example, a.3=2*x-67.                                                                                                  The decimal operator is most useful for dependent variables             since it can be used to display more digits when a lower value          has been globally set with the 'DEC apostrophe command.                                                                                         As with the foreground and background colors, the global value          of the decimal digits is saved with the equations and remains           in effect when new equations are read into the program.                                                                                ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ PROGRAM LIMITS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.45    Maximum Number of Equations, Variables and Constants            ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 ■ The maximum number of equations that may be entered is 63.            For 61 to 63 equations, there is a maximum of 3 independent             vars and the comment is not displayed.  For 58 to 60 equations,         6 ind vars.  For 1 to 3 equations, 63 independent vars, etc.            The equations and ind vars must add up to 64 to 66 or less.             The equation(s) can contain a maximum of 1840 characters (23            lines).  The maximum number of operations such as additions,            multiplications, etc.  is approximately 1000.  "% USE" is the           percentage of codespace in use and is displayed after the               program name/version.  About 12 operations equal 1 %.  If % USE         exceeds 99% then immediate calculations may not have sufficient         codespace.                                                                                                                                      ■ The maximum number of dependent and independent variables is          66.  The maximum number of storage variables is 256.  Note:             With storage variables, 63 equations with 259 independent               variables can be entered if the storage variables are first             defined.  Only 3 independent variables can be displayed.  Three         or less equations can contain up to 319 variables:  63                  independent variables and 256 storage vars.                                                                                                     ■ The minimum number of constants is 256 and the maximum number         is (322-[total number of variables]).  For example, if there            are 2 dependent and 2 independent variables, then there can be          a maximum of (322-[2+2])=318 constants.                                                                                                ╒═══════════════════╕                                                   │ ERROR EXPLANATION └───────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        2.50    Errors During Equation Evaluation and Elsewhere                 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The program will evaluate the equations by the rules and                regulations discussed above.  If an error is detected, then the         program will display the location of the error in the equation          and a brief error comment describing its nature.  Type any key          to continue the program.  The user should correct these errors          and evaluate the equations again.  An equation-error summary          can be found within this help file.                                                                                                             Other errors, particularly overflows, may cause the program to          display the EXEC ERROR message and return to the "?                     Equation(s)" prompt.  Type (enter) to return to the main                equation display.  Record the error # and line number and               report it!  See below.                                                                                                                 ╒══════════════════╕                                                    │ DIRECTORY SCREEN └───────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         3.01    Directory Screen: Commands During Display                       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The asterisk commands:  * or (F7), !* and @* are used to                generate a directory of 1) equation files with the default              extension of .EQU, 2) storage files with the default extension          of .STO or 3) application help files with the default extension         of .HLP, respectively.  A path for the location of the                  directory can be specified.  If the desired directory is the            current one, simply type (enter) at the prompt or (end esc) ""          (enter) to clear any existing path.  The extensions of the              files need not be the default ones (.equ, .sto or .hlp).                However, the selected file will always be loaded as EQU, STO or         HLP depending on what asterisk command was used.  The directory         does not use the DOS SHELL and COMMAND.COM is not required in           any directory.  PATH descriptions can be the same as for the            DOS DIR command.  Note:  If a filename is used then it must end         in a period or the default extension is used and and if there           is no extension then the default extension will always be used.         Wildcards "*" and "?" can be used.  Some paths might be:  \CALC         \CALC\ANALYSIS \CALC\data???  FORMULA??.  *.DAT and so on.  To          search for all files beginning with the letter "a", only, enter         a path like \CALC\A* and so on.  A summary of the commands used         to locate and select a file follow:  Note:  If less than 8              filenames, some commands have no function.  If more than 192            files, then only the last 192 are listed.                                                                                              -> move to first file name of current row                                                                                                                (home) - Move highlighted cursor to column 1, the first file of         a row                                                                                                                                  -> move to first file of first row                                                                                                                       (ctrl) (home) - Move cursor to column 1, row 1, the first file.                                                                        -> move to last file of current row                                                                                                                      (end) - Move cursor to column 8 of the current row, if                  possible.                                                                                                                              -> move to last file of last row                                                                                                                         (ctrl) (end) - Move cursor to column 8, last row, if possible.                                                                         -> move to top file of current column                                                                                                                    (PgUp) - Move cursor to top row of current column.                                                                                     -> move to bottom file of current column                                                                                                                 (PgDn) - Move cursor to bottom row of current column.                                                                                  -> move cursor to next file                                                                                                                              (cursor) (right) or (tab) - Move cursor to next file.                                                                                  -> move cursor to previous file                                                                                                                          (cursor) (left) or (backspace) - move cursor backwards.                                                                                -> move up by one row                                                                                                                                    (cursor) (up) - move cursor up one file in a column.                                                                                   -> move down by one row                                                                                                                                  (cursor) (Dn) - move down one file in a column.                                                                                        -> return info on highlighted file                                                                                                                       (space) - returns date and other file info for .EQU files only.         Displays date (saved with equations) and approx.  68 characters         of comment and equations (if comment is less than 68                    characters).                                                                                                                           -> new path prompt                                                                                                                                       \ - Prompt for new path description.  Use (end esc) "" (enter)          to clear the old name.                                                                                                                 -> exit directory screen to main equation screen                                                                                                         (esc) or (ctrl Q) - exit from directory to main equation                display                                                                                                                                -> choose a file                                                                                                                                         (enter) - Select file and load as EQU, STO or HLP.                                                                                     -> search names by first letter                                                                                                                          letters and other characters - jump to next filename starting           with that character, if possible.                                                                                                      ╒═══════════════╕                                                       │ PLOT COMMANDS └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        3.05    Commands Used While Plot Screen is Displayed                    ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Only "active equations" are plotted versus an x-axis which is           one of the independent variables which is designated as a               coordinate variable.  Active equations have dependent vars              followed by a visible "=".  If more than one equation, one must         activate/inactivate equations, as desired, with commands "A"            and "I".  If more than one independent var, one must designate          x-axis coordinate with command "O" or place the cursor on the           desired independent var before typing "P".  A coordinate var            has a ":" following its name.  To plot, in the equations                display type "P".  Enter coordinate range (like from 10 to 20)          for x-axis in form:  10 to 20 (enter) or 10;20 (enter).                                                                                         While in the plot screen, the following letter commands are             active.                                                                                                                                -> display cursor:  C                                                                                                                                   C - Use cursor.  X and Y values of cursor are displayed.                    While ">" is displayed, the following keys are used to                  move it around:                                                                                                                              (Home) - Move cursor to top left corner                                                                                                         (Up Arrow) - Move cursor one small division up                                                                                                  (PgUp) - Move cursor to top right corner                                                                                                        (Left Arrow) - Move cursor one small division to left                                                                                           (Right Arrow) - Move cursor one small division to right                                                                                         (End) - Move cursor to lower left corner (origin)                                                                                               (Down arrow) - Move cursor one small division down                                                                                              (PgDn) - Move cursor to lower right corner.                                                                                                     1 to 9 - Change the increment of cursor movement when the               arrows are used and move the cursor to the right by that                amount.  At entry, default is 1.                                                                                                                ; - designate first and last values for range to be plotted.            After ; is typed the second time, the program will prompt with          the chosen range.  Modify if needed and type (enter) to plot.                                                                                   (ctrl Q) or most other keys - Exit back to plot.                                                                                       -> dump plot screen as text file:  V                                                                                                                     V - Dumps the plot to a text file.  Used to save calculations           or plots for inclusion in reports, etc.  Includes program name,         date/time, equations, comment.  Enter filename in response to           prompt.  Note:  Filenames ending in numeric extensions from             "000" to "999" are automatically incremented each time the              command is used.  Thus, PLOT.001 --> PLOT.002 --> PLOT.003 and          so on.  If file exists, program will ask to "APPEND" or to              "REPLACE".                                                                                                                             -> exit back to equations display:  E   (esc)                                                                                                            Use "E" or "(esc) to exit back to equations display.                                                                                                                                                           -> plot range for x-axis: Use semicolon.                                                                                                                 ; - Set new range for X-axis.  Enter a new range in the form            num1 to num2 or num1;num2.  For example -45 to 123 or -45;123.          If a single number is entered then only the first or last limit         is replaced.  For example, -30 (enter) or -30 to (enter) or             -30; (enter) will only cause -45 to be replaced in -45;123 and          to 106 (enter) or ;106 (enter) will cause only 123 to be                replaced.                                                                                                                              -> shift plot left                                                                                                                                       L - Shift plot to left along X-axis by 1 major scale division                                                                          -> shift plot right                                                                                                                                      R - Shift plot to right along X-axis by 1 major scale division                                                                         -> zoom in                                                                                                                                               N - Move nearer to plot.  Show less of X-axis.                                                                                         -> zoom out                                                                                                                                              F - Move far away from plot.  Show more of the X-axis.                                                                                 ╒════════════════════╕                                                  │ ASTROSOLV COMMANDS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        4.01    Commands Unique to this Program ASOL3.EXE.                      ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        -> Reset active dependent variables to previous values: R                                                                                                Command R is used to restore the active dependent variables to          their values at the time just before the commands S, U or W             were typed.  Use to reset the initial values if a calculation           did not converge and is attempted with a new set of guesses.                                                                           -> Solve active linear simultaneous equations for values of                active independent variables: S                                                                                                                       Command S is used to solve for the values of the active                 independent variables using the values of the active dependent          variables.  Solution by linear method.  Number of active                dependent and independent variables must be equal and 30 or             less of each type.                                                                                                                                                                                             -> Create a table of values indexed to an independent variable: T                                                                                        Command T is used to create a table of values of one or more            active dependent variables indexed to a single independent              variable which is designated as a coordinate (":" following             name).  Calculations are always based on the current values of          the independent variables.  Enter the range of the table to be          listed in the form number1 to number2 or number1;number2.  For          example, 1 to 6 or 1;6.  When more than one coordinate, the             program will list that coordinate on which cursor resides when          "T" is typed.  After entering the table range, next enter the           table increment which must be a positive number.  Values are            calculated by substituting the lower table limit into the               coordinate variable, calculating all active independent                 variables, increasing the coordinant by the increment,                  repeating the calculation, and so on up to the upper table              limit.  The table columns start with the variable names and are         followed by the calculated values.  The coordinate variable and         dependent variables (up to 15) are headers of the columns.                                                                             -> List the table to system printer LPT1: !T                                                                                                             Command !T lists the table to the printer (LPT1:).  While               printing, type any key to speed up.  Use "!P" to set the                printer to nlq mode, if necessary.                                                                                                     -> List the results of the fit to a file: @T                                                                                                             Command @T lists the table to a file for subsequent use such as         generation of a lookup table, inclusion in a report and so on.          Enter range, increment and filename in response to prompts.             For example:  1 to 60, 1, TAB1.TXT (enter).  Program will               automatically increment number extensions.  RESULTS.001 ==>             RESULTS.002 ==> RESULTS.003 and so on.                                                                                                 -> Solve active nonlinear simultaneous equations for values of             active independent variables: U                                                                                                                       Command U is used to "unite" all active dependent variables and         to solve for the values of all active independent variables             such that the values of all active dependent variables are all          equal to the same number.  The active equations are set equal.          Solution by nonlinear method.  Number of active dependent and           independent variables may be unequal and 30 or less of each             type.  Set independent variables to accurate initial guesses.           Type "U".  Enter tolerance.  Typically 0.1 (default) for                accurate guesses and 1.0 or more for inaccurate guesses.                                                                               -> Solve active nonlinear simultaneous equations for values of             active independent variables: W                                                                                                                       Command W is a straight nonlinear solution and is used to solve         for the values of one or more active independent variables              using the values of the active dependent variables.  Solution           by nonlinear method.  Number of active dependent and                    independent variables may be unequal and 30 or less of each             type.  First, set ind vars to accurate initial guesses.  Next           set active dep vars to desired solution.  Type "W".  Enter              tolerance.  Typically 0.1 (default) for accurate guesses and            1.0 or more for inaccurate guesses.                                                                                                    ╒════════════════════════╕                                              │ LINEAR SIMUL EQUATIONS └──────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        4.03    Solving (If possible) Linear Simultaneous Equations.            ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 To solve simultaneous linear equations use subcommand "S".  The         use of this subcommand will be illustrated by an interactive            example intended to illustrate the general procedures only.             The four coefficients A, B, C and D of a third-order polynomial         that passes through four (x,y) points will be determined.  The          third-order polynomials are not linear equations with respect           to the variable X but they are linear with respect to the               coefficients A, B, C and D.  In order to use the subcommand             "S", one must first enter an equation into the program with at          least 1 independent variable.                                                                                                                   Note:  You will frequently start to see apostrophe commands             like 'EQU, 'VAR and 'COM appearing in the helpfile.  The 'EQU           field provides info for the equations display which is loaded           when the highlight bar lights up on the 'EQU line and the "Type         Q...." message appears at the bottom of the screen.  To learn           more about these commands, read the discussion of apostrophe            commands in this helpfile.                                                                                                                    ║ To automatically load these equations, type Q when the ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                     Y1=A+B*X1+C*X1^2+D*X1^3                                                 Y2=A+B*X2+C*X2^2+D*X2^3                                                 Y3=A+B*X3+C*X3^2+D*X3^3                                                 Y4=A+B*X4+C*X4^2+D*X4^3                                                'INA X1 X2 X3 X4                                                        'COM "Type (F1) to return to the helpfile"                                                                                                               If the equations are loaded, then skip to step (4).                                                                                             1) When the Program is displaying the equations screen, type            (F6) or "!/" in order to get the "Equations" prompt.  In                response to the prompt "?  Equation(s)", type:  (end esc)               Y1=A+B*X1+C*X1^2+D*X1^3 Y2=A+B*X2+C*X2^2+D*X2^3                         Y3=A+B*X3+C*X3^2+D*X3^3 Y4=A+B*X4+C*X4^2+D*X4^3 (enter)                                                                                         2) In response to the prompt for a comment Type (end esc) ""            (enter).  Remember to type (F1) to return to this file.                                                                                         3) If necessary, inactivate variables X1, X2, X3 and X4.  Move          the cursor to each variable and type "I".  The equal sign will          disappear.  Note there are 4 equations and there must be 4 and          only 4 unknowns:  A, B, C and D.  If more than 4 equations were         to be entered, inactivate any equation which is supplemental to         the other equations and not actually involved in the problem.           To inactivate an equation move the cursor to that variable and          typing I.  The equal sign will disappear.  The S operations are         not performed on inactive equations but these equations can             still be used as intermediate equations in the calculation of           the active equations.                                                                                                                           4) Set X1, X2, X3 and X4 to desired values and load in the              desired solutions for Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4.                                                                                                      ║ To automatically load these values, type Q when the    ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    'VAR X1=1 X2=2 X3=3 X4=4                                                'VAR Y1=-2 Y2=-23 Y3=-86 Y4=-215                                        'COM                                                                     The four (x,y) data points are (1,-2), (2,-23), (3,-86), (4,-215).  If  necessary, set X1=1, X2=2, X3=3 and X4=4.  Next, set Y1=-2, Y2=-23,     Y3=-86, Y4=-215.  Always set the dependent variables last.  Type S to   solve as a linear system.  The result should be A=1, B=-2, C=3 and      D=-4.  Type (F1) to return to the helpfile                                                                                                              To plot the equations, load the following comment and follow            the directions.                                                                                                                               ║ To automatically load this comment, type Q when the ║                 ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    'COM                                                                     To plot the polynomial, move the cursor to X1 and type P.  In response  to the prompt for the X1 range, type (esc) 1 to 4 (enter).  The Program will plot all 4 equations.  Equation 'a' will pass through all four     (x,y) points.  Note Equations 'b', 'c' and 'd' are constants with       respect to variable X1 and they intersect the 'a' plot at (2,-23),      (3,-86) and (4,-215), respectively.  Type E to exit the plot.  Type     (F1) to return to the helpfile                                                                                                                          Summary of steps to solve linear simultaneous equations:                                                                                        1) Enter the equation(s) and message.  If there are more                independent variables than equations, use "I" to inactivate             excess.  There may be more independent variables than equations         but the number of active independent variables must always              equal the number of active equations for a linear solution.                                                                                     2) Set the active dependent variables to the desired values and         type "S" to attempt a linear solution for the active                    independent variables.  If a linear solution is not found, the          Program will prompt with a warning message.                                                                                            ╒═══════════════════════════╕                                           │ NONLINEAR SIMUL EQUATIONS └───────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        4.05   Solving (If possible) Nonlinear Simultaneous Equations.          ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 To solve nonlinear simultaneous equations either the subcommand         "W" or "U" can be used.  The "W" method is the general                  nonlinear optimization procedure in which 1 or more active              independent variables is solved subject to the constraints of           the values of the active dependent equation.  The "U" method is         a special case of the more general "W" method.  In the "U"              method, the equations are "united" or set equal to each other           and the problem is solved for the best values of the active             independent variables.                                                                                                                          The use of the "W" and "U" nonlinear methods will be                    illustrated with an examples which is intended to illustrate            the general procedures only.  First, three nonlinear equations          Y1, Y2 and Y3 will be solved for three independent variables A,         B and C.  Second, the values of variables A, B and C will be            determined such that Y1=Y2=Y3.  In order to use the commands,           one must enter at least one equation into the Program with at           least one independent variable.  Any equation will do.  Note:                                                                                 ║ To automatically load these equations, type Q when the ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    Y1=A^2+B+C                                                              Y2=A-SQR(ABS(B))+C                                                      Y3=A+B-C^3                                                              'VAR #ALL=0                                                             'COM "Type (F1) to return to the helpfile"                                                                                                               If the equations are loaded, then skip to step (4).                                                                                             1) When the Program is displaying the equations screen, type            (F6) or "!/" in order to get the "Equations" prompt.  In                response to the prompt "?  Equation(s)", type:  (end esc)               Y1=A^2+B+C Y2=A-SQR(ABS(B))+C Y3=A+B-C^3 (enter)                                                                                                2) In response to the prompt for a comment Type (end esc) ""            (enter).  Remember to type (F1) to return to this file.                                                                                         3) Note:  there are 3 equations and there are 3 unknowns:  A,           B, C.  In general, the number of unknowns does not have to              equal the number of equations.  If necessary, inactivate any            independent variables as well as any equations which are                supplemental to the other equations and not actually involved           in the problem.  To inactivate an equation move the cursor to           that variable and typing I.  The equal sign will disappear.             The W operations are not performed on inactive equations but            these equations can still be used as intermediate equations in          the calculation of the active equations.                                                                                                        4) Set the variables A, B and C to reasonable initial                   "guesses".  Enter A=1.5, B=3.5 and C=3.5.  Set the dependent            variables Y1, Y2 and Y3 to the desired solution.  Enter Y1=8,           Y2=2 and Y3=-22.                                                                                                                              ║ To automatically load this comment, type Q when the    ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    'VAR A=1.5 B=3.5 C=3.5 Y1=8 Y2=2 Y3=-22                                 'COM                                                                     If necessary, set the variables A, B and C to reasonable initial        'guesses'.  Enter A=1.5, B=3.5 and C=3.5.  Set the dependent variables  Y1, Y2 and Y3 to the desired solution.  Enter Y1=8, Y2=2 and Y3=-22.    To attempt a nonlinear solution, type W.  In response to the prompt for a tolerance, type (end esc) .1 (enter).  After about 100 iterations,    the program will calculate A as 1 and B as 4 and C as 3.  Type any key  to stop iterations after # 100 or so.  Note the magnitudes of the ERROR and SIG FIGS.  As the solution 'improves', the ERROR will tend toward a minimum and SIG FIGS will grow toward 16.  Type (F1) to return to the   helpfile                                                                                                                                                The W method is the general method of solving for the values of         independent variables.  A variation of this method is the U or          "unite" method.  To solve for Y1=Y2=Y3 follow the same                  procedure as described above.                                                                                                                 ║ To automatically load this comment, type Q when the    ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    'VAR A=1 B=1 C=1                                                        'COM                                                                     If necessary, set A, B and C to reasonable initial guesses.  Enter A=1, B=1 and C=1.  Now type U to unite the active equations.  Enter a        tolerance of 0.1.  After about 100 iterations or so, Y1=Y2=Y3=.824,     A=.849, B=-2.27E-2 and C=.126. Type (F1) to return to the helpfile                                                                                    Summary of steps to solve nonlinear simultaneous equations:                                                                                       1) Enter the equation(s) and message.  Use "I" to inactivate            equations and/or independent variables that are not involved            with the solution.  The number of active independent variables          does not have to equal the number of active equations!                                                                                          2) Set the active independent variables to reasonable initial           "guesses"                                                                                                                                       3) Set the active dependent variables to the desired values and         type "W" or just designate the active equations and type "U".           "W" attempts to optimize the active independent variables for           the specified values of the active equations at the moment "W"          is typed.  "U" attempts the solution where all active equations         are set equal to each other.  Enter a tolerance (0.1 is                 default).                                                                                                                                       4) After ERROR or SIG FIGS is reached, type any key to stop.            Nonlinear equations may not have 0 or many solutions!  You              should have a good idea of what values you are expecting to             calculate, beforehand, if you attempt to solve nonlinear                equations!                                                                                                                             ╒═══════════════════════════╕                                           │ NONLINEAR SIMUL EQUATIONS └───────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        4.10 Shooting a Marble into a Moving Ferris Wheel Car: Solution of                Simultaneous Nonlinear equations                              ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 In this example, a user will calculate the required angle of            elevation of his marble shooter in order for him to shoot his           marble into a moving ferris-wheel car.  A set of simultaneous           nonlinear equations must be solved in order to make                     predictions.                                                                                                                                    The marble shooter is located at the origin of a X-Y coordinate         system.  The ferris wheel is located a distance DWHEEL from the         shooter and has a radius RWHEEL about its center which is a             height of HWHEEL above the ground.  The wheel turns at a speed          of REVS revolutions per second.  A diagram of the problem is            shown below.                                                                                                                           .....................................................................                                                                                                                            FERRIS WHEEL                           path of marble                                           |                                                 |-/--|                |              *   *   *   *   *   *      RWHEEL  |/   |                |            *                        *           /    |                |          *                             *       /|    |                |        *                                 *___/_ |    |                |      *                                    _car_ |    |   HWHEEL       |   /*                                            |    |                |  / /                                            |    |                | / /                                             |    |                |/ /   <-ALPHA (angle of elevation)               |    |                |_/_______________________________________________|____|_____________  x=0                                                  x=DWHEEL           ......................................................................                                                                                   If all distances are in units of feet, all times are in                 seconds, there is no wind to divert the marble and air                  resistance is neglected, then the equations of motion for the           marble and ferris wheel can be shown to be:                                                                                                     XWHEEL = -RWHEEL*SIN(6.28*REVS*T)+DWHEEL                                                                                                        YWHEEL = RWHEEL*COS(6.28*REVS*T)+HWHEEL                                                                                                         XMARBLE = (LSHOOTER+VMARBLE*T)*COSD(ALPHA)                                                                                                      YMARBLE = (LSHOOTER+VMARBLE*T)*SIND(ALPHA)-16.08*T^2                                                                                            DELTAX = XWHEEL-XMARBLE                                                                                                                         DELTAY = YWHEEL-YMARBLE                                                                                                                         where:                                                                                                                                          XWHEEL = horizontal position of ferris-wheel car at time T                                                                                      RWHEEL = radius of wheel                                                                                                                        T = time in seconds reference to the ferris-wheel car being             located at the extreme top of the wheel at T=0                                                                                                  DWHEEL = distance from the bottom of the marble shooter to              directly below the center of the wheel.  The bottom of the              shooter is the origin.                                                                                                                          YWHEEL = vertical position of the ferris wheel car at time T                                                                                    HWHEEL = height of the center of the wheel above ground                                                                                         XMARBLE = horizontal position of marble during its flight               from the marble shooter.  Its initial speed is VMARBLE and              angle of elevation is ALPHA.                                                                                                                    LSHOOTER = length of the barrel of the marble shooter                                                                                           VMARBLE = exit speed of marble in feet/second from marble               shooter                                                                                                                                         ALPHA = angle of elevation of marble shooter in degrees above           the ground                                                                                                                                      YMARBLE = vertical position of marble during its flight from            the marble shooter.  Its initial speed is VMARBLE and angle             of elevation is ALPHA.                                                                                                                          DELTAX = difference in horizontal positions of ferris wheel             car and marble                                                                                                                                  DELTAY = difference in vertical position of ferris wheel car            and marble                                                                                                                                      In this example, the barrel of the marble shooter is 4 feet             long and initially has its elevation angle at 45 degrees.  It           is located 400 feet from directly below the center of the               wheel.  The ferris wheel rotates at 1 revolution in 20 seconds          (.05 revs/sec) and its radius is 40 feet.  The center of the            wheel is 45 feet above the ground.  With the built-in                   propulsion mechanism, the user can shoot the marble such that           its exit speed can reach a maximum speed of 150 feet/sec.                                                                                       If the user shoots the marble out of the shooter at T=0, what           must its angle of elevation be in order for the marble to land          in the car?  At what time T will it land in the car?                                                                                            The user needs to determine ALPHA and T.  The six equations             which govern the motions form a system of nonlinear equations.          The values of ALPHA and T can be determine by numerical methods         if reasonable initial "guesses" for ALPHA and T are supplied.                                                                                   In order to solve the problem, the previously mentioned                 equations need to be loaded into the equation display.                                                                                        ║ To automatically load these equations, type Q when the ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    XWHEEL = -RWHEEL*SIN(6.28*REVS*T)+DWHEEL                                YWHEEL = RWHEEL*COS(6.28*REVS*T)+HWHEEL                                 XMARBLE = (LSHOOTER+VMARBLE*T)*COSD(ALPHA)                              YMARBLE = (LSHOOTER+VMARBLE*T)*SIND(ALPHA)-16.08*T^2                    DELTAX = XWHEEL-XMARBLE                                                 DELTAY = YWHEEL-YMARBLE                                                 'INA XWHEEL YWHEEL XMARBLE YMARBLE DWHEEL HWHEEL LSHOOTER REVS          RWHEEL VMARBLE                                                          'COM                                                                     Shoot marble into ferris wheel car.  T is time in seconds.  Alpha is    angle of elevation of shooter.  Type (F1) to return to the helpfile                                                                                     The screen should appear similar to what is shown below.                                                                               ......................................................................  --- Comment -->  Shoot marble into ferris wheel car.  T is time in      seconds.  Alpha is angle of elevation of shooter.                                                                                                      XWHEEL=-RWHEEL*SIN(6.28*REVS*T)+DWHEEL           XWHEEL    0                                                                                     YWHEEL=RWHEEL*COS(6.28*REVS*T)+HWHEEL           YWHEEL    0                                                                                   XMARBLE=(LSHOOTER+VMARBLE*T)*COSD(ALPHA)         XMARBLE    0                                                                              YMARBLE=(LSHOOTER+VMARBLE*T)*SIND(ALPHA)-16.08*T^2    YMARBLE    0                                                                                             DELTAX=XWHEEL-XMARBLE                   DELTAX =  0                                                                                             DELTAY=YWHEEL-YMARBLE                   DELTAY =  0                                                                             11:24:06        *** Accuracy ?  Warning # 8  ***        12-18-1980                                                                                 ALPHA =  0               DWHEEL    0               HWHEEL    0                                                                               LSHOOTER    0                 REVS    0               RWHEEL    0                                                                                      T =  0              VMARBLE  > 0                                 ......................................................................                                                                                   Active equations and independent variables are designated.              There are six equations; however, only the last two, DELTAX and         DELTAY, determine when the marble lands in the car (at DELTAX=0         and DELTAY=0).  The first four equations should be inactivated          because they calculate intermediate results.  Note:  Inactive           equations do not display the "=" following the name of the              dependent variable.  The program will attempt to solve for the          values of the active independent variables only.  In this case          they are ALPHA and T.  Only ALPHA and T should have their names         followed by "=".  The screen should appear as shown above.                                                                                      At this time, the Program is set up to solve for the values of          ALPHA and T using equations DELTAX and DELTAY.  The marble will         reach the car when DELTAX=0 and DELTAY=0.  The Program will use         numerical methods to determine the values of ALPHA and T that           satisfy these equations starting with "reasonable" initial              values supplied by the user.                                                                                                                    The fit.  The Program will optimize the values of the active            independent variables, whose names are followed by the '='(             ALPHA and T), in order to attempt to minimize the squared error         between the calculated values of the active dependent variables         DELTAX and DELTAY and the desired values of 0.0 and 0.0,                respectively.  The desired values are always the values of the          active dependent variables at the instant the optimization              starts.  Note:  The values of the dependent variables of the            Equations will be calculated if a number is entered or if C is          typed.  Don't type C at this time or enter a value for an               independent variable or the values of DELTAX and DELTAY will no         longer be set to 0.0.                                                                                                                         ║ To automatically load these equations, type Q when the ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    'VAR ALPHA=45 DWHEEL=400 HWHEEL=45                                      LSHOOTER=4 REVS=.05 RWHEEL=40                                           T=0 VMARBLE=150 DELTAX=0 DELTAY=0                                       'COM                                                                     Begin the fit.  Type 'W' to solve the active Equations by nonlinear     methods.  The program will prompt:  Relative tolerance = 0.  The        initial guesses are believed accurate so a tolerance of 0.1 (10%) is    used.  Set the tolerance to 0.1 by typing (end esc) 0.1 (enter).  The   Program will update the parameters after each iteration and display an  error value and an estimate of the number of significant figures.       Watch as the error decreases and the SIG FIGS increase.                 Simultaneously, the values of DELTAX and DELTAY will approach 0.0 and   ALPHA and T will approach the desired solution.  After Iteration # 76,  type any key to stop the fit and type (F1) to return to the help file.                                                                                  Remember, the error indicates the accuracy of the current               values and the SIG FIGS indicates the stability.  It is usually         better to wait for a minimum error and large SIG FIGS.                  However, an error which is considerably less than 1E-16 is              acceptable provided that SIG FIGS is large.  a very low error           is reached, stop the fit.  A good rule is to monitor the error          and allow 20 to 30 Iterations past the point when the error and         significant figures have both become fairly constant at                 acceptable values (in this case SIG FIGS is 4).  While the fit          is in progress, type any key to terminate it.  Following the            optimization for ALPHA and T, the converged (minimum error)             solution should appear similar to that shown below.                                                                                    ......................................................................  --- Comment -->  Shoot marble into ferris wheel car.  T is time in      seconds.  Alpha is angle of elevation of shooter.                                                                                                      XWHEEL=-RWHEEL*SIN(6.28*REVS*T)+DWHEEL       XWHEEL    369.5772                                                                                  YWHEEL=RWHEEL*COS(6.28*REVS*T)+HWHEEL       YWHEEL    70.97021                                                                                XMARBLE=(LSHOOTER+VMARBLE*T)*COSD(ALPHA)      XMARBLE    369.5772                                                                          YMARBLE=(LSHOOTER+VMARBLE*T)*SIND(ALPHA)-16.08*T^2    YMARBLE    70.97                                                                                         DELTAX=XWHEEL-XMARBLE               DELTAX = -1.46E-05                                                                                          DELTAY=YWHEEL-YMARBLE                DELTAY => 1.40E-05                                                                              Iteration # 76   ERROR = 2.030347824645198D-05   SIG FIGS = 4                                                                                 ALPHA =  27.54638        DWHEEL    400             HWHEEL    45                                                                              LSHOOTER    4                 REVS    .05             RWHEEL    40                                                                                     T =  2.752203       VMARBLE    150                               ......................................................................                                                                                   The elevation angle is ALPHA=27.55 degrees.  The marble will            land in the car 2.75 seconds after launch and the car will be           369.6 feet from the marble shooter and 71 feet above the                ground.                                                                                                                                         It may be informative to plot the y-coordinates of the marble           and the ferris wheel car in order to determine if the marble            actually landed in the car or merely struck it and bounced              away.  For the marble to land in the car it must fall from              above into the car.                                                                                                                           ║ To automatically load these equations, type Q when the ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    'INA #DEP                                                               'ACT YWHEEL YMARBLE                                                     'COO T                                                                  'COM                                                                     Plot setup.  The program will plot all ACTIVE equations versus one      independent variable which is designated as a COORDINATE.  In this      case, Equations YWHEEL and YMARBLE are to be plotted vs.  T from T = 2  to T = 3.  If necessary, designate the active equations and the         coordinate.  Active variables has a '=' following their names A         coordinate has its name followed by a ':'.  Type P to plot.  Enter the  range for T as 2 to 3 by typing (end esc) 2 to 3 (enter).  Type E to    exit the plot and type (F1) to return to the help file.                                                                                                 The results of the plot should be similar to what is shown              below.                                                                                                                                 .......................................................................  77.3-bb                                                                     |     *  bd   d   d                                                     |dd         b  b      d   d                                             |                b b          d  d                                      |                     b  b         d                                74.3-                          b b        d                                 |                               b  b      d                             |                                    b b    d          marble falls     |                                         b     d      into car at      |                                             b  bd  <-this time.   71.3-                                                  bd                   |                                                     db b              |                                                       d   b           |                                                         d     b       |                                                           d       68.2-                                                             d         |                                                               d       |                                                                       |                                                                       |                                                                   65.2-                                                                       ||--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|----       2             2.22           2.43           2.65           2.87                         YWHEEL[b] YMARBLE[d]  vs. T                       .......................................................................                                                                                  The active equations are plotted with the symbols "b" and "d"           which represent YWHEEL and YMARBLE, respectively.  It can be            seen from the plot that the "d" points rise above the "b" at            about 2.15 seconds where the marble's height is about 76.7              feet.  Thus, the marble is on its way down when it reaches the          car and it will land in it!                                                                                                            ╒════════════════════════╕                                              │ SIMUL LINEAR EQUATIONS └─────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         4.20 Resource Allocation in an Instrument Company:  Solving                       Simultaneous Linear equations                                 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 This example will show how the resource planners in a small             instrument company can estimate what their current space                allocations must be in order for their company to grow to a             predicted size over a ten year period.  The company planners            will use a mathematical model generated by a consulting firm.           This model has been constructed from known growth patterns of           similarly sized companies.  One must solve simultaneous linear          equations in order to make predictions.                                                                                                         The instrument company allocates space for 6 major functions            which are:  1) demonstration laboratories, 2) research and              engineering labs, 3) office space, 4) storage, 5) warehouse and         6) parking lots.  The current allocations of space are                  predicted to change over a 10 year period by a consulting firm          who has studied the developments of similarly sized companies.          They have supplied the company planners with a Space Allocation         Table which is tabulated below.                                                                                                                                SPACE ALLOCATION TABLE                                                                                                                   Allocations at end of 10 year period                                                                                                             C means current; F, future                                                                                                             D - Demonstration labs, R - Research and engineering labs,                                                                                      O - Office space, S - Storage, W - Warehouse, P - Parking                                                                                                                                                                      CD      CR     CO     CS     CW     CP                                                                                                   FD    .90     .05    .07    .05     0      .05                                                                                                  FR    .04     .90    .05    .05     0      .05                                                                                                  FO    .05     .03    .75    .05    .20     .05                                                                                                  FS    .01     .01    .03    .51    .05      0                                                                                                   FW    0       .01    .05    .30    .60     .05                                                                                                  FP    0        0     .05    .04    .15     .80                               ---      ---    ---    ---    ---     ---                                1        1      1      1      1        1                                                                                                  Each column represents the future distribution of the given             space.  For example, the first column represents the                    demonstration lab space.  If the current allocation is 1 unit,          then 90 % will remain as demonstration labs after 10 years; 4 %         will be converted to research labs; 5 %, to office space; 1 %,          to storage; 0 %, to warehouse space and 0 % to parking.  A              similar breakdown holds for the future space allocations                represented by columns 2 through 6.  Note that all columns must         add up to 1 (or 100 %).                                                                                                                         The company planners want to organize the current space in              accordance with the space-conversion factors so that their              resources can grow to their expectations 10 years from now.             Such early planning is hoped to eventually minimize expensive           conversions and remodeling as the revenue and size of the               instrument company grow.                                                                                                                        The information in the Table can be arranged into 6 equations           which are formulated by summing the conversion factors along            each row.  These six equations are:                                                                                                               FD = .9*CD+.05*CR+.07*CO+.05*CS+.05*CP                                  FR = .04*CD+.9*CR+.05*CO+.05*CS+.05*CP                                  FO = .05*CD+.03*CR+.75*CO+.05*CS+.20*CW+.05*CP                          FS = .01*CD+.01*CR+.03*CO+.51*CS+.05*CW                                 FW = .01*CR+.05*CO+.3*CS+.6*CW+.05*CP                                   FP = .05*CO+.04*CS+.15*CW+.80*CP                                                                                                              Ten years from now, the company planners want the future                percentages of space to be allocated:                                                                                                             FD = 10 %                                                               FR = 10 %                                                               FO = 20 %                                                               FS = 5 %                                                                FW = 40 %                                                               FP = 15 %                                                                                                                                     What should the current space allocations be in order for the           future space allocations to reach the predicted levels?                                                                                         In order to solve the problem, the previously mentioned                 equations need to be loaded into the equation display.                                                                                        ║ To automatically load these equations, type Q when the ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    FD=.9*CD+.05*CR+.07*CO+.05*CS+.05*CP                                    FR=.04*CD+.9*CR+.05*CO+.05*CS+.05*CP                                    FO=.05*CD+.03*CR+.75*CO+.05*CS+.20*CW+.05*CP                            FS=.01*CD+.01*CR+.03*CO+.51*CS+.05*CW                                   FW=.01*CR+.05*CO+.3*CS+.6*CW+.05*CP                                     FP=.05*CO+.04*CS+.15*CW+.80*CP                                          'VAR FD=10 FR=10 FO=20 FS=5 FW=40 FP=15                                 'COM                                                                     Space allocations --- D demo labs,R research,O office, S storage,W      warehouse,P parking--- C current,F future. Type (F1) to return to the   helpfile                                                                                                                                                The 6 equations described above form a group of simultaneous            linear equations.  The equations can be solved for the current          values (CD, CR, CO, CS, CW and CP) given the future values (FD,         FR, FO, FS, FW and FP).  After the equations, comment and               values for the dependent variables are entered into                     AstroEquationSolver 3, the equation display should look similar         to what is shown below.                                                                                                                ......................................................................  --- Comment -->  Space allocations --- D demo labs,R research,O office, S storage,W warehouse,P parking--- C current,F future                                                                                                   FD=.9*CD+.05*CR+.07*CO+.05*CS+.05*CP                FD =  10                                                                                    FR=.04*CD+.9*CR+.05*CO+.05*CS+.05*CP                FR =  10                                                                                FO=.05*CD+.03*CR+.75*CO+.05*CS+.20*CW+.05*CP            FO =  20                                                                                    FS=.01*CD+.01*CR+.03*CO+.51*CS+.05*CW               FS =  5                                                                                      FW=.01*CR+.05*CO+.3*CS+.6*CW+.05*CP                FW =  40                                                                                       FP=.05*CO+.04*CS+.15*CW+.80*CP                   FP => 15                                                                                                                                                    13:52:54      *** Accuracy ?  Warning # 8  ***            12-20-1980                                                                                  CD =  0                   CO =  0                   CP =  0                                                                                     CR =  0                   CS =  0                   CW =  0       ......................................................................                                                                                   To solve this problem, one supplies values for the dependent            variables FD ....FP and the Program calculates the values of            the independent variables CD..CW.  This type of calculation is          "inverted" with respect to most calculations.  These equations          are linear with respect to the unknowns CD..CW.  However, they          can also be solved by nonlinear methods, discussed above, which         are more general.  For the time being, the equations will be            solved as linear equations.  In the event they were not linear          equations, the Program will inform the user with a warning              comment and the nonlinear method should then be tried.                                                                                          The future percentages are set to their desired values as as            shown above.  Notice that the values of CD..CW are all zero and         the warning comment #8 informs the user that there may be, and          is not in this case, any relationship between the displayed             values of FD...FP and the values of CD..CW.                                                                                                   ║ To automatically load this comment, type Q when the    ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    'COM                                                                     Type 'S' to solve for CD..CW using linear methods, Some conditions must be satisfied, one of which is that the number of active independent and independent variables must be equal.  In this example, the numbers are  both 6.  The Program will solve the simultaneous equations and display  the current allocation percentages required in order to achieve the     future ones at the end of the 10 year period.  Notice that the          calculated values of both the current and future allocations always sum to 100.  Type (F1) to return to help file.                                                                                                              The screen should now look similar to what is shown below.                                                                             ......................................................................  --- Comment -->  Space allocations --- D demo labs,R research,O office, S storage,W warehouse,P parking--- C current,F future                                                                                                   FD=.9*CD+.05*CR+.07*CO+.05*CS+.05*CP                FD =  10                                                                                    FR=.04*CD+.9*CR+.05*CO+.05*CS+.05*CP                FR =  10                                                                                FO=.05*CD+.03*CR+.75*CO+.05*CS+.20*CW+.05*CP            FO =  20                                                                                    FS=.01*CD+.01*CR+.03*CO+.51*CS+.05*CW               FS =  5                                                                                      FW=.01*CR+.05*CO+.3*CS+.6*CW+.05*CP                FW =  40                                                                                       FP=.05*CO+.04*CS+.15*CW+.80*CP                   FP => 15                                                                                                                                                    13:58:43                                                   12-20-1980                                                                                 CD =  9.458092            CO =  7.996075            CP =  6.118691                                                                              CR =  9.757506            CS =  2.683652            CW =  63.98599........................................................................                                                                        ╒═══════════════════╕                                                   │ GENERATING TABLES └───────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        4.30  How to Generate (Look-up) Tables.                                 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 This example will show how to create tables using the table             command T.  Tables are column listings of active dependent              variables (Names are followed by equal signs.) as functions of          an index variable (Name is followed by colon.).  One specifies          which dependent variables are to be included in the table by            using the active and inactive commands (A and I, respectively).         The independent variable that serves as the index of the table          is specified with the coordinate command or colon (:).  The             table is calculated at fixed increments from the minimum to             maximum limits, all of which are specified by the user.  The            table can be listed on the system printer (command !T) or saved         as a file (command @T).                                                                                                                         The following example illustrates the table command T.  A               calculation and comparison is made of the depreciation charges          using the straight-line (SLM), double-declining-balance (DDB)           and the sum-of-the-years digits (SYD) methods for an item               costing $8,000 new at 1, 3 and 6 years over a 10 year                   depreciation.                                                                                                                                   The equations and values of the variables can be loaded                 directly into the program.                                                                                                                    ║ To automatically load these equations, type Q when the ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    DEPR_SLM=ORIGCOST/NYEARS                                                DEPR_DDB=ORIGCOST*((1-(2/NYEARS))^(N-1)-(1-(2/NYEARS))^(N))             DEPR_SYD=(1+NYEARS-N)*2/(NYEARS+NYEARS^2)*ORIGCOST                      'VAR  N=1 NYEARS=10 ORIGCOST=8000                                       'COO N                                                                  'COM                                                                     Calculate and compare the depreciation charges using the straight-line, double-declining-balance and the sum-of-the-years digits methods for an item costing $8,000 new at 1, 3 and 6 years over a 10 year              depreciation.  Type (F1) to return to the helpfile.                                                                                                     These 3 equations calculate depreciation charges as a function          of N, the time in years.  One desires the yearly charges in a           table as a function of N.                                                                                                                     ║ To automatically load this comment, type Q when the    ║              ║ highlight bar appears on the screen.  Scroll down, if  ║              ║ necessary, to light it.                                ║       'EQU                                                                    'COM                                                                     To generate a table, move the cursor to variable N and type the table   command T.  For the range of the table, type (end esc) 1 to 10 (enter). For the increment of the table, type (end esc) 1 (enter).  Notice that  the table starts with the index variable N followed by the calculated   values of the depreciations.  Type (F1) to return to the helpfile.                                                                                      The table should look similar to what is shown below.                                                                                              N          DEPR_SLM       DEPR_DDB       DEPR_SYD                   1              800            1600           1454.55                    2              800            1280           1309.09                    3              800            1024           1163.64                    4              800            819.2          1018.18                    5              800            655.36         872.73                     6              800            524.29         727.27                     7              800            419.43         581.82                     8              800            335.54         436.36                     9              800            268.44         290.91                     10             800            214.75         145.45                                                                                              The table can be calculated to a file if the @T command is              used.  Type "@" first and then "T".  The decimal digits of the          table can be controlled with the apostrophe command 'DEC.  To           specify 1 decimal digit, one would type 'DEC 1 (enter) from the         equation display.                                                                                                                               There may be more than one coordinate.  In that case, the index         is chosen as the coordinate on which the cursor resides when            the command T is typed.  If more than 5 variables, the screen           display will be truncated but the printer "!T" and file "@T"            listings will be full.  Up to 15 dependent variables may be             specified.  Typing any key during the scroll will cause the             table to jump nearer its end and will speed up the display.                                                                            ╒══════════╕                                                            │ WARNINGS └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        5.01    Summary of Common WARNINGS During Calculations.                 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The warning numbers followed by an explanation follow:                                                                                          1 - Attempt to raise negative number to non-integer power.              Operation was ignored.  Y=X^W is ok if X=-1.3 and W=2 but is            not allowed if W=2.1.  - Also, attempt to raise number to power         such that the result is greater than 1E30 (overflow) or less            than 1E-30 (underflow).  The number was set to 1E30 for                 overflow and 1E-30 for underflow.                                                                                                               2 - Overflow from multiplication.  The result of the                    multiplication of two numbers exceeded 1E30 in magnitude.  The          result of the multiplication was set to a magnitude of 1E30.                                                                                    3 - Overflow from division.  The result of the division of two          numbers exceeded 1E30 in magnitude.  The result of the division         was set to a magnitude of 1E30.                                                                                                                 8 - The displayed values of the equation(s) may not be                  accurate.  In other words, the values of the dependent                  variables may not be related to the values of the independent           variables by the recipes of the equations.  The most common             warning message.  Will be produce if a dependent variable is            set to any number.  Always produced after "?" command and at            the entry into a calculation.  Type "C" to recalculate if               uncertain about the values of the dependent variables.                                                                                          15 - Attempt to take the arccosine, ACOS(...) or ACOSD(...), of         a number whose absolute value is greater than 1.0.  Operation           was ignored.                                                                                                                                    16 - Attempt to take the arcsine, ASIN(...) or ASIND(...), of a         number whose absolute value is greater than 1.0.  Operation was         ignored.                                                                                                                                        18-19 - Same as for 15 and 16 but for ACOSD(...) and                    ASIND(...).                                                                                                                                     24 - Attempt to take the arccosine hyperbolic, ACOSH(...), of a         number whose value is less than 1.0.  Operation was ignored.                                                                                    26 - Attempt to take the arctangent hyperbolic, ATANH(...), of          a number whose absolute value is greater than 1.0.  Operation           was ignored.                                                                                                                                    28 - Attempt to take a natural antilog of a number such that            the result exceeded 1E30 (overflow) or was less than 1E-30              (underflow).  The program set the magnitude of the result to            1E30 for overflow and 1E-30 for underflow.                                                                                                      31 - Attempt to take the square root, SQR(...), of a negative           number.  Operation was ignored.                                                                                                                 32 - Attempt to take natural log, LOG(...), of zero or a                negative number.  Operation was ignored.                                                                                                        33 - Attempt to take log base 10, LOG10(...), of zero or a              negative number.  Operation was ignored.                                                                                                        43 - Overflow from factorial.  The result exceeded FP magnitude         limit.  The result of the operation was set to the sign of the          number at overflow times 1D+30.  Currently, X must be 33 or             less in FACT(X) for no overflow.                                                                                                                                                                               ╒═══════════════╕                                                       │ ASOL3 WARNINGS└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        :WKP.5.03    Summary of WARNINGS From AstroEquationSolver 3             ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Warnings for command "S":                                                                                                                       201 - Solution of this set of equations is not possible.                Equations are not linearly independent.                                                                                                         202 - Calculated solutions differ from desired solutions.  They         are two major reasons for this warning:  Nonlinear equations            and/or insufficient precision of the numbers.  Equations may            not be linear with respect to one or more of the independent            variables.  The values of the coefficients of the equations may         vary so widely in magnitudes that there is insufficient number          precision, to 16 digits, to solve the equations.                                                                                                203 - Number of active dependent variables does not equal               number of independent variables.  Fixup:  The program will              decrease the larger number to that of the smaller by making             dependent variables or independent variables inactive.                                                                                          205 - Severe error encountered in solving linear equations.             The magnitudes of the coefficients may be too large!                                                                                       Warnings for commands "W" and "U":                                                                                                                   213 - Error in defining the number of active equations and/or           the number of active independent variables.  There must be at           least 1 active equation and 1 active independent variable.  The         maximum number of active equations is 30.  The maximum number           of active independent variables is 30.  The program will always         use default conditions to insure that these limits are                  satisfied.                                                                                                                                      214 - The active dependent variables may have been set to               values which are not consistent with the prior active/inactive          states when the command "S", "U" or "W" was used.                                                                                      ╒════════╕                                                              │ ERRORS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        5.05    Summary of ERRORS During Evaluation of Equations                ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The equation evaluation error numbers with an explanation               follow.                                                                                                                                     1 -  ILLEGAL OPERATION.                                                      All mathematical operations such as ^, *, /, + and - must               have two operands. Y=A*+C is not allowed. Only leading                  negation is allowed: Y=-A.  Y=+A is not proper.                                                                                            2 -  OPERATION ON WRONG SIDE OF EQUATION.                                    Only the dependent variable can appear to the left of the               equal sign.  Y+3=X+4 is not allowed.                                                                                                       3 -  VARIABLE MUST BEGIN WITH A LETTER.                                      123ABC, %DEF, etc. are not allowed as variable names.                                                                                      4 -  UNMATCHED PARENTHESIS.                                                  All parentheses must be used in pairs.  Total must be even.                                                                                5 -  EMPTY OR ILLEGAL PARENTHESES.                                           All parentheses must enclose something. No SIN(), Y=(), etc.                                                                               6 -  MISSING ARGUMENT, ALGEBRA OPERATION.                                    All mathematical operations such as ^, *, /, + and - must               have two operands. Y=A*+C is not allowed. Only leading                  negation is allowed: Y=-A.  Y=+A is not proper.                                                                                            7 -  ILLEGAL USE OF FUNCTION.                                                A function name cannot be used as a variable name. Y=A+SIN*X            is not allowed. Y=A+SIN(X) is proper.  The name of something            that is not an intrinsic function cannot be used as a                   function.  Y=COTH(X) is not allowed. Y=1/TANH(X) is proper.                                                                                8 -  TOO MANY EQUAL SIGNS.                                                   Only one equal sign per equation is allowed.                                                                                               9 -  EQUATION INCOMPLETE.                                                    An equation must contain a dependent variable, equal sign and           something after the equal sign. Y= is not valid.                                                                                          10 -  ILLEGAL CHARACTER.                                                      Only ASCII characters, decimal 33 (!) and higher can                    be used as characters in equations.  This range includes the            numbers, upper and lower case letters, and other symbols such           as the Greek letters.  Remember, lower case letters are                 always converted to upper case. Variable names such as                  ABC, 123, are not allowed.                                                                                                             11 -  DUPLICATE NAME FOR DEPENDENT VARIABLE.                                  Each equation of a group must have a different, and unique to           8 characters, name for the dependent variable.                                                                                            12 -  OUT OF ROOM!  DECREASE CONSTANTS.                                       Too many constants and variables, decrease one or the other.                                                                              13 -  OUT OF ROOM!  DECREASE VARIABLES.                                       Too many variables and constants, decrease one or the other.                                                                              14 -  OUT OF ROOM!  WORKSPACE.                                                Too many operations such as nested parentheses "((()))".                Try to rewrite the equation(s) in a more compact way.                                                                                     15 -  OUT OF ROOM!  CODESPACE.                                                Too many operations.  Try to rewrite equation(s) in a more              compact way.  Make common expressions separate equations.                                                                                 16 -  UNDEFINED VARIABLE.                                                     An attempt has been made to reference a variable which has              not been defined.  Will only occur when immediate                       calculations are made.                                                                                                                    17 -  OUT OF ROOM!  STORAGE VARIABLES.                                        Attempt to define more than 256 storage variables.                      Save storage variables with "!]".  Use "Z", "!Z" and                    "@Z" to locate and remove unwanted variables.                                                                                             18 -  ILLEGAL USE OF STORAGE VARIABLE!                                        Attempt to define a storage variable as a dependent variable            of one of the equations entered in response to the prompt               "? Equation(s)".  Not allowed!                                                                                                        ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ DISPLAY COLORS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        6.01    Setting Foreground/background Colors of Main                                 Equations Screen and Program                               ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 For a monochrome monitor, only the default colors white on              black (command "!(esc)") or the opposite colors black on white          (command "@(esc)") should be used.  For color monitors, there           are 16 shades of foreground colors and 8 shades of background           colors.  The text of the comment, equations and variables are           in the foreground color.  The clock display and bottom-screen           menu are in reverse video of these colors.  Colors by number            are:  0=black, 1=blue, 2=green, 3=cyan, 4=red, 5=magenta,               6=brown, 7=white and 8 to 15 are corresponding high-intensity           shades.  Use command !N to toggle the next foreground color and         use command @N to toggle the next background color.  If the             foreground and background colors are equal, then the displayed          information becomes invisible.  Colors wrap around from #15 to          #0.  Use commands "!(esc)" to set fore=#7 (white or green) and          back=#0 (black) or command "@(esc)" to set fore=#0 and back=#7.                                                                                 Colors (except white on black, the default) are saved with the          equations and are reset when equations are read by the commands         "(F8)" or "[" and "@[".  Start the program with a set of                equations previously saved with the desired startup colors.             For example:  ASOL3 CONFIG.EQU (enter).                                                                                                         Note:  Type "!(esc)" to reset the monochrome colors before              exiting or the DOS colors may remain those at the program exit.                                                                        ╒═══════════════╕                                                       │ CLOCK DISPLAY └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        6.05    Clock Screen: Commands During Display                           ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 To start the clock, type !C from the equations display.                                                                                -> restart/redraw clock screen                                                                                                                           !  - Restart the clock and redraw the display.  Use if the              display is overwritten.                                                                                                                -> check/enter alarm time                                                                                                                                @ - Check the current alarm time, just type (enter) to exit, or         set a new one, type y (enter).                                                                                                         -> changing 12/24 hour format                                                                                                                            # - Toggle between 12 and 24 hour time format (12 hr.                   default).                                                                                                                              -> exit back to equations display                                                                                                                        $ - Exit back to the equation display.                                                                                                         (ctrl Q) - Exit back to the equation display.                                                                                           -> Dos shell                                                                                                                                             % - Shell (exit) to DOS.  Type EXIT (enter) to return to clock.                                                                        -> lock-up keyboard in security mode                                                                                                                     ^ - Security mode.  Enter a password up to 8 characters.  To            unlock, type exact password.  Alarm will stay active.  If               program does not respond, type (enter) first and then the exact         password.  While in the security mode, the (alt) and (ctrl)             keys are forced off.  Most "TSR" programs and emulators which           are activated by hot keys should be locked out!  During                 security mode, program will remember date/time's of                     unauthorized use.  If password contains "@", then typing                incorrect password will immediately activate alarm-- displaying         comment, sounding music and flashing screen!  Type any key to           return to clock.  Password still must be entered correctly              (with "@") to exit.                                                                                                                             The apostrophe command 'clo can be used to display the clock,           to display the clock and lock with a password and to set the            alarm time and comment.  Apostrophe commands can be entered             almost anywhere in the program.  Some examples:                                                                                                 'clo (enter) Display the clock, exit to equations.                                                                                              'clo =big (enter) display the clock and lock-up with a security         password "big".  The "=" is used to indicate a password but is          not part of the password.                                                                                                                       'clo 13:23 meeting in cr 864 (enter).  Set the alarm at 1:30 pm         and set the comment to "meeting in cr 864".  Clock is not               displayed.                                                                                                                             ╒═════════════════════╕                                                 │ APOSTROPHE COMMANDS └─────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        6.10    Apostrophe Commands: What They Do and How to Use Them           ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The apostrophe commands can be entered at most locations in the         program as well as in the 'EQU fields of application help               files.                                                                                                                                          The apostrophe commands begin with an apostrophe and the first          three letters of the key words described below.  Only the first         three letters are significant.  Thus 'variable, 'var,                   'variety, etc.  all imply the same apostrophe command:  'var.           apostrophe command are case insensitive except for the 'EQU             field designator in an application help file.                                                                                                   Apostrophe commands perform many of the functions that are also         performed by the single-letter commands discussed above.  Some          examples:                                                                                                                                       Enter an equation:  'equ y=a+b*x+c*x^2 (enter)                                                                                                  Enter a comment:  'com This is a second-order polynomial.               (enter)                                                                                                                                         Assign values to many variables at one time:  'var x=1 a=2 b=3          c=4 (ent) or 'x=1 a=2 b=3 c=4 (enter).  Note, if a variable             name is the name of an apostrophe command, use the 'var first;          otherwise, the program will interpret the variable name as an           apostrophe command.  For example if a variable were named COL           then 'col=1 (enter) would be interpreted as an improper use of          the apostrophe command 'col; but, 'var col=1 (enter) is OK.             Assign all variables the value of sqr(2):  'var #all=sqr(2)             (enter).                                                                                                                                        Make X a coordinate variable:  'coo x (enter)                                                                                                   Change the colors to high-intensity white on red:  'col hwhite          red (ent)                                                                                                                                       Move the cursor to variable X:  'cur x (enter) or '' x (enter)                                                                                  A summary of the apostrophe commands follows:                                                                                             PURPOSE               COMMAND     SIGNIF.              SYNTAX                                             ABBREV.                                                                                                    Activate variables       'activate     'act   'act varname1,varname2...                                               'act #all                                                                                         Calc dependent vars      'calculate    'cal   'cal                                                                                              display clock            'clock        'clo   'clo                      clock with password                           'clo =password            set alarm time and                            'clo hr:mn:se  comment    comment                                                                                                                                         Chain to other ASTRO3    'chain        'cha   'cha calc                 programs with current                         'cha solve                variables + equations.                        'cha fit                                                                                          Make coordinates         'coordinate   'coo   'coo varname1,varname2...                                               'coo #ind                                                                                         Set display colors,      'color        'col   'col forecolor,backcolor  Color names below                                                                                                                               Set Comment              'comment      'com   'com text......                                                                                   Set decimal digits       'decimal      'dec   'dec 2                                                                                            Move cursor to           'cursor       'cur   'cur varname1             variable varname1                 or   ''     ''varname1                                                                                        Get an equation file     'eget         'ege   'ege mycalc               named "mycalc.equ"                                                      Save equation file       'esave        'esa   'esa mycalc                                                                                       Enter equations          'equation     'equ   'equ  equation1....                                                                               Erase storage vars       'erase        'era   'era #all                                                                                         Exit from program        'exit         'exi   'exi                                                                                              Read application help    'help         'hel   'hel \calc\science        file "\calc\science"                                                    Only 'help will access                                                  last opened help file.                                                                                                                          Immediate calculation    'immediate    'imm   'imm y=25-sqr(144)                                                      'imm y=2*4 z=sqr(144)                                                                             Inactivate variables     'inactivate   'ina   'ina varname1,varname2...                                               'ina #dep                                                                                         Lite mode.               'lite         'lit   'lit                      Removes (F5), (F6),                                                     (F9), Y, Z functions                                                                                                                            Set precision            'precision    'pre   'pre single or double                                                                             Turn off sound           'quiet        'qui                                                                                                     Assign values to         'variable     'var   'var varname1=value1...   variables. Create                             'var #all=value2          storage variables.                or   ''     ''varname1=value1...                               ''#all=value2                                                                                                          Get a storage file       'sget         'sge   'sge mystor               named "mystor.sto"                                                                                                                              Jump to spreadsheet      'spread       'spr   'spr                      (equations display)                                                                                                                             Save a storage file      'ssave        'ssa   'ssa mystor                                                                                                The options #ALL, #DEP and #IND specify ALL variables, only the         DEPENDENT variables or only the INDEPENDENT variables and can           be used with 'act, 'ina, 'coo and 'var.                                                                                                         Foreground (forecolor) and background (backcolor) colors are:                                                                                   0. BLACK              5. MAGENTA          10. LGREEN                    1. BLUE               6. BROWN            11. LCYAN                     2. GREEN              7. WHITE            12. LRED                      3. CYAN               8. GRAY             13. LMAGENTA                  4. RED                9. LBLUE            14. YELLOW                                                              15. HWHITE                    Note:  Enter the colors not numbers in 'COLOR command.  L means         light and H means high-intensity.  Also, Only colors from 0 to          7 should be used as backgrounds.                                                                                                                The screen dump command "V" appends the complete equations,             comment, and variable values and status to the screen display           in the 'EQU field format.  These files can be used to build             user-generated application help files from which equations etc.         can be directly loaded into this program as the help file is            read.  See the ASTRO3 Utility program, A3UTIL.EXE and                   documentation for more details.                                                                                                        ╒══════════════════╕                                                    │ DOS COMMAND LINE └────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        7.01    Information After Program Name on DOS Command Line.                          How the Program Uses It and What It Does.                  ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Perform certain functions from information entered after                program name in DOS command line.                                                                                                         ■  Start with a previously stored file of equations like MYCALC.EQU:          ASOL3 MYCALC.EQU  (enter)   or  ASOL3 "MYCAL.EQU"  (enter)           Note: Use quotes if file name contains symbols = + - * / ( or ^.              Foreground/background colors are those saved with equations.      Start with both storage variable file and equation file:                    ASOL3 MYVAR.STO MYCAL.EQU  (enter)                                  Note: Storage file must come before equation file. Default                    extensions are ".STO" for storage and ".EQU" for equations.             If math symbols are in filename(s), enclose both filenames              in single set of quotes:  ASOL3 "STO++ EQU--"  (enter).                                                                                ■  Start with equation(s) like Y=A*X+B:                                       ASOL3 Y=A*X+B  (enter)                                               Note: Equation(s) must contain at least one independent variable.             Foreground/background colors are the defaults.                                                                                         ■  Start with a directory listing of a directory such as \calc or a:          ASOL3 \calc\  (enter)   or ASOL3 a:\  (enter)                        Note: Directory must be enclosed in "\". "\\" signifies the root              directory and "\" signifies the current directory. The                  directory of a drive must end in "\".                                                                                                  ■  Perform a single-shot calculations like:                                   ASOL3 23+36+67  (enter)     or                                          ASOL3 60,123,456,789.02-40,123,456,789.01  (enter)                   Note: Single-shot calculations calculate one or more results and        prompt "Type any key to continue...".  Type (esc) to                    continue the program or any other key to terminate program and          return to DOS.  Information must not be enclosed in quotes,             must not contain independent variables, and must have at least          one operation such as = + - * / ( or ^.                                                                                                      ■  Enclose each separate calculation in parentheses:                          ASOL3 (23+78-90) (32-SQR(56)) (2*SIND(87))  (enter)                                                                                       ■  Example of a single-shot calc with 4 dependent variables:                  ASOL3 A=1 B=2 X=3 Y=A*X+B  (enter)                                                                                                        ■  To start a program by reading an application help file such             as A3UTIL.HLP, simply include the filename with the .HLP                extension anywhere on the command line.  Note, must maintain            order of .STO and .EQU files as discussed above!  For example:             ASOL3 MYVAR.STO MYCAL.EQU A3UTIL.HLP  (enter) or                        ASOL3 A21UTIL.HLP MYVAR MYCAL  (enter) or                               ASOL3 MYVAR A21UTIL.HLP MYCAL  (enter) or                               ASOL3 A21UTIL.HLP MYCAL  (enter)                                        ASOL3 ? (enter) and ASOL3 ASOL3HLP.HLP (enter) are equivalent.                                                                            ■  Do not mix equations or calculations and filenames!                     For example:   Y=A*X+B  MYCAL.EQU  should not be entered!                                                                                 ╒═════════╕                                                             │ LICENSE └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        8.01    Product License and Warranty.                                   ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                       Software License Agreement  (Registered Users)                                                                                            If you are a registered user, PCSCC grants you the right to use         this Software for a single-user computer or a workstation not           attached to a network.  You may not rent or lease this Software         without the expressed written permission of PCSCC.  You may not         decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, copy, create a                derivative work, or otherwise use this Software except as               stated in this agreement.  The license authorizes you to create         and use an extra copy of the Software on a home or laptop               computer, as long as the extra copy is never loaded at the same         time this Software is loaded on the primary computer on which           you use this Software.                                                                                                                          If any provision of this agreement is found to be unlawful,             void, or unenforceable, then that provision shall be severed            from this Agreement and will not affect the validity and                enforceability of any of the remaining provisions.  This                agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of                 Delaware.                                                                                                                                       The Software and accompanying materials are provided with               Restricted Rights.  Use, duplication, or disclosure by the              Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in                   subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of The Rights in Technical Data and           Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013, or                      subparagraphs (c) (1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer                Software--Restricted Rights at 48 CFR 52.227-19, as applicable.         Contractor/manufacturer is PC SuperComputer Capital,                    Incorporated, at the address listed below.                                                                                                      Non registered users must comply with the Shareware policy              described elsewhere in this software Pacakage.                                                                                                  Type T to return to the Table of Contents.                                                                                                                       Warranty Information                                                                                                           PC SuperComputer Capital, Inc.  (PCSCC) hereby disclaims all            warranties relating to this Software, whether express or                implied, including without limitation any implied warranties of         merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.  PCSCC             will not be liable for any special, incidental, consequential,          indirect or similar damages due to loss of data, loss of                profits, lost savings or any other reason, even if PCSCC or an          agent of PCSCC has been advised of the possibility of such              damages.  In no event shall PCSCC's liability for any damages           ever exceed the price paid for the license to use Software,             regardless of the form of the claim.  The person using the              Software bears all risk as to the quality and performance of            the Software.  This Software is licensed AS IS.                                                                                                 Any action or proceeding brought by either party against the            other arising out of or related to this agreement shall be              brought in a STATE or FEDERAL COURT of competent jurisdiction           located in Fairfield County, Connecticut.  The parties hereby           consent to in personam jurisdiction of said courts.                                                                                             Type T to return to the Table of Contents.                                                                                             ╒══════════════╕                                                        │ USER SUPPORT └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        8.03              User Support.                                         ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 This program has undergone over 5 years of "beta testing"               around the world.  The algorithms have been in use since 1976,          are user-firendly and believed highly reliable.  However,               comprehensive programs of this nature may require clarification         or may develop what are called "bugs".  User support is                 provided to all registered users for a minimum of 3 months              without charge.  Registered users can receive such help via             phone, regular mail and E-mail.  Registration also enrolls the          user for notification of "bug" fixes, upgrades, new versions,           new products and many more benefits.  For the phone number/mail         addresses see below or position the jump line here and type J.          ∙Registration∙.  Support will be provided to non-registered           users and users beyond the free support period on a time and            materials basis.                                                                                                                       ╒═════════════╕                                                         │ ARBITRATION └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        8.04    Ombudsman/Arbitration Policy.                                   ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 PCSCC, Inc.  will follow arbitration guidelines as set forth            and published by the Association of Shareware Professionals             (ASP).  The current ASP policy is stated here:                                                                                                  "This program is produced by a member of the Association of             Shareware Professionals (ASP).  ASP wants to make sure that the         shareware principle works for you.  If you are unable to                resolve a shareware-related problem with an ASP member by               contacting the member directly, ASP may be able to help.  The           ASP Ombudsman can help you resolve a dispute or problem with an         ASP member, but does not provide technical support for members'         products.  Please write to the ASP Ombudsman at 545 Grover              Road, Muskegon, MI 49442-9427 USA, FAX 616-788-2765 or send a           CompuServe message via CompuServe Mail to ASP Ombudsman                 70007,3536"                                                                                                                            ╒═══════════════╕                                                       │ PRODUCT  INFO └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        8.05  Product Information and How to Order Complete Package.            ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 AstroFormulaCalculator 3 Product Description 11-01-1993                                                                                         AstroFormulaCalculator 3 is a unique and innovative mathematics         tool which offers productivity enhancements not found in any            other software package either retail or shareware.  This                hands-on program combines the functions of both a spreadsheet           and calculator; but it is better.  Why?  Because it is right            between the two:  Easier than a spreadsheet and more powerful           than a calculator.  With its special format-free interface,             formula or equation-based iterations are much easier to set up          than in a spreadsheet.  It is designed to be "smarter" which            makes it very user-friendly for Professionals of all levels,            especially for the infrequent or "computer-shy" user.  Broad            applications exist in many disciplines where calculations with          formulas, equations or other math recipes are required such as          in Economics, Genetics, Chemistry, Electrical Engineering,              Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics, Finance,           Physics, Statistics and even Nursing.  Features include:                                                                                        ■ DOS or Windows as non-Windows application.  Runs on all PC            compatibles.  DOS 2.1+, Monochrome display, 200K RAM, floppy or         disk.                                                                                                                                           ■ DOS command line support for any direct calculation such as           addition, multiplication, subtraction and division.                                                                                             ■ Format-free entry of up to 63 equations with at least 256             independent variables and 256 constants.  Smart and                     "hassle-free" interpreter.                                                                                                                      ■ Equations and formulas are written according to the BASIC             conventions.  Versatile library of built-in functions.                                                                                          ■ Advanced calculator functions including many automated                numerical methods such as:                                                                                                                      ∙ Newton-Raphson for solving x in y=f(x)                                ∙ Advanced simplex for solving x at W=Y=Z in W=f(x), Y=g(x),              Z=h(x)                                                                ∙ Numerical integration (two methods)                                   ∙ Numerical differentiation                                             ∙ Summation                                                             ∙ Finding maxima and minima                                             ∙ Plotting equations                                                    ∙ Saving/retrieving data files with full file management                  support                                                               ∙ Screen dumps as DOS text files for inclusion in documents                                                                                     ■ Highly-structured documentation, on-line with Table of                Contents, Glossary and search function.  Interactive with               program.                                                                                                                                        ∙ On-line helpfile.  Comprehensive summary of                             commands/functions with step-by-step examples on uses of all            advanced functions.                                                   ∙ On-line user manual.  A "learn by example" document which               illustrates the universal nature of problem-solving with many           step-by-step examples from Science, Engineering and Finance.                                                                                  ■ Full support for ACTION21 and ACTION11 data sets.                                                                                             ■ Comments from users:                                                                                                                   ∙ "... calculate circuit board drilling and routing speeds...easy to       use, versatile and powerful with good documentation."                                                                    J. L.  New York     ∙ "...used the integration capability to determine defect density...do     not have any tool (either PC or host based) that does for me what       ...(AstroFormCalc 3)...does."                                                                                            J. R.  Virginia     ∙ "...for Electrical Engineering practice it is better than a              spreadsheet and a calculator..."                                                                                         C. B.  Florida      ∙ "...used to do frequency spectrum work and calculations on circuits,     ...of real value and a productivity tool."                                                                               E. S.  California   ∙ "...one of a handful of scarcely available packages...in the types       of numeric problems they solve."                                                                                         W. C.  Chile                                                                                       This productivity-enhancing tool has been developed by the team         at PC SuperComputer Capital, Inc.  Order the complete Astro 3           Package today!                                                                                                                         ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ OTHER PRODUCTS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        8.06       Software Included in Astro 3 Registration                    ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Register for AstroFormulaCalculator 3 and receive, in addition          to the most recent version of ACAL3.EXE and ACAL3HLP.HLP, these         3 powerful math analysis programs:  AstroEquationSolver 3,              AstroDataFitter 3 and AstroShadowBox 3.  Each has its own               extensive and interactive on-line helpfile written just like            the one your reading now.  A print program is included which            prints theses helpfiles to the standard printer or to a DOS             text file.  All Astro 3 programs are written with the same              high-level user-friendly front-end requiring minimal effort to          setup and execute relatively elaborate calculations.  All data          sets and helpfiles are compatible among members of the family.          A brief summary of the other members of the Astro 3 shareware           family included with the registration package follows:                                                                                    ■ AstroEquationSolver 3 - Solves both linear and nonlinear                    simultaneous equations with up to 30 unknowns.  Characterized           by extremely easy setup.  Uses active/inactive method of                AstroEquationSolver 3 to select variables.  Strictly high               level.  No reference to matrices at all!.  Includes program             ASOL3.EXE and extensive on-line help file ASOL3HLP.HLP that             includes many learn-and-use examples.                                                                                                     ■ AstroDataFitter 3 - Fit data to any algebraic expression.                   Nonlinear optimization.  Fully-automated polynomial regression          with automatic "equation generator".  Easy to use, even by a            novice.  Will generate interpolated tables from fitted                  equations.  Up to 30 "active" variables.  Up to 500 data                points.  "Smart" algorithm requires minimal user input to solve         problems.  DOS text plots of "fit".  Point-by-point listing of          fitted data.  Residual variance, correlation coefficient,               coefficient of determination and much more!  Includes program           AFIT3.EXE and extensive on-line help file AFIT3HLP.HLP that             includes many illustrated examples.                                                                                                       ■ AstroShadowBox 3 - The pop-up resident member (TSR) of the                  Astro 3 team.  Provides math support for other DOS programs.            Pop-up via hot key, surround calculation in "shadow box", and           type "(enter)" to pass result down through keyboard buffer or           pop up, enter calculation and pass result down.  Great for              adding powerful and interactive math capabilities to DOS text           editors such as Brief (tm, Borland), PE2 (tm, IBM) or                   WordPerfect (tm, WordPerfect).  Extensive features also include         screen dumps with appends as DOS text files or as parsed                columns in 123 (tm, Lotus) .WK1 files.  Requires as little as           15K of main memory.  Includes program ABOX3.EXE and on-line             help file ABOX3HLP.HLP                                                                                                                          If you like Engineering, Science or Finance and you have ideas          that you could transform into an interactive helpfile like              SCIFIN.HLP (The Astro 3 Science Manual) or PHYCAL.HLP ( The             Astro 3 Physics Manual) or FINCAL.HLP (The Astro 3 Finance              Manual), then you should write one and market it!  If you write         it in a commercial spreadsheet format, you will not likely be           able to distribute a fully functional package which is the mark         of a true Shareware program and the policy of the Association           of Shareware Professionals!  However, the AstroUtility 3                program provides the tools needed to generate an Astro 3                interactive application file with a minimum of effort AND               REGISTERED USERS OF THE AstroUtility 3 PROGRAM RECEIVE A                LIMITED DISTRIBUTION LICENSE WHICH ALLOWS INCLUSION OF ANY OR           ALL OF THE ASTRO 3 PROGRAMS IN YOUR PACKAGE!                                                                                              ■  AstroUtility 3  -   Support for authors to construct their own             on-line application help files.  Develop equation files in your         favorite editor and translate them into .EQU format for final           "test and touch-up".  Likewise, develop an application file in          your favorite editor, automatically include information from            previously developed .EQU files, and then compile a                     full-feature .HLP with automatic Table of Contents, line                numbers and so on.  .HLP files support all apostrophe commands          and many other useful features such as CalcMerge with lets you          dynamically stuff values calculated in the main equation                display into the application file.  As with the other Astro 3           programs, AstroUtility 3 comes with its own interactive and             extensive on-line help file which can be printed, if needed.            Application files can contain up to 32,000 lines!                                                                                               See below for instructions on ∙Registration∙.                                                                                          ╒══════════════╕                                                        │ REGISTRATION └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         8.07          Order/Registration Form                                   ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 If a printer is available, position the order form (part 1) on          the screen and type the "(print screen)" key to make a copy.            Then, advance the text and position the order form (part 2) on          the screen and type "(print screen)" again to finish.                                                                                                  ASTRO 3 Products Order/Registration Form  (part 1)                                                                                  Name:________________________________  Title:________________                                                                                   Company:_____________________________________________________                                                                                   Address:____________________________ City:___________________                                                                                   State:___________   Zip:_____________  Country:______________                                                                                   Date:_____/_____/_____           (Fill out form completely)                                                                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------         Product                  #        Price/ea     S&H       Total          ---------------------------------------------------------------         AstroEquationSolver 3   ___    _$29.95_    _$5.00_   _______            Complete Package includes                                               ACAL3, ASOL3, AFIT3 + ABOX3                                                                                                                     AstroUtility 3 + ASTRO3 ___    _$99.95_    _$5.00_   _______            distribution license                                                ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                ASTRO3 Products Order/Registration Form  (part 2)                                                                                   * Canadian Orders, Add $2.00 per copy                   _______                                                                                 * International Orders, Add $6.00 per copy              _______                                                                                 * CT Residents add appropriate sales tax                _______                                                                                                                  TOTAL ENCLOSED      __________                                                                                 Disk Size: [ ] 5-1/4"   [ ] 3-1/2"   [ ] Check  [ ] Visa  [ ] MC                                                                                Card# __________________________________     Exp. Date ________                                                                                 Signature ______________________________                                                                                                        How did you hear about our Products?    [ ] BBS   [ ] Friend            [ ] Other _____________________________________________________                                                                                               Mail Completed form with Payment to:                                                                                                                  PCSCC, Inc.   Dept. AS3H                                                   P. O. Box 173                                                        Botsford,  CT   06404  USA                                                                                                  Support ONLY,  1-203-270-9079     E-mail to CIS, 72263,1657                                                                                          [Nov 1993]  Prices subject to change without notice.                                                                                                  Type T to return to the Table of Contents.                                                                                       ╒═════════════════════╕                                                 │ MANUAL INSTALLATION └─────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        8.08    Instructions for Manually Installing Package.                   ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                             The following are minimal instructions for manually installing                                 AstroEquationSolver 3.                                                                                              ■ Minimum distribution files:  README.1ST, ASOL3.ICO, ASOL3.EXE,          and ASOL3HLP.HLP                                                                                                                              ■ These files will probably be bundled in a compressed file such as       SCIFIN.ZIP, SCIFIN.LHZ, or something similar.  Please unload.                                                                                 ■ Create a DOS directory named ASTRO3 and change to it:                   cd\ (enter)    md\astro3 (enter)  cd \astro3 (enter)                                                                                          ■ Copy ASOL3.EXE, ASOL3HLP.HLP and ASOL3.ICO into the directory ASTRO3                                                                          ■ Add these statements to AUTOEXEC.BAT in the base directory:             SET ASTRO3=C:\ASTRO3                                                    append to existing PATH statement  ;C:\ASTRO3;                                                                                                ■ Running Under Windows as a Non-Windows Application                                                                                             Follow the installation instructions and install on the hard drive C.   Start WINDOWS (tm, MicroSoft).  Click on FILE then click on PROPERTIES. Enter the following information for each of the fields.  Description:   AstroFormCalc 3, Command:  ASOL3.EXE, Working Directory:  \ASTRO3.      Click on CHANGE ICON.  Enter Filename:  C:\astro3\ASOL3.ico.  Click on  OK to exit and click on OK to exit FILE.  The AstroFormCalc 3 icon      should appear in the accessory window.  Click on it to run ASOL3.                                                                              ■ To start with user manual:  cd\astro3 (enter)    ASOL3 ? (enter)        To start with equation like y=a*x+b:    ASOL3 y=a*x+b  (enter)          To start with calculation like 45.67+56.23:  ASOL3 45.67+56.23 (ent)       Type (esc) to enter another calculation or any other key to exit.                                                                                   Access on-line help (file:  ASOL3HLP.HLP) from equations                display with (F1) key.                                                                                                                 ╒═════════════╕                                                         │ AUTHOR ???? └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        8.09    Interested in Becoming the Author of Your Own                                Interactive Application File?                              ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Many technologies are based on math/algebra.                            AstroEquationSolver 3 and its interactive, problem-solving              application files offer distinct advantages to the Author.  The         *.EQU templates are easy to develop and PCSCC offers complete           support for compiling these into the interactive application            files such as the help file ASOL3HLP.HLP which you are                  currently reading or SCIFIN.HLP (The Astro 3 Science Manual) or         PHYCAL.HLP (The Astro 3 Physics Manual) or FINCAL.HLP (The              Astro 3 Finance Manual).  Application files can be written for          any level of user from the very beginner to the Ph.D.  and              distributed with any or all of the ASTRO 3 family of programs.          See the OTHER PRODUCTS section above for more details.  To            automatically jump type "J" if the jump bar is highlighted on           those words.                                                                                                                           ╒═══════════╕                                                           │ HELP FILE └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        9.01    Help File: Summary of File Viewing Commands                     ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                            A - Auto-search of entire text for user-supplied string. Search is          in uppercase and is case insensitive. If string found,                  type A to continue or to enter new string, type (space) A.          B,N - Move back or ahead 18 lines.  Also use (backspace) for "B".       E, (esc) - Exit from help file to equations display.                    F,T,K - Jump to the first (beginning), T.O.C or last (end) line.        G - Skip to Glossary of terms or summary of functions, if present.      J,(ent) - Search line on │JUMP│, Reference is after . Jump to                    line number or perform autosearch ahead if text reference.    L,P - Jump to line/page. Type Lxxx(ent) or Pyy(ent) to jump to                line #xxx or page #yy. With + or -, ahead or back 56 lines.       S,R - Skip ahead (S) or back (R) in help file to major headings         W - Skip to Summary of useful calculations or warnings, if present      1 to 9 - Typing 1 to 9 advances the text by 1 to 9 lines.               (ctrl Q) - Exit from help file.  Same as command "E".                   Edit keys - Use edit keys: (Home) (up arrow) (PgUp) (left arrow)                    (right arrow) (End) (down arrow) (PgDn).                                                                                             Entry into the application file is at/near the last position.           Type: T to return to Table of Contents or E to exit the file.                                                                              