CONTENTS

  1.	The purpose of ADDER.

  2.	Single entry mode.

  3.	Compound entry mode.

  4.	Mode of Operation.

  5.	M+  and the SUM column

  6.	Backspace and Clear entry.

  7.	Mathematical functions.

  8.	Keyboard controls,  C, X, Q, H.

  9.	Keyboard constants, P, Y, I, O, U.

10.	Numeric powers of 10 (e.g. 1E-06).

11.	Shifting between ENTRY & SUM.

12.	Fix digits in the display.

13.	Window size and Sheet size.

14.	INI file, Start-up options.

15.	Troubleshooting.

16.	Shareware use.  Order info.


The purpose of ADDER

Adder is designed to ADD long columns of numbers, and to improve on normal calculator usage by including the extra capability of allowing compound calculations entered on a given line.  This is a valuable extension to normal calculator usage.  It is a key advantage to the ADDER program.

In ADDER, the "ENTRY" column tabulates new totals in a manner similar to any four-function calculator in arithmetic mode.  In addition, there is also a "SUM" column (like the M+ on a calculator) that is always visible.  Moving or exchanging between ENTRY and SUM columns is done with the right and left arrow keys.

Other capabilities in ADDER are the capability of having the previous entry operated upon, as opposed to normal syntax in which the previous entry always acts on the next entries.  In this context,  "normal" operation syntax is for new entries to be typed in such a way as they are acted upon by the last entry in the queue:

*  2     or

/  3

"Inverted" mode capability allows a syntax such as the following:

4  ^     or

5  /

ADDER also offers some additional capability such as the ability to save a sheet to disk, and to FIX the digits visible in the display.  Also provided is the capability for user definition of a few commonly-used numeric constants, and support for mathematical functions.


Single Entry mode

Single Number Entry in TABULATION mode

Any number entered is added to the Accumulated SUM.  To subtract from the SUM, enter a negative number.  Examples of single number entry are:

The program always awaits a new number.  In general, the mouse is never required, and every number entered is always added to the accumulator.  In addition to affecting the SUM column, any single number also affects the ENTRY column as follows:

        A positive number with no   +  sign in front is transferred to the ENTRY column as a new entry.

        A positive number with a  +  sign in front is added to the last ENTRY as a compound operation.

        A negative number is usually treated as a new ENTRY (in  Tabulation Mode), unless you choose to interpret is as an operation (toggle to Four-function Mode).  See Mode of Operation.

        Every number is added (or subtracted) to the SUM column.

        Constants (P, Y, I, O, or U) are treated just as other numbers described above.

Use backspace to correct a typing mistake, or if preferred use the CLEAR ENTRY button.   Several techniques can clear the Accumulated SUM.

2 RETURNs in sequence

or, click the CLEAR ACCUM button,

or, from the keyboard,  the letter C.


Compound Entry mode

To improve on the entry of a single number each line, it is also possible to enter one operation on a line.  This is a valuable extension to normal calculator usage.  It is a key advantage to the ADDER program, because the accumulated SUM can be made to continue automatically.  Examples are:

Explanation:

2	The number  2  comes across like a normal single new entry.

2 * 10	Multiply 2 * 10 as a new entry, and add result to SUM.

4 / 8	Enter 4 as a single new entry, and divide it by 8.

- 3 / 2	Enter -3 as a single new entry, and divide it by 2.

s25 + 2	Enter the square root of 25 as a new entry and then add 2 to it.

+L10	Start with previous entry, calculate the Log (base 10) of 10 and add it to previous entry.  (Note:  the leading + sign indicates a compound operation, not a single entry operation).

-4 ^ 2 - 3 /	Enter -4 as single new entry, square it, subtract 3, divide by 8 (the previous entry).

*11+1/5 -	Start with previous entry (1.625), multiply that entry by 11, add 1, divide by 5, subtract 1.625 (the previous entry).

The keyboard operators are

+      *      /      ^      S      L

and, if selected,  -

and they are always evaluated left to right.

When a new line starts or ends with a keyboard operator, then compound entries operate in the previous entry .  Compound entries can be normal or inverted.  In this context, normal arithmetic syntax would look like:

*  2    or    /  3

and inverted syntax would look like:

4  /    or    5  ^

"Normal" syntax starts with the previous entry and operates upon it.

"Inverted" syntax defines the operation upon the previous entry.

Caution:

When entering a positive number with a leading  +  sign, it is always treated as a operation on the last entry (a compound operation) independent of the "Mode of Operation".   But, when entering a number with a leading  -  sign, it is treated as a new numeric entry or an Operation, depending on the selected Mode of Operation.  Use Mode of Operation under the Options menu to change this to treat the leading minus sign as a compound operation.  See also Mode of Operation for advantages of either choice.

Corrections:

See Backspace and Clear for correction or for clear techniques..

Negation:

Enter a minus sign alone on the line to change the sign of an entry.  See Change Sign.


Leading Minus sign

Mode of Operation

Four function calculator mode:

In four-function mode, the leading minus sign on each line is treated as the definition of a new OPERATION, not as the sign of a new ENTRY.  This is an arbitrary choice, and depends mainly on the user's preference and typical use.

If you are using ADDER mainly as a four function calculator, then you would probably prefer to define the leading minus to always be an OPERATION.  This dictates use of the rightmost SUM column as an M+ record upon mouse click only.

Tabulation mode:

If you are using ADDER more as an accumulating tabular sum, then you would prefer the default choice of defining the leading minus sign in each line to set the sign of a new entry, without performing any operation on the previous entry.  In this mode, the rightmost SUM column is always available.

How to choose between options

The choice is made using the Mode of Operation selection under the Options menu.  If you wish to keep this choice as a permanent choice every time ADDER starts up, it may be saved in the ADDER30.INI file either by setting "ModeOperation" to 1 or 2.  Alternatively, simply select SaveSettings under the Options menu to write your preferences into your INI file.

Toggling to opposite meaning on a given line

Use CNTL-Minus (or SHIFT-Minus) instead of a normal Minus to toggle to the opposite interpretation from whatever you have selected.  That is, is you elect to keep the default interpretation of leading minus as the sign of a new entry, then CNTL-Minus can be used as the first character of a new line to change the interpretation to being an operation on the previous entry.

Other ways to affect leading minus interpretation

(1)   Use the CNTL key with the minus sign.  See discussion above.

(2)   Re-define your preference in the Option menu.

(3)   Use the arrow keys to move numbers between ENTRY & SUM columns.

(3)   Choose your entry line to define your choice.  See discussion below.

If you have chosen TABULATION (ModeOperation = 2) and want to get a subtraction operation onto a particular line, subtraction from the ENTRY column can still be achieved by using the following techniques for any negative number  "n".

* 1 - n	multiplies last entry by 1 and then subtracts the desired number from it.

or

+ 0 - n	adds zero to last entry and then subtracts the desired number from it.

If you have chosen FOUR-FUNCTION mode (ModeOperation = 1) and want to get a negative number as a new entry onto a particular line,  use the following techniques for any negative number  "n".

* 0 - n	multiplies last entry by 0 and then subtracts the desired number from it.  This enters your negative number as a new entry.

Minus sign only

A minus sign alone on the line is used to change the sign of the previous entry.  See Change Sign.


Backspace and Clear

To correct an entry while typing, use backspace on your keyboard.

Or, if preferred use the CLEAR ENTRY button.

Several techniques can clear the Accumulated SUM.

2 RETURNs in sequence

or, click the CLEAR ACCUM button,

or, from the keyboard, enter the letter C.

To clear the ENTRY, it is necessary to enter a zero.


M+  and the SUM column

The SUM column holds the "memory add accumulator" or M+ value.

The SUM column is always active during TABULATION mode.  Since Summing is continuous and is done automatically, the M+ button is greyed out, and a prompt is shown noting that M+ is automatic.

The SUM column is available during FOUR-FUCNTION mode by pressing the M+ button.  At that time, the last entry in the ENTRY column is added to the accumulated SUM.  To subtract from the accumulated sum, change the sign first by pressing a  -  sign alone on a line (see Change Sign).  To use the accumulated sum, transfer it to the ENTRY column with the left arrow (or control-left arrow to exchange between ENTRY and SUM).  To clear the accumulated sum, enter either:

2 RETURNs in sequence

or, click the CLEAR ACCUM button,

or, from the keyboard, enter the letter C.


Mathematical functions

The full set of mathematical functions permitted in ADDER may be displayed by clicking the  menu

      Options...

Math Functions

Functions supported by ADDER are:

square root

inverse     [1/x]

powers     [a^b]

logarithm (base 10)

logarithm (base e)

exponent    [eª]

sin

cos

tan

arc sin

arc cos

arc tan

negation  (change sign of last entry)

average

std dev  [sqr((x-x)²/n]

Inverse and powers are keyboard operators.   Square root and logarithm are either keyboard or command button operators.  All others are command button operators.

To use the keyboard to take the square root of a number, type "S" and the number.  To find the logarithm of a number, type "L" and the number.  To take the square root or logarithm of the last ENTRY, enter the S or the L alone on the line.   Examples are:

Explanation:

5	The number  5  comes across like a normal single entry.

S4	This is interpreted as the  SQUARE ROOT of 4,  which is 2.

S64	This is the square root of 64, which is 8.

L10000	This is the logarithm (base 10) of 10,000,  which is 4.

s	Then when "s" is entered alone on the line, the square root of the last entry is calculated.  Since the last entry was  4,   [SQR(4) = 2].

L	When the "L" is entered alone on the line, the logarithm of the last ENTRY is presented (log of 2 is 0.301).

Caution:

Note that all functions act as operators, in that they apply to the ENTRY, never to the SUM.  To get a function to act on a number in the SUM column, use the left arrow key to move it into the ENTRY column.

Logarithm to another base:

To find the log of a number to some other base other than 10, use the formula:

LOGn(X)  =  LOG(X) / LOG(n)

With this technique, the natural log of a number  m  becomes:

LOGe(X)  =  LOG(X) / LOG(e)

The pre-defined constant E may be used to simplify this calculation.

Change sign

Enter a minus sign alone on the line to change the sign of an entry.  See Change Sign.


Average and Standard Deviation

The average may be taken of all previous entries, or of selected previous entries.  To select (or de-select) particular entries, control click individual lines.  To select a range of entries, single-click the first entry and then shift click the last entry.

In a similar way, The standard deviation may be taken of all previous entries, or of selected previous entries.  To select (or de-select) particular entries, control click individual lines.  To select a range of entries, single-click the first entry and then shift click the last entry.

    The standard deviation may also be selected between sigma N

   and sigma N-1.

Use sigma N when the N entries are linearly independent.

Use sigma N-1 when the N entries are dependent.


Change sign

To change the sign of the last entry, enter a minus sign alone on the next line.


Special keyboard controls

Keyboard controls  C,  X,  Q,  H

To allow continuous entry from the keyboard, without requiring mouse movement, a few common commands are provided with a keystroke code.

C  will clear the accumulator,

X or Q will exit the program,

H or ? will call for the short one screen Instruction aid that is also accessible from the help menu.

Cntl-Alt-Plus will provide a keyboard alternative to "Store"

Cntl-Alt-Minus will provide a keyboard alternative to "Recall"

Return will enter a zero.

2 Returns will clear the accumulator (same as letter "C" or command button "Clear Accum".

          ++++++++++++++++

Store and recall always operate on the last visible entry in column 2, the ENTRY column.

Other keyboard commands in addition to these special controls are the numeric constants, the RETURN key Clear function (see Backspace and Clear), the left and right arrow Entry/Sum exchanges, and the keyboard math functions (see math functions).  See also

-	Change sign

S	Square Root

L	Logarithm

RETURN	1 Return will merely enter a zero as input.

                 	2 Returns will clear the accumulator.


Numeric constants

Keyboard constants  P, Y, I, O, U

The letter P is reserved for the numeric constant Pi.  Similarly, the letter Y is initialized to the constant 2.71828 which is the base of the natural logarithm system.  These constants may be used alone on a line (to be added to the accumulator), or in a compound entry.  Examples are:

The constants I, O, U are initialized in ADDER30.INI to zero.  They may be defined to any value by editing the INI file with a text editor such as Notepad.


Numeric power of 10

Numeric powers of 10

Standard calculator notation uses the letter E to denote powers of 10.    However, when using E as a delimiter for a power of 10, it must be prefaced by a number.

    Acceptable	    Interpretation

    --------------	    -----------------------------------

    1E5	    1 times 10 to the fifth power

    2.4E-02	    2.4 times 10 to the -2 power

    -7E+3              -7 times 10 cubed

The following are examples of Unacceptable entry.

    Not Acceptable

    -----------------     ---------------------

       E5	        	      No number before the E

       2.4 -02	      Letter E omitted

       -E+3	      No number before the E


Shift between ENTRY and SUM

Shifting between ENTRY and SUM

To allow for shifting of values between the ENTRY column and the SUM column, the right arrow and left arrow keys may be used.

Left arrow moves the last value in the SUM column to move left.

Right arrow moves the last value in the ENTRY column to move right.

Shift arrow (right or left) exchanges between ENTRY and SUM columns.

Control-arrows or Alt-arrows also exchange between ENTRY and SUM columns.


Fix digits in the display

For currency calculations, it may be of value to fix the digits in the display to two digits to the right of the decimal point (for nearest cent) or to zero digits to the right of the decimal point (for nearest whole dollars).  This is done from the menu bar.  First, click Options then click Fix Digits.  The ENTRY column and the SUM column can be "fixed" to separate choices.

The range of choices are 0 to 9, or blank.  Choosing 0 means to always have no digits to the right of the decimal point, while choosing 9 means to always have nine digits to the right of the decimal point.  Choosing "blank" means that the display is automatically formatted.  Blank is the default, and in the INI file, this is recorded as -1.

To save your choices so that ADDER starts with your digit preferences at program start-up, save the settings to the INI file.  They may be changed back at any time.

Digit accuracy

The number of significant digits used internally by ADDER is about 14 digits.  These internal references are "Double" data types, an 8 byte floating point number, with a maximum value of about 1.8E+308.  All "Double" data types are truncated slightly before display on the screen to make them easier to read.


Window size and Sheet size

The window size is the height of the window on your monitor screen.  It may be scaled up or down by using the mouse on the edge of the ADDER form border.  After setting your window height size, you may save the settings to the INI file so that ADDER starts that way during your next program start-up.  Use the Save Settings command under the Options menu.  The window size may be changed back at any time, again using the mouse on the form border.  The window height size affects only the number of lines visible on your monitor, it does not affect the total scrollable lines available on the sheet.

The sheet size is the number of lines available within the total scrollable range.  It may be thought of as the total lines you may save to text file, or, as the total you may use before the program crashes!  It is preset in the INI file to 256 lines, or about 5 full pages of numeric entry.  If you have a need for more than that, you must adjust the maximum by editing the INI file before running ADDER.


INI file, Start-up options

Start up options that may be user-customized are in the ADDER30.INI file.

MaxSheetSize= 256

DigitFixEntry= -1

DigitFixSum= -1

WindowHeightAtStart=6660

ShowMathAtStart= 0

ModeOperation= 1

MathOption= 1

Constant_P=3.1415926535898

Constant_Y=2.7182818284590

Constant_I=0

Constant_O=0

Constant_U=0

Registry=

The Max sheet size is the number of lines in the total scrollable grid, and would need to be increased only if you add many pages of numbers at one time.

The DigitFix value is set at -1 for unformatted numbers (the default, or auto format choice), or to  0  to assign "0" digits to right of decimal, or  2  to assign "2" digits to right of decimal, etc up to a max of "9" digits.  The entry and the sum are set separately.  This setting affects the start-up option only, and the value may be reset during program operation at any time.

The WindowHeight is the size of the form at start-up time, and the default value is 6600 twips, or about 6 inches.  This setting affects the start-up option only, and the value may be reset during program operation at any time using the mouse to drag the window size.

The ShowMathAtStart option determines the width of the form at start-up time.  The default is 0, which does not show the math functions at start-up.  Change it to -1 if you do want to see the math functions at start-up.  This setting affects the start-up option only, and the value may be reset during program operation at any time using the menu choice.

The ModeOperation option determines the interpretation of the leading minus sign in an input string.

        1 is Four-Function mode and means interpret it as the sign of a new entry

        2 is Tabulation mode and means interpret it as an operation upon the previous entry

The letters  P  Y  I  O  U  are constants which can be preset in the INI file to the user's choice.  The default value for P is PI and for  Y  is the base of the natural logarithm.  Constants I, O, U may be set to your preference by editing the INI file.

The Registry code is string that removes the "Unregistered Version" display in the title bar during run time.  This "Unregistered Version" display is the only reminder to pay the shareware fee.


INI file, run time changes

INI file, changes during run time

The current settings set by the Fix Digit menu choice, or by mouse readjustment of the window height size, may be save to disk (to the ADDER30.INI file) by the Save Settings menu choice under OPTIONS.  These settings then become the default for the next time the program starts under windows.

The display digit formatting and window height size may also be changed by editing the INI file with a text editor.  See INI file, start up options.


Troubleshooting

The most common problem in ADDER is the entry of illegal characters.  Every attempt is made to notify the user and to correct the error.

Another conflict is the inclination to embed a parenthesis in the input stream.  Again this is not permitted.

The use of a leading "Minus sign" can also be confusing.  Since a leading  +  sign is treated as a request to add something to the last entry, it might also suggest that a leading  -  sign would subtract something from the last entry.   It doesn't necessarily.

This is because the leading minus sign can have two possible interpretations, and the program must assume one or the other.  The default choice is to treat the leading "Minus" as part of the number and not part of the operation.

See Mode of Operation for more information.

INI file difficulties

If the INI file gets corrupted, save it to a different filename.  Then, upon start-up, when ADDER cannot find an ADDER30.INI, it will create a new one.  However, when created from scratch in this way, the line

Registry=

in ADDER30.INI will not be filled in (valid registration must be added by a text editor), also, all comments in ADDER30.INI will be lost.

Traps and overflows

Potentially illegal math functions are "trapped" to prevent a program crash.  Illegal functions are:

        square root of a negative number

        logarithm of a negative number or zero

        division by zero

        arc sin  or  arc cos  of a number greater than 1

Also, potential overflow conditions are "trapped" for prevention of program crash.  Overflow traps are:

        exp (x)   	where x > 700

        x !  	where x > 170

        sin  x     	where x > 2E09  [a series expansion problem]

When these conditions occur, the value of the function is set to zero.


Order information

Shareware fee  &  Order info

 	ADDER is copyright 1993 and 1994 by Russell Gaspari.  All rights reserved.

ADDER is provided as copyrighted shareware; the registration fee is $10.00.  Registered users receive a postcard by return mail with a REGISTRY validation code that, when inserted into ADDER30.INI,  will remove the "(Unregistered Version)" notice from the Windows title bar.  However, there is no other change in ADDER.EXE, and the program is always fully functional.

This software is provided AS IS.  No warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, is extended.  Merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose is the responsibility of the user.  This package cannot be sold separately, either alone or as part of some other inclusive package.  Nor can it be included in any commercial software packaging offer without a written agreement from the author.

Send your $10 registration order to:

Russell Gaspari

6656 W. 87th Place

Los Angeles  CA  90045

This program conforms to all guidelines of the Association of Shareware Professionals (A.S.P.).   If you are unable to resolve a shareware-related problem with a shareware author by contacting the author directly, ASP may be able to help. The ASP Ombudsman can help you resolve a dispute or problem, but does not provide technical support for any products.  Please write to

ASP Ombudsman

545 Grover Road

Muskegon,  MI  49442-9427    USA

or contact via FAX at  (616) 788-2765,

or send a CompuServe Mail message to

ASP Ombudsman 70007,3536.