PUBLISHED FOR THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION BY THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES TRUST FUND BOARD Revised 1993 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data United States. National Archives and Records Administration. The 1790--1890 federal population censuses: catalog of National Archives microfilm. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: United States. National Archives and Records Service. Federal population censuses, 1790--1890. 1971. Includes indexes. ISBN 0-911333-63-0: $2.00 1. United States---Bibliography---Microform catalogs. 2. United States---Genealogy---Bibliography---Microform catalogs. 3. United States---Census---Bibliography---Microform catalogs. 4. United States. National Archives and Records Administration---Microform catalogs. 5. Microforms--- Catalogs. 6. United States---Census---Bibliography--- Microform catalogs. I. United States. National Archives and Records Service. Federal population censuses, 1790--1890. II. Title. Z5313.U5U53 1993 [CS47] 016.929'373'--dc20 93-17537 CIP [verso title page, continued] The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984. Cover: 1860 census population schedule of free inhabitants of the first ward of the city of San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. (Microfilm publication M653, roll 1288) Foreword The National Archives and Records Administration is responsible for administering and making available for research the permanently valuable noncurrent records of the federal government. These archival holdings, now amounting to more than 1.5 million cubic feet, date from the first days of the Continental Congress in 1774 and preserve the basic records of the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government from that time to the present. The National Archives also administers the Presidential libraries. These research resources document significant events in our nation's history, but most of them are preserved for their continuing practical use in the ordinary processes of government. All nonrestricted records are available for the use of scholars, students, genealogists, and others. Contents Foreword . .iii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catalog Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microfilm Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Census Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soundex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enumeration District Descriptions and Maps . . Other Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Census Availability and Access . . . . . . . . Select Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regional Archives System . . . . . . . . . . . 1790 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1800 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1810 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1820 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 1830 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 1840 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1850 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1860 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1870 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1880 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 1880 Soundex 81 1890 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Index to the 1890 Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 1890 Special Schedules . . . Enumerating Union Veterans and Widows of Veterans of the Civil War . . . 92 Appendix: Abbreviations and Terms Used in Soundex Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 List of Figures 1. Family Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Other Members of Family---Continued Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Individual Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Institution Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Facsimile of Family Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Facsimile of Other Members of Family--- Continued Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . 7. Facsimile of Individual Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Facsimile of Institution Card (1880 Soundex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Sample Roll Listings for 1880 Census . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Volume Page Introducing 1880 Census Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Top Part of an 1880 Census Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Enumeration District Description (1880) . . . . . . . . . 13. Enumeration District Description Map (1880) . . . . . . . List of Tables 1. Soundex Coding Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Examples of Soundex Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Sample List of Soundex Rolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. ED Descriptions, 1830--90, in T1224 . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction Article I, sections 2 and 9, of the U.S. Constitution, which is on permanent display in the National Archives Building in Washington, DC, requires a decennial population census, a nationwide enumeration or count of persons every 10 years. Congress uses the aggregate figures to reapportion seats that the states have in the House of Representatives. The census also determines each state's number of votes in the electoral college, which selects the U.S. President and Vice President; affects reapportionment in state and local legislatures; and influences the distribution of billions of dollars in federal grants to states and localities. The population schedules, the completed forms recording personal information about families and individuals, are especially helpful to genealogists because of the richness, accessibility, and long-term continuity of the data. These schedules, first prepared in 1790, also contain a wealth of information for historians, economists, and other researchers interested in topics such as Revolutionary War pensioners, Civil War veterans, western expansion, slave labor, regional and local history, immigration, and naturalization. To ensure the confidentiality of responses and protect the privacy of individuals, 72 years must elapse before public release of the population schedules. As of 1993, the 1920 schedules are the most current of those available. To obtain some restricted data from post-1920 censuses, researchers should use Bureau of the Census (BC) Form BC-600, "Application for Search of Census Records." Copies are available from the Bureau of the Census, P.O. Box 1545, Jeffersonville, IN 47131 (telephone 812-285-5314; fax 812-288-3371). The search fee as of January 1993 is $40. An explanation of the form and further details appear in JoAnne Shepard, Age Search Information (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990). This catalog lists only the positive microfilmed copies of the original 1790--1890 schedules and the published 1790 schedules. This catalog, therefore, accounts for 11 of the 14 publicly released censuses. Three other National Archives catalogs cover the 1900--1920 population schedules. Two other National Archives works list most related special schedules. Details on these five works and related literature appear in Aids for Genealogical Research, a free sales brochure available from the National Archives Fulfillment Center. The Center's address and phone number are listed on p. 00. Microfilm copies of the 1790--1920 population schedules are available for rental and sale. Instructions for renting or buying microfilm appear at the end of this introduction. Without charge, the public also can research copies of census schedules in the Microfilm Research Room in the National Archives Building, which is on Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, between Seventh and Ninth Streets in Washington, DC. Research hours are 8:45 a.m. until 10 p.m., Monday through Friday, and 8:45 a.m. until 5 p.m. on Saturday. Copies of the schedules are also in research rooms of the 12 National Archives regional archives. The last page of this introduction furnishes their names, addresses, phone numbers, and other information. Many state and local archives, libraries, and genealogical or historical societies; the Family History Centers of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons); and other institutions have purchased all or some of the census microfilms and make them available to the public. Information on many of these institutions appears in Alice Eichholz, ed., Ancestry's Red Book: American State, County, & Town Sources (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing Co., 1992). The National Historical Publications and Records Commission's Directory of Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the United States (Oryx Press, 1988) lists over 4,000 repositories in the United States, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, many of which have copies of census microfilm. In the National Archives research rooms, the public also may request a copy of State Archives Referral List, Form NA 14031, which lists addresses of these repositories. Census Schedules Article I, section 2, of the U.S. Constitution required only that the censuses gather aggregate information on the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service and excluding Indians not taxed, and three-fifths of all "other persons," a euphemism for slaves. After the 13th amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery, the 14th amendment, section 2, eliminated the separate slave category in the census. On the whole, population schedules used between 1790 and 1890 became increasingly numerous. Some explanations of the schedules appear in Guide to Genealogical Research in the National Archives, chapter 1, and in 200 Years of U.S. Census Taking: Population and Housing Questions, 1790--1990 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1989). U.S. Government Printing Office bookstores and some commercial stores sell the latter work. Free facsimiles of schedules on which researchers can transcribe data are available in the National Archives Microfilm Research Room and research rooms in some regional archives. Ancestry charts and family group sheets are helpful for summarizing key genealogical data from census schedules. Such forms are available to researchers in the Microfilm Research Room. Commercial firms also publish blank facsimiles of schedules and ancestry and family group sheets. For example, they appear in William Dollarhide's Census Enumeration Forms (Bellingham, WA: The Dollarhide Systems, Inc., n.d.) and Managing a Genealogical Project: A Complete Manual for the Management and Organization of Genealogical Materials (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1991). The 1790--1820 population schedules were nearly all handwritten; the government started using printed schedules nationwide in 1830. In 1850 and 1860 the government employed separate free and slave schedules and used a single schedule per family in 1890. Moreover, the number of special or supplemental schedules increased from 1790 through 1890, peaking in 1880. As a rule, between 1790 and 1890 the census takers, or enumerators, gathered increasingly detailed personal information. The 1790--1840 schedules, for example, furnish the names only of the free heads of family, not of other family members. These schedules enumerated the family head and simply totaled the number of other family members, without name, by free or slave status. Also, the sex and age categories that the schedules first used only for free whites from 1790 through 1810 eventually applied to other persons, and the age categories increased after 1790. Some censuses from 1790 through 1840 covered special topics. The 1820 census, for example, was the first to inquire about foreigners not naturalized. This information provides clues about naturalization records covered in Federal Court Records: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications and Genealogical and Biographical Research: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Since publication of these works, additional microfilm publications reproducing indexes to federal naturalization records have become available. The original records are in the 12 National Archives regional archives. The 1840 census included a special inquiry regarding pensioners for Revolutionary or military service. This unique feature named persons who were either family heads or members and specified the pensioner's age, not just a range of ages. The results were summarized in Census of Pensioners: Revolutionary or Military Services . . . (Washington, DC: Blair and Rives, 1841). Roll 3 of First Census of the United States, 1790, National Archives Microfilm Publication T498, reproduces this report, which can lead to important military records explained in Military Service Records: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. The 1850 census set several precedents for later censuses. For example, the free schedules recorded each person's name, specific age, occupation of those over age 15, place of birth, and value of real estate. The slave schedules, while naming only the owner, totaled the number of slaves and furnished more information about them than ever before. The 1860 schedules were almost identical to those for 1850, but the 1860 census was the first to inquire about the value of each free person's personal estate. The 1870 schedule asked for the first time whether or not the parent of an enumerated person was of foreign birth and inquired about the U.S. citizenship of every man 21 years or older. This census, moreover, was the first and last to inquire about the denial or abridgment of these men's voting rights, in accordance with the 14th amendment, section 2. The 1880 schedule was the first to ask about the relationship of each individual to the head of the family, specifying what could only be assumed in earlier censuses. Moreover, the 1880 census was the first to inquire about the birthplace of each person's parents, including the country of those who were foreign born. A fire destroyed many 1890 population and special schedules, and water used to extinguish the blaze badly damaged many more. As a result, the government disposed of most schedules. This catalog lists the three rolls of microfilm that reproduce the few remaining 1890 population schedules or fragments and notes the two-roll index. These schedules are important because they included many new questions featured in later censuses. For example, the 1890 census asked questions about immigration, a topic discussed in Immigrant and Passenger Arrivals: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. This census also inquired about home ownership. This catalog ends with a list of the remaining 1890 Special Schedules . . . Enumerating Union Veterans and Widows of Veterans of the Civil War (M123). These schedules are most important for providing data about the military service of veterans, including some Confederates. This data can help researchers access sources discussed in Military Service Records. The information about post office addresses and sometimes streets and house numbers can lead outside the National Archives to important nonfederal records such as deeds, tax lists, and other property records that are mostly kept at local levels. Catalog Arrangement This catalog arranges the 1790--1890 schedules chronologically, specifies a microfilm publication number (e.g., M637 or T9) for each year, notes the total number of microfilm rolls, lists each roll at the far left, and then notes the content of each roll. The only exception to this chronological arrangement is that the 1880 Soundex follows the schedules that they index. For each census, this catalog arranges the microfilm rolls by state or territory, which are alphabetized; next by counties (parishes in Louisiana), which usually are alphabetized; then often by cities, towns, or other incorporated places; and last by wards, precincts, districts, and other so-called minor civil divisions (MCDs). After the counties, incorporated places, and many MCDs for the 1880 schedules, this catalog also notes enumeration districts (EDs) and some sheet numbers on the schedules. The roll listings for some years often note exceptions; e.g., whether or not a roll covers only part of a county, excludes certain cities, or features state recapitulations. This catalog lists the 1850 and 1860 free schedules before the separate slave schedules for each state or territory. Later discussions furnish additional information about some roll listings. Microfilm Problems The National Archives acquired the master negative microfilm rolls from the Bureau of the Census and could not correct some problems with legibility. Also, some Census Bureau volume pages at the beginning of the schedules may omit or misorder counties, MCDs, or EDs and include other errors that the National Archives did not create but which this catalog reflects. The Soundex, prepared by the Works Progress Administration, and the microfilm produced by the Bureau of the Census may include additional problems. While the National Archives did not have the staff necessary to detect and correct all these problems, researchers who identify any are encouraged to report them to the Publications Branch (NECP), National Archives, Washington, DC 20408. Census Indexes Microfilm information in this catalog and ED descriptions and maps discussed later usually can furnish historians, economists, and many other researchers with sufficient information to seek schedules for an entire county, city, or large MCD. But genealogists, biographers, and other researchers interested in a particular person or family should consult indexes before selecting and examining a microfilm roll and seeking data on a particular schedule or schedules in an ED or small MCD. The Microfilm Research Room, regional archives, and numerous libraries or other institutions have many of these indexes, which appear in microfilmed, microfiched, or published form. Privately Printed Indexes Privately printed indexes are available for most states or territories from 1790 through 1870 and for the 1890 special schedules. For each state or territory, these indexes typically alphabetize surnames (last names) and then given (first) names or other names and initials of heads of families and specify the county, city, and possibly an MCD. Researchers should match this information with the year, state or territory, and other information that this catalog provides. After finding the roll, researchers can search for the page and line numbers on the schedules that the indexes ordinarily note. Many schedules have different kinds of page numbers. Forewords to the indexes, though, usually explain the approach used and may include helpful aids such as census maps, histories, and bibliographies. Some indexes for early censuses also transcribe most census data from the schedules. This feature eliminates the need to examine the schedules themselves. Government Indexes The Microfilm Research Room and the 12 regional archives possess microfilmed indexes that the federal government prepared or accessioned for the 1790, 1810, 1820, 1880, and 1890 censuses. Because of its complexity, Soundex, pertinent to the 1880 census, is discussed in a separate section. The National Archives has also acquired a few General Reference (GR) or other special microfilm publications from other repositories or sources that index some census schedules or parts of the data, including some territorial censuses and special schedules not covered by this catalog. This catalog does not include GR publications, but the location register in the Microfilm Research Room lists them along with all microfilm publications produced by the National Archives. The National Archives does not sell GR publications, but the public may acquire copies from the institutions that produced them. The Government Printing Office published and indexed the 1790 schedules of 11 states, along with Virginia data that was reconstructed from state enumerations from 1782 to 1785 and was intended to replace the missing 1790 schedules. National Archives Microfilm Publication T498, noted on page 1 of the catalog, reproduces these works, which are also commercially reprinted. List of Free Black Heads of Families in the First Census, 1790, Special List 34, compiled by Debra L. Newman (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Service, rev. 1974), indexes names of free black heads of families nationwide. Also, GR9 and commercial transcriptions index the 1840 census of Revolutionary War pensioners, which is reproduced on roll 3 of T498. Index to the 1810 Census Schedules for Virginia (T1019) is like a commercial or private index. It alphabetizes names, references counties that this catalog also lists, and notes volume, page, and line numbers of the schedules. Volume numbers that the index notes appear within the microfilm rolls, not in this catalog. For several reasons, Compilation of Tennessee Census Reports, 1820, which T911 reproduces, is unique. A private source prepared this work, and the library of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Washington, DC, lent it to the National Archives for reproduction as a microfilm publication. T911 includes alphabetized indexes, partly transcribes data, and copies an original 1820 schedule that a local enumerator printed before the federal government set forth this requirement nationwide. Index to the Eleventh Census of the United States (M496) indexes the remaining 1890 population schedules. Roll 1 covers alphabetized surnames from A through J; roll 2, from K through Z. After the surname, the given or middle names and also initials are alphabetized. The numbers on the right-hand side of the cards refer to those stamped on the schedules, which are reproduced on Eleventh Census of the United States, 1890 (M407). Commercial indexes to M123, the 1890 special schedules enumerating veterans and widows of veterans of the Civil War, may specify MCDs that this catalog does not reference. In a few instances, therefore, when the schedules for a particular jurisdiction appear on more than one microfilm roll, the researcher may need to examine two or more rolls to find the correct MCD. More important to note, the indexes ordinarily omit page numbers because numbers usually appear in repeated sequences of 1--4 rather than in a consecutive order for an entire county or MCD. A researcher may need to carefully examine all the schedules for an MCD to find the correct page. Soundex First applied to the 1880 census, Soundex is a phonetic index, not a strictly alphabetical one. Its key feature is that it codes surnames (last names) based on the way a name sounds rather than on how it is spelled. For example, surnames that sound the same but are spelled differently, like Smith and Smyth, have the same code and are indexed together. The intent was to help researchers find a surname quickly even though it may have received different spellings. If a name like Cook, though, is spelled Koch or Faust is Phaust, a search for a different set of Soundex codes and cards based on the variation of the surname's first letter is necessary. The following six Soundex steps use as an illustration the 1880 census records of Levi Cook of Pennsylvania. These steps are coding the surname; finding the Soundex microfilm publication and roll reproducing cards with the code range; identifying the Soundex card; using the Soundex data to find the schedule on microfilm; locating the ED, sheet, and line numbers on the schedule; and copying or recording the data. These steps also apply to the 1900, 1910, and 1920 Soundexes and the 1910 variation known as Miracode. The major limitation of the 1880 Soundex is that it uses Family Cards and Other Members of Family-Continued Cards only for those families with a child or children aged 10 or under. The 1880 Individual Cards, moreover, pertain only to children within this age range, not to adults. Soundexes for all censuses, except the 1910 Miracode, also include Institution Cards. Step 1: Code Surname To use Soundex, researchers must first code the surname of the person or family in which they are interested. Every Soundex code consists of a letter and three numbers, such as B-536, representing names such as Bender. The letter is always the first letter of the surname, whether it is a vowel or a consonant. Disregard the remaining vowels (A, E, I, O, and U) as well as W, Y, and H. Assign numbers to the next three consonants of the surname according to the coding guide included in table 1, but note the exceptions discussed later. Disregard any remaining consonants. If there are not three consonants following the initial letter, use zeroes to complete the three-digit code. A name yielding no code number, such as Lee, would thus be L-000. A name with only one code number, such as Cook, would be C-200. Further discussion will use this name and code as examples. Most surnames can be coded using the guide. The next discussions explain exceptions. TABLE 1 SOUNDEX CODING GUIDE After retaining the first letter of the surname and disregarding the next letters if they are A, E, I, O, U, W, Y, and H, then: The number . . Represents the letters 1. . . . . B, P, F, V 2. . . . . C, S, K, G, J, Q, X, Z 3. . . . . D, T 4. . . . . L 5. . . . . M, N 6. . . . . R PREFIXES If the surname has a prefix, such as D', De, dela, Di, du, Le, van, or Von, code it both with and without the prefix because it might be listed under either code. The surname vanDevanter, for example, could be V-531 or D-153. Mc and Mac are not considered to be prefixes and should be coded like other surnames. DOUBLE LETTERS If the surname has any double letters, they should be treated as one letter. Thus, in the surname Lloyd, the second l should be crossed out. In the surname Gutierrez, the second r should be disregarded. SIDE-BY-SIDE LETTERS A surname may have different side-by-side letters that receive the same number on the Soundex coding guide. For example, the c, k, s in Jackson all receive a number 2 code. These letters with the same code should be treated as only one letter. In the name Jackson, the k and s should be disregarded. This rule also applies to the first letter of a surname, even though it is not coded. For example, Pf in Pfister would receive a number 1 code for both the P and f. Thus in this name the letter f should be crossed out, and the code is P-236. AMERICAN INDIAN AND ASIAN NAMES A phonetically spelled American Indian or Asian name was sometimes coded as if it were one continuous name. If a distinguishable surname was given, the name may have been coded in the normal manner. For example, Dances with Wolves might have been coded as Dances (D-522) or as Wolves (W-412), or the name Shinka-Wa-Sa may have been coded as Shinka (S-520) or Sa (S-000). If Soundex cards do not yield expected results, researchers should consider other surname spellings or variations on coding names. FEMALE RELIGIOUS FIGURES Nuns or other female religious figures with names such as Sister Veronica may have been members of households or heads of households or institutions where a child or children age 10 or under resided. Because many of these religious figures do not use a surname, the Soundexes for the post-1880 censuses frequently use the code S-236, for Sister, whether or not a surname exists. So far as can be determined, though, the Soundex for the 1880 census does not use the code S-236 for this purpose. Because of the limitations of the 1880 Soundex, the number of cards mentioning a nun or comparable person is likely to be very small. If this person was the head of a household or institution with children, indexers may have coded the head's surname. If no surname existed, the indexers may have used the Not Reported (NR) surname option discussed later. In either case, if the household or institution headed by a female religious figure included a child under 10, the researcher also can code the child's surname and seek an Individual Card. No Individual Card, though, applies to a nun or any other person 10 years or older. SINGLE-TERM NAMES In 1880 many individuals, especially in Alaska or areas with many Native Americans, may have used only a single-term name such as Loksi or Hiawatha. Perhaps not until the 1900s did their descendants use a surname. Some researchers, therefore, may need to code a single-term name as though it was a surname. If this rule applies to the head of a family and other family members have different names, Individual Cards will also pertain to those members age 10 or younger. TABLE 2 EXAMPLES OF SOUNDEX CODING Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Letters Coded. . . . . Coding Allricht . . . l, r, c A-462 Eberhard . . . b, r, r E-166 Engebrethson . n, g, b E-521 Heimbach . . . m, b, c H-512 Hanselmann . . n, s, l H-524 Henzelmann . . n, z, l H-524 Hildebrand . . l, d, b H-431 Kavanagh . . . v, n, g K-152 Lind, Van. . . n, d L-530 Lukaschowsky . k, s, s L-222 McDonnell. . . c, d, n M-235 McGee. . . . . c M-200 O'Brien. . . . b, r, n O-165 Opnian . . . . p, n, n O-155 Oppenheimer. . p, n, m O-155 Riedemanas . . d, m, n R-355 Zita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t Z-300 Zitzmeinn. . . t, z, m Z-325 Step 2: Find Soundex Roll After coding surnames, the indexers recorded them, along with other data, on small cards that are reproduced on 2,367 microfilm rolls listed on pages 00-00 in this catalog, which alphabetically lists the states, District of Columbia, and territories and specifies a separate Soundex microfilm publication for each. After coding a surname, therefore, researchers must know or speculate where a family, person, or institution was located in 1880. In the roll lists, the Soundex codes are arranged alphabetically by the first letter of the surnames, and then the numbers derived from the coding guide are arranged consecutively. Table 3, Sample List of Soundex Rolls, shows this arrangement for the first rolls for Pennsylvania. In this table, key features discussed below appear inside brackets. TABLE 3 SAMPLE LIST OF SOUNDEX ROLLS Pennsylvania. T769. [State name and microfilm publication] [Microfilm rolls Soundex codes for surnames] 1. A-000 thru A-351 2. A-352 thru A-450 (K) [First initials within parentheses] . . . 14. B-600 thru B-620 (J) 15. B-620 (J) thru B-624 16. B-625 thru B-630 17. B-631 thru B-640 (F) 18. B-640 (G) thru B-650 (Q) 19. B-650 (R) thru B-652 20. B-653 thru B-666 21. C-000 thru C-200 (I) 22. C-200 (J) thru C-316 [Code range for Cook, Levi] Researchers should match their Soundex code with a range specified in the catalog. Table 3 references the code C-200, which applies to Cook and similar surnames. Rolls 21 and 22 include cards with this code. Often a microfilm roll does not have sufficient space for all cards with the same codes, and some cards must appear on the next roll. In the Soundex listings, large capital letters within parentheses indicate a break in the cards. A letter within parentheses at the far right of a roll listing indicates that the last card on the roll is for a person whose first initial was that letter. The letter after the first code of the next roll is the initial of the person listed on the first card. For example, roll 21 of Pennsylvania's Soundex ends with C- 200, with the letter (I) representing the first initial of a given name or middle name. Roll 22 continues with the code C- 200, starting with the initial (J). Hence, a search for a Soundex card for Levi Cook should begin with roll 22 of T769. Sometimes, as with rolls 14 and 15 of T769, cards with a particular code and initial may be so numerous or have been filmed in such a manner that the researcher needs to consult more than one microfilm roll. The same situation can occur if mixed codes exist. This problem is discussed later. Step 3: Identify the Correct Soundex Card The Soundex microfilm rolls for the 1880 and later censuses include four different kinds of cards: Family Cards, Other Members of Family---Continued Cards, Individual Cards, and Institution Cards. Figures 1--4 show examples of completed cards. Explanations of some key features appear within brackets. Figures 5--8 include blank facsimiles of the four Soundex cards. Boldfaced portions identify essential data for completing Soundex steps 4 and 5. Researchers may reproduce these facsimiles to transcribe data. With slight modification, these facsimiles can also be used for the 1900, 1910, and 1920 censuses. On the microfilm rolls, divider cards with large handwritten data usually note the beginning of a new Soundex code. Soundex cards then appear. Figure 1, Family Card (1880 Soundex), includes an example of the most frequently used kind of card. Figure 1 FAMILY CARD (1880 SOUNDEX) Surname codes Surnames; other names/initials alphabetized Key data to access schedule Refers to Continuation Card below Figure 2 OTHER MEMBERS OF FAMILY---CONTINUED CARD (1880 SOUNDEX) Use the data on Family Card above to access schedule [No Soundex code] Refers to Family Card above Figure 3 INDIVIDUAL CARD (1880 SOUNDEX) Surname codes Surnames; other names/initials alphabetized Key data to access schedule [This card is used because the son's surname is different from the father's.] Figure 4 INSTITUTION CARD (1880 SOUNDEX) [Use the same data as on Family and Individual Cards to access schedule] [Institution names are alphabetized, not Soundexed] [No data on individuals is recorded. Line numbers may appear at right.] Figure 5 FACSIMILE OF FAMILY CARD (1880 SOUNDEX) Key data for accessing the schedule are bold Figure 6 FACSIMILE OF OTHER MEMBERS OF FAMILY---CONTINUED CARD (1880 SOUNDEX) Use bold key data on Family Card to access the schedule Figure 7 FACSIMILE OF INDIVIDUAL CARD (1880 SOUNDEX) Key data for accessing the schedule are bold Figure 8 FACSIMILE OF INSTITUTION CARD (1880 SOUNDEX) Key data for accessing the schedule are bold Below the coded surname at the top left of the card, the surname and then first name of the head of the family ordinarily appear as recorded on the schedule, which did not require a middle name or initial. Surnames on the cards are seldom arranged alphabetically, since Soundex coding largely serves this purpose, but first names ordinarily are arranged alphabetically. Researchers should find the card or cards with information that best matches their knowledge of the person or family being studied, including such factors as color, age, birthplace, and address. The appendix, Abbreviations and Terms Used in Soundex Cards, is applicable to the 1880, 1900, 1910, and 1920 Soundex. It can help researchers determine the relationships of persons to the head of the family and thus facilitate a search for the correct card. This information appears on the Soundex cards, except the Institution cards, in the column or on the line entitled "Relationship." In figure 1, for example, the W following Mary Cook's name means that she was Levi Cook's wife. The S designates Ervin and William as Levi's sons. Researchers can record information from a Family Card onto the facsimile included in figure 5 and then proceed to research step 4: finding the microfilm roll with the census schedule. The most important information to record is: state or territory; volume, ED, sheet, and line numbers; county, city, and MCD. Part or all of the jurisdictional data and frequently the sheet number are essential for the fourth research step. For example, in figure 2, the key data on the card for Levi Cook is Pennsylvania; volume 82, ED 21, sheet 8, line 15; and Somerset County, Shade [Township]. The volume number, sheet number, and line number noted on the Soundex card are pertinent to the fifth step: locating the schedules on the microfilm roll. Intervening Problems Many researchers may be able to proceed to step 4 without difficulty, but some persons may encounter problems that warrant discussion here. OTHER SOUNDEX CARDS Frequently, if families include more than six members, the Family Card is followed by a related card, shown in figure 2, Other Members of Family---Continued Card (1880 Soundex). The card in this figure lists Susanna Cook, Levi Cook's youngest daughter. For very large families, more than one of these cards may appear. Handwritten numbers at the bottom of the cards refer to the first card (e.g., "#2, see #1"). Although the continuation card, shown blank in figure 6, notes the name of the head of family and name, relationship, age, and birthplace of the other family member, this card excludes other personal information such as color and sex. It also omits most jurisdictional data found on the Family Card such as the county, city, MCD, and ED. The researcher must use this data from the Family Card to proceed to the next step. Some researchers may need to search for a third kind of Soundex card, an Individual Card (figure 3). A blank card appears in figure 7. This card contains data only on a child age 10 or under who (1) had a surname different from the head of family, or who (2) was not an immediate member of a family (e.g., stepson or nephew), or who (3) resided in an institution without a family. For the first two purposes, the Individual Card duplicates part of the information on a Family Card, cross- references a census schedule, and thus facilitates a search for schedules. For the third purpose, the Individual Card ordinarily is the only card referencing a particular child. In any case, researchers should record data from the Individual Card onto the facsimile and proceed to step 4. Some researchers who cannot find a person listed on the first three kinds of Soundex cards may want to consider the fourth kind of card, an Institution Card (figure 4). Figure 8 includes a blank facsimile. Institution cards appear at the end of the last roll of Soundex microfilm for a state or territory. For example, roll 168 of Pennsylvania's Soundex includes "Y-630 thru Institutions." The Institution Cards, unlike the three other Soundex cards, are alphabetically arranged, not phonetically coded, by the first name of the institution. The card shown in figure 4 was the first to appear in roll 168 because it names an institution whose name began with A---Adams County, PA, Poorhouse. The institution cards exclude personal data on individuals and, at most, may note only the number of inhabitants. Institution Cards include jurisdictional data necessary to find the correct census schedules (e.g., state, county, city, and ED). Street and house numbers also often appear on the cards. The cards exclude a printed heading for MCDs, but as figure 4 suggests, some indexers inserted this information on the line for city. Also, the cards have no caption for line numbers pertinent to the schedules, but some indexers inserted this information near the line for sheet number. Knowing or suspecting that an individual lived in an institution, a researcher can easily find the schedule using an Institution Card without looking at other kinds of cards. In a single microfilm publication, moreover, these cards can help historians, economists, and other researchers obtain information about institutions for an entire state or territory. NOT-REPORTED DATA A few features in the arrangement of Soundex cards also may pose research problems. For example, after the coded surnames and full surnames, most of these cards include alphabetized given names. Occasionally, though, some persons gave the enumerator only a surname, without any given or middle name, or the indexer may have found this information missing or illegible. Under these circumstances, Not Reported (NR) or a blank can appear on a card after a surname. Cards with this NR feature appear first within a code. On census schedules, after the surname, some enumerators may have recorded only initials for a person or an initial before the middle name. Such cards are arranged alphabetically and may appear after those with the NR-first name. They ordinarily precede cards with full names bearing the same first letter. The indexers may also have encountered an NR surname, with or without a given name and initials. Cards with an NR surname for the head of family are on the last Soundex roll for a state or territory, usually before the Institution Cards. Roll 34 of California's Soundex (T737) states "Not Reported thru Institutions," but most roll listings in this catalog do not reference this feature. The NR-surname cards may include enough personal information such as color, sex, age, street, and house number to identify a person. Some cards also list members of the family or household by surname and may include an indexer's remarks about possible relationships. Especially in the latter situation, these cards may help a researcher identify a person and justify a search of the schedule. MIXED CODES Another frequent Soundex problem is "mixed codes," which means that codes on the cards may appear in random, nonconsecutive order; e.g., M-200 is followed by M-190, M-205, and then by M-189. In these instances, which divider cards usually note, researchers should disregard the codes and focus on the alphabetized given names and initials or other arrangements discussed earlier. In some instances, mixed codes may require that the researcher consult more than one microfilm roll. If researchers exhaust all these options and still cannot find a pertinent Soundex card, again, it is advisable to try various spellings of the surname and new codings. Another option is to explore ED descriptions and maps, which are discussed later. Step 4: Find Microfilmed Schedule After researchers record pertinent data from a Soundex card, they should consult pages 00-00 of the catalog, which pertains to Tenth Census of the United States, 1880 (T9). The 1,454 rolls reproduce the 1880 schedules that the Soundex indexes. Figure 9, Sample Roll Listings for 1880 Census (Microfilm Publication T9), shows the standard arrangement of microfilm rolls. This catalog alphabetically lists the states, District of Columbia, and territories; references the microfilm rolls at the far left; and then describes their coverage. The arrangement first cites the names of counties, which usually are in alphabetical order. Names of cities often appear separately from counties. Roll 1188 in figure 9, for example, covers part of the city of Philadelphia. Within cities or large urban areas, MCDs such as wards may be numbered and then usually listed in consecutive order. Within counties, cities, or MCDs, EDs are the next most important data that the catalog notes, often in numerical order. In figure 9, rolls 1190--1194 pertain to Schuylkill County, EDs 1--238. In many instances, the catalog notes that rolls include certain sheets for an ED or other jurisdiction. Researchers should match the county, city, MCD, ED, and sheet number listed on the Soundex card with the information or range provided in the catalog. The number at the far left of this information designates the microfilm roll number that reproduces the pertinent schedule. Figure 9 SAMPLE ROLL LISTINGS FOR 1880 CENSUS (MICROFILM PUBLICATION T9) State and Territorial Names are Alphabetized in Catalog Roll numbers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Counties, MCDs, Roll numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Counties, MCDs, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .EDs, and sheets noted EDs, and sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .on Soundex cards. noted on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soundex cards. Step 5: Locate ED, Sheet, and Line Numbers on Schedule At the beginning of a microfilm roll, a large handwritten number such as "T9, 1195" ordinarily confirms that the researcher is viewing the 1880 microfilm publication and the correct roll selected from the catalog entries. Next, a volume page indicates the coverage of the schedules. Figure 10, Sample Volume Page Introducing 1880 Census Schedules in T9, includes an example found at the beginning of roll 1195 of T9. Some microfilm rolls may have additional volume pages throughout the roll. The Soundex card in figure 1 notes that the schedule enumerating Levi Cook appears in Pennsylvania, volume 82, which is same number shown in figure 10. This volume page also states that some schedules pertain to Somerset County, confirming information on the Soundex card. Researchers should disregard the large numbers at the bottom of the volume page (201--663 in this example). In some cases, volume pages may record inaccurate information about EDs or other jurisdictions. The researcher may need to carefully scan the roll preceding or following the one that seems correct. Figure 10 VOLUME PAGE INTRODUCING 1880 CENSUS SCHEDULES IN T9 A microfilm roll may have more than one volume page. The page may include errors. State, volume number, and counties are noted on the Soundex card. Disregard these page numbers. Soundex cards use other numbers. After the volume page, the schedules should be arranged in the order stated in the catalog. Figure 11, Top Part of an 1880 Census Schedule, includes an example that enumerates Levi Cook and his family. The 1880 schedule consists of four sides. A large printed A and C usually appear on the front side; a B and D, on the back. Enumerators usually recorded the names of the city, county, and state and the number or name of the ward or other MCD only on the front of the schedule, not on the back. In figure 11, for example, these spaces were originally blank. Handwritten ED numbers are on the upper left side, on the third line, under the line marked "Supervisor's District." In figure 11, for example, the faintly written number 21 corresponds to that recorded on the Soundex card. Figure 11 TOP PART OF AN 1880 CENSUS SCHEDULE PAGE OR SHEET NUMBER [ED NUMBER] [Shade Township, the MCD] [Somerset] [Pennsylvania] [LINE NUMBERS] [Levi Cook, line 15] The researcher should next match the sheet number recorded on the Soundex card with the page number on the first line of the upper left side of the schedule. On the card for Levi Cook, for example, the sheet number is 9, which corresponds to that on the schedule in figure 11. The handwritten numbers on the schedules ordinarily start at 1 in each ED and continue consecutively on each sheet, A--D. Disregard the stamped numbers usually at the right side of the schedules, such as number 434 on figure 11. These numbers ordinarily start at the beginning of a volume and continue consecutively through all EDs, appearing on every other sheet. Both sides of the 1880 schedules list lines 1--50 for enumerating persons. Researchers should use the line number shown on the Soundex card to complete the search for the family, individual, or institution covered by the Soundex card. For example, the Soundex card for Levi Cook notes line 15. In figure 11, an arrow points to this line. Step 6: Copy or Record Data After researchers find the correct schedule, they can transcribe the data or make reproductions of the schedule on microfilm copier machines. For a small fee, the National Archives also formally certifies its census records. Enumeration District Descriptions and Maps Researchers who cannot find a name in Soundex or in a commercial index may want to consult enumeration district (ED) descriptions and maps before undertaking the time-consuming task of examining all the schedules for a county or locality. These aids narrow the search for an individual schedule and also can help researchers seeking schedules for a particular locality, MCD, or neighborhood not mentioned in the catalog. An overview of these aids appears in Bruce Carpenter, "Using Soundex Alternatives: Enumeration Districts, 1880--1920," Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives 25 (Spring 1993): 90--93. A case study on the approach appears in Keith R. Schlesinger, "An Urban Finding Aid for the Federal Census," in Our Family, Our Town: Essays on Family and Local History Sources in the National Archives, comp. Timothy Walch (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1987), pp. 126--140. An ED refers to the area assigned to a single census-taker to count persons and prepare schedules within one census period. ED descriptions pertinent to the schedules covered by this catalog are in Descriptions of Census Enumeration Districts, 1830--1890 and 1910--1950 (T1224). Table 4, ED Descriptions, 1830--90, in T1224, explains coverage of the 17 rolls pertinent to this catalog. A roll listing in the Microfilm Research Room provides additional details, including those pertinent to post- 1890 censuses. All the rolls in T1224 may be purchased. TABLE 4 ED DESCRIPTIONS, 1830--90, IN T1224 An asterisk (*) notes alphabetized states and territories Census Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Roll Number Remarks 1830-40. . . . 1 Arranged by region 1850-60 *. . . 2 No 1850 data for Oregon Territory 1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 No data for Montana Territory but . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . separate category for "Indians--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All States" 1880 * . . . . 4--6 No data for Alabama, Arizona Territory, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Montana Territory, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin. Roll 4, DK-- KY; roll 5, LA--MO; and roll 6, NB-- WY. 1890 * . . . . 7--17 Roll 7, AL-- DE; roll 8, DC--IL; roll 9, IN--KS; roll 10, KY- -MD; roll 11, MA--MN; roll 12, MS- -NM; roll 13, NY; roll 14, NC--OR; roll 15, PA; roll 16, RI- -TX; roll 17, UT--WY The title of T1224 contains a misnomer because EDs, strictly defined, were not used until the 1880 census. The early censuses used the term subdivision to refer to part of a supervisor's or marshal's division or district. Subdivisions in the early censuses comprised towns, townships, or other units comparable to MCDs. Most early ED descriptions are general and largely served as documentation of the names of enumerators and rates of pay. They may simply state that a census taker had to enumerate an entire county or an unspecified part of a subdivision. Beginning with 1850, the ED descriptions became increasingly detailed. To use ED descriptions in T1224, a researcher should try to determine the location of a family, person, or institution in a certain census year. Especially for the late 1800s, death and birth certificates, city directories, tax records, or other sources may provide this information. The National Archives, though, has few of these records, which usually may be found in state or local repositories. At a minimum, the researcher must determine the state or territory and try to identify the county. Descriptions found in T1224 may help narrow the search for the pertinent microfilm roll and for the schedules within a roll by specifying in what county certain localities (including MCDs, neighborhoods, or post offices) were in certain census years. The 1880--90 descriptions are the most detailed, especially regarding urban areas, noting street names or ranges and specifying the corresponding EDs. An excerpted example using Cook County, IL, appears in figure 12, Enumeration District Description (1880). This example lists street ranges in the middle of the page and post office addresses at the right. An arrow points to the corresponding ED numbers at the far left. This information can help the researcher find the correct microfilm roll for the 1880 schedules and speculate on the location of that ED's schedule within the roll. For example, the post office at 2924 Fifth Avenue in Chicago included the fifth ward. This neighborhood was in ED 31, marked in figure 12. According to the roll listings in this catalog, schedules for this ward and ED are likely to be on roll 187 of T9. The same research steps can help researchers find the 1890-- 1920 schedules, but most ED numbers changed for each census. Figure 12 ENUMERATION DISTRICT DESCRIPTION (1880) After matching a person's address or location with a post office address or street name or range shown below, use the ED number at the far left to help find the microfilm roll that copies that ED's census schedules. ED numbers . . Street Post- office matching those . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . names or addresses in the catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ranges ED 31 Maps can complement ED descriptions or provide substitutes for them. For censuses from 1790 through 1820, commercially or privately published maps are especially helpful and practical because the National Archives does not have ED descriptions and specially marked ED maps for these years. Many commercial indexes for censuses include maps for a particular year and state; if researchers know approximately where a family lived in a state, these maps can help identify the county and the corresponding microfilm roll listed in this catalog. William Thorndale and William Dollarhide, Map Guide to the U.S. Federal Census, 1790--1920 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1992) is especially useful in identifying counties and many localities in existence in early census years. While the National Archives research rooms have some maps that can help researchers, the agency's Cartographic and Architectural Branch has some specially marked ED ("office copy") maps. They show streets, locations, or neighborhoods within cities and specify the ED. Cartographic Records of the Bureau of the Census, Preliminary Inventory (PI) 103 (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Service, 1958) discusses ED maps available in the National Archives. The appendix to PI 103 lists the maps by alphabetizing the names of states, specifying counties or other localities, and noting availability for the years 1880--1940. The National Archives has no pre-1880 ED maps, and maps for the 1880 census exist for only Washington, DC, Rockwall County, TX, and Atlanta in Fulton County, GA. Part of the last map appears in figure 13, Enumeration District Description Map (1880). The large handwritten numbers are ED numbers corresponding to those in this catalog. Only 11 ED maps exist for the 1890 census, and none pertains to the remaining schedules. One exception is the map of Washington, DC, which shows part of the area to which a few schedules pertain; but this map is far less helpful than M496, the alphabetical index, in locating these schedules. Beginning in 1900, maps pertinent to censuses became more numerous and detailed. To order a copy, researchers should consult the appendix in PI 103 and write to the Cartographic and Architectural Branch (NNSC), National Archives, Washington, DC 20408. Prices vary with the map size. Even full-scale maps, though, may be difficult to read, especially because black-and- white copies may obscure colored ED boundaries. Figure 13 ENUMERATION DISTRICT DESCRIPTION MAP (1880) The large handwritten numbers indicate ED numbers. After finding a person's street, location, or neighborhood on an ED map for a city or jurisdiction, match the ED number with one that this catalog notes as part of T9, the microfilm publication reproducing the 1880 census schedules. Researchers may use the same step regarding ED maps for later censuses. [ED NUMBER] National Archives maps can help with research on other topics in addition to censuses. The Library of Congress also has many fire insurance, cadastral, and real property maps that can complement National Archives maps and help with the use of ED descriptions. Other Schedules While this catalog focuses on decennial population schedules, the National Archives has custody of numerous other federal census records that can supplement and enrich genealogical projects and other research. Many of these records are microfilmed and can be purchased. The government occasionally conducted territorial and special censuses in interdecennial periods; for example, the 1885 special census enumerated five states and territories. The government also used many special or supplemental schedules to collect nonpopulation data, which mostly concern manufacturing, agriculture, social statistics, and mortality (causes of death) in the year before the decennial census. The 1880 census, for example, included 4 supplemental schedules as well as 12 special manufacturing schedules and 7 schedules involving the defective, dependent, and delinquent classes. Details on many of these records appear in Guide to Genealogical Research in the National Archives, chapter 1. Table 4 of the Guide (pp. 15--17) identifies most of the microfilm publications for the mortality schedules; section 1.2 of chapter 1 (pp. 22--35) discusses each state's special census schedules and problems. National Archives Microfilm Resources for Research: A Comprehensive Catalog (pp. 63--64) notes other nonpopulation and territorial censuses as well as special aids and Bureau of the Census publications. The location register in the Microfilm Research Room lists a few additional microfilm publications. Numerous details on little-known census records, including unmicrofilmed records, also appear in Records of the Bureau of the Census, PI 161 (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Service, 1964). This free work is available from the National Archives Fulfillment Center. Ordering information is on p. 00. Researchers interested in unmicrofilmed records covered by PI 161 or in other census-related topics may write to the Civil Reference Branch (NNRC), National Archives, Washington, DC 20408. Research Hints A few tips here may help broaden or facilitate research. The 1810 census includes some schedules or fragments dealing with that year's census of manufactures. For coverage, see PI 161, appendix IX. Some transcribed data on the 1820 census of manufactures appears in T911, Compilation of Tennessee Census Reports, 1820. In some cities, the government conducted second enumerations because of questions about the accuracy of the first. Researchers should determine whether or not two microfilm rolls copy schedules for the same area. For example, rolls 975 and 1014 of M593, Ninth Census of the United States, 1870, copy schedules for New York City, ward 1. A fire destroyed most of the 1870 Minnesota schedules. M593, rolls 716--719, copies the remaining federal schedules, while T132 reproduces the state copy. T132 also is noteworthy because it includes some mortality schedules interfiled with the population schedules. The 1880 census included a special enumeration of Indians living near military installations in California and in the Washington and Dakota Territories. For information about the schedules, which are in four unmicrofilmed volumes, researchers should contact the Civil Reference Branch (NNRC), at the above address. Additional Guidance To accelerate research, the public may attend National Archives workshops and courses on census schedules and related records. For monthly information on this program in Washington, DC, researchers should request the Calendar of Events by writing to the Public Affairs Staff (NXI), National Archives, Washington, DC 20408. Researchers may contact each regional archives about its own genealogy education program. Information on these regional programs appears in the "Genealogy Notes" section of Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives. To receive a subscription form for this quarterly or for literature about National Archives records in addition to censuses, researchers should write to: National Archives Fulfillment Center (NEDC) 8700 Edgeworth Drive Capitol Heights, MD 20743-3701 (telephone 301-763-1896 or 1-800-788-6282/fax 301-763-6025) Free literature includes two sales brochures, Aids for Genealogical Research and National Archives 1993 Publications. These brochures are especially helpful for purchasing microfilm catalogs, including 1900 Federal Population Census, The 1910 Federal Population Census, and The 1920 Federal Population Census. Other free literature includes Using Records in the National Archives for Genealogical Research, General Information Leaflet (GIL) No. 5; Military Service Records in the National Archives of the United States, GIL No. 7; Information about the National Archives for Prospective Researchers, GIL No. 30; The Regional Archives System of the National Archives, GIL No. 22; Fast Facts About the 1920 Census, GIL No. 43, which explains the most current publicly released decennial census; and Select List of Publications of the National Archives and Records Administration, GIL 3, which covers many additional free works such as preliminary inventories and reference information papers. GIL No. 5 is also important because it includes guidance on how to formally cite microfilmed census records. Census Availability and Access Microfilmed copies of census records are available at the National Archives Building in Washington, DC, at NARA's 12 regional archives, and at many large libraries and genealogical societies that have purchased all or some of the microfilm. The public can also request mail-order paper copies of census schedules, rent the microfilm, or purchase microfilm rolls. Ordering Paper Copies by Mail The National Archives in Washington, DC, can provide paper copies of specifically identified pages of federal population census schedules through the mail. To receive this photocopying service, use Order for Copies of Census Records, NATF Form 82 (rev. 1992) and provide the following information: the name of the individual, the page number, census year, state, and county. Researchers may request copies of NATF Form 82 by writing to the Reference Services Branch (NNRS), National Archives, Washington, DC 20408. For the 1880 through 1920 censuses, the enumeration district is also necessary. Ordinarily, it is possible to use a government or privately printed census index to locate this information. National Archives Microfilm Rental Program The National Archives Microfilm Rental Program offers microfilm of federal population schedules from 1790 through 1920 and Soundexes from 1880 through 1920. The program also rents microfilm of American Revolutionary War military service records and indexes, pension files, and bounty-land warrant files. For a free brochure that describes the program, write or call National Archives Microfilm Rental Program, P.O. Box 30, Annapolis Junction, MD 20701-0030, 301-604-3699. Buying the Microfilm Microfilm copies of census records are also available for purchase. The schedules are on 35mm microfilm; the Soundex is on 16mm. Schedules for an entire county or enumeration district may be on one or more rolls of microfilm. All microfilm publications of National Archives records are for sale. You can buy either individual rolls or a complete set (all rolls). The prices as of August 1, 1990, for silver-halide positive film copies are $23 a roll for domestic orders and $30 for foreign orders. Shipping is included in these prices. These prices are subject to change without advance notice. Checks and money orders should be made payable to the "National Archives Trust Fund (NEDC)." VISA and MasterCard are also accepted. Credit card orders must include the expiration date and the cardholder's signature. Do NOT send cash. Federal, state, and local government agencies only may purchase microfilm on an accounts-receivable basis, but they must submit a signed purchase order within 10 working days of placing an order. U.S. Treasury regulations require a minimum amount of $25 for foreign checks. To order microfilm, write to: National Archives Trust Fund (NEDC) P.O. Box 100793 Atlanta, GA 30384 When ordering microfilm, please state the microfilm publication number; if you are not buying a complete set, also state the specific roll numbers. Check your order immediately upon receipt for errors, completeness, or damage in shipping. You must notify the Fulfillment Center of any problems within 60 days. Do not return microfilm orders without written permission from the Fulfillment Center. For more information on how to order or for help identifying which rolls of a publication you may wish to purchase, please contact the National Archives Fulfillment Center (NEDC) 8700 Edgeworth Drive Capitol Heights, MD 20743-3701 (telephone 301-763-1896 or 1-800-788-6282/fax 301-763-6025) Include in your inquiry the census year, the state, and the county or enumeration district. Copies of National Archives microfilm publications may also be purchased from Scholarly Resources, Inc., 104 Greenhill Avenue, Wilmington, DE 19805 (telephone 302-654-7713/fax 302- 654-3871). Copies available for sale from other sources have not been authorized or duplicated by the National Archives and may be one or more generations removed from the master materials--- adversely affecting the quality and legibility of each image. Wayne B. Cook, an archives specialist in the Education Branch, Office of Public Programs, wrote this revised introduction and prepared the figures and tables. Mary C. Ryan, in the Publications Branch, Office of Public Programs, edited the new material. The following staff members of the National Archives contributed to the preparation of this revised catalog. Office of Public Programs: Charles W. Bender, Linda N. Brown, Sandra Glasser, Henry J. Gwiazda, Nancy Mottershaw, Richard B. Smith, and Serene Feldman Werblood; Office of the National Archives: Samuel Anthony, John Dwyer, Allan Hunt, Deborah Lelansky, Constance Potter, Clarence Simmons, and Charles Taylor; Office of Special and Regional Archives: Rosanne Butler, Celia Ceffalo, Kellee Blake, Bill Greene, Helen Lewis, Greg Plunges, and Suzanne Dewberry. Select Bibliography In addition to the works mentioned in this introduction, most of which are described in Aids for Genealogical Research, the following literature includes chapters or information that may help with census research. Bibliographies in the commercial works refer to additional helpful sources. Also, the National Archives sells many commercial works not listed here that explain census research. An asterisk (*) below notes two National Archives works that are out of print, but researchers may examine copies in the National Archives library. Delle Donne, Carmen R. Federal Census Schedules, 1850--1880: Primary Sources for Historical Research. Reference Information Paper 67. National Archives and Records Service, 1973. * Eakle, Arlene and Johni Cerny, eds. The Source: A Guidebook of American Genealogy. Salt Lake City: Ancestry Inc., 1984. Federal Population and Mortality Census Schedules, 1790--1910, in the National Archives and the States: Outline of a Lecture on Their Availability, Content and Use. Special List 24. National Archives and Records Service, 1982. Microfiche. Fishbein, Meyer H. The Censuses of Manufactures, 1810--1890. Reference Information Paper 50. National Archives and Records Service, 1973. * Greene, Evarts B. and Virginia D. Harrington. American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., reprint 1993. Greenwood, Val D. The Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy. 2d ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., 1990. Guide to the National Archives of the United States. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, rev. 1987. Lainhart, Ann S. State Census Records. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., 1992. Publications of the Bureau of the Census, 1790--1916. National Archives Microfilm Publication T825 (42 rolls). Szucs, Loretto Dennis and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking. The Archives: A Guide to the National Archives Field Branches. Salt Lake City: Ancestry, Inc. 1988. Wright, Carroll D. and William C. Hunt. The History and Growth of the United States Census. 56th Cong., 1st sess. S. Doc. 194. Serial 3856. (A commercial reprint is available.) Regional Archives System The hours of operation noted for each regional archives are subject to change. For current information, please call the numbers listed below. Director National Archives--Regional Archives System (NSR) 7th and Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20408 Phone: 202-501-5340 National Archives--New England Region 380 Trapelo Road Waltham, MA 02154 Phone: 617-647-8100 Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:30 p.m., Monday--Friday 8:00 a.m.--4:30 p.m., first Saturday of each month Areas Served: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont National Archives--Northeast Region 201 Varick Street New York, NY 10014 Phone: 212-337-1300 Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:30 p.m., Monday--Friday 8:30 a.m.--4:00 p.m., third Saturday of each month Area Served: New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands National Archives--Mid Atlantic Region 9th and Market Streets, Room 1350 Philadelphia, PA 19107 Phone: 215-597-3000 Hours: 8:00 a.m.--5:00 p.m., Monday--Friday 8:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m., second Saturday of each month Area Served: Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia National Archives--Southeast Region 1557 St. Joseph Avenue East Point, GA 30344 Phone: 404-763-7477 Hours: 7:30 a.m.--4:30 p.m., Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday 7:30 a.m.--9:30 p.m., Tuesday 9:00 a.m.--5:00 p.m., second Saturday of each month Area Served: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee National Archives--Great Lakes Region 7358 South Pulaski Road Chicago, IL 60629 Phone: 312-581-7816 Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:15 p.m., Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday 8:00 a.m.--8:30 p.m., Tuesday 8:00 a.m.--4:15 p.m., second Saturday of each month Area Served: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin National Archives--Central Plains Region 2312 East Bannister Road Kansas City, MO 64131 Phone: 816-926-6272 Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m., Monday, Wednesday, Friday 8:00 a.m.--8:00 p.m., Tuesday and Thursday. Area Served: Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska National Archives--Southwest Region 501 West Felix Street P.O. Box 6216 Fort Worth, TX 76115 Phone: 817-334-5525 Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m. Monday--Friday Area Served: Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas National Archives--Rocky Mountain Region Building 48, Denver Federal Center P.O. Box 25307 Denver, CO 80225 Phone: 303-236-0817 Hours: 7:30 a.m.--4:00 p.m., Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday 7:30 a.m.--5:00 p.m., Wednesday . . . . . . Area Served: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming National Archives--Pacific Southwest Region 24000 Avila Road P.O. Box 6719 Laguna Niguel, CA 92607 Phone: 714-643-4241 Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:30 p.m., Monday--Friday 8:00 a.m.--4:30 p.m. first Saturday of each month Area Served: Arizona; southern California counties of Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura; and Clark County, Nevada National Archives--Pacific Sierra Region 1000 Commodore Drive San Bruno, CA 94066 Phone: 415-876-9009 Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:15 p.m., Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday 8:00 a.m.--8:15 p.m., Wednesday . . . . . . Area Served: North California, Hawaii, Nevada (except Clark County), American Samoa, and the Pacific Ocean area National Archives--Pacific Northwest Region 6125 Sand Point Way, NE Seattle, WA 98115 Phone: 206-526-6507 Hours: 7:45 a.m.--4:00 p.m., Monday--Friday 5:00 a.m.--9:00 p.m., one Saturday each month . Area Served: Idaho, Oregon, and Washington National Archives--Alaska Region 654 West Third Avenue Anchorage, AK 99501 Phone: 907-271-2441 Hours: 8:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m., Monday--Friday 8:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m., first Saturday of each month Area Served: Alaska Appendix ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS USED IN SOUNDEX CARDS A ........ Aunt Ad ....... Adopted AdCl ..... Adopted child AdD ..... Adopted daughter AdGcl .... Adopted grandchild AdM ...... Adopted mother AdS ...... Adopted son Al ....... Aunt-in-law Ap ....... Apprentice Asst ..... Assistant At ....... Attendant B ........ Brother Bar ...... Bartender BBoy ..... Bound boy BGirl .... Bound girl Bl ....... Brother-in-law Bo ....... Boarder Boy ...... Boy Bu ....... Butler C ........ Cousin Cap ...... Captain Cha ...... Chamber Maid Cil ...... Cousin-in-law Cl ....... Child Coa ...... Coachman Com ...... Companion Cook ..... Cook D ........ Daughter Dl ....... Daughter-in-law Dla ...... Day laborer Dom ...... Domestic Dw ....... Dish washer Emp ...... Employee En ....... Engineer F ........ Father FaH ...... Farm hand FaL ...... Farm laborer FaW ...... Farm worker FB ....... Foster brother FF ....... Foster father Fi ....... Fireman First C .. First cousin FL ....... Father-in-law FM ....... Foster mother FoB ...... Foster brother FoS ...... Foster son FoSi ..... Foster sister GA ....... Great aunt Gcl ...... Grandchild GD ....... Granddaughter GF ....... Grandfather GGF ...... Great-grandfather GGGF ..... Great-great-grandfather GGGM ..... Great-great-grandmother GGM ...... Great-grandmother GM ....... Grandmother Gml ...... Grandmother-in-law GN ....... Grand or great nephew GNi ...... Grand or great niece Go ....... Governess God Cl ... God child GS ....... Grandson Gsl ...... Grand son-in-law GU ....... Great uncle Gua ...... Guardian Guest .... Guest Hb ....... Half brother Hbl ...... Half brother-in-law He ....... Herder Help ..... Help H.Gi ..... Hired girl Hh ....... Hired hand Hk ....... Housekeeper Hlg ...... Hireling Hm ....... Hired man HMaid .... Housemaid HSi ...... Half sister HSil ..... Half sister-in-law Husband .. Husband Hw ....... Houseworker I ........ Inmate L ........ Lodger La ....... Laborer Lau ...... Launderer M ........ Mother Maid ..... Maid Man ...... Manager Mat ...... Matron ML ....... Mother-in-law N ........ Nephew Ni ....... Niece Nil ...... Niece-in-law Nl ....... Nephew-in-law Nu ....... Nurse O ........ Officer P ........ Patient Pa ....... Partner Ph ....... Physician Por ...... Porter Pr ....... Prisoner Pri ...... Principal Prv ...... Private Pu ....... Pupil R ........ Roomer S ........ Son Sa ....... Sailor Sal ...... Saleslady Sb ....... Stepbrother Sbl ...... Step brother-in-law Scl ...... Step child Sd ....... Stepdaugther Sdl ...... Step daughter-in-law Se ....... Servant Se.Cl .... Servant's child Sf ....... Stepfather Sfl ...... Step father-in-law Sgd ...... Step granddaughter Sgs ...... Step grandson Si ....... Sister Sl ....... Son-in-law Sm ....... Stepmother Sml ...... Step mother-in-law Ss ....... Stepson Ssi ...... Stepsister Ssil ..... Step sister-in-law Ssl ...... Step son-in-law Su ....... Superintendant Ten ...... Tenant U ........ Uncle Ul ....... Uncle-in-law Vi ....... Visitor W ........ Wife Wa ....... Warden Wai ...... Waitress Ward ..... Ward Wkm ...... Workman Wt ....... Waiter