ÉÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ» º º º Glossary of Common Memory Terms º º º ÈÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍͼ CONVENTIONAL MEMORY: Conventional memory is the first 640K bytes of memory. DOS based programs load and run from within the first 640K of memory. Note: Application programs such as Lotus 123 ver 2.x or Wordperfect 5.1 must have enough conventional memory available to load and run before they can access and use any expanded memory. The expanded memory they use is used mainly for data storage, the program itself does not run from expanded memory. BASE MEMORY: Base memory is another name for Conventional Memory. Whenever you come across the phrases Conventional Memory or Base Memory, they both refer to the first 640K bytes of memory. EXPANDED MEMORY: Expanded memory works by using some of the DOS reserved memory address space to access memory on the Intel memory board. The area of reserved address space used to access expanded memory is made up of 16K byte sections called pages. A minimum of four contiguous 16K byte pages are taken from the reserved DOS memory between 640K and 1 Megabyte. Typically, the address space used is between 768K and 896K. This 64K byte area is used as a mappable space and is known as the Expanded Memory Page Frame. Additional unused 16K byte pages found in the reserved memory area can also be assigned to expanded memory. Having expanded memory requires that you have an Expanded Memory Manager (EMM.SYS for Intel memory boards), to "manage" the expanded memory. The driver associates (or maps) the pages of physical memory on the memory board to the pages in the reserved DOS area. Only programs written to use expanded memory can utilize expanded memory. Some examples of applications that use expanded memory are Lotus 123 ver 2.x and Wordperfect 5.x. EXTENDED MEMORY: Extended memory is memory above the 1Megabyte address boundary. Only 80286 (or greater) CPU's have the ability to address memory above the 1Megabyte boundary. The 80286 chip can access 16M bytes of total address space, and the i386 chip can access 4 gigabytes of total address space. The 8088 and 8086 microprocessors can only access 1Mb of address space, (640K conventional and 384K reserved memory). The DOS operating system was not designed to access memory above the 1M byte address boundary, which means that DOS programs do not automatically have access to extended memory. However, many DOS based computers do have more than 1M byte of memory on the motherboard. Certain DOS applications, (such as Windows 3.x), and the OS/2 operating system do use extended memory because they were specifically written to use extended memory. No special drivers are needed to access extended memory. Only programs that are written to use extended memory can utilize extended memory. HIGH MEMORY AREA (HMA): HMA refers to a specific way of accessing the first 64K of Extended Memory. Normally, for an 80286 to access extended memory, the processer has to switch into what is called "protected mode", make the extended memory access, and then be reset so that it returns to "real mode" (which is the mode that DOS runs under). This whole operation takes time. There is, however, a "back door" method to access the first 64K of extended memory without switching the processor into protected mode. What manages this special way of accessing the first 64K of extended memory is something called an HMA provider (also sometimes called an A20 handler). Device drivers that create the HMA in 80286-based systems: 1. HIMEM.SYS provided with DOS 5.0 2. QEXT.SYS from Quarterdeck Office Systems 3. MOVEM.MGR from Qualitas Device drivers that create the HMA in i386-based systems: 1. HIMEM.SYS provided with DOS 5.0 2. QEMM386 from Quarterdeck Office Systems 3. 386MAX from Qualitas RESERVED MEMORY: Reserved Memory is the address space between 640K and 1 megabyte and was designed to be reserved for system operations. The system BIOS ROM, video ROM, and ROMs of some add-in cards reside in the reserved memory address space. Keep in mind that this is "address space", meaning that there doesn't have to be any physical memory located at all the addresses from 640K to 1 megabyte. The system BIOS ROM can be found at hex address F0000 or 960K. If you have a VGA or EGA video card you can almost always find video ROM at hex address C0000 or 768K. Between the video ROM and the system BIOS ROM at hex address D0000 for example, there might not be anything at all! This "address space" is unused and available, and drivers such as Intel's EMM.SYS (Expanded Memory Manager) can "map" blocks of memory within the C000-DFFF address range (between 768K and 896K), which means that the memory EMM.SYS controls on an Intel memory board will appear within that address range. UPPER MEMORY BLOCKS (UMB'S): Also known as High RAM and Upper-Memory. Normally expanded memory only REQUIRES a 64K page frame. But, a lot of LIM 4.0 compatible expanded memory boards (such as Intel memory boards) automatically try to provide as large a page frame as possible, up to 128K (if there are no ROM's within this range also using some of this space), within the C000-DFFF range. These additional pages of expanded memory in the page frame can be used to create Upper Memory Blocks, which are blocks of memory that can be used to load device drivers and TSR's into them in order to free up more conventional memory for your applications. Basically, every extra page of expanded memory outside of the first 64K of the pageframe can be turned into a UMB. There are memory managers available that create these UMB's. UMB providers in 8088, 8086, and 80286 based systems: 1. QRAM 2. MOVEM These memory managers require that the available Upper Memory Blocks first be made mappable by the combination of a LIM 4.0 Expanded Memory Manager and a memory card such as Intel's EMM.SYS device driver and an Intel Above Board. The Above Board Plus and Above Board Plus 8 can map extra 16K blocks of memory within the C000-DFFF address range beyond the first 64K (which has to remain intact so that applications that use expanded memory will still be able to use it). UMB providers in i386 and i486 based systems: 1. EMM386.SYS provided with DOS 5.0 2. QEMM 3. 386MAX These memory managers do not require LIM 4.0 expanded memory board because the i386 and i486 microprocessors have "mapping" capabilities built into them. 386 memory managers simply use extended memory to emulate expanded and also UMB's. ÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ End of file Intel FaxBack # 1001 December 2,1992