04700
 \\Assayed to kill me\\ (\\epeir“nto diacheirisasthai\\). Conative
 imperfect middle of \\peira“\\, the old form of the later _Koin‚_
 \\peiraz“\\ so common in the _Koin‚_, but in N.T. here only. Some
 MSS. have it in
 # Ac 9:26; Heb 4:15
 The old verb \\diacheiriz“\\, to take in hand, middle to lay hands
 on, to slay, occurs in N.T. only here and
 # 5:30
 which see.

04701
 \\Having therefore obtained\\ (\\oun tuch“n\\). Second aorist active
 participle of old verb \\tugchan“\\. \\The help that is from God\\
 (\\epikourias tˆs apo tou theou\\). Old word from \\epikoure“\\, to aid,
 and that from \\epikouros\\, ally, assister. Only here in N.T. God is
 Paul's ally. All of the plots of the Jews against Paul had failed
 so far. \\I stand\\ (\\hestˆka\\). Second perfect of \\histˆmi\\, to place,
 intransitive to stand. Picturesque word (Page) of Paul's
 stability and fidelity (cf.
 # Php 4:1; Eph 6:13
 \\Both to small and great\\ (\\mikr“i te kai megal“i\\). Dative singular
 (rather than instrumental, taking \\marturoumenos\\ middle, not
 passive) and use of \\te kai\\ links the two adjectives together in
 an inclusive way. These two adjectives in the singular
 (representative singular rather than plural) can apply to age
 (young and old) or to rank
 # Re 11:18
 as is specially suitable here with Festus and Agrippa present. In
 # Ac 8:10
 # Heb 8:11
 the phrase explains \\pantes\\ (all). \\Saying nothing but what\\ (\\ouden\\
 \\ektos leg“n h“n\\). "Saying nothing outside of those things which."
 The ablative relative \\h“n\\ is attracted into the case of the
 unexpressed antecedent \\tout“n\\ and so ablative after \\ektos\\
 (adverbial preposition common in LXX, the papyri. In N.T. here
 and
 # 1Co 6:18; 15:27; 2Co 12:2
 Cf.
 # Lu 16:29
 about Moses and the prophets.

04702
 \\How that the Christ must suffer\\ (\\ei pathˆtos ho Christos\\).
 Literally, "if the Messiah is subject to suffering." \\Ei\\ can here
 mean "whether" as in
 # Heb 7:15
 This use of a verbal in \\-tos\\ for capability or possibility occurs
 in the N.T. alone in \\pathˆtos\\ (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 157).
 This word occurs in Plutarch in this sense. It is like the Latin
 _patibilis_ and is from _pasch“_. Here alone in N.T. Paul is
 speaking from the Jewish point of view. Most rabbis had not
 rightly understood
 # Isa 53
 When the Baptist called Jesus "the Lamb of God"
 # Joh 1:29
 it was a startling idea. It is not then "must suffer" here, but
 "can suffer." The Cross of Christ was a stumbling-block to the
 rabbis. \\How that he first by the resurrection of the dead\\ (\\ei\\
 \\pr“tos ex anastase“s nekr“n\\). Same construction with \\ei\\
 (whether). This point Paul had often discussed with the Jews:
 "whether he (the Messiah) by a resurrection of dead people."
 Others had been raised from the dead, but Christ is the first
 (\\pr“tos\\) who arose from the dead and no longer dies
 # Ro 6:19
 and proclaims light (\\ph“s mellei kataggellein\\). Paul is still
 speaking from the Jewish standpoint: "is about to (going to)
 proclaim light." See verse
 # 18
 for "light" and
 # Lu 2:32
 \\Both to the people and to the Gentiles\\ (\\t“i te la“i kai tois\\
 \\ethnesin\\). See verse
 # 17
 It was at the word Gentiles (\\ethnˆ\\) that the mob lost control of
 themselves in the speech from the stairs
 # 22:21
 So it is here, only not because of that word, but because of the
 word "resurrection" (\\anastasis\\).

04703
 \\As he thus made his defence\\ (\\tauta autou apologoumenou\\). Genitive
 absolute again with present middle participle. Paul was still
 speaking when Festus interrupted him in great excitement. \\With a\\
 \\loud voice\\ (\\megalˆi tˆi ph“nˆi\\). Associative instrumental case
 showing manner (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 530) and the predicate
 use of the adjective, "with the voice loud" (elevated). \\Thou art\\
 \\mad\\ (\\mainˆi\\). Old verb for raving. See also
 # Joh 10:20; Ac 12:15; 1Co 14:23
 The enthusiasm of Paul was too much for Festus and then he had
 spoken of visions and resurrection from the dead (verse
 # 8
 "Thou art going mad" (linear present), Festus means. \\Thy much\\
 \\learning doth turn thee to madness\\ (\\ta polla se grammata eis\\
 \\manian peritrepei\\). "Is turning thee round." Old verb \\peritrep“\\,
 but only here in N.T. Festus thought that Paul's "much learning"
 (="many letters," cf.
 # Joh 7:15
 of Jesus) of the Hebrew Scriptures to which he had referred was
 turning his head to madness (wheels in his head) and he was going
 mad right before them all. The old word \\mania\\ (our mania, frenzy,
 cf. maniac) occurs here only in N.T. Note unusual position of \\se\\
 between \\polla\\ and \\grammata\\ (Robertson, _Grammar_, pp. 418, 420)

04704
 \\But speak forth\\ (\\alla apophtheggomai\\). Verb for dignified and
 elevated discourse, a word from the literary _Koin‚_, not the
 vernacular. In N.T. only here and
 # 2:4,14
 which see. It occurs three times in Vettius Valens in a "mantic"
 sense. Paul was not ruffled by the rude and excited interruption
 of Festus, but speaks with perfect courtesy in his reply "words
 of truth and soberness." The old word \\s“phrosunˆ\\ (soundness of
 mind) from \\s“phr“n\\ (and that from \\s“s\\ and \\phrˆn\\) is directly
 opposed to "madness" (\\mania\\) and in N.T. occurs only here and
 # 1Ti 2:15

04705
 \\For the king knoweth of these things\\ (\\epistatai gar peri tout“n\\
 \\ho basileus\\). \\Epistatai\\ (present middle probably Ionic form of
 \\ephistˆmi\\) is a literary word and suits well here (cf.
 # 24:10
 \\Freely\\ (\\parrˆsiazomenos\\). Present middle participle, speaking
 fully, making a clean breast of it. From \\parrˆsia\\ (\\pan, rhˆsis\\)
 (cf.
 # 13:46
 \\Is hidden from him\\ (\\lanthanein auton\\). Escapes his notice.
 Infinitive in indirect discourse after \\peithomai\\ (I am
 persuaded).

04706
 \\I know that thou believest\\ (\\oida hoti pisteueis\\). Paul had
 "cornered" Agrippa by this direct challenge. As the Jew in charge
 of the temple he was bound to confess his faith in the prophets.
 But Paul had interpreted the prophets about the Messiah in a way
 that fell in with his claim that Jesus was the Messiah risen from
 the dead. To say, "Yes" would place himself in Paul's hands. To
 say "No" would mean that he did not believe the prophets. Agrippa
 had listened with the keenest interest, but he slipped out of the
 coils with adroitness and a touch of humour.

04707
 \\With but little persuasion thou wouldest fain make me a\\
 \\Christian\\ (\\en olig“i me peitheis Christianon poiˆsai\\). The
 Authorized rendering is impossible: "Almost thou persuadest me to
 be a Christian." \\En olig“i\\ does not mean "almost." That would
 require \\oligou, par' oligon\\, or \\dei oligou\\. It is not clear,
 however, precisely what \\en oligoi\\ does mean. It may refer to time
 (in little time) or a short cut, but that does not suit well \\en\\
 \\megal“i\\ in verse
 # 29
 Tyndale and Crammer rendered it "somewhat" (in small measure or
 degree). There are, alas, many "somewhat" Christians. Most likely
 the idea is "in (or with) small effort you are trying to persuade
 (\\peitheis\\, conative present active indicative) me in order to
 make me a Christian." This takes the infinitive \\poiˆsai\\ to be
 purpose (Page renders it by "so as") and thus avoids trying to
 make \\poiˆsai\\ like \\genesthai\\ (become). The aorist is punctiliar
 action for single act, not "perfect." The tone of Agrippa is
 ironical, but not unpleasant. He pushes it aside with a shrug of
 the shoulders. The use of "Christian" is natural here as in the
 other two instances
 # 11:26; 1Pe 4:16

04708
 \\I would to God\\ (\\euxaimˆn an t“i the“i\\). Conclusion of
 fourth-class condition (optative with \\an\\), undetermined with less
 likelihood, the so-called potential optative (Robertson,
 _Grammar_, p. 1021). Polite and courteous wish (first aorist
 middle optative of \\euchomai\\). \\Whether with little or with much\\
 (\\kai en mikr“i kai en megal“i\\). Literally, "both in little and in
 great," or "both with little and with great pains" or "both in
 some measure and in great measure." Paul takes kindly the sarcasm
 of Agrippa. \\Such as I am\\ (\\toioutous hopoios kai eg“ eimi\\).
 Accusative \\toioutous\\ with the infinitive \\genesthai\\. Paul uses
 these two qualitative pronouns instead of repeating the word
 "Christian." \\Except these bonds\\ (\\parektos t“n desm“n tout“n\\).
 Ablative case with \\parektos\\ (late preposition for the old \\parek\\).
 Paul lifts his right manacled hand with exquisite grace and good
 feeling.

04709
 \\Rose up\\ (\\anestˆ\\). Second aorist active of \\anistˆmi\\
 (intransitive), agreeing only with "the king" (\\ho basileus\\). The
 entertainment was over.

04710
 \\They spake one to another\\ (\\elaloun pros allˆlous\\). Imperfect
 active, describing the eager conversation of the dignitaries
 about Paul's wonderful speech. \\Nothing worthy of death or bonds\\
 (\\ouden thanatou ˆ desm“n axion\\). This is the unanimous conclusion
 of all these dignitaries (Romans, Jews, Greeks) as it was of
 Festus before
 # 25:25
 But Paul had not won any of them to Christ. The conclusion leaves
 Festus in a predicament. Why had he not set Paul free before
 this?

04711
 \\This man might have been set at liberty\\ (\\Apolelusthai edunato ho\\
 \\anthr“pos houtos\\). Conclusion of the second class condition
 (determined as unfulfilled) without \\an\\ as in
 # 24:19
 because of \\edunato\\ (verb of possibility, Robertson, _Grammar_, p.
 1014). Note perfect passive infinitive \\apolelusthai\\ from \\apolu“\\.
 He certainly "could have been set free." Why was it not done? \\If\\
 \\he had not appealed unto Caesar\\ (\\ei mˆ epekeklˆto Kaisara\\).
 Condition of the second class with the past perfect middle
 indicative (_op. cit._, p. 1015) of \\epikale“\\ (cf.
 # 25:11
 But Paul _only_ appealed to Caesar after Festus had tried to
 shift him back to Jerusalem and had refused to set him free in
 Caesarea. Festus comes out with no honour in the case. Since
 Agrippa was a favourite at court perhaps Festus would be willing
 to write favourably to Caesar.

04712
 \\That we should sail\\ (\\tou apoplein hˆmas\\). This genitive articular
 infinitive with \\ekrithˆ\\ like the LXX construction translating the
 Hebrew infinitive construct is awkward in Greek. Several similar
 examples in
 # Lu 17:1; Ac 10:25; 20:3
 (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 1068). Luke alone uses this old verb in
 N.T. He uses nine compounds of \\ple“\\, to sail. Note the
 reappearance of "we" in the narrative. It is possible, of course,
 that Luke was not with Paul during the series of trials at
 Caesarea, or at least, not all the time. But it is natural for
 Luke to use "we" again because he and Aristarchus are travelling
 with Paul. In Caesarea Paul was the centre of the action all the
 time whether Luke was present or not. The great detail and minute
 accuracy of Luke's account of this voyage and shipwreck throw
 more light upon ancient seafaring than everything else put
 together. Smith's _Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul_ is still a
 classic on the subject. Though so accurate in his use of sea
 terms, yet Luke writes like a landsman, not like a sailor.
 Besides, the character of Paul is here revealed in a remarkable
 fashion. \\They delivered\\ (\\paredidoun\\). Imperfect active \\“mega\\ form
 rather than the old \\-mi\\ form \\paredidosan\\ as in
 # 4:33
 from \\paradid“mi\\. Perhaps the imperfect notes the continuance of
 the handing over. \\Certain other prisoners\\ (\\tinas heterous\\
 \\desm“tas\\). Bound (\\desm“tas\\) like Paul, but not necessarily
 appellants to Caesar, perhaps some of them condemned criminals to
 amuse the Roman populace in the gladiatorial shows, most likely
 pagans though \\heterous\\ does not have to mean different kind of
 prisoners from Paul. \\Of the Augustan band\\ (\\speirˆs Sebastˆs\\).
 Note Ionic genitive \\speirˆs\\, not \\speiras\\.
 See note on "Mt 27:1"
 See note on "Ac 10:1"
 \\Cohortis Augustae\\. We do not really know why this cohort is
 called "Augustan." It may be that it is part of the imperial
 commissariat (_frumentarii_) since Julius assumes chief authority
 in the grain ship (verse
 # 11
 These legionary centurions when in Rome were called _peregrini_
 (foreigners) because their work was chiefly in the provinces.
 This man Julius may have been one of them.

04713
 \\In a ship of Adramyttium\\ (\\ploi“i Hadramuntˆn“i\\). A boat belonging
 to Adramyttium, a city in Mysia in the province of Asia. Probably
 a small coasting vessel on its way home for the winter stopping
 at various places (\\topous\\). Julius would take his chances to
 catch another ship for Rome. The usual way to go to Rome was to
 go to Alexandria and so to Rome, but no large ship for Alexandria
 was at hand. \\We put to sea\\ (\\anˆchthˆmen\\). First aorist passive of
 \\anag“\\, usual word in Luke. \\Aristarchus, a Macedonian of\\
 \\Thessalonica, being with us\\ (\\ontos sun hˆmin Aristarchou\\
 \\Makedonos Thessalonike“s\\). Genitive absolute. Ramsay suggests
 that Luke and Aristarchus accompanied Paul as his slaves since
 they would not be allowed to go as his friends. But Luke was
 Paul's physician and may have gained permission on that score.

04714
 \\The next day\\ (\\tˆi heterƒi\\). Locative case with \\hˆmerƒi\\
 understood. \\We touched\\ (\\katˆchthˆmen\\). First aorist passive of
 \\katag“\\, the usual term for "coming down" from the seas as \\anag“\\
 above (and verse
 # 4
 is for "going up" to sea. So it _looks_ to sailors. Sidon was 67
 miles from Caesarea, the rival of Tyre, with a splendid harbour.
 The ship stopped here for trade. \\Treated Paul kindly\\
 (\\philanthr“p“s t“i Paul“i chrˆsamenos\\). "Using (\\chrˆsamenos\\,
 first aorist middle participle of \\chraomai\\, to use) Paul
 (instrumental case used with this verb) kindly" (\\philanthr“p“s\\,
 "philanthropically," adverb from \\phil-anthr“pos\\, love of
 mankind). He was kindly to Paul throughout the voyage (verse
 # 43; 28:16
 taking a personal interest in his welfare. \\Refresh himself\\
 (\\epimeleias tuchein\\). Second aorist active infinitive of
 \\tugchan“\\ (to obtain) with the genitive \\epimeleias\\, old word from
 \\epimelˆs\\, careful, only here in the N.T. Whether it was mere
 hospitality we do not know. It may have been medical attention
 required because of Paul's long confinement. This is Paul's first
 visit to Sidon, but Christians were already in Phoenicia
 # 11:19
 and so Paul had "friends" here.

04715
 \\We sailed under the lee of Cyprus\\ (\\hupepleusamen tˆn Kupron\\).
 First aorist active indicative of \\hupople“\\, to sail under. Cyprus
 was thus on the left between the ship and the wind from the
 northwest, under the protection of Cyprus. \\Because the winds were\\
 \\contrary\\ (\\dia to tous anemous einai enantious\\). The articular
 infinitive after \\dia\\ and the accusative of general reference
 (\\anemous\\) with predicate accusative (\\enantious\\, facing them, in
 their very teeth if they went that way). The Etesian winds were
 blowing from the northwest so that they could not cut straight
 across from Sidon to Patara with Cyprus on the right. They must
 run behind Cyprus and hug the shore of Cilicia and Pamphylia.

04716
 \\When we had sailed across\\ (\\diapleusantes\\). First aorist active
 participle of \\diaple“\\ (another compound of \\ple“\\). \\The sea which\\
 \\is off Cilicia and Pamphylia\\ (\\to pelagos to kata tˆn Kilikian kai\\
 \\Pamphulian\\). \\Pelagos\\ is properly the high sea as here. In
 # Mt 18:6
 (which see) Jesus uses it of "the depth of the sea." Only these
 examples in the N.T. The current runs westward along the coast of
 Cilicia and Pamphylia and the land would protect from the wind.
 \\We came to Myra of Lycia\\ (\\katˆlthamen eis Murra tˆs Lukias\\).
 Literally, "We came down." This town was two and a half miles
 from the coast of Lycia. The port Andriace had a fine harbour and
 did a large grain business. No disciples are mentioned here nor
 at Lasea, Melita, Syracuse, Rhegium.

04717
 \\Sailing for Italy\\ (\\pleon eis tˆn Italian\\). This was the
 opportunity for which Lysias had been looking. So he put
 (\\enebibasen\\, first aorist active of \\embibaz“\\, to cause to enter.
 Cf. \\epibantes\\ in verse
 # 2
 prisoners and soldiers on board. This was a ship of Alexandria
 bound for Rome, a grain ship
 # 38
 out of its course because of the wind. Such grain ships usually
 carried passengers.

04718
 \\When we had sailed slowly\\ (\\braduploountes\\). Present active
 participle of \\braduploe“\\ (\\bradus\\, slow, \\plous\\, voyage).
 Literally, "sailing slowly," not "having or had sailed slowly."
 Only here and in Artemidorus (sec. cent. A.D.). It may mean
 "tacking" before the wind. Polybius uses \\tachuploe“\\, to sail
 swiftly. \\Many days\\ (\\en hikanais hˆmerais\\).
 See note on "Lu 7:6"
  for \\hikanos\\. Literally, "in considerable days." \\With difficulty\\
 (\\molis\\). Used in old Greek, like \\mogis\\
 # Lu 9:39
 from \\molos\\, toil (see
 # Ac 14:18
 \\Over against Cnidus\\ (\\kata tˆn Knidon\\). "Down along Cnidus." A
 hundred and thirty miles from Myra, the southwest point of Asia
 Minor and the western coast. Here the protection of the land from
 the northwest wind ceased. \\The wind not further suffering us\\ (\\mˆ\\
 \\prose“ntos hˆmƒs tou anemou\\). Genitive absolute with present
 active participle of \\prosea“\\, one of the few words still "not
 found elsewhere" (Thayer). Regular negative \\mˆ\\ with participles.
 They could not go on west as they had been doing since leaving
 Myra. \\We sailed under the lee of Crete\\ (\\hupepleusamen tˆn\\
 \\Krˆtˆn\\).
 See note on "Ac 27:4"
 Instead of going to the right of Crete as the straight course
 would have been they sailed southwest with Crete to their right
 and got some protection against the wind there. \\Over against\\
 \\Salmone\\ (\\kata Salm“nˆn\\). Off Cape Salmone, a promontory on the
 east of the island.

04719
 \\Coasting along\\ (\\paralegomenoi\\). Present middle participle of
 \\paraleg“\\, to lay beside, not from \\leg“\\, to collect or \\leg“\\, to
 say. Diodorus Siculus uses \\paralegomai\\ in precisely this sense of
 coasting along, like Latin _legere oram_. In N.T. only here and
 verse
 # 13
 \\Fair Havens\\ (\\Kalous Limenas\\). This harbour is named Kalus
 Limeonas, a small bay two miles east of Cape Matala. It opens to
 the East and Southeast, but is not fit to winter in. This harbour
 would protect them for a time from the winds. \\The city of Lasea\\
 (\\polis Lasea\\). Neither Lasea nor Fair Havens is mentioned by any
 ancient writer, two of the hundred cities of Crete.

04720
 \\Where much time was spent\\ (\\Hikanou chronou diagenomenou\\).
 Genitive absolute again with second aorist middle participle of
 \\diaginomai\\, to come in between (\\dia\\). "Considerable time
 intervening," since they became weatherbound in this harbour,
 though some take it since they left Caesarea. \\And the voyage was\\
 \\now dangerous\\ (\\kai ontos ˆdˆ episphalous\\). Genitive absolute,
 "and the voyage being already (\\ˆdˆ\\=Latin _jam_) dangerous" (old
 word from \\epi\\ and \\sphall“\\, to trip, to fall, and so prone to
 fall, here only in N.T.). \\Because the Fast was now already gone\\
 \\by\\ (\\dia to kai tˆn nˆsteian ˆdˆ parelˆluthenai\\). Accusative
 (after \\dia\\) of the articular infinitive perfect active of
 \\parerchomai\\, to pass by, with the accusative of general reference
 (\\nˆsteian\\, the great day of atonement of the Jews,
 # Le 16:29
 occurring about the end of September. The ancients considered
 navigation on the Mediterranean unsafe from early October till
 the middle of March. In A.D. 59 the Fast occurred on Oct. 5.
 There is nothing strange in Luke using this Jewish note of time
 as in
 # 20:6
 though a Gentile Christian. Paul did it also
 # 1Co 16:8
 It is no proof that Luke was a Jewish proselyte. We do not know
 precisely when the party left Caesarea (possibly in August), but
 in ample time to arrive in Rome before October if conditions had
 been more favourable. But the contrary winds had made the voyage
 very slow and difficult all the way (verse
 # 7
 besides the long delay here in this harbour of Fair Havens. \\Paul\\
 \\admonished them\\ (\\parˆinˆi ho Paulos\\). Imperfect active of
 \\paraine“\\, old word to exhort from \\para\\ and \\aine“\\, to praise
 # 3:8
 only here and verse
 # 22
 in N.T. It is remarkable that a prisoner like Paul should venture
 to give advice at all and to keep on doing it (imperfect tense
 inchoative, began to admonish and kept on at it). Paul had
 clearly won the respect of the centurion and officers and also
 felt it to be his duty to give this unasked for warning. \\I\\
 \\perceive\\ (\\the“r“\\). Old word from \\the“ros\\, a spectator. See
 # Lu 10:18
 Paul does not here claim prophecy, but he had plenty of
 experience with three shipwrecks already
 # 2Co 11:25
 to justify his apprehension. \\Will be\\ (\\mellein esesthai\\).
 Infinitive in indirect assertion followed by future infinitive
 after \\mellein\\ in spite of \\hoti\\ which would naturally call for
 present indicative \\mellei\\, an anacoluthon due to the long
 sentence (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 478). \\With injury\\ (\\meta\\
 \\hubre“s\\). An old word from \\huper\\ (above, upper, like our
 "uppishness") and so pride, insult, personal injury, the legal
 word for personal assault (Page). Josephus (_Ant_. III. 6, 4)
 uses it of the injury of the elements. \\Loss\\ (\\zˆmian\\). Old word,
 opposite of \\kerdos\\, gain or profit
 # Php 3:7
 Nowhere else in N.T. \\Lading\\ (\\phortiou\\). Diminutive of \\phortos\\
 (from \\pher“\\, to bear) only in form. Common word, but in N.T. only
 here in literal sense, as metaphor in
 # Mt 11:30; 23:4; Lu 11:46; Ga 6:5
 \\But also of our lives\\ (\\alla kai t“n psuch“n\\). Common use of
 \\psuchˆ\\ for life, originally "breath of life"
 # Ac 20:10
 and also "soul"
 # 14:2
 Fortunately no lives were lost, though all else was. But this
 outcome was due to the special mercy of God for the sake of Paul
 (verse
 # 24
 not to the wisdom of the officers in rejecting Paul's advice.
 Paul begins now to occupy the leading role in this marvellous
 voyage.

04721
04722
 \\Gave more heed\\ (\\mƒllon epeitheto\\). Imperfect middle of \\peith“\\, to
 yield to (with the dative case). The "Frumentarian" centurion
 ranked above the captain and owner. As a military officer the
 centurion was responsible for the soldiers, the prisoners, and
 the cargo of wheat. It was a government ship. Though the season
 was not advanced, the centurion probably feared to risk criticism
 in Rome for timidity when the wheat was so much needed in Rome
 (Knowling). \\To the master\\ (\\t“i kubernˆtˆi\\). Old word from
 \\kuberna“\\, to steer, and so steersman, pilot, sailing-master.
 Common in this sense in the papyri. In N.T. only here and
 # Re 18:17
 \\And to the owner of the ship\\ (\\kai t“i nauklˆr“i\\). Old word
 compounded of \\naus\\ and \\klˆros\\ and used for owner of the ship who
 acted as his own skipper or captain. The papyri examples (Moulton
 and Milligan's _Vocabulary_) all have the meaning "captain"
 rather than "owner."

04723
 \\Because the haven was not commodious to winter in\\ (\\aneuthetou tou\\
 \\limenos huparchontos pros paracheimasian\\). Genitive absolute
 again present tense of \\huparch“\\: "The harbour being unfit
 (\\aneuthetou\\, this compound not yet found elsewhere, simplex in
 # Lu 9:62; 14:35; Heb 6:7
 for wintering" (\\paracheimasia\\, only here in N.T., but in Polybius
 and Diodorus, in an inscription A.D. 48, from \\paracheimaz“\\). \\The\\
 \\more part advised\\ (\\hoi pleiones ethento boulˆn\\). Second aorist
 middle indicative of \\tithˆmi\\, ancient idiom with \\boulˆn\\, to take
 counsel, give counsel. Lysias held a council of the officers of
 the ship on the issue raised by Paul. \\If by any means they could\\
 \\reach Phoenix and winter there\\ (\\ei p“s dunainto katantˆsantes eis\\
 \\Phoinika paracheimasai\\). The optative \\dunainto\\ (present middle of
 \\dunamai\\) here with \\ei\\ is a condition of the fourth class with the
 notion of purpose implied and indirect discourse (Robertson,
 _Grammar_, p. 1021). "We vote for going on the chance that we may
 be able" (Page). Phoenix is the town of palms
 # Joh 12:13
 the modern Lutro, the only town in Crete on the southern coast
 with a harbour fit for wintering, though Wordsworth and Page
 argue for Phineka which suits Luke's description better. The verb
 \\paracheimaz“\\, to winter, is from \\para\\ and \\cheim“n\\ (see also
 # 28:11
 Used in several _Koin‚_ writers. \\Looking northeast and southeast\\
 (\\bleponta kata liba kai kata ch“ron\\). There are two ways of
 interpreting this language. \\Lips\\ means the southwest wind and
 \\ch“ros\\ the northwest wind. But what is the effect of \\kata\\ with
 these words? Does it mean "facing" the wind? If so, we must read
 "looking southwest and northwest." But \\kata\\ can mean down the
 line of the wind (the way the wind is blowing). If so, then it is
 proper to translate "looking northeast and southeast." This
 translation suits Lutro, the other suits Phoenike. Ramsay takes
 it to be Lutro, and suggests that sailors describe the harbour by
 the way it looks as they go into it (the subjectivity of the
 sailors) and that Luke so speaks and means Lutro which faces
 northeast and southeast. On the whole Lutro has the best of the
 argument.

04724
 \\When the south wind blew softly\\ (\\hupopneusantos notou\\). Genitive
 absolute with aorist active participle of \\hupopne“\\, old verb to
 blow under, then to blow gently, here only in N.T. "A south wind
 having blown gently," in marked contrast to the violent northwest
 wind that they had faced so long. They were so sure of the wisdom
 of their decision that they did not even draw up the small boat
 attached by a rope to the vessel's stern (verse
 # 16
 It was only some forty miles to Lutro. \\Their purpose\\ (\\tˆs\\
 \\prothese“s\\, set before them, from \\protithˆmi\\), genitive after
 \\krate“\\ (\\kekratˆkenai\\, perfect active infinitive in indirect
 discourse). \\They weighed anchor\\ (\\ƒrantes\\). First aorist active
 participle of \\air“\\, old verb used in technical sense with \\tas\\
 \\agkuras\\ (anchors) understood as in Thucydides I. 52; II. 23,
 "having lifted the anchors." Page takes it simply as "moving."
 \\Sailed along Crete\\ (\\parelegonto tˆn Krˆtˆn\\). Imperfect middle.
 See verse
 # 8
 "were coasting along Crete." \\Close in shore\\ (\\ƒsson\\). Comparative
 adverb of \\agki\\, near, and so "nearer" to shore. Only here in N.T.

04725
 \\After no long time\\ (\\met' ou polu\\). Litotes again. \\Beat down from\\
 \\it\\ (\\ebalen kat' autˆs\\). Second aorist active indicative of \\ball“\\,
 to throw. Here "dashed" (intransitive). \\Autˆs\\ is in the ablative,
 not genitive case, beat "down from it" (Crete), not "against it
 or on it." (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 606). \\Autˆs\\ cannot refer to
 \\ploion\\ (boat) which is neuter. So the ablative case with \\kata\\ as
 in
 # Mr 5:13
 Homer also. The Cretan mountains are over 7,000 feet high. \\A\\
 \\tempestuous wind which is called Euraquilo\\ (\\anemos tuph“nikos ho\\
 \\kaloumenos Eurakul“n\\). \\Tuph“n=Tuph“s\\ was used for the typhoon, a
 violent whirlwind (\\turbo\\) or squall. This word gives the
 character of the wind. The \\Eurakul“n\\ (reading of Aleph A B
 against the Textus Receptus \\Euroklud“n\\) has not been found
 elsewhere. Blass calls it a hybrid word compounded of the Greek
 \\euros\\ (east wind) and the Latin \\aquilo\\ (northeast). It is made
 like \\euronotos\\ (southeast). The Vulgate has _euroaquilo_. It is
 thus the east north east wind. Page considers Euroclydon to be a
 corruption of Euraquilo. Here the name gives the direction of the
 wind.

04726
 \\When the ship was caught\\ (\\sunarpasthentos tou ploiou\\). Genitive
 absolute again with first aorist passive of \\sunarpaz“\\, old word,
 in N.T. only
 # Lu 8:29; Ac 6:12; 19:29
 and here. Graphic picture as if the ship was seized by a great
 monster. \\Face the wind\\ (\\antophthalmein t“i anem“i\\). Dative case
 with the vivid infinitive of \\antophthalme“\\ from \\antophthalmos\\,
 looking in the eye, or eye to eye (\\anti\\, facing and \\opthalmos\\,
 eye). Eyes were painted on the prows of vessels. The ship could
 not face the wind enough to get to Phoenix. Modern sailors talk
 of sailing into the eye of the wind. We were not able to look the
 wind in the eye. _Koin‚_ verb used by Polybius. Some MSS. have it
 in
 # Ac 6:11
 but only here in N.T. In Wisdom of Sol. 12:14 it is used of a
 prince who cannot look God in the face. Clement of Rome 34 uses
 it of an idle workman not able to look his employer in the face
 (Milligan and Moulton's _Vocabulary_). \\We gave way\\ (\\epidontes\\).
 Second aorist active participle of \\epidid“mi\\, giving way to the
 wind. \\Were driven\\ (\\epherometha\\). Imperfect passive of \\pher“\\, "we
 were being borne along." We "scudded before the gale" (Page).
 "The suddenness of the hurricane gave no time to furl the great
 mainsail" (Furneaux).

04727
 \\Running under the lee of\\ (\\hupodramontes\\). Second aorist active
 participle of \\hupotrech“\\. Same use of \\hupo\\ as in \\hupepleusamen\\
 (verses
 # 4,8
 for "under the lee", under the protection of. \\Nˆsion\\ is
 diminutive of \\nˆsos\\, a small island. The MSS. vary between Cauda
 (B) and Clauda (Aleph). \\To secure the boat\\ (\\perikrateis genesthai\\
 \\tˆs skaphˆs\\). "To become masters (\\perikrateis\\ from \\peri\\ and
 \\kratos\\, power over, found in Susannah and ecclesiastical writers,
 and here only in N.T.) of the boat ("dug out," like Indian boats,
 literally, from \\skapt“\\, to dig, old word, here only in N.T. and
 verses
 # 30,32
 The smooth water behind the little island enabled them to do
 this. \\When they had hoisted it up\\ (\\hˆn ƒrantes\\). "Which (the
 little boat) having hoisted up (\\arantes\\, verse
 # 13
 " Even so it was "with difficulty" (\\molis\\). Perhaps the little
 boat was waterlogged. \\Used helps\\ (\\boˆtheiais echr“nto\\). Imperfect
 middle of \\chraomai\\ with instrumental case. The "helps" were ropes
 or chains, no doubt. \\Under-girding the ship\\ (\\hupoz“nnuntes to\\
 \\ploion\\). Present active participle of \\hupoz“nnumi\\. Old verb, here
 only in N.T. Probably cables (\\hupoz“mata\\) or ropes were used
 under the hull of the ship laterally or even longitudinally,
 tightly secured on deck. This "frapping" was more necessary for
 ancient vessels because of the heavy mast. The little island made
 it possible to do this also. \\Lest we be cast upon the Syrtis\\ (\\mˆ\\
 \\eis tˆn Surtin ekpes“sin\\). Final clause after verb of fearing
 (\\phoboumenoi\\) with \\mˆ\\ and the second aorist active subjunctive of
 \\ekpipt“\\, old verb to fall out or off, to be cast away. So here
 and verses
 # 26,29
 a classical use of the verb for a ship driven out of its course
 on to shoals or rocks (Page who cites Xenophon, _Anab_. VII. 5,
 12). The Syrtis was the name for two quicksands between Carthage
 and Cyrenaica, this clearly being the Syrtis Major most dangerous
 because of the sandbanks (\\surtis\\, from \\sur“\\). The wind would
 drive the ship right into this peril if something were not done.
 \\They lowered the gear\\ (\\chalasantes to skeuos\\). First aorist
 active participle of \\chala“\\ (cf.
 # Lu 5:4
 for lowering the nets). \\Skeuos\\ means vessel or gear. They
 slackened or reduced sail, especially the mainsail, but leaving
 enough to keep the ship's head as close to the wind as was
 practicable. \\So were driven\\ (\\hout“s epheronto\\). Imperfect passive
 indicative again as in verse
 # 15
 with the addition of \\hout“s\\ (thus). The ship was now fixed as
 near to the wind (E N E) as possible (seven points). That would
 enable the ship to go actually W by N and so avoid the
 quicksands. J. Smith has shown that, a day being lost around
 Cauda, the ship going 36 miles in 24 hours in 13 days would make
 468 miles. The Island of Malta (Melita) is precisely in that
 direction (W by N) from Cauda and is 480 miles. Page sees a
 difficulty about this explanation of the steady drift of the ship
 in the word \\diapheromenon\\ in verse
 # 27
 but that was at the end of the drifting and the varied winds
 could have come then and not before. The whole narrative as
 explained carefully in Smith's _Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul_
 is a masterpiece of precise and accurate scholarship. A resume of
 his results appears in my _Luke the Historian in the Light of
 Research_.

04728
04729
 \\As we laboured exceedingly with the storm\\ (\\sphodr“s cheimazomen“n\\
 \\hˆm“n\\). Genitive absolute with present passive participle of
 \\cheimaz“\\, old verb to afflict with a tempest (\\cheima\\, stormy
 weather), to toss upon the waves, here alone in N.T. \\They began\\
 \\to throw overboard\\ (\\ekbalˆn epoiounto\\). Literally, "They began to
 make (inchoative imperfect middle of \\poie“\\) a casting out"
 (\\ekbolˆn\\ from \\ekball“\\, to cast out, old word, only here in N.T.).
 Cf. Latin _jacturam facere_. This to lighten the ship by throwing
 overboard the cargo. The grain in the ship would shift and make
 it list and so added to the danger. \\They cast out\\ (\\eripsan\\).
 Third person plural aorist active of \\ript“\\, not \\eripsamen\\ as
 Textus Receptus. \\With their own hands\\ (\\autocheires\\). Old word
 (\\autos, cheir\\) but here alone in N.T. Vivid and graphic touch by
 Luke who, of course, watched every movement day by day. \\The\\
 \\tackling\\ (\\tˆn skeuˆn\\). The furniture of the ship that could be
 spared. It was becoming desperate.

04730
04731
 \\When neither sun nor stars shone upon us\\ (\\mˆte hˆliou mˆte astr“n\\
 \\epiphainont“n\\). Genitive absolute again. \\For many days\\ (\\epi\\
 \\pleionas hˆmeras\\). For more days than a few. \\No small tempest\\
 (\\cheimonos ouk oligou\\). Litotes again. \\All hope that we should be\\
 \\saved was now taken away\\ (\\loipon periˆireito elpis pƒsa tou\\
 \\s“zesthai hˆmas\\). "For the rest (or future) there began to be
 taken from around us (\\periˆireito\\ inchoative imperfect and see
 use of the verb in
 # 2Co 13:16
 of the veil) all hope of the being saved so far as we were
 concerned." Despair was beginning to settle like a fog on all
 their hopes. Had Paul lost hope?

04732
 \\When they had been long without food\\ (\\pollˆs te asitias\\
 \\huparchousˆs\\). Genitive absolute, the old word \\asitia\\ from
 \\asitos\\ (verse
 # 33
 \\a\\ privative and \\sitos\\, food, here alone in N.T. Literally, "There
 being much abstinence from food." They had plenty of grain on
 board, but no appetite to eat (sea-sickness) and no fires to cook
 it (Page). "Little heart being left for food" (Randall). Galen
 and other medical writers use \\asitia\\ and \\asitos\\ for want of
 appetite. \\Stood forth\\ (\\statheis\\). As in
 # 1:15; 2:14; 17:22
  Pictorial word (Page) that sets forth the vividness and
 solemnity of the scene (Knowling). \\Ye should have hearkened unto\\
 \\me\\ (\\edei men peitharchˆsantas moi\\). Literally, "It was necessary
 for you hearkening unto me not to set sail (\\mˆ anagesthai\\)." It
 was not the "I told you so" of a small nature, "but a reference
 to the wisdom of his former counsel in order to induce acceptance
 of his present advice" (Furneaux). The first aorist active
 participle is in the accusative of general reference with the
 present infinitive \\anagesthai\\. \\And have gotten this injury and\\
 \\loss\\ (\\kerdˆsai te tˆn hubrin tautˆn kai tˆn zˆmian\\). This Ionic
 form \\kerdˆsai\\ (from \\kerda“\\) rather than \\kerdˆnai\\ or \\kerdƒnai\\
 is common in late Greek (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 349). The
 Revised Version thus carries over the negative \\mˆ\\ to this first
 aorist active infinitive \\kerdˆsai\\ from \\kerda“\\.
 See note on "Mt 16:26"
 But Page follows Thayer in urging that this is not exact, that
 Paul means that by taking his advice they ought to have escaped
 this injury and loss. "A person is said in Greek 'to gain a loss'
 when, being in danger of incurring it, he by his conduct saves
 himself from doing so." This is probably Paul's idea here.

04733
 \\And now\\ (\\kai ta nun\\). Accusative plural neuter article of general
 reference in contrast with \\men\\ in verse
 # 21
 Paul shows modesty (Bengel) in the mild contrast. \\No loss of\\
 \\life\\ (\\apobolˆ psuchˆs oudemia\\). Old word from \\apoball“\\, to throw
 away, only twice in N.T.
 # Ro 11:15
 (rejection) and here. He had foretold such loss of life as likely
 (verse
 # 10
 but he now gives his reason for his changed view.

04734
 \\For there stood by me\\ (\\parestˆ gar moi\\). Second aorist active
 (intransitive) indicative of \\paristˆmi\\ with the locative case
 (beside me). The very form used by Paul of his trial
 # 2Ti 4:17
 when "the Lord stood by me" (\\ho de kurios moi parestˆ\\) when
 others deserted him. This angel of the God whom Paul serves (in
 distinction from the heathen gods) is the reason for Paul's
 present confidence.

04735
 \\Thou must stand before Caesar\\ (\\Kaisari se dei parastˆnai\\). Note
 the same \\dei\\ (must) as in
 # 23:11
 when Jesus appeared to Paul in Jerusalem and the same verb
 \\parastˆnai\\ (second aorist active infinitive) used in verse
 # 23
 \\Hath granted thee\\ (\\kecharistai soi\\). Perfect middle indicative of
 \\charizomai\\ and that from \\charis\\, a gift or grace. The lives of
 those that sailed with Paul God had spared as a gift (\\charis\\) to
 Paul.

04736
 \\Wherefore be of good cheer\\ (\\dio euthumeite\\). God had spoken. That
 was enough. This old verb from \\euthumos\\ in the N.T. only here,
 verse
 # 25; Jas 5:13
 See the adjective
 # 27:36
 \\For I believe God\\ (\\pisteu“ gar t“i the“i\\). This is Paul's reason
 for his own good cheer and for his exhortation to confidence in
 spite of circumstances so untoward. Paul had doubtless prayed for
 his own life and for the lives of all. He was sure that he was to
 bear his witness in Rome.

04737
 \\We must be cast\\ (\\dei hˆmƒs ekpesein\\). It is necessary for us to
 fall out (\\ekpesein\\, second aorist active infinitive of \\ekpipt“\\).
 It was not revealed to Paul what island it would be.

04738
 \\As we were driven to and fro\\ (\\diapheromen“n hˆm“n\\). Genitive
 absolute with present passive participle of \\diapher“\\, old verb to
 bear different ways (\\dia=duo\\, two), this way and that. Continued
 to be tossed to and fro in the rough seas. It would seem so to
 those on board. It does not necessarily mean that the wind had
 changed. The fourteenth night is reckoned from the time they left
 Fair Havens. \\In the sea of Adria\\ (\\en t“i Hadriƒi\\). Not the
 Adriatic Sea as we now call the sea between Italy and the
 mainland of Illyricum, but all the lower Mediterranean between
 Italy and Greece. Luke's usage is like that of Strabo. \\Surmised\\
 (\\hupenooun\\). Imperfect active indicative of \\huponoe“\\, inchoative,
 began to suspect. \\That they were drawing near to some country\\
 (\\prosagein tina autois ch“ran\\). Infinitive with accusative of
 general reference in indirect assertion. \\Prosag“\\ is here used
 intransitively and Luke writes from the sailor's standpoint that
 a certain land was drawing near to them (\\autois\\, dative). The
 sailors heard the sound of breakers and grew uneasy.

04739
 \\They sounded\\ (\\bolisantes\\). First aorist active participle of
 \\boliz“\\ rare verb only here and in Eustathius who says it was
 familiar in ancient Greek. Apparently from \\bolis\\, a missile or
 dart, and so to throw down the lead into the sea, to heave the
 lead, to take soundings. The inscriptions give \\bolimos\\ for
 "leaden." \\Twenty fathoms\\ (\\orguias eikosi\\). This old word, from
 \\oreg“\\, to stretch, means the distance from one outstretched
 middle finger tip to the other likewise out-stretched. \\After a\\
 \\little space\\ (\\brachu diastˆsantes\\). Literally, "standing apart a
 little" (second aorist active participle of \\diistˆmi\\), that is,
 the ship going a short distance further on. A ship today
 approaching St. Paul's Bay by the rocky point of Koura would pass
 first twenty, then fifteen fathoms (Furneaux).

04740
 \\Lest haply we should be cast ashore on rocky ground\\ (\\mˆ pou kata\\
 \\tracheis topous ekpes“men\\). The usual construction after a verb
 of fearing (\\mˆ\\ and the aorist subjunctive \\ekpes“men\\). Literally,
 "Lest somewhere (\\pou\\) we should fall out down against (\\kata\\)
 rocky places." The change in the soundings made it a very real
 fear. \\Tracheis\\ (rough) is old adjective, but in the N.T. only
 here and
 # Lu 3:5
 (from
 # Isa 40:4
 \\Four anchors\\ (\\agkuras tessaras\\). Old word from \\agkˆ\\. In N.T. only
 in this chapter, with \\rhipt“\\ here, with \\ektein“\\ in verse
 # 30
 with \\periaire“\\ in verse
 # 40
 and
 # Heb 6:19
 (figuratively of hope). \\From the stern\\ (\\ek prumnˆs\\). Old word,
 but in N.T. only in
 # Mr 4:38
 here and
 # 41
 in contrast with \\pr“ira\\ (prow). The usual practice was and is to
 anchor by the bows. "With a view to running the ship ashore
 anchoring from the stern would, it is said, be best" (Page).
 Nelson is quoted as saying that he had been reading
 # Ac 27
 the morning of the Battle of Copenhagen (April, 1801) where he
 anchored his ships from the stern. \\Wished for the day\\ (\\ˆuchonto\\).
 Imperfect middle, kept on praying for "day to come" (\\hˆmeran\\
 \\genesthai\\) before the anchors broke under the strain of the storm
 or began to drag. If the ship had been anchored from the prow, it
 would have swung round and snapped the anchors or the stern would
 have faced the beach.

04741
 \\The sailors\\ (\\t“n naut“n\\). Old word from \\naus\\ (ship), in N.T. only
 here, verse
 # 30; Re 18:17
 \\Were seeking\\ (\\zˆtount“n\\). Genitive absolute again with present
 active participle of \\zˆte“\\ to seek. \\Had lowered\\ (\\chalasant“n\\).
 Aorist active participle of \\chalaz“\\. \\Under colour\\ (\\prophasei\\).
 Possibly the same word as "prophecy" (from \\pro-phˆmi\\, to speak
 forth), but here pretence, pretext, although it may come from
 \\prophain“\\, to show forth. The use here is an old one and appears
 also in
 # Mr 12:40; Lu 20:47; 1Th 2:5; Php 1:18
 \\As though\\ (\\h“s\\). The alleged reason, a common Greek idiom with
 \\h“s\\ and the participle (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 966). Here with
 \\mellont“n\\. \\From the foreship\\ (\\ek pr“irˆs\\). Old word for prow of
 the ship. In the N.T. only here and verse
 # 41
 Note here \\ekteinein\\ (lay out, stretch out) rather than
 \\rhipsantes\\ (casting) in verse
 # 29
 for they pretended to need the small boat to stretch out or lay
 out the anchors in front.

04742
 \\Except these abide in the ship\\ (\\Ean mˆ houtoi mein“sin en t“i\\
 \\ploi“i\\). Condition of the third class (undetermined, but with
 hope, etc.). Paul has no hesitancy in saying this in spite of his
 strong language in verse
 # 24
 about God's promise. He has no notion of lying supinely down and
 leaving God to do it all. Without the sailors the ship could not
 be properly beached.

04743
 \\The ropes\\ (\\ta schoinia\\). Diminutive of \\schoinos\\, old word, but in
 N.T. only here and
 # Joh 2:15
 Paul is now saviour of the ship and the soldiers quickly cut
 loose the skiff and "let her fall off" (\\eiasan autˆn ekpesein\\)
 rather than be the means of the escape of the sailors who were
 needed. This dastardly scheme of the sailors would have brought
 frightful loss of life.

04744
 \\While the day was coming on\\ (\\achri hou hˆmera ˆmellen ginesthai\\).
 More likely here \\achri hou\\ (for \\achri toutou h“i\\) with the
 imperfect \\ˆmellen\\, has its usual meaning, "until which time day
 was about to come on (\\ginesthai\\, present middle infinitive,
 linear action)." That is Paul kept on exhorting or beseeching
 (\\parekalei\\, imperfect active) them until dawn began to come on
 (cf. verse
 # 39
 when day came). In
 # Heb 3:13
 \\achri hou\\ with the present indicative has to mean "so long as" or
 while, but that is not true here (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 975).
 See note on "Ac 2:46"
  for the same phrase for partaking food (\\metalamban“ trophˆs\\,
 genitive case) as also in
 # 27:34
 Paul wanted them to be ready for action when day really came.
 "Fourteenth day" repeated (verse
 # 27
 only here in the accusative of duration of time (\\hˆmeran\\). It is
 not clear whether the "waiting" (\\prosdok“ntes\\, present active
 participle predicate nominative complementary participle after
 \\diateleite\\, Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 1121) means fourteen days of
 continuous fasting or only fourteen successive nights of eager
 watching without food. Galen and Dionysius of Halicarnassus
 employ the very idiom used here by Luke (\\asitos diatele“\\). \\Having\\
 \\taken nothing\\ (\\mˆthen proslabomenoi\\). Second aorist middle
 participle of \\proslamban“\\ with the accusative \\mˆthen\\ rather than
 the more usual \\mˆden\\. Probably Paul means that they had taken no
 regular meals, only bits of food now and then.

04745
 \\For this is for your safety\\ (\\touto gar pros tˆs humeteras\\
 \\s“tˆrias huparchei\\). Note \\s“tˆria\\ in sense of "safety," literal
 meaning, not spiritual salvation. This is the only instance in
 the N.T. of the use of \\pros\\ with the ablative meaning "from the
 side of" your safety, though a classic idiom (Robertson,
 _Grammar_, p. 623), an example of Luke's literary style. \\Perish\\
 (\\apoleitai\\). Future middle (intransitive) of \\apollumi (-u“)\\, to
 destroy. So the oldest MSS. rather than \\peseitai\\ from \\pipt“\\, to
 fall. This proverbial expression occurs also in
 # Lu 21:18
 which see and in
 # 1Sa 14:45; 2Sa 14:11; 1Ki 1:52

04746
 \\Gave thanks to God\\ (\\eucharistˆsen t“i the“i\\). First aorist active
 indicative of \\euchariste“\\ from which our word "Eucharist" comes.
 It was saying grace like the head of a Hebrew family and the
 example of Paul would encourage the others to eat. Probably Paul,
 Luke, and Aristarchus had memories of the Lord's supper
 # Ac 2:42
 while to others it was only an ordinary meal
 # Lu 24:30

04747
 \\Then were they all of good cheer\\ (\\euthumoi de genomenoi\\). More
 exactly, "Then all becoming cheerful," because of Paul's words
 and conduct. \\Took food\\ (\\proselabonto trophˆs\\). Partitive genitive
 here (some food), not accusative as verse
 # 33
 Paul's courage was contagious.

04748
 \\Two hundred three-score and sixteen souls\\ (\\diakosiai hebdomˆkonta\\
 \\hex\\). The Vatican Manuscript (B) has \\h“s\\ in place of \\diakosiai\\
 (two hundred) which Westcott and Hort put in the margin. But
 Alford is probably correct in suggesting that the scribe of B
 wrote \\h“s\\ by repeating the omega in \\ploi“i\\ with \\s\\ = 200 (Greek
 numeral). If the number 276 seems large, it is to be remembered
 that we do not know the size of the ship. Josephus (_Life_, 3)
 says that there were 600 on the ship that took him to Italy. The
 grain ships were of considerable size. The number included
 sailors, soldiers, and prisoners. A muster or roll call may have
 been made.

04749
 \\When they had eaten enough\\ (\\koresthentes trophˆs\\). First aorist
 passive of \\korennumi\\, old verb to satisfy, to satiate, with the
 genitive. Literally, "Having been satisfied with food." Here only
 in the N.T. \\They lightened\\ (\\ekouphizon\\). Inchoative imperfect
 active, began to lighten. Old verb from \\kouphos\\ and originally to
 be light, but transitive to lighten, as here, from Hippocrates
 on. \\Throwing out the wheat\\ (\\ekballomenoi ton siton\\). The cargo of
 wheat. The second \\ekbolˆ\\ (verse
 # 18
 or casting out and overboard which was only partially done at
 first.