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9INTERNATIONAL NEWS E-WIRE SERVICE WEEKLY WEEK OF  7/8/959                INTERNATIONAL NEWS E-WIRE SERVICE WEEKLY-                              ISSN 1080-3149.                            DISTRIBUTE FREELY-                             WEEK OF  7/8/951INFO/GENERAL INFO ON INEWS DAILY - INEWS@AOL.COM5TO REACH EDITOR ------------------ INEWSEDIT@AOL.COM'CLICK THE \INDEX\\ BUTTON FOR THE MENUK\CLICK HERE FOR FREE TRIAL SUBSCRIPTION TO INEWS DAILY VIA E-MAIL\SUBINFO\.UNITED STATES,USA.LATIN AMERICA,LATIN AMERICA.EUROPE,EUROPE.RUSSIA  FORMER REPUBLICS,CIS.ASIA,ASIA.AFRICA,AFRICA.MIDDLE EAST,MIDDLE EAST .INEWS DAILY FREE TRIAL,SUBINFOUNITED STATES+        \FEATURES-CURRENT EVENTS\FEATURES\/        \FINANCIAL-ECONOMY-BUSINESS\FINANCIAL\        \MEDICINE\MEDICINE\        \POLITICS\POLITICS\%        \SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY\SCIENCE\FEATURES-CURRENT EVENTS   \KEVORKIAN DEATH CENTER\52\)   \PREDICTING & PREVENTING GENOCIDE\53\8   \STRANGE ALLIES: GREENPEACE AIDS SMALL FISHERMEN\54\B   \HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES FACE DECLINE\55\   \MUSIC NOTES\56\    \WALDEN POND ANNIVERSARY\57\3   \"HEARTBEAT: VOICES OF FIRST NATIONS WOMEN"\58\/   \THE DELEVANTES, "LONG ABOUT THAT TIME"\59\#   \SEATTLE'S RESTAURANT SCENE\60\   \IN SEARCH OF UNCLE SAM\61\9   \NASA'S ASSISTANCE IN MAKING THE FILM "APOLLO 13"\62\   \UNABOMBER MANUSCRIPT\63\   \COMPUTER DIGEST\64\#   \STUDENT ATHLETE DRUG TESTS\65\>   \INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS GIVE TERRORISM ABATEMENT ADVICE\66\1   \WHITE HOUSE GUNMAN SENTENCED TO 40 YEARS\67\   \DRUG WAR ASSESSMENT\68\9   \ENOLA GAY CONTROVERSY CONTINUES AS EXHIBIT OPENS\69\*   \IMMIGRANT STUDENTS' SUCCESS STORY\70\<   \PROSECUTION RESTS ITS CASE IN NEW YORK TERROR TRIAL\71\+   \"GEORGE ELIOT: VOICE OF A CENTURY"\72\C   \ENDANGERED FALCONS SETTLE ON URBAN CLIFFS IN NEW YORK CITY\73\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU1             \CLICK HERE FOR MORE SELECTIONS\M1\3   \EDWARD HOPPER: AN ARTIST'S VIEW OF AMERICA\74\    \RAPE AS A WEAPON OF WAR\75\   \WARREN BURGER OBITUARY\76\!   \GUITARIST LES PAUL AT 80\77\,   \"EGO TRIP" PUT YOUR NAME ON A PLANE\78\   \SYNCOPATED PIANISTS\79\"   \U.S. AGRICULTURAL ROUNDUP\80\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUFINANCIAL-ECONOMY-BUSINESS(   \UN REPORT ON THE WORLD ECONOMY\124\'   \GOOD HALF-YEAR ON WALL STREET\125\   \TWA BANKRUPTCY FILING\126\   \US ECONOMY\127\*   \WORLD BANK REPORT ON WORLD LABOR\128\D   \AUTO DISPUTE REFLECTS JAPANESE ANOMALIES, U.S. FRUSTRATION\129\:   \DETROIT REACTION TO U.S./JAPANESE AUTO AGREEMENT\130\8   \AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION ECONOMIC FORECAST\131\2   \U.S. STRONG NET CAPITAL IMPORTER IN 1994\132\0   \CHRYSLER TO BUY JAPANESE AUTO RETAILER\133\"   \CONSUMER CONFIDENCE DOWN\134\$   \KODAK'S CASE AGAINST JAPAN\135\&   \LOCKHEED MARTIN JOB CUTBACKS\136\@   \TREASURY DEPARTMENT ACTS ON CUBA-CANADA JOINT VENTURES\137\L   \OPENING FINANCIAL SERVICES MARKETS TALKS ENTER FINAL CRUCIAL STAGE\138\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU	MEDICINE-   \ANOTHER ALZHEIMER'S GENE DISCOVERED\172\6   \DIPHTHERIA EPIDEMIC: GLOBAL HEALTH EMERGENCY\173\   \MEDICAL BRIEFS\174\&   \GENE THERAPY TO RESTORE HAIR\175\3   \SURGEON ADMITS ERROR DURING BRAIN SURGERY\176\E   \RESEARCHERS FIND GENETIC LINK TO ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER RISKS\177\6   \UNDERSTANDING POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER\178\N   \U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: FAREWELL TO THE MAN WHO KILLED POLIO\179\,   \PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT MADE EASY\180\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU	POLITICS<   \CLINTON DEFENDS FUNDING BOSNIAN RAPID REACTION FORCE\2\*   \US LIFTS TAIWAN WILDLIFE SANCTIONS\3\"   \SUPREME COURT TERM WRAP-UP\4\%   \CLINTON CAMPAIGN FUND RAISING\5\   \CONGRESS WEEK IN REVIEW\6\&   \SOCIAL ISSUES AND CAMPAIGN '96\7\G   \U.S. CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION ISSUES REPORT CRITICAL OF THE U.S.\8\5   \CLINTON CALLS FOR BAN ON "COP KILLER" BULLETS\9\9   \CONGRESSIONAL HEARING ON FUTURE OF CUBAN ECONOMY\10\G   \INTERVIEW: PROBLEM OF CREATING A FREEMARKET DEMOCRATIC CULTURE\11\   \FLAG BURNING AMENDMENT\12\7   \U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: HAITI ELECTION\13\.   \WORLD OPINION ROUNDUP: THE U.N. AT 50\14\8   \U.S. SENDS DIPLOMAT CHECK ON STATUS OF HARRY WU\15\*   \HEMISPHERIC TRADE MEETING PREVIEW\16\#   \COCAINE SENTENCING DISPUTE\17\2   \CONGRESS VOTES TO KEEP AZERBAIJAN AID BAN\18\J   \REPUBLICANS OBJECT TO CLINTON FUNDING OF BOSNIAN DEPLOYMENT FORCE\19\/   \SENATE APPROVES PLAN TO BALANCE BUDGET\20\4   \HOUSE VOTES TO SLASH ECONOMIC AID TO TURKEY\21\E   \SENATE HEARS TESTIMONY ABOUT GULF WAR FRIENDLY FIRE INCIDENT\22\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU1             \CLICK HERE FOR MORE SELECTIONS\M2\=   \CLINTON MOVES TO FUND RAPID REACTION FORCE IN BOSNIA\23\=   \$90 MILLION IN U.S. SUPPORT FOR RAPID REACTION FORCE\24\D   \SMUGGLING OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS CALLED NO. 1 SECURITY THREAT\25\J   \CONGRESS ASKS CLINTON TO NEGOTIATE RELEASE OF HARRY WU FROM CHINA\26\/   \CHINA/TAIWAN/US: A TRIANGLE OF TENSION\27\8   \TENSIONS BETWEEN CLINTON AND HOUSE SUBCOMMITTEE\28\=   \HOUSE APPROVES FLAG BURNING CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT\29\?   \HOUSE VOTES TO LINK AID TO HAITI TO DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT\30\;   \CONGRESSIONAL REACTION TO JAPANESE TRADE AGREEMENT\31\H   \SENATOR PRESSLER ENCOURAGED BY PRESIDENT'S RESPONSE ON PAKISTAN\32\?   \JUSTICE DEPARTMENT WILL NOT PROSECUTE SENATOR PACKWOOD\33\0   \DOLE URGES "FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE" AT U.N.\34\D   \HELMS TO HOLD HEARINGS ON HAITIAN ELECTION "IRREGULARITIES"\35\/   \PACKWOOD MEETS SENATE ETHICS COMMITTEE\36\;   \U.S. OPINION ROUNDUP: THE PASSING OF WARREN BURGER\37\J   \U.S. BLACKLIST CANADIAN MINING COMPANIES DOING BUSINESS WITH CUBA\38\B   \U.N. STRONGLY SUPPORTED, STRONGLY CRITICIZED BY AMERICANS\39\C   \CLINTON ADMINISTRATION WANTS U.S. TO PAY U.N. DUES IN FULL\40\E   \U.S. OPINION ROUNDUP: 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS\41\(   \CLINTON TO BEGIN TV AD CAMPAIGN\42\*   \CLINTON: POLICY DECISIONS PENDING\43\6   \U.S. SEND TROOPS TO ALBANIA TO MONITOR BOSNIA\44\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU1             \CLICK HERE FOR MORE SELECTIONS\M3\K   \HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON TO WRITE WEEKLY SYNDUCATED NEWSPAPER COLUMN\45\$   \SUPREME COURT: DRUG TESTING\46\I   \WHITE, SECRETARY PERRY'S "ALTER EGO," ON CURRENT THREATS TO U.S.\47\K   \CONGRESSMEN SAY LAOS AND VIETNAM NOT COOPERATING IN MIA/POW SEARCH\48\%   \CONGRESS/CUBA SANCTIONS BILL\49\B   \HOUSE PUTS OFF VOTE ON FOREIGN AID BILL TILL AFTER RECESS\50\N   \US EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: SCHOOL DRUG TESTING STILL CONTROVERSIAL\51\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUSCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY4   \SPACE BUS LAUNCHES ITS EDUCATIONAL MISSION\205\6   \MEXICAN SEA TURTLES RECREATE RARE "ARRIBADA"\206\%   \ICE CORES: CLUES TO CLIMATE\207\;   \INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: PROBLEMS AND PROMISE\208\D   \ASTRONOMERS MAKE FIRST CONFIRMED SIGHTING OF A BROWN DWARF\209\J   \ASTRONOMERS USING HUBBLE DISCOVER COMETS AT EDGE OF SOLAR SYSTEM\210\   \ORANGE WASTE FOR FUEL\211\:   \RESEARCHERS STUDY ICEBERG THE SIZE OF LUXEMBOURG\212\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENULATIN AMERICA5   \REPORT ON STATUS OF LATIN AMERICAN CHILDREN\152\!   \HAITI RUN-OFF ELECTIONS\153\   \BRAZIL ECONOMY\154\D   \COLOMBIA DRUG BARONS CHANGE THEIR MINDS ABOUT SURRENDERING\155\>   \MEXICO CLAIMS SUCCESS IN CONFRONTING ECONOMIC CRISIS\156\2   \GUATEMALAN REBELS TAKES FOREIGN HOSTAGES\157\(   \RESETTLEMENT OF HAITIAN MINORS\158\+   \MEXICAN INTERIOR MINISTER RESIGNS\159\   \RIO SEAT BELT LAW\160\   \VENEZUELA ECONOMY\161\   \BRAZIL SLAVERY\162\K   \COSTA RICANS ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH INDEPENDENT COLONY IN NICARAGUA\163\J   \MEXICAN ARMY DEFENDS ITS REPORT ON ALLEGED ATROCITIES IN CHIAPAS\164\:   \MEXICAN POLICE/FARM WORKERS CLASH LEAVES 14 DEAD\165\M   \GUATEMALAN GOV'T ARCHIVIST WIFE ARRESTED WITH STOLEN RARE DOCUMENTS\166\D   \COLOMBIAN REBELS SEEK FOREIGN INTERVENTION FOR PEACE TALKS\167\D   \ARGENTINE GOVERNMENT WORKERS PROTEST BEING PAID WITH BONDS\168\3   \WORLD BANK LENDS $1,514 MILLION TO MEXICO\169\>   \SLAIN MEXICAN JUDGE LEFT DOCUMENTATION OF CORRUPTION\170\6   \ARREST OF SUSPECT IN MEXICAN CARDINAL MURDER\171\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUEUROPE!   \TOUGH TRAVEL IN CROATIA\139\6   \MAJOR/REDWOOD CONSERVATIVE PARTY CAMPAIGNING\140\N   \GERMANY TO SEND TROOPS TO BOSNIA, 1ST FOREIGN COMBAT ROLE SINCE WWII\141\1   \BRITISH LEADERSHIP VOTE SET FOR TUESDAY\142\H   \NATO NATIONS ASKED TO ASSIGN TROOPS FOR U.N. BOSNIA WITHDRAWAL\143\;   \ROUNDUP OF KRAJINA SERB YOUTHS IN BELGRADE SCORED\144\+   \EU SEEKS TO END ISOLATION OF CUBA\145\6   \PROS AND CONS OF LIFTING BOSNIA ARMS EMBARGO\146\&   \CLINTON/WALESA-ANTI-SEMITISM\147\$   \EU CANNES SUMMIT CONCLUDES\148\6   \THATCHER ON MAJOR'S CALL FOR PARTY ELECTIONS\149\$   \THATCHER ON FOREIGN POLICY\150\   \THATCHER ON BOSNIA\151\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENURUSSIA/FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS3   \RUSSIAN/U.S. OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT DEAL\198\$   \RUSSIAN NO-CONFIDENCE VOTE\199\   \CHECHEN TALKS\200\   \LIFE IN CHECHNYA\201\.   \GENERAL LEBED AND THE PINOCHET MODEL\202\&   \RUSSIAN POLITICAL INFIGHTING\203\   \UKRAINE RIOT\204\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUASIA*   \EAST ASIA/PACIFIC WEEK-IN-REVIEW\102\D   \INDIA CONSIDERS SCRAPPING $2.8 BILLION POWER PLANT PROJECT\103\.   \HEAD OF CHINA'S CENTRAL BANK RESIGNS\104\3   \CHINA POSTPONES ROUTINE TALKS WITH TAIWAN\105\<   \HONG KONG/CHINA AGREEMENT ON FINANCING NEW AIRPORT\106\.   \JAPAN RELEASE DEFENSE QUALITY REPORT\107\H   \TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE REACTS NEGATIVELY TO AUTO TRADE AGREEMENT\108\?   \BURMESE REBEL GROUP ACCUSES GOV'T OF VIOLATING ACCORD\109\G   \CHINA CONTINUES CRITICISM OF U.S. OVER TAIWAN PRESIDENT VISIT\110\#   \KARACHI NEWSPAPERS BANNED\111\   \SRI LANKA FIGHTING\112\B   \PAKISTAN OPPOSITION LEADER CRITICIZE HANDLING OF KARACHI\113\   \CAMBODIA FIGHTING\114\'   \SOUTH KOREAN ELECTION RESULTS\115\&   \BOSNIAN REFUGEES IN PAKISTAN\116\D   \RAMOS APPEALS TO COMMUNISTS TO RETURN TO NEGOTIATING TABLE\117\=   \BURMA REPORTS GAINS AGAINST GOLDEN TRIANGLE KINGPIN\118\K   \AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL REPORTS CHINESE RIGHTS ABUSES AGAINST WOMEN\119\    \CHINA DETAINS HARRY WU\120\;   \CHINA CRITICIZES TAIWAN'S EFFORTS TO RE-JOIN U.N.\121\?   \CHINESE TIANANMEN SQUARE DEMOCRACY LEADER RE-ARRESTED\122\A   \CHINA EXECUTES DOZENS OF CONVICTS TO MARK ANTI-DRUG DAY\123\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUAFRICA2   \CONGRESSIONAL HEARING ON AFRICA'S ECOLOGY\81\$   \REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK: ANGOLA\82\+   \UN VOTES TO EXTEND LIBERIA MANDATE\83\D   \NAMIBIA FIRES DIRECTOR OF ITS NATIONAL RADIO AND TV NETWORK\84\/   \NIGERIAN ANTI-GOVERNMENT RADIO STATION\85\*   \UN VOTES TO EXTEND SAHARA MISSION\86\1   \IMF WITHHOLD FUNDS FROM ZIMBABWE-ECONOMY\87\A   \FORMER FOREIGN MINISTER NGENDAHHAYO ON FUTURE OF BURUNDI\88\&   \EGYPTIAN/SUDAN TENSIONS GROWS\89\+   \ZAIRE PROLONG DEMOCRACY TRANSITION\90\5   \FORMER ZAMBIA PRESIDENT'S POLITICAL COMEBACK\91\8   \ALGERIAN WOMEN UNDER ATTACK BY ISLAMIC RADICALS\92\.   \EGYPT/SUDAN SOLDIERS EXCHANGE GUNFIRE\93\9   \ETHIOPIA NAMES PRIME SUSPECT IN MUBARAK SHOOTING\94\?   \NIGERIAN OPPOSITION REACTS TO LIFTING OF POLITICAL BAN\95\   \OAU SUMMIT ENDS\96\G   \JURISTS COMPLAINING ABOUT RIGHTS ABUSES BANNED FROM OAU SUMMIT\97\=   \MANDELA CONSIDERS SEPARATE WHITE AFRIKANERS HOMELAND\98\D   \TRANSAFRICA RESPONDS TO LIFTING OF POLITICAL BAN IN NIGERIA\99\/   \MUBARAK DESCRIBES ASSIGNATION ATTEMPT\100\@   \ALGERIA MAY ALLOW BANNED MILITANT GROUP INTO ELECTIONS\101\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUMIDDLE EAST    \IRAN'S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS\1\(   \REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK: JERUSALEM\181\7   \ANTI ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN PEACE ACCORD SYRIANS\182\   \SYRIA/PEACE ECONOMY\183\2   \SADDAM HUSSEIN MAKES KEY CABINET CHANGES\184\   \ISLAMIC BANKING\185\A   \REPORT OF DECREASING POWER OF IRAN'S ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT\186\   \FUTURE OF JERUSALEM\189\   \QATAR COUP\190\8   \OUSTED QATAR EMIR SAYS HE WILL RETURN TO POWER\191\2   \U.S. RECOGNIZES CHANGE OF POWER IN QATAR\192\   \INSIDE IRAQ\193\;   \PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ARRESTS TOP HAMAS OFFICIALS\194\%   \BAHRAIN CABINET RESIGNATION\195\<   \IRAQIS CONTINUE TO DENY ACCESS TO JAILED AMERICANS\196\F   \LEBANESE CHRISTIAN LEADER SENTENCE TO LIFE ON MURDER CHARGES\197\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU   ---------------   IRAN'S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS   DEBORAH COOPER   WASHINGTON;   Congressman Dan Burton says "Iran continues to brutally>repress its own people, subvert its neighbors, export Islamic8terrorism and fundamentalism, stockpile weapons of mass6destruction, including the attempt to build a nuclear
capability."A   "iran may be bad, but it's not all bad", says former National$Security counsel advisor Gary Sick.B   Eric Hooglund is the editor of Critique, a journal of criticalAstudies of the Middle East, and a long-time observer of Iran. He>says Iran today is very different from the country he visitedjust two years ago:=   "I found a very exciting society in terms of intellectual>activity, new journals being published, what we would call in8this country dissident journals, what the Iranians call>alternative thinking. Those are proliferating and providing a>whole range of ideas of political, social and economic issues@which Iranians are debating vigorously in the forum provided bythese intellectual journals."<   Among the issues being discussed, says Eric Hooglund, isIran's nuclear program:@   "There is very considerable discussion inside Iran. Everyone?knows how many nuclear sites Iran has. The government is quite=open about talking about them, where they are, how much theyAcost, what they're going to do, what they're suppose to achieve.<And there is considerable discussion whether nuclear is the7wisest way to go or whether that should be put aside."A   Mr. Hooglund adds that Iranians both in and out of governmentAcircles resent the manner in which the country's nuclear programis presented abroad:?   "(They ask) 'why is the rest of the world saying Iran can'tAhave nuclear when everyone else can? Why Iran can't have nuclear@energy? Why are they making these comments?' and if you talk toAmost people they will say the only reason why there's talk about=nuclear weapons in Iran (and everyone in Iran denies Iran is<making them), they say the only reason why it's an issue isBbecause of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. And the Iranians@will say 24 hours after Egypt announced that Israel should join>the NPT, 24 hours later Israel was saying it can't because of>Iran's nuclear ambitions. That's certainly the view in Iran."<   In May, the United States imposed comprehensive economic?sanctions on the Islamic republic, banning all U.S. trade withAand investment in Iran. No particular event led to the sanctionsAdecision. It was the product of a pattern of worrisome behavior,?said one official. In issuing the sanctions order, the ClintonAAdministration cited Iran's support for international terrorism,Aits attempts to undermine the Middle East peace process, and its;efforts to obtain materials and assistance critical to the=development of nuclear weapons. The extent of Iran's nuclear?program, however, is a matter of controversy and debate in thewest.A   Michael Eisenstadt, of the Washington Institute for Near East
Policy says:>   "It seems that a lot of the data is somewhat ambiguous, in@other words, there's no 'smoking gun', one of the reasons we've>had problems bringing the Russians along on this, although it?seems that the information is sufficiently convincing to bring?along our European allies on the issue that Iran is developingBnuclear weapons. But there is apparently some indication in terms6of Iran's procurement that they are trying to acquire?technologies and materials which are not completely consistent;with a civilian nuclear program. And, also, likewise their>efforts to acquire centrifuges from Russia, the fact that the<agreement between Russia and Iran,the cooperation accord in;January of this year includes provisions for the supply of=centrifuges which can be used to enrich uranium to the level=which is required for weapons, raises questions about Iran'sintention in this regard."?   Although America's European allies have refused to join theAU.S. economic boycott of Iran, they have agreed not to sell IranBnuclear technology. Russia, as well as China, have not. But after9meeting in Moscow with Russian leader Boris Yeltsin, Mr.>Eisenstadt points out that President Clinton did get Russia's+agreement not to sell centrifuges to Iran:B   "But in the end they are going ahead with other aspects of the=agreement which includes the nuclear power plant at Bushehr,Bpossibly research reactors as well. And the fact is when you haveAcivilian nuclear power infrastructure that can provide cover forBthe procurement of materials and technologies that can be used inAa bomb building program as well, their contacts with Russia will>provide access to individuals as well as entities which could?perhaps help them with their nuclear effort illegally. If they@perhaps hire individuals on a secret basis, pay off Russians to?provide expertise and assistance with their effort, or perhapsBeven the fact that they have ties with the nuclear infrastructure?in the former Soviet Union makes it easier for them to acquireAperhaps material on the black market there. And that really is asource of concern."A   Mr. Eisenstadt notes that Iran has the world's second largest@reserves of natural gas, which raises the question why it needsBeven a civilian nuclear energy program. Eric Hooglund explains it
this way:@   "In the last ten years the amount of domestic consumption of?internal energy resources have moved from ten percent of total@output to over 33 percent of total output and it is expected to=continue rising. Right now Iran is consuming about a million>barrels a day of oil for domestic uses, which means a million(barrels a day which can't be exported."B   He adds that Iranian leaders insist they can't afford to builda nuclear weapon:B   "Everyone you talk to in the government says they're not doing:that; 'we don't have money to waste on that and we're not?interested in doing that.' they will say, 'we just haven't got@the money to put into developing a bomb because a bomb won't do>us any good, or even two bombs. The other people have several
hundred."?   But Michael Eisenstadt argues that money is, indeed, one of6the reasons nuclear weaponry is so appealing to Iran:@   "Conventional forces are extremely expensive. If they wantedBto build a large conventional military it would cost them tens of>billions of dollars. However, a nuclear program might cost no=more than just a few billion if they do it right. There's an?economic dimension there as well. This is perhaps the only way>they can achieve their objective of becoming a major regionalApower. But they just can't afford a conventional military. Plus,?from the point of view of a country which sees the U.S. as theA'great satan,' as a potential future adversary, they look at the@Gulf War, the war involving the U.S. and Iraq and they saw that=the U.S. was not deterred, even though Iraq had chemical andApossibly biological weapons, it didn't stop us from rolling backBIraqi aggression. And they came to the conclusion, probably, that;if you wanted to deter the U.S, you need to have a nuclear?capability; that chemical and biological weapons, conventional;forces, they are not enough. So I think those are the main@factors which are the main motives for Iran's nuclear program."B   It is not what Iran is capable of doing now but what it may be=able to do in the future that has U.S. policymakers worried,Bthis, according to Ellen Laipson, director of near east and SouthBAsian affairs at the National Security Council. She says economic?sanctions are just part of a strategy to put pressure on Iran:>   "They form part but not all of our policy effort vis-a-vis=Iran. The economic pressure, in a way, has to be seen in the@political and diplomatic context that is our overall policy. WeBare working and will continue to work hard multilaterally to makeAsure that the arms ban, the limits on credit and aid and the ban>on support for Iran from international financial institutions?continues. We have enjoyed up until now what we consider to beBgood support from most of the advanced western countries in these'areas, and we would like to see more.">   But, as Michael Eisenstadt explains, America's allies have*their own economic interests to consider:>   "The Europeans have traditionally had significant businessAties to Iran.Iran represents a larger market proportionally than@it does for the U.S. Germany has traditional ties to Iran whichBgo back many years, and likewise with regard to terrorism we say,='well, Iran is involved with sponsoring terrorism,' or these?groups that are trying to obstruct the peace process. But then?the Europeans say, 'well look about their involvement in other>forms of terrorism has declined over the past years, which isBtrue. Their direct involvement in terrorism has declined in terms?of numbers, but they still are very active in sponsoring otherBgroups. So the point is, I think the Europeans don't want to give1up what they consider to be a lucrative market."?   Nevertheless, Mr. Eisenstadt says the sanctions policy will?have an impact on Iran because it will create a less favorable#investment climate for foreigners:B   "Iran's credit worthiness is going to decline even further. ItBwill be harder for them to get foreign credit as a result. And, I=think, perhaps more Iranians are going to invest their money@overseas rather than in their own country. Again, the fact that@it looks like tension between the U.S. and Iran are increasing,=perhaps makes Iran a less desirable place for them to investAtheir money. It's very hard to measure the potential impact, but>I say it will impact on the Iranian economy at a crucial time@when the regime is facing growing opposition. It's control overBthe periphery of the country is declining and it's had to cut its@arms outlay in recent years because it just doesn't have enough0money for both arms, for both guns and butter."B   Mr. Eisenstadt says it will take a year to judge the impact of9the unilateral economic boycott. Last month, the Clinton@Administration cancelled a one-billion-dollar deal between Iran?and the American oil company, Conoco, to develop two off-shoreBoil fields. It would have been the first major U.S. investment in@Iran since the 1979 revolution and could have sent an important?message to others foreign companies interested in investing inIran.@   Still, experts say, the U.S. embargo will have little effect9on Iran's economy. Eric Hooglund, editor of the journal,@Critique, says he saw little evidence of the sanctions in Iran.9He says the impact so far has been mostly psychological:>   "All the Iranians want to know is why the United States isAdoing this, especially, they all say, 'we're trying to reach out<to the United States. We want to have relations with them.'@they'll point to the Conoco agreement and say, 'we're trying to@indicate our willingness to have cooperative economic and other=types of relations.' so they're puzzled by all of this. They don't know what to make of it."?   Iran has wasted no time in trying to minimize the impact ofBthe sanctions by playing what some call a psychological card withAthe United States. Recently, high-level Iranian foreign ministry<officials met with Iraqi government officials, in what some9observers say could result in a new alliance between the:long-time enemies. The two countries have much in common,9especially enmity towards the United States. But MichaelAEisenstadt of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy says?it's unlikely there would be the kind of political or military<cooperation between the two states which could threaten theUnited States:?   "There's no doubt the Iranians are trying to see what there?possibly might be able to do improve their ties with Iraq as a;way of minimizing the impact of recent U.S. steps, such asAsanctions and the like. But I think despite their efforts, there=are very formidable obstacles to cooperation between the two?sides. Both of them aspire to be the preeminent country in the<gulf. There is deep bitterness over the eight-year war they@fought against each other. Many of these issues surrounding the=war have not been resolved. As a result, I think, while it'sApossible to say there might be some tactical cooperation betweenBthe two on a political level perhaps, I don't think we can expecta strategic alliance."7   Some analysts argued that the sanctions strategy is=unwarranted because Iran recently has shown a willingness to@cooperate with the international community. Gary Sick, a former@national security council member, now with Columbia University,=says that while Iranian behavior is often unacceptable, U.S.=sanctions will not change it. He recommends a more selective
strategy:B   "Let's take some time to get our priorities straight. Iran may@be bad, but it's not all bad. And some of its actions are worse?than others. If the nuclear issue is at the top of our agenda,<and that's where I think it should be, let's put together a@strategy that addresses the central issues rather than painting!everything with the same brush."@   Mr. Sick says Iranian behavior which the United States finds?unacceptable should be noted, but when there is improvement inBtheir policies the U.S. should acknowledge it, rather than remain;silent. The Columbia University professor adds that such aBstrategy should engage our allies and take into account their ownlegitimate interests.@   Mr. Sick says every step possible should be taken to preventAthe transfer of nuclear weapons technology to Iran,but we should>take Iran at its word, that it will permit inspections by the$International Atomic Energy Agency:;   "That should be an absolute condition of any continuing>nuclear power assistance which Iran will require for the nextdecade or more."B   Some members of the U.S. legislature believe Iran continues to@be a serious threat to American security interests. CongressmanDan Burton is one of them.?   He advocates support for the opposition group, the NationalBCouncil of Resistance of Iran, or the Mojahedin, as they are moregenerally known:?   "Iran continues to brutally repress its own people, subvert@its neighbors and other countries in the region, export Islamic@terrorism and fundamentalism, actively work against the Mideast@peace process, stockpile weapons of mass destruction, including:the attempt to build a nuclear capability. We call on the<administration to hold a sincere dialogue with the National@Council of Resistance of Iran,the democratic opposition in that
country."A   More than 200 members of Congress recently signed a letter toAthe president asking for cooperation with the Mojahedin. But the:U.S. State Department refuses to speak to the group in an?official capacity because of its past terrorist activities and?alleged violence against civilians. U.S. policymakers are also>uncomfortable with the fact that the organization is based in<Iraq. Richard Cottam, professor of political science at the=University of Pittsburgh, believes another group inside IranBholds the key to improved relations between Iran and the west. HeBcalls this group "the intelligentsia" which he says dominates the:universities, the economic community and the professions:<   "In foreign policy this group is very different from the=regime. It has no interest in messianic Islam. It isn't veryAinterested in the peace process. It isn't really very interested?in the Arab-Israeli dispute. You would get very little support;from this very large majority of the Iranian people for an8activist policy in support of what we think the Iranian@government is up to. I think a fact that is extremely important;in this, it is, however, extremely nationalistic and those>disputed islands sitting in the gulf are more important to itAthan any of these other issues. We could easily offend this very8nationalistic element of the population.  It yearns for@rapprochement with the United States, it yearns for a return toBthe international system. It doesn't like to be the pariah state.AIt wants to interact. It wants to become prosperous. I think youAcan say that it's deeply, deeply disappointed in U.S. hostility,#finding it increasingly bemusing."   ---------------   ---------------8   CLINTON DEFENDS FUNDING BOSNIAN RAPID REACTION FORCE   VICTOR BEATTIE   WASHINGTON>   President Clinton has defended his decision to use DefenseADepartment funds to support the European rapid reaction force inABosnia-Herzegovina as being in America's national interest.  Mr.<Clinton's statement came as Defense Secretary William Perry;denied the United States is training and equipping Bosniangovernment forces:@   In a letter to Congressional Republican leaders, Mr. ClintonAwarned that failure to provide such support could split the NATOBalliance. He also says it would threaten a wider Bosnian conflict6that could lead to greater U.S. military involvement.=   The president says the rapid reaction force, comprised of@French, British and Dutch troops, will make it less likely U.N.@peacekeeping forces will have to be withdrawn. He says the U.S.>is providing less than eight percent of the total cost of the=force and will not result greater U.S. military involvement.B   Mr. Clinton's letter attempts to blunt Republican criticism ofAthe president's decision Thursday to use the money for the rapid=reaction force. Senate majority leader Robert Dole and House?speaker Newt Gingrich have called for a cut-off of all fundingAfor the U.N. mission insisting the Bosnian people, U.S. militaryBpersonnel and the American taxpayer deserve better. Congressional=debate on unilaterally lifting the arms embargo on Bosnia isAexpected after lawmakers return July 10th from a holiday recess.@   Defense Secretary Perry says the French defense official who=suggests the United States is training and equipping Bosnian7forces is either misinformed or fabricating the story.   ---------------   ---------------&   US LIFTS TAIWAN WILDLIFE SANCTIONS   VICTOR BEATTIE   WASHINGTON@   President Clinton has decided to lift one-year old sanctions@on certain fish and wildlife imports from Taiwan because Taiwan8has taken substantial steps to halt commercial trade in?rhinoceros and tiger parts and products. The move could worsen5already deteriorating relations with mainland China:<   The president says Taiwan has taken to heart the world'sAconcern about the fate of the wild tiger and rhinoceros and doneBthe right thing in protecting the endangered species. He says the0sanctions worked in changing Taiwan's policies.=   The White House says Taiwan has, since the sanctions were?imposed last year, strengthened its wildlife conservation law,Btoughened enforcement of its existing ban on trading in tiger and>rhino parts and authorized penalties high enough to deter theBtrade. The White House says it will continue monitoring Taiwanesecompliance.=   However, the Humane Society of the United States says its@investigators found Taiwan still sells rhino and tiger products?although in smaller amounts. It calls the White House decisionpremature.:   Tiger bones and rhino horns are highly valued and sold<primarily as ingredients for traditional medicines in Asia.@   The move may also worsen relations with China sparked by the<granting of a visa to Taiwan's President Lee Teng-Hui for a>private U.S. visit. China has cancelled trips by officials of5both countries, recalled its ambassador and detained1Chinese-American human rights activist Harry Wu.   ---------------   ---------------   SUPREME COURT TERM WRAP-UP   JANE BERGER   WASHINGTON?   The U.S. Supreme Court has just concluded its 1994-95 term.;The nine-member court issued decisions this term on issues;ranging from voting rights and religion to term limits formembers of Congress.@   The Supreme Court's five-member conservative majority boldlyBasserted its influence in a series of decisions this past year to+limit the power of the federal government.=   The court reined in federal affirmative action and school;desegregation programs originally intended to rectify past>discrimination against blacks. It ruled that voting districtsBdrawn up on the basis of race are almost always unconstitutional.:And it broadly attacked the power of Congress to regulate=interstate commerce, a power used widely since the 1930's to9assert federal control over state and local governments.;   Clint Bolick is litigation director at the ConservativeAInstitute For justice. He says the Supreme Court is clearly benton curbing government:?   "The court is cooling off the engines of social engineering>and big government. This was a year in which the court struck:down a whole variety of governmental schemes. In a lot ofAinstances, conservatives generally have been very deferential to<the other branches of government. But I think that with the7conservative majority this year, you've seen a greater=willingness to go after the other branches of government andlocal government."A   Two of the court's decisions were deeply disturbing to blacksAand other minority groups. In a five to four decision earlier in>June, the court made it very difficult to justify affirmative>action programs that give blacks and other minorities specialBpreferences in employment, government contracts, and other areas, to rectify past discrimination.@   American University law professor Jamin (pronounced jay'mee)BRaskin said the decision is part of a doctrine of color-blindness7that is being used to roll back inter-racial progress:<   "There is not going to be any affirmative active for the6purposes of trying to create multi-racial, integratedBinstitutions. The only way you're going to be able to do it is to@demonstrate that you have a specific class of victims out thereAthat was specifically discriminated against in the past and thatAyou have a narrowly tailored affirmative action remedy to do it.=And I think what that means in the real world is that racial@minorities and especially the black community sinks further andfurther down."A   In a parallel decision, the court ruled that voting districts:drawn up primarily to increase minority representation inBCongress are unconstitutional. The court said when race outweighs<other electoral considerations, such as geography or shared?economic interests, the voting district violates guarantees of8equal protection contained in the 14th amendment to theconstitution.9   Laughlin McDonald, an attorney for the American CivilBLiberties Union, said the court has returned to the philosophy itBused very early in this century to justify segregation throughoutthe south:A   "I fear that we are faced with the very realistic prospect ofAa kind of purge of minorities from office that we saw at the endAof the reconstruction years. I think we're seeing something veryBcyclical, very tragic, I believe, for the country as a whole, not;simply African Americans. But we're talking about creating?majority white legislative bodies at every level which will be?more prone to bias. They will be less legitimate. They will be?less inclusive, less reliable in their decision making. It's a-bleak day in my judgment for voting rights."B   In another decision with important political consequences, the@Supreme Court struck down state-imposed terms limits on members?of Congress. The decision overturned efforts by many states in6the past several years to curb the power of incumbent?congressmen. Despite public sentiment in favor of term limits,:the court said such limits can only be imposed through an$amendment to the U.S. constitution.A   The court this year also eased the wall of separation between<church and state in two religion cases and strengthened the?public's right to free speech by upholding anonymous politicalBleafleting and ordering government-funded private corporations toallow political advertising.   ---------------   ---------------!   CLINTON CAMPAIGN FUND RAISING   DAVID BORGIDA   CHICAGOA   President Clinton, back in Washington after a nearly two-week9round of domestic travel, has more money to spend on his>re-election and two issues to promote in the weeks and months>ahead. His advisers are reluctant to say it publicly, but the?president is in a campaign mode, seeking political momentum in>the face of public opinion polls suggesting Senate RepublicanAleader Bob Dole, if nominated by his party, could defeat him forthe presidency in 1996.A   Campaigning, some say it is what he does best, so why not get@started early. First in New Jersey, then back in his home state=of Arkansas, finally in Chicago, Illinois, President Clinton=appeared at fundraising events that proved profitable. Three=million more dollars goes into the Clinton-Gore campaign for1996.@   It helps. Two-point-four million was just spent on producing<three television advertisements focusing on the president'santi-crime achievements.8   Last week, Clinton spokesman Mike McCurry downplayed9suggestions that sixteen months before the November 1996?election, the president was spending a lot of time campaigning@and not governing. He said "it's June 1995, not September 1996,Bthere's plenty of time for politics." Yet his comments came as heBintroduced the three new television advertisements to White House6reporters, an irony not lost on the assembled throng.>   With crime a hot political issue, there is no hesitancy in;sharpening the president's message. It's an issue that has>traditionally been a Republican one, but President Clinton is<striking out now, hoping a preemptive attack will blunt theBexpected challenge from Senator Dole and other candidates for the$Republican presidential nomination.>   Here in Chicago, at a local police station in a high-crime?neighborhood, the president announced new legislation aimed atBbanning deadly bullets capable of piercing protective vests. And,Bin a message likely to be repeated in the months ahead, he called?for a rhetorical ceasefire between opponents and proponents ofhandgun control:A   "We are not enemies but friends. We must not be enemies. So IBsay to you today my friends let us stand up for the future of our@children, let us stand up for the security of our police forces?and their ability to work with us, and let us say to those who@disagree, we ask you for a minor contribution to a major public+good. Let us not be enemies, but friends."B   His anti-crime record is one of two issues the president hopesBto focus on now. The just-announced U.S. Japan trade agreement is	another.?   Late Thursday the president said his threat to impose stiff@sanctions on Japanese luxury cars paid off, convincing JapaneseAautomakers and the Japanese government they had to take steps to.open the Japanese auto and auto parts market.@   Standing firm on the issue will make voters here in IllinoisAand in the auto manufacturing state of Michigan very happy. Both6states are seen as critical to a Clinton re-election.@   With the independence day holiday near, the President Monday=takes a holiday rest at camp David, the presidential retreatoutside Washington.:   Then it's back to business, governing and campaigning.   ---------------   ---------------   CONGRESS WEEK IN REVIEW   JIM MALONE
   SENATEB   U.S. lawmakers head off on a week-long independence day recessBFriday after completing work on a Republican budget outline which<supporters say will balance the federal budget within sevenyears.@   For the new Republican majority in Congress the highlight of?the week was passage in both chambers of the Republican budget<plan which pledges to cut government spending and produce a"balanced budget by the year 2002.@   Republicans like the chairman of the House Budget Committee,>Congressman John Kasich, proclaimed the budget outline as the7first step toward restoring America's economic health:A   "God bless this Congress in taking this giant step because weBare about to guarantee a prosperous America and a better planet."?   Democrats insist the budget cuts in the Republican plan areAtoo deep, particularly those in the areas of health care for the?elderly and the poor. House democratic leader Richard Gephardt>also complained that the tax cuts contained in the Republican@plan will reward the rich at the expense of the poor and middleclass:B   "We do not have to have a budget that gives huge tax breaks to?people who already have it made and take it out of the hide of9the hard working, middle income people of this country."=   But the real budget battle lies ahead as lawmakers try to8conform the various Congressional spending bills to the;Republican budget outline amid veto threats from President	Clinton.?   Exhausted lawmakers were happy to be heading home by week's=end. At one point the House worked more 36 hours with only a8two-hour break as they frantically tried to finish up aA12-billion dollar foreign aid spending bill. The House bill cutsAforeign aid by 11 percent and a final vote is expected after theAJuly fourth (holdiay) recess. The Senate is scheduled to take up@foreign aid and other foreign policy issues sometime in July aswell.@   Even as Congress finished up its work for the week, security<officials closed streets around Senate office buildings and:generally tightened security as part of a government-wideBresponse to the bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City in9April. But some lawmakers are unhappy with the increasedAsecurity, arguing that it creates a kind of bunker mentality and>restricts tourist access to the capitol grounds. According to+Republican Senator Rod Grams of Minnesota:A   "Washington should be a place where visitors feel secure. ButAby trying to turn it into a fortress, we are sacrificing freedom>for security and we are making a city if such beauty and suchhistory into something dirty."<   Lawmakers now head home for a week-long independence day@recess and return to work on Monday, July 10th. Senate majorityBleader Bob Dole says one of the first issues up for debate in theASenate when Congress reconvenes will be his proposal to lift the.U.S. arms embargo against Bosnia-Herzegovina.   ---------------   ---------------"   SOCIAL ISSUES AND CAMPAIGN '96   NEAL LAVON   WASHINGTONA   Usually, the state of the U.S. economy determines the success:of incumbent presidents who run for re-election. But many>political observers think that the so-called "social issues",<emotional, private matters such as individual beliefs about@abortion, crime, affirmative action, welfare reform, and prayer8in the schools, may play a critical role in next year'spresidential election.:   Even though the election is still 16 months away, bothAcandidates and political parties are already being influenced bysocial issues.=   The impact of social issues and of cultural conservatives?seems most influential in the Republican party. Groups such asAthe Christian Coalition, a political organization with well over@a million members, was an important component of the Republican@triumph in 1994 which saw the party take control in both houses,of Congress for the first time in 40 years.A   Last month, many Republican leaders joined the coalition whenAit presented its "Contract with the American Family", a 10-point@platform that calls for moral and social reforms. One aspect of@the coalition's contract seeks to limit the number of abortionsBperformed in the United States, which historian Allan J. Lichtman>says, could rebound to the favor of President Clinton and theDemocrats:B   "Issues like abortion, a choice issue for Democrats, is one ofBthe few gut issues a Democratic Party that seems very confused in=its economic policy, has going for it. We heard from a loud,;angry minority in the Congressional elections. If the vastBpro-choice majority in America thinks their right to protect safe@and legal abortions is threatened, we'll hear from a very angryBand heretofore silent majority in the November elections. They'llAswell the voting rolls, and that would be only to the benefit of@Bill Clinton and the Democrats, who, as I said, don't have that9much going for them on the traditional economic issues."A   But Bruce Frohnen (fro-nen), author of Virtue and The PromiseBof Conservatism, says that in 1996, social issues will be definedBmuch more broadly by an electorate grown suspicious and indignant'of the American liberal welfare state:?   "Now even formerly economic issues are being interpreted as@social issues. Regulation, whether it's economic, environmental@or other areas, is seen as, in some ways, a moral issue because:it takes away the personal responsibility of individuals,Bcompanies, and families. What you're seeing is a revulsion at the@liberal state, as it's come to be in America. No, there is muchBmore, not just hostility, but a considered opposition to the kind4of state that has grown up over the last 40 years."B   Mr. Frohnen believes this attitude will hurt the Democrats and=President Clinton, who are seen as proponents of the liberalwelfare state.:   While abortion may be the most visible social issue in:American politics, Michael Schwartz, director of the LifeBAdvocacy Alliance, a pro-life group, says it is important to look?beyond abortion to the newer social issues which are likely to6emerge and the voters who will be influenced by them:>   "The issues which will be decisive in the election will be>those that break free of those traditional constituencies andBwhat kind of new constituencies emerge. They will be built aroundBsocial issues. One of the things I see emerging, for instance, isBthe question of immigration. We see two Republicans who are quite?different from one another, Gov. Pete Wilson of California and=commentator Patrick Buchanan. They don't have a whole lot inBcommon, but they are both raising the immigration issue strongly.AThey represent a form of neo-nativism. I don't know if that willAtake off (gain popularity) as a prime social issue, but it's the=kind of thing that could happen given the uncertainties that#exist in the political landscape."@   If the economy expands, or turns sour, by 1996; if a scandal>erupts that involves the candidates, or some critical foreign>issue emerges in the next 16 months, social issues may not be?quite so important to the general electorate. But absent those?factors, social issues could be the sleeping giant of Americanelectoral politics in 1996.   ---------------   ---------------C   U.S. CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION ISSUES REPORT CRITICAL OF THE U.S.
   DON HENRY   WASHINGTONA   A United States Civil Rights Commission report criticizes the>federal government for inadequate enforcement of civil rightsAlaws. The study has triggered a political clash of the kind thatBalmost caused Congress to terminate the commission six years ago.>   On the surface, the report appears to be a straightforward@recitation of facts. Based on a comparison with a similar study@by the commission in the early 1980's, the government's ability>to enforce civil rights laws appears to be vastly diminished.;   Commission leader Mary Frances Berry says the number of:federal employees working on civil rights enforcement hasBdeclined 19 per cent since 1981, while the caseload of complaints<has skyrocketed. Much of the caseload increase is linked to?tougher and more far-reaching anti-discrimination laws such as>the Americans with Disabilities Act which went into effect in1992.@   She told a Washington news conference that in just the equal=employment opportunity commission alone, there are 526 fewer@employees than in 1981, but 35,000 more complaints. The backlog+of cases there has reached nearly 100,000.B   Commissioner Berry says the result is that persons entitled toBthe protection of the federal government cannot be sure they will,receive it, under present funding patterns:B   "This report urges this Congress, the members of which on both?sides of the aisle say that they believe in non-discrimination@and I believe that they do, to ensure that federal civil rights@enforcement agencies can effectively enforce the nation's civilrights laws."@   Ms. Berry says the Clinton administration budget request forBnext year would increase enforcement jobs by six per cent and she<hopes Congress will go along with that. But she says even a;lesser increase would be better than no increase or a cut.?   The report on civil rights enforcement was approved four toAone, with three members not voting, and therein lies the crux ofAthe political dispute that has resulted in letters being written
to Congress.A   The one member who was opposed and the three who did not vote@all were appointed by Republicans. They claim Ms. Berry did notBgive everyone a full chance to vote on endorsing the report. They>say they opposed issuing it without further discussion of thestatistical evidence.:   The commissioner, a Democratic appointee, says that is
nonsense:A   "The major problem that these commissioners have is that they0lost the vote, and they're not happy about it."@   She says all commissioners had two weeks to read the report,<they had advance notice of when the telephone poll would be8conducted, and three did not make themselves available.A   The commission was created in 1957 to serve as the conscience?of the nation study and recommend civil rights policy changes.=But it has been something of a political football for years.BDuring its first 25 years, the president named all seven members.BBut Congress felt it had become too politicized in the 1980's and>changed the structure in 1983. Now it has eight members, four:appointed by the president and one each by Republican and0Democratic leaders in each chamber of Congress.B   Despite that change, political squabbling continued throughoutAthe 1980's, and Congress threatened to de-fund the commission inA1990. Instead, it put the group on a temporary extension for twoAyears, then gave it another three-year extension, which will runout in October of 1996.@   This latest political feud between Republican and Democratic<appointees is almost certain to be considered when CongressBdecides next year whether to re-authorize or kill the commission.?   As if that weren't enough political hot water, Commissioner?Berry, who lists herself as an independent, says she wants the@commission to step into the turbulent affirmative action debatewith a report later this year.@   Mary Frances Berry is no neophyte when it comes to politicalAjousting. Republican President Reagan tried to fire her from the>commission years ago but she won an appeal and has remained aAmember for 15 years. She now runs it at the behest of DemocraticPresident Bill Clinton.   ---------------   ---------------1   CLINTON CALLS FOR BAN ON "COP KILLER" BULLETS   DAVID BORGIDA   CHICAGOB   President Clinton, speaking at an anti-crime event in Chicago,>Illinois, is calling for new legislative steps to ban bulletsAthat can pierce protective vests worn by police officers. And heBis urging opponents of handgun control, many from small and ruralAparts of the country, to understand the predicament of Americans5who live in high-crime urban areas, such as Chicago.B   Federal law already restricts the manufacture, importation and;distribution of handgun ammunition made from some types ofBmaterials. But now President Clinton wants to impose restrictions#on some materials used in bullets.7   Friday, at a police station in a high-crime Chicago<neighborhood, President Clinton heard compelling stories of>violence, and then announced he is asking Congress to approve,tougher restrictions aimed at saving lives:A   "If a bullet can rip through a bullet-proof vest like a knife>through hot butter then it ought to be history. We should banit."A   The president came here to accept an award for his support ofAhandgun control. Citing his personal experience with hunting, he@said he understands those who fear restrictions on their sport,>but he appealed to them to understand urban carnage caused by;armor piercing bullets and military-style assault weapons::   "I say to all the people who love to hunt and shoot inAshooting contests: You will be able to do it and you will find aBway to do it even without the tech-9's (assault guns). It's worth?it to get the uzi's (assault guns) out of the high schools and@off the streets and the bullets out of the bodies of the police=officers we celebrate today. It is worth it, it is worth it.0Nobody is interfering with your right to hunt."A   The president has made his anti-crime campaign a focus of hisAearly re-election efforts. A fundraising event here Thursday was?profitable, bringing the Clinton-Gore re-election fund anotherone million dollars.A   President Clinton leaves Chicago later to make a private tripAto Miami, Florida, where he will visit with relatives for a day.   ---------------   ---------------4   CONGRESSIONAL HEARING ON FUTURE OF CUBAN ECONOMY   ART CHIMES   WASHINGTON:   Witnesses at a Congressional hearing today Friday gave?differing assessments of Cuba's economic prospects after FidelACastro leaves the scene. While some experts believe that under a<new democratic leadership, the Cuban economy will flourish,others are more skeptical.>   In the years before the 1959 revolution that brought FidelACastro to power, Cuba was a classic Latin American dictatorship.BLeader Fulgencia Battista had close ties to U.S. organized crime,>and the island nation was a popular vacation spot for wealthy=American tourists as well as a supplier of cane sugar to theAmerican market.@   The corruption of the Battista government helped win support<for the revolution, which brought a communist government toBpower. For more than three decades the Cuban economy was aided by8support from Moscow including outright military aid andsubsidized sugar purchases.?   Soviet aid ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, and>Cuba's economy went into a tailspin. President Castro remainsBpopular, but with the Cuban leader nearing his 69th birthday, theAHouse of Representatives subcommittee on trade thought this is a1good time to look at Cuba's post-Castro economy.A   John Sweeney of the conservative Heritage Foundation says the@prospects are rosy indeed for prosperous trading and investment)ties between the United States and Cuba:>   "After Castro's downfall, many economists expect that Cuba?once again will become one of America's most important trading>partners in the Caribbean region. As such, the U.S. should be;prepared to assist Cuba in its transition to a free market-economy as soon as Castro falls from power."@   Mr. Sweeney said that American help should include allotting<cuba access to the tightly controlled U.S. sugar market andAestablishing a free trade arrangement with Cuba that could laterAbe absorbed into the North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA.5   Other witnesses before the subcommittee said thatAconsideration of the post-Castro Cuban economy is premature. Ana>Julia Jatar, a Cuban native now with the group inter-American>dialogue, says that the Cuban economy is actually starting to3show some recovery after the cutoff of Soviet aid.5   She was followed by Wayne Smith of the Center for@International Policy who said Fidel Castro might well remain inpower into the new century:=   "I see no signs of collapse in Cuba at all, and I think a?post-Castro period in Cuba is years away, perhaps as much as a	decade."<   Another witness, former senior State Department officialAWilliam Rogers, described his view as not romantic. He says Cuba?is not particularly well situated for economic recovery in the=post-Castro period. Building a modern infrastructure will beBexpensive, cane sugar is not as important in the United States asAit used to be, and Cuban tourist destinations would face serious6competition from other Caribbean and Mexican resorts::   "I think the end of communism in Cuba will be only the@beginning of a very painful process of reform and restructuring@which must take place if Cuba is to regain the path of economic	growth."B   In the meantime Congress is considering legislation that would1tighten Washington's unilateral embargo of Cuba.   ---------------   ---------------B   INTERVIEW: PROBLEM OF CREATING A FREEMARKET DEMOCRATIC CULTURE   PENN KEMBLE   WASHINGTON<   The end of the cold war raised hopes for progress toward>free-market democracy in the former Soviet Bloc. And over theBpast few years, considerable gains have been made in transforming@formerly communist countries in Eastern and Central Europe. But<serious obstacles remain. Religious and ethnic intolerance,Acontinuing human rights abuses, corruption and crime threaten to?destroy reform efforts before they have a chance to take hold.A   Charles Quigley is executive director of the Center for Civic9Education. William Galston is a former senior advisor to>President Clinton for domestic affairs. He now teaches at the8school of public affairs at the University of Maryland.B   Kemble:  Mr. Galston, let me begin with you if I may. You were>in Prague recently for a conference on civic education. Is itByour sense that there's a movement for civic renewal out there inBthe world as well as here in the United States? And if that's thecase what's it all about?A   Galston: I think there is unquestionably such a movement bothAin the United States and around the world. I think it rests on a>shared understanding that in addition to democratic political<institutions and freer economies and freer markets, there's@something in the middle you need as well. You need a democratic=civil society based on free voluntary associations, based onAcitizens who understand the meaning as well as the mechanisms ofAdemocracy and based on mutual trust connecting citizens. I think@there's a growing understanding that these things are necessary@and a growing understanding that they don't arise automatically=through some invisible social hand, that you have to try and
create them.?   Kemble: Mr. Quigley, you're a civic educator. When the wall<fell and the revolution for democracy swept through EasternBEurope and the former Soviet union, there was a lot of talk about@creating the mechanisms of democracy, parliaments, courts, city@councils, all of that. Did we neglect the culture of democracy?B   Quigley: I think we did. I have a lot of friends who went over;and helped draft constitutions, you know Poland, Mongolia,=Romania, and so forth, and a constitution all by itself just?doesn't do it. It reminds me of the statement by learned hand,<"liberty lies in the hearts of men. When it's not there, no?constitution, no law can save it." I think that we did neglect6that and we gave the constitutions, the design of the?institutions, but didn't try to develop the political culture.3   Kemble:  What is a culture of democracy really?A   Quigley:  I was thinking about that. Actually, bill is better:able to talk to that than I am. For example, the AmericanBpolitical culture is deeply rooted in support for democracy. I as?an American grew up thinking that my government is my servant,Bnot my master. That I have a right to put people in government toAserve me, that if they don't serve me I have the right to change>them by peaceful means. That's part of the American political?culture and part of the culture of democracy. You believe that@you have certain fundamental rights. You believe that there's aAdomain, a private sphere of life that's just not the business of>government. These are all the parts of the American political/culture that supports democratic institutions.@   Kemble:  Let's talk about this notion that there's a private;sphere which is not part of government. How can you have aBgovernment, a democratic government where the citizens themselves<don't bring certain qualities of character or spirit to the	process?A   Galston:  I don't think you can. That's part of what it means@to say that you need a democratic culture supporting democratic@political institutions. I'll give you just one example. I think;Chuck has given a marvelous list of the characteristics of@democratic citizens and democratic culture. Let me just add one=other. James Madison was among the first to argue that under8circumstances of freedom, that basic human differences,@individual differences and group differences will be allowed to>flourish. Liberty means difference. Now, how are you going to:deal with difference and diversity. That is a fundamentalBquestion for free society, and the best answer we've been able to;come up with is that tolerance is a key democratic virtue.;Tolerance is not innate to human nature. We tend to try toBrepress difference and so we have to be taught in various ways to(respect other people who are different.B   Kemble:  Does this culture of democracy mean that democracy isAnot going to take hold in some parts of the world, never can? We>Americans tend to think that our system of government, as the@Bill of Rights says, has a kind of universal applicability. Are@you saying that there are only certain parts of the world wheredemocracy can function?>   Quigley:  No, I think it's possible anywhere. But in those7parts of the world where people have been raised in an@authoritarian system, then they tend to think they are subjectsArather than citizens. It's a culture that needs to be nourished,;that needs to be fostered and developed. You can establish?democratic institutions and maybe with the political elite get@them going, but it's not going to have staying power or realize?its potential unless people right down at the grassroots level>support these institutions and have the kind of virtues we've9talked about. These include a reasoned commitment to the=fundamental principles and values that enable a democracy to@flourish. Why should I tolerate people? Why should I tolerate a@Nazi speaking on a street corner? It's not self-evident but youcan, through understanding...<   Kemble:  I suspect this is the role for civic education.A   Quigley:  This is the role for civic education. That's right.B   Kemble:  We have this movement in the United States and now we>find that there are other parts of the world where you have aBsimilar movement for civic renewal, civic education. I mean, what>are the similarities and what are the differences between the@problems that we have here and say the problems faced by people-of the post-Soviet world who were at Prague?9   Galston:  I think that the requirements of stable and@effective democracy are very similar around the world. You needBall of these individual virtues that we've talked about, you need@sound institutions, you need a spirit of tolerance. I would add?that you need a thriving and expanding middle class. PoliticalAtheorists since aristotle have argued that a strong middle class:is the backbone of a viable democracy. But it makes a bigAdifference whether you're trying to fight your way free from two@or three generations of totalitarian rule. There are things you@have to dismantle, there are habits that you have to try to set;to one side. I would add totalitarian governments maintain<themselves by sowing a spirit of mistrust between and among?citizens, and if we're right that democracy requires a certain:spirit of trust among free citizens, then one of the mostAimportant things I would argue in the merging democracies is for?various mechanisms of association to build trust to be createdand nourished.<   Kemble:  You know there are those that say that economicAdevelopment naturally engenders democracy. The middle class will>automatically produce democracy and there are even some Asian@leaders who say, let democracy rest awhile because our economicBchange is producing the conditions that in due course, will bringAdemocracy, people in China for example. Is this in your view thecase?A   Quigley:  I'm not really an expert in that field. It seems to<me that they go hand in hand. Free ideas, free market, free8economy, and so forth, one nourishes the other, they're0interdependent. You can have a free market in aAtotalitarian-authoritarian system but I'm not willing to wait. I?think you need to develop the culture that supports democratic&institutions from the very beginning.@   Kemble:  I was in Prague and there were some business people?there who said we're reluctant to invest in countries where we?don't feel confident that our investments will be protected by?systems of law and political legitimacy. Is this something you>feel people in the business world should have an interest in?A   Galston:  Oh absolutely. On the other hand, you cannot expect>people to make investments if there isn't a reasonably stableAframework of expectations. They're not going to pour their money7down the rat hole, so markets backed by law, politicalAinstitutions that welcome investment and are not going to change@the rules of the game in mid-stream are very important. But letAme return to your previous question for a minute because I think?it's absolutely fundamental. I think we know this: If you have?countries with extremes of wealth and poverty, it is more than?ordinarily difficult to make democratic institutions take firmAroot. I would say that a reasonable distribution of income and a>growing middle class may be a sufficient condition, but it is9pretty close to being a necessary condition for a stable;democracy, and it is certainly a facilitating and enabling>condition. I would say this: Authoritarian leaders who've putBtheir countries on a track toward an expanding middle class and aBmore prosperous country are fooling themselves if they think theyBcan maintain plenipotentiary power and hold it all for themselvesAindefinitely. I think there are very strong forces when you have<a growing middle class in modern economies. You also have a=rising level of education, you have a more rapid exchange ofAinformation, you have more consciousness of what's going on, not@only in their own country but around the world. It's very, very@difficult to maintain a monopoly of political power under thosecircumstances.;   Kemble:  So economic development does tend to reinforcedemocratic change?>   Galston:  Yes. It doesn't guarantee it but on balance doestend to reinforce it.9   Kemble:  Let's just turn to the question of peace andAsecurity. You know there's a debate underway about the expansionBof NATO or the creation of a partnership for peace with countries:in the post-communist world. Is there a relevance here to?democracy and civic values? Are we more likely to be concerned?about the security of other societies when there are societies7that have democratic institutions, democratic culture?B   Quigley:  I think that when you have societies with democratic>institutions and culture when there are conflicts between and>among societies, they were likely to be managed in a peaceful9manner rather than resorting to violence. I think that's@historically true. That's one reason why we want to help FosterBthe growth of democracy throughout the world. It's more likely to)lead to peace and to mitigate conflicts.=   Kemble:  Clearly one of the great problems of much of theBworld is how to deal with ethnic and religious differences. We in@the United States have a lot of ethnic and religious difference=here and our record of dealing with it is certainly far from@perfect. Does democracy provide a framework in which people whoAare different and have some very real conflicts can nevertheless:work things out? Is that one of the great attractions fordemocracy today?;   Galston:  I would say that an appropriately constructed>democracy, a liberal democracy, a constitutional democracy, aAdemocracy that understands the need to safeguard minority rights?even as it makes the rule of the majority effective as a basicBgoverning principle, that kind of democracy absolutely I think isAthe best way forward to deal with our differences. If you have a<rule of the pure majority, without regard to the rights and>interests of minorities, then you have a formula for trouble.>   Kemble:  So you're saying that majority rule yes, but with)very strong respect for minority rights.;   Galston:  If I might hazard what might turn out to be aAcontroversial opinion. I believe that the period of constitution?making that preceded the transition to full democracy in SouthBAfrica was very important because it gave the minority some senseAthat to the extent that it had legitimate interests and that was9a long debate, what are the legitimate interests of thatAminority, but to the extent that it has legitimate interests andAnot just illegitimate power, how could those be given reasonable@security and reasonable protection? I think as a result of thatAconstitutional dialogue, there's more peace, more tranquility, aBbetter relationship between and among the races and ethnic groups@in South Africa and more possibility for stable progress within?constitutional forms. I think that's an example of the kind of>thought that has to be given for the relationship between the9rights of the majority and the rights of the minorities.?   Kemble:  In Eastern Europe and the countries now called NISBcountries, there were before the end of communist rule very clearBcenters of democratic culture among opposition groups. There were<dissident writers, filmmakers, and people involved in humanArights activity, but then when the change in regimes came, thoseBgroupings and circles tended to fall apart. Some people went intoAthe government, some people found it difficult to play a part inBthe kind of politics that followed. Are you suggesting that civicAeducation and the building of civil society is a place now where3democratic culture can find a home, can take root?A   Quigley:  Yes, I think so. A couple observations. I talked to?a Czech political scientist who was part of the opposition. He9said, he was very well read in constitutionalism and the<federalist papers and so forth. However, being raised in anAauthoritarian system, even though he was part of the opposition,Bhe still thought now that he was in the majority, still tended toAthink in authoritarian terms. So the political culture there was?rather shallow. I also heard a group of people who were in theBopposition press who then became the majority press in power. One7of the first things they did was turn around and start:suppressing the right to free press of the people who had=formerly controlled the press. There's a real lesson here inBpolitical culture and the depth of understanding that needs to be<passed on. You're smiling because we're talking about civiceducation.B   Kemble:  You have a way of coming back to that subject. I want>to wrap this up. Let me ask you both this question: There areAthose who say that the pendulum toward democracy has reached theBend of its swing and now it's swinging back. True or false, Chuck	Quigley?B   Quigley:  I should have a crystal ball. One of the things that=is so encouraging about the Prague conference was seeing and@meeting people from all of these nations, former authoritarian,<totalitarian states, who really are breathing the spirit of	liberty.4   Kemble:  So you saw hope in Prague. Mr. Galston?5   Galston:  Absolutely. Democracy is not a historic@inevitability, but the desire for freedom is universal, I wouldsay.>   Kemble: I'm afraid that's all the time we have I'd like to<thank our guests, Charles Quigley from the Center for civic?Education and William Galston from the University of Maryland,4for joining me to discuss the culture of democracy.   ---------------   ---------------   FLAG BURNING AMENDMENT   ADAM PHILLIPS   WASHINGTON=   On Wednesday (June 28), the U.S. House of Representatives?voted in favor of a constitutional amendment that would forbid<the desecration of the U.S. flag. In 1989, a law forbiddingAdesecration of the flag was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court<which ruled that while activities such as flag burning, are9odious, they are protected by the first amendment to the?constitution's bill of rights, which protects free speech. TheBHouse proposal has created strong controversy among lawmakers andthe American public.?   In order for the anti-desecration amendment approved by theAHouse of Representatives to become part of the constitution, the:Senate must also approve it by a two-thirds majority, and;three-quarters, or 38, states must also ratify the change.@   Although the wording of the amendment certainly seems simple=enough, "The Congress and the states shall have the power to<prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United6States", the emotions engendered by the issue by many$well-meaning Americans are complex.@   New York Congressman Gerald Solomon, who sponsored the bill,+said during the floor debate in the House:>   "No matter what our ethnic differences, no matter where we?come from, whether it is up in the Adirondack Mountains of NewAYork where I come from or Los Angeles, California, whatever your=ideology is, be it liberal or conservative, we are all boundBtogether by those uniquely American qualities represented by that"flag behind you, mister speaker.">   Critics of the amendment claim that tolerance and peaceful@dissent are among the great pillars of America's greatness, and@that it is precisely because flag-burning is controversial that9the right to burn flags must be preserved. To them, this:amendment represents the triumph of a symbol over what itAsymbolizes. John Lewis, Democratic congressman from Georgia, had&this to said during the House debate:?   "What is worse? Destroying a flag or destroying the liberty@that flag represents? We must not choose a symbol over the real;thing. This resolution is an affront to the flag. It is an>affront to the Bill of Rights. This amendment will do more to5desecrate the flag than any bonfire or any protest."(   And David Democrat of Georgia added:A   "I think one of the reasons for the pride you and I share wasAthat we believed in a country that was strong enough to tolerate@diversity and dissent and to rise above it because our freedoms@and our values are stronger than the occasional jerk that wants8to play with the American flag in a disrespectful way."@   Actually, flag-burning is a rare and occasional act when oneAconsiders its dramatic impact. Between 1777 and 1989, there were?only 45 recorded instances of flag-burning. But an evil act is@evil no matter how often it occurs according to many. From whatAthese tourists to Washington had to say on the steps of the U.S.;capitol Friday, it is clear that the debate in Congress is>reflected in the American heartland. Three different touristssaid:B   "I think it's not right to burn the flag, because we worked soBhard to get our freedom and everything and the flag symbolizesthe=freedom we have. And when people burn it, it's just a stupid>statement. It's just like saying our freedom is worthless and>that they can just burn our symbol of freedom along with it."@   "Freedom of speech, you have those freedoms, but that's only@if you're not breaking the rights of other people, or offending?other people. Just like when you're in a theater. You have theAfreedom to say what you want but you can't say 'fire.' you know,6everyone goes crazy. Your'e going to start something"?   "there are lots of things the congress should be doing, andBthat's not one of them. There are so many things that they shouldAbe involved with today, really important matters, I think that's=a joke. I don't think that's a good idea because I think youBshould have the right to express yourself and that's one means of<expression. I don't think it hurts anybody to have the flagburned or desecrated.=   Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American philosopher of the 19thAcentury once wrote "we may be of different opinions at different?hours, but in the end, we all may be said to be on the side ofAthe truth." With the flag burning issue, as with so many debatesAin American life, the problem and the challenge is the fact thatAthere are so many different, all-American truths to choose from.   ---------------   ---------------2   U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: HAITI ELECTION   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTON@   Observers say that Haiti's national elections this week were<marked by confusion and sloppiness. But in contrast to past?elections, there was no widespread political violence although2two people did die in election-related incidents.>   U.S. editorial comment on the election was divided between?those who saw it as a first step on the road to democracy, and?those who fear it was an indication that chaos still reigns on>the island despite the best efforts of the U.S. military, andnow, the United Nations.?   The old adage about the drinking glass being "half full" or="half empty" is an apt description of U.S. press reaction to$Sunday's general election in Haiti.@   Some papers voiced despair because of the hopeless confusionBand the large number of people who were unable to vote because ofAshortcomings in Haiti's electoral system. However, others took a?more hopeful view, and pointed out that an impoverished island@with virtually no democratic tradition could not be expected to;run a flawless, nationwide election the first time around.=   In the Midwest, with "The St. Louis Post-Dispatch" wrote:?   "By U.S. standards, Haiti's election Was a total mess. Some:polling stations opened late or not at all; other polling@stations lacked ballots; many voters couldn't read the ballots;@threats of violence kept some from voting. By all accounts, the@balloting for more than 2,000 legislative and local offices was=confused and chaotic. But as marred as this election was, by>Haitian standards, it was a vast improvement over the past. A@less-than-textbook-perfect election can be tolerated this time,>as kind of a practice run. But if the run-off in July and the9December presidential election are plagued with the sameAproblems, Haiti won't get the benefit of the doubt. Without free5and fair elections, Haiti faces mission impossible.">   In Maryland, "The Sun" of Baltimore viewed the election insimilar fashion:B   "The election in Haiti was a triumph for democracy, in that it9was held at all, and was carried off without significant?violence. But it was also a grievous setback for democracy, inAthat voting never opened in seven of the 133 jurisdictions, with@reports rife of missing ballots, closure of precincts and voter>confusion. Judging Sunday's exercise is like trying to decideAwhether the bottle was half-full or half-empty. But the failures=are not failures of intent. Haiti is still lurching forward.9Haitians should get the hang of this [learn how to run ademocracy] yet. "@   The voting was endorsed by "The Orlando [Florida] Sentinel",+while acknowledging very serious problems:?   "The images coming out of Haiti during this week's historicAelection seemed almost entirely negative. they showed widespread?chaos, confusion, cancellation of voting in some areas and theBdeath of one candidate. No doubt that will prompt skeptics to wag@their fingers and say, 'it figures. They clearly aren't able to=manage their own affairs.' such thinking, which continues to6underestimate the ability of Haitians, offers nothing=constructive. better to focus on the modest successes of theAelection, which sent an encouraging signal to the United States.@This election represented a small step in a positive direction.@Why? It appears to have been carried out largely without fraud.<In other words, it was disorganized but honest. What's most>important is that Haiti maintain a steady course. It has been&slow, to be sure, but steady so far."B   Meanwhile, "The Washington Times," took a less optimistic viewof the proceedings::   "That was some kind of election they had themselves inAHaiti...How anyone expects an accurate tally to result from thisBexercise in 'democracy' is a big question. The official spin [u-s>version] is also that at least there was no systematic fraud,?because, well, there was very little that was systematic aboutAthe election. As matters stand now, there is no hope that runoff<elections scheduled for July 23 will be any better than the@initial round; The bottom line is that the OAS [Organization of7American States] and the U.S. government should not beAcountenancing this charade. This is not democracy, and even with=a considerable political investment in its Haiti policy, theBClinton administration should have the decency and honesty to sayso."B   "A first, fragile step" is the way "The Philadelphia Inquirer"Bcharacterized the vote, adding that U.S. aid is imperative if the$island is to continue its comeback:B   "It may be too early to judge the polling, which was marred inBmany places by confusion and disorganization, but was mostly freeBof the horrid violence and intimidation that military governmentsBused to visit on the opposition.  However, it is not too early to?say that the balloting was probably as good as could have beenAexpected given Haiti's violent and impoverished history, and its@recent experience with military rule.  To get Haiti on the road=to development will take consistent U.S. and U.N. follow-up,Bincluding aid money that the Republican-led Congress may not want@to authorize. There are already signs that Republicans may seek:to undercut one of President Clinton's few foreign policy@successes. The hopeful beginning made by last weekend's Haitian@elections can be easily undone if Congress leaves the island inthe lurch.">   While admitting the serious flaws in the process, "The New@York Times" said the concept of free elections must continue to.be nurtured, and for a very important reason:<   "Though President Aristide's job was not at stake, these<elections represent a critical step in the consolidation of8Haiti's restored democracy. The threat of a turn toward@presidential dictatorship remains. Mr. Aristide has pledged notAto perpetuate himself in office as did many of his predecessors.BBut he has not yet mastered the arts of parliamentary compromise,@even with parties that strongly support his presidency and manyof his policies."?   And in the south, "The Atlanta Constitution" was upset that@partisan U.S. politics entered the debate about the efficacy ofthe balloting:>   "Predictably, senators Bob Dole, Republican of Kansas, and9Jesse Helms, Republican of North Carolina pronounced the?elections a failure before the ballots were counted. [Senator]BHelms declared he would hold Foreign Relations Committee hearings5on Haiti soon, doubtless as a sounding board for his@long-standing animus toward [President] Aristide. an evenhandedAview of the voting would characterize it as atmospherically calm@but procedurally chaotic. [Senators] Dole and Helms, of course,@have partisan reasons to accentuate the latter to support their?contention that [President] Clinton did wrong to intervene. In=fact, the Haiti rescue's outcome is unknown, and it's an odd>attitude, indeed, for leading senators to practically hope itturns out badly."   ---------------   ---------------)   WORLD OPINION ROUNDUP: THE U.N. AT 50   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTON>   A major international observance took place this week when>dignitaries feted the 50th anniversary of the United Nation's?founding. The event generated substantial editorial commentary1about the world body in the international press.<   Many commentators continued to debate the organization's@strengths and weaknesses on the occasion of its 50th year. Many@observers concluded that, despite its severe failures in places<like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Somalia, the world body is both'imperfect but irreplaceable.'B   Several papers suggested that the U.N. bureaucracy be reformed<and better accounting systems introduced to change spendingBhabits. There were other suggestions that the Security Council be:expanded by adding Japan and Germany so the international@organization more accurately reflects the current internationalpower structure.B   In the Indonesian city of Medan, the independent daily "MimbarUmum" commented:B   "If the U.N.'s framework was based on the criteria established>by winners and losers of the [World War II] war, it no longer?applies. Losers Japan and Germany are now important industrialBnations. Conversely, former Victor Russia has lost its glory. TheBU.N. needs to be restructured so that it doesn't sink deeper into,a trap of dependency on certain nations...">   Moving to the Philippines, Manila's "Philippine Star" tookthis view:;   "The U.N. has suffered defeats, but it has also had itsBvictories, and it has reason to celebrate the message it has sent>home throughout its existence, no man and no nation can be anisland unto itself."?   And across town, at the "Manila Chronicle", there was this:>   "Despite the pall of gloom over the U.N. due to the Bosnia>question, doubters should not lose sight of the fact that the?U.N. remains a credible and effective body. There is simply noAsubstitute yet for countries acting in concert to stop conflicts+from deteriorating to the shooting point."@   In the Middle East, columnist Kamel Zohairy of Egypt's daily%"Al-Gomhouriya" in Cairo, commented:B   "Bosnia, Somalia, Cuba, Vietnam, etc.  Reveal the impotence of7the U.N.  The veto system is still in the hands of theAsuperpowers, on top of which is the United States, which devoted9the veto to defending Israel's expansion and ambitions."?   In Jordan, a columnist (Tareq Masarwah) in Amman's "Al-Ray"9played down the significance of the organization and its
birthday.?   "Apart from those who get their paychecks from the U.N. and@apart from the 'first beneficiary,' the United States, the rest@of the world cared less about the celebrations marking the 50th(anniversary of the United Nations.....":   In South Asia, New Delhi's "Times of India," observed:=   "The celebration this week of the 50th anniversary of theBsigning of the U.N. charter is proof of the organization's modest<success.  Above all, it has succeeded in promoting the coreAobjective for which it was founded, to avert a third world war."<   Moving across the Pacific to Latin America, Panama's "ElPanama America" commented:B   "Upon the anniversary of the first 50 years of the founding of=the United Nations, the inventory of accomplishments shows a>range of gains, frustrations, errors, successes and failures.>However, an international consensus exists that today's world@would be worse if such an important institution did not exist."8   While in Mexico, "La Jornada" in Mexico City, wrote:B   "The U.N. has achieved a mixed record. On the one hand, it has7played a key role in the promotion of human rights, of@environmental awareness and in the solution of several regional=and domestic conflicts. Nevertheless, it also has a negativeBhistory like the diplomatic cover it provided to the superpowers'=attack on Iraq in 1991, and its participation in the Balkansconflict."@   From Africa, "Le Matin" in Benin's capital Cotonou carried a>column by Alfred Deguenonvo, which suggested that problems in4Bosnia, Rwanda and Chechnya should not override the6organization's success in preventing a new world war:B   "...Must not obscure the fact that there is no world war as in>1914-1918 and 1939-45, which necessitated the creation of the<U.N.. Thus, the United Nations has not failed its mission."A   Turning to Europe, in London, Britain's "Guardian" suggested:@   "In the end we, the global public, will only get the U.N. weBdeserve. If we merely offer lukewarm support, what chance will it9ever have of transcending the selfish agendas of others?<   A discussion of the world body's financial liability wasBincluded in this commentary by Pavel Jegl in the Czech republic's"Zn Noviny" based in Prague:?   "The U.N. debt is growing, and the culprits are U.N. member=states themselves who owe the U.N. more than two-point-eight<billion dollars. Permanent members of the U.N. SC [Security@Council], the United States, Russia, China, Britain and France,7have been tasking the U.N. without providing funds foraccomplishing these tasks. "   ---------------   ---------------3   U.S. SENDS DIPLOMAT CHECK ON STATUS OF HARRY WU   RON PEMSTEIN   STATE DEPARTMENT@   An American diplomat is making his way to the Chinese border@with Kazakhstan where a U.S. citizen of Chinese origin is being
detained.=   The Chinese embassy here in Washington has told the StateBDepartment that Harry Wu is being detained in a hotel in the town=of Karamaj near the border with Kazakhstan. However, Chinese?authorities have not given the United States access to Mr. Wu.A   A U.S. consular official has been sent to northwest China and@he has been directed to make his way to Karamaj. However,. U.S.Bofficials acknowledge the Chinese-speaking official will need the7help of local authorities to make contact with Mr. Wu.A   The chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, JesseAHelms, describes Harry Wu as a close friend. Senator Helms wrote@Secretary of State Warren Christopher demanding that the United@States take immediate recourse if China does not release Mr. Wu
immediately.B   State Department spokesman Nicholas Burns says Mr. Christopher@agrees with Senator Helms about freedom for Mr. Wu but does notbelieve threats are needed:?   "It is not the time for threats in this relationship. It is;not time to speak of retaliatory steps. It is time for theBChinese government simply to meet its international obligations."A   For the time being, the spokesman says, that means diplomaticnegotiations.   ---------------   ---------------%   HEMISPHERIC TRADE MEETING PREVIEW   ERIN BRUMMETT   SAN JOSE=   Central America is pursuing its quest for greater foreign=investment in the region at the hemispheric trade meeting in?Denver, Colorado. The gathering of 34 trade ministers starting?Saturday will create mechanisms to form a hemisphere-wide freeBtrade zone by the year 2005. Costa Rica's foreign trade minister,BJose Rossi, will lead one of the Denver meeting's working groups.BHe discussed his mission at a San Jose news conference this week.@   The Denver meeting is a product of last December's summit of;the Americas (in Miami, Florida). Hemispheric leaders have@established an ambitious agenda to reach the summit's goal of a0gigantic free trade bloc in the next ten years.<   Mr. Rossi says trade ministers will form several working@groups in Denver to carry out the job of forming the free tradezone of the Americas:B   "Seven working groups will be established to address topics of@market access, customs procedures, rules of origin, investment,>standards and technical barriers to trade, sanitary measures,@subsidies, anti-dumping and counter-vailing duties, and finally<one of the most important, small economies, how the smaller=economies in the hemisphere are going to participate in this
process.":   Mr. Rossi will coordinate the working group on foreignAinvestment. He says his country is very committed to that aspectof free trade.A   The Costa Rican foreign trade minister says he does not think?Mexico's economic crisis will affect the overall atmosphere of9the Denver meeting or the agreements to be signed there.>   Mr. Rossi says the meeting presents an exciting investment!opportunity for Central America:A   "Central America is looking for new and greater opportunities9for development, production, creation of better jobs andBpromoting trade via opening markets for our exports. In that way,<we (the region) will create better living standards for its	people."B   The Costa Rican foreign trade minister says the working groupsBwill prepare reports for a second ministerial meeting, to be held$in Bogota, Colombia in March, 1996.   ---------------   ---------------   COCAINE SENTENCING DISPUTE
   DON HENRY   WASHINGTON>   The U.S. Congress has begun hearings into a raging dispute@about whether crack cocaine convictions in federal court should?carry longer prison terms than powder cocaine convictions. The>divided U.S. Sentencing Commission explained its proposal for=punishment parity to a divided House judiciary subcommittee.?   In 1986, when crack cocaine crimes were dominating American?news media reports, Congress mandated that sentences for crack:cocaine felonies be much harsher than for regular cocainefelonies in federal court.8   Congress passed the so-called 100-to-1 rule, meaningApossession or distribution of one gram of crack carries the same(penalty as 100 grams of powder cocaine.?   Last year, Congress ordered the independent U.S. Sentencing=Commission it had created back in 1984 to review this vastly?different standard. It told the commission to come back with a@recommendation that would have the force of law unless Congressamends it within six months.   The clock is now ticking.A   On May first, the commission recommended ending the disparity<and giving crack and powder cocaine offenses the same basic>punishment. That did not please the Clinton administration or@many members of Congress, and so hearings have begun on whether:to pass a bill that will change or nullify the commission
proposal.?   Commission chairman Judge Richard Conaboy said his group of;judges and lawyers would retain severe punishment for drugoffenders in general:?   "However, in its extensive review of the cocaine sentencing:policy, the commission was indeed troubled by the currentBsentencing rules that provide disproportionately severe penalties=for those convicted of trafficking in crack cocaine. We wereAequally troubled by the fact that these penalties have a greatly:disproportionate impact on the poor and minorities in our!communities across the country."<   The Pennsylvania judge said crack is cheap, the poor canAafford it, and thus the 100-to-1 ratio leads directly to what he5called a very, very strong perception of unfairness.A   Several black congressmen went one step further, they said it has a definite racial overtone.@   White Congressman Steven Schiff agreed that Congress has theAobligation to insure the fairness of laws and their enforcement:?   "But having said that, I want to make my second point whichBis: There is an undefeatable way for people to avoid being in theAsituation where they think they're being treated unfairly, don'tAcommit a crime! Nobody has to possess powder cocaine. Nobody has7to possess crack cocaine, much less sell those items."?   Congressman Schiff, for many years either a prosecutor or a>defense attorney, appeared to frown on reducing crack cocaineBsentences to the level of powder cocaine punishment. He indicatedBthat, if parity is the issue, powder cocaine sentencing should bemade harsher.9   But the sentencing commission unanimously agreed that?punishment for using crack should be brought down to the level>for using powder cocaine. But they disagreed on penalties forBdistributing crack. Judge Deanell Tacha and two more of the sevenBcommissioners felt parity for distribution lets crack dealers off
too lightly::   "To me and to the other dissenters, one to one (ratio)Aprovides insufficient penalties for these crack dealers. A crackAdealer who sells 50 grams will potentially be subject to only 127to 18 months instead of the current 10-year sentence."=   Judge Tacha of Kansas agreed however that 100-to-1 is tooBstrong. She provided a study on how ratios of 5-to-1, 10-to-1 and@20-to-1 would affect sentencing of crack and powder felons, butmade no recommendation.@   The Justice Department testified it agrees with Judge Tacha,@making the crack possession penalty equal to the powder cocaine?level but wanting harsher penalties for crack distribution. It"did not say what ratio it favors.;   Commission member Wayne Budd, former Justice Department@official, backed the one-to-one punishment ratio, and suggestedBCongress look at it from another angle. Since crack is at the low8end of the distribution system, he said punishing crack?defendants more severely than powder distributors flies in theAface of the customary policy of going after ringleaders with thetoughest penalties.;   More hearings will be held on several competing cocaine@sentencing bills. One issue will be the commission's contentionAthat most crack defendants usually face other concurrent charges;such as robbery, and this would lead to tougher sentencinganyway.   ---------------   ----------------   CONGRESS VOTES TO KEEP AZERBAIJAN AID BAN   PAULA WOLFSON   CONGRESS@   The U.S. House of Representatives has voted to keep a ban on=aid to Azerbaijan. Lawmakers say no government-to-government<assistance is possible, as long as Azerbaijan maintains itsblockade of Armenia.;   It was in the early hours of the morning when exhausted=members of the House took up the issue of aid to Azerbaijan.>   The foreign aid budget put before the House would lift the?restrictions. But Congressman Peter Visclosky, a Democrat from?the state of Indiana, led a successful drive to amend the billand retain the ban:A   "If the Azerbaijani government wants to drink from the cup of:American generosity, they should wash their hands of thisblockade."@   Mr. Visclosky says the United States can still help refugees:in Azerbaijan through private aid organizations. However,>Republican Chris smith of New Jersey says these groups do not?have the resources to do the job. Mr. Smith, head of the House9Human Rights Subcommittee, says one million refugees aresuffering:A   "We looked at the suffering people! That is all I care about!&A refugee is a refugee is a refugee."5   The measure must still be approved by the Senate.   ---------------   ---------------E   REPUBLICANS OBJECT TO CLINTON FUNDING OF BOSNIAN DEPLOYMENT FORCE   JIM MALONE
   SENATE?   Republican Congressional leaders are objecting to President?Clinton's plan to provide funding for deployment of a european?rapid reaction force in Bosnia-Herzegovina. U.S. House speakerANewt Gingrich and Senate majority leader Bob Dole have written a4letter to the president detailing their objections.A   The letter from the Republican Congressional leader says they:are displeased with the administration's decision to take?sixty-million dollars from the U.S. defense budget in order to"support the rapid reaction force.>   The Dole-Gingrich letter says recent events highlight what?they call a hopelessly incompetent United Nations operation inABosnia. The two leaders say it is time to terminate U.S. funding<for the entire UNPROFOR operation in Bosnia adding that the2Bosnian people and U.S. taxpayers deserve better.=   The Dole-Gingrich letter also expresses concern that U.S.?support for the rapid reaction force will expose U.S. military8personnel, especially pilots, to greater risks than are:necessary. The letter faults the command arrangements for?American air support of the rapid reaction force, calling them!inherently flawed and dangerous.;   The Clinton Administration has been forced to go around>Congress on funding for the rapid reaction force because manyBlawmakers oppose any further American assistance for an operation?that many of them believe has failed. Many members of Congress;also oppose taking any more money from the defense budget,Abelieving defense has already been stretched to dangerous limitsby budget cuts.?   The president does have the power to transfer defense money>for unforeseen emergency military needs and while he does not>need congressional approval he is required to at least notifylawmakers of the changes.   ---------------   ---------------*   SENATE APPROVES PLAN TO BALANCE BUDGET   JIM MALONE
   SENATEB   The U.S. Senate joined the House Thursday in approving a seven@year Republican plan to balance the federal budget by cutting a;number of government programs. Republicans are calling the=congressional vote historic while Democrats caution that the<battle over the budget is still a long way from being over.@   The Senate vote in favor of the compromise Republican budgetAplan was 54 to 46. The House approved the plan earlier by a voteof 239 to 194.B   Republicans were joyful, calling the votes historic and vowingAto change America's future course for the better. Among them was=the Republican chairman of the Senate Budget Committee, Pete
Domenici:<   "It is going to say to the American people (that)," said>Domenici, "future generations are free to earn more money and@make a better living. It is going to free up the interest rates<where they will come down instead of going up. It will makeAAmerica's dollar stronger, here and in the world markets. All of=which means a better life for more and more Americans and it@means we are not going to force the young people of our countryto pay our bills.":   The Republican plan cuts government spending by nearly@one-trillion dollars over seven years by limiting the growth ofAhealth care programs for the elderly and the poor. The plan also:includes 245-billion dollars in tax cuts for families and5businesses once the budget is certified as balanced.=   Democrats argue the budget plan cuts important government>programs too deeply and hurts the poor and middle class while=benefiting the wealthy. Jim Exon, the senior Democrat on theSenate Budget Committee said:=   "I hear time and time again how this is going to save the>nation, how we are making sacrifices, how we have to help the=younger generation. The younger generation, I assure you Mr.?President, is not going to be helped by the 245-billion dollar8tax giveaway, most of which goes to the most wealthiest8Americans, those making over 200,000 dollars (a year)."A   The Republican plan approved by Congress is merely the budget@outline. The real battle lies ahead as lawmakers try to conform?the various spending bills to the budget plan in the months to@come, fully aware that President Clinton has threatened to veto9appropriations bill which he believes cut the budget too
severely.   ---------------   ---------------/   HOUSE VOTES TO SLASH ECONOMIC AID TO TURKEY   PAULA WOLFSON   CONGRESSA   The U.S. House of Representatives has voted to slash economic=assistance to Turkey. Lawmakers approved an amendment to the>foreign aid budget to reduce the allotment for Turkey from 46million dollars to 21 million.@   The language was added to the bill by Republican John Porter>of Illinois. He says the United States must send a message to@Turkey that its human rights record, particularly regarding its#Kurdish minority, is unacceptable:?   "No friend, a true friend, stands aside while his friend isviolently abusing his family."A   But other lawmakers say a cut in aid sends the wrong message.BRepublican Robert Livingston of Louisiana argues Turkey is worthyof U.S. assistance:B   "I would suggest that as well intentioned as the amendment may;be, it fiddles (tinkers) dangerously with a U.S. strategicAalliance with one of our NATO allies and it should be rejected."A   Mr. Livingston says Turkey is important to the southern flankBof the alliance, helps contain Iraq and, despite its problems, it3is a secular democracy with a free-market economy.   ---------------   ---------------@   SENATE HEARS TESTIMONY ABOUT GULF WAR FRIENDLY FIRE INCIDENT   JIM MALONE
   SENATE?   U.S. lawmakers heard a harrowing tale of friendly fire fromBthe Persian Gulf war Thursday involving the accidental killing of@an American soldier and the efforts of his family to unravel an@army cover-up of the circumstances of his death. Tragic case ofBarmy Sergeant Lance Fielder and how his demise continues to hauntthe U.S. Army.A   In the early morning blackness of February 27, 1991, sergeant<fielder and four other American soldiers were waiting to be>rescued after their ammunition carrier had broken down in the>iraqi desert. Another U.S. force, including tanks and Bradley@fighting vehicles, spotted the Americans and, believing them to;be Iraqi troops, opened fire, wounding one of the American
soldiers.A   A second unit commanded by army lt. Colonel John Daly arrivedBon the scene a few minutes later and opened fire on the AmericansBas well, this time killing sergeant lance fielder as he tended tohis wounded comrade.6   In testimony before a Senate subcommittee Thursday=(governmental affairs), former army lieutenant Kevin Wessels;described how he saved his colleagues from further harm byBwalking toward one of the American Bradley fighting vehicles withhis hands in the air:A   "The (American) gunner in the Bradley (fighting vehicle), who@had his fifty-caliber machine gun pointed straight at my chest,@said you had better be an American! I will spare you my initialAresponse and simply say that he was shocked when he found that Iactually was."B   The initial burst of fire at the Americans was ordered by armyBCaptain Bo Friesen. He says he then ordered a ceasefire until his;commanding officer, Colonel Daly, arrived on the scene andBthought he saw what appeared to be Iraqi troops trying to escape:9   "I heard Lt. Colonel Daly's voice come over the radio?screaming, they are getting away, they are getting away. And a=burst of machine-gun fire erupted from my left, striking the?soldier who had been helping his comrade. I later learned that;the soldier was corporal (Lance) Fielder. I was absolutelyAfurious. It became obvious that Colonel Daly had disregarded and>overriden my ceasefire. If he had not, corporal fielder wouldstill be alive today."@   Captain Friesen says several of his men were extremely upset=with Colonel Daly for firing again at what they thought were;Iraqi troops which no longer posed a threat. For his part,?Colonel Daly says he ordered the fatal burst which struck down@sergeant fielder because he thought that what he believed to be$Iraqi troops were not surrendering:A   "I did what I thought was best to protect those men (under myBcommand) with the information I had. We made a tragic error and Iam eternally sorry."B   The army told Sergeant Fielder's parents he had been killed in?action against Iraqi forces and he was postumously awarded the?bronze star. But two months later, army colleagues of sergeantBfielder called his parents and told them he actually had been the=victim of American forces, so called friendly fire. The army"confirmed this four months later.A   At Thursday's hearing, Sergeant Fielder's father dramatically>returned his son's bronze star to the army, placing it on the@witness table while he and his wife accused the army of what he;called a despicable coverup which had broken their hearts:@   "Lance was an honorable person and accepting an award he was9not eligible for would have offended his sense of honor.ATherefore we now return to the army his Bronze Star medal with a@v-device and the commendation we received on his behalf. All we7ask from the army is that it correct Lance's headstoneA(gravestone) to reflect the fact that lance did not receive thismedal."@   Several of those who took part in the attack on the American<troops were given medals for bravery after their commanders@fabricated a story that they had engaged Iraqi forces. The army>has now revoked those medals and is reviewing the entire case@including the status of Colonel Daly and whether he should keep;his bronze star medal for his service during the Gulf War.?   Senator Fred Thompson (R-Tennessee), who chaired Thursday'sAhearing, says he hopes the army learns something from the tragic!death of Sergeant Lance Fielder:B   "Hopefully, this will cause procedures to change and this will@make it less likely for tragedies like this to happen again. So?by this, perhaps we can spare some people, some parents in the?future from what you have had to go through. And I commend youfor that."?   At the end of Thursday's hearing, Sergeant Fielder's Bronze>Star and commendation remained on the witness table as senior@army officials pledged to have a full report on the incident bySeptember.   ---------------   ---------------8   CLINTON MOVES TO FUND RAPID REACTION FORCE IN BOSNIA   WHITE HOUSE@   Clinton has signed a presidential determination shifting $15Amillion in funds to support the Rapid Reaction Force for Bosnia,>bypassing the Congressional appropriations process.  Although=news reports have consistently placed the amount of the U.S.<contribution pledged by Clinton at $50 million, White HouseAspokesman Mike McCurry said he was "not aware" that that was the@correct amount.  The president is moving $12 million from other<accounts for sea and air lift capacity for the force and anAadditional $3 million for unspecified equipment to be donated tothe British, French and Dutch.B   The Washington Post reported June 29 that Clinton has informed>Congress he will earmark an additional $35 million from funds@pledged for peacekeeping operations, and, possibly, $10 million?more for potential use in close air support for United Nations;personnel.  McCurry did not address funding beyond the $15+million in the presidential determination.<   Asked why Clinton had chosen to evade the appropriations;process, McCurry replied that "you can judge congressional>sentiment as well as we can, and there wouldn't be sufficient:support in Congress for any larger supplemental request."A   He acknowledged that the $15 million "is not necessarily whatAour allies would like to see available, but it's consistent withBthe limited budget resources we have and consistent with existing&authorities" for presidential action.   ---------------   ---------------8   $90 MILLION IN U.S. SUPPORT FOR RAPID REACTION FORCE   STATE DEPARTMENTB   The United States announced plans June 29 to provide up to $95Amillion in support over the next six months for a Rapid Reaction?Force being formed by three key NATO allies to help strengthen:the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Bosnia.A   The State Department spokesman Nicholas Burns said a total of=$60 million in U.S. military equipment and services would be=provided under existing authority and another $35 million isBexpected to be assessed through normal U.N. peacekeeping channels>for the support of about 2,000 of the estimated 15,000-memberforce.?   "We have had a series of discussions with the congressional?leadership over the last two weeks on this issue stemming from?the request by France, Britain and the Netherlands to have the?United States help in funding the Rapid Reaction Force," Burnssaid.@   "Even with the Rapid Reaction Force, the United Nations will=face a formidable challenge in trying to end the conflict inBBosnia and to continue to provide humanitarian aid to the one and9a half to two million people who depend on it," he said.=   The United States believes that "voluntary contributions"?should be the principal means of financing the force, he said.?The U.S. contribution will come through several areas -- close;air support, strategic lift, intelligence cooperation, and8equipment transfers from the United States to the troopcontributing countries.?   "The largest aspect of our contribution will be provided by?drawing down defense goods and services under existing foreign<assistance act authority within a $50 million ceiling," the@spokesman said.  "These draw downs, we believe, can and will be>carried out in such a way that the readiness of U.S. military/forces will not be compromised in any manner."?   President Clinton notified Congress June 28 about the first=$15 million draw down, which includes $12 million in airliftBcosts and $3 million in equipment for NATO allies who are part of:the Rapid Reaction Force, he said.  "Our allies have also;requested communications equipment, aircraft survivabilityBequipment, precision navigation and refueling equipment and small,arms to buttress the Rapid Reaction Force."@   The U.S. will also consider a separate $10 million draw down8of contributions of intelligence and close air support.;   "We are also prepared to make a cash contribution," theAspokesman said. About 2,000 of the estimated 15,000 member force:have already been funded under an existing United Nations:assessment of approximately $35 million.  "This is a cash>contribution of $35 million for the next six months for 2,000BRapid Reaction Force troops as part of our existing commitment toAthe UNPROFOR mission," Burns explained.  The remaining troops in>the Rapid Reaction Force will be covered by voluntary fundingfrom other U.N. members.@   The offer was developed over the course of the last 10 to 148days, and it has been communicated to the congressional>leadership and other interested members of Congress, he said.:   The spokesman told questioners that the administrationBbelieves it can take all these steps under existing authority and@without further congressional authorization.  Congress told the=administration earlier that it would not approve funding the6Rapid Reaction Force through normal U.N. peacekeepingBassessments, which require the U.S. to absorb 30.4 percent of thecost.9   "What we have done in announcing this decision and in<conveying this decision to the Congress is to indicate very@clearly that we have a commitment to our allies and we're going?to fulfill that commitment," Burns declared.  "Our allies haveBmade a commitment, not only to remain in Bosnia but to strengthenBtheir forces in Bosnia.  They are NATO allies.  We are pledged to5support them and it would be uncharacteristic of any;administration...to forsake allies who are in a very tight"situation and who need our help."?   "We've certainly not gone behind the back of Congress," the@spokesman said in reply to questions.  "We went to the CongressBfirst before making these figures public," he said, offering it a@detailed explanation of the political and security rational for
its actions.@   "We are emphatically behind this effort because we've got to-support our allies," the spokesman declared.   ---------------   ---------------?   SMUGGLING OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS CALLED NO. 1 SECURITY THREAT   DAVID PITTS   WASHINGTON?   The threat posed by the smuggling of nuclear materials fromAthe countries of the former Soviet Union is "priority number oneBin terms of threats to our own security," James Goodby, nominated=to be principal negotiator and special representative of the>president for nuclear safety and dismantlement, said June 29.B   Goodby, who testified before the European Affairs SubcommitteeAof the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, discussed a number of@serious nuclear smuggling incidents in recent months, including=the apprehension of an individual in Slovakia caught with at<least 34 pounds of uranium and other arrests in Germany andRussia.>   Subcommittee chairman Senator Richard Lugar (R-Indiana), aAcandidate for the Republican presidential nomination, said theseBincidents pose a threat to the security of all nations, includingAthose in the former Soviet Union.  "It's an enormous problem for/Russia, enormous problem for us," he remarked.@   The nuclear smuggling threat, which is directly connected toAthe safe and secure dismantlement of nuclear weapons and storage?of fissile materials, is one of the issues under discussion at;the Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission meeting in Moscow, Goodby?explained.  Lugar called the dismantlement process an enormous9endeavor and the uranium storage issue a complicated anddifficult task.=   Asked how the dismantlement process is going, Goodby said>"dismantlement of warheads is proceeding at the rate of about@2,000 a year."  He added: "The work is slow.  It probably could@be expedited."  He said funds appropriated under the Nunn-Lugarlegislation will help do that.@   A key problem is the "lack of storage facilities in Russia,";Goodby noted.  He said how to increase and improve storage7facilities is an important topic for discussion at theBGore-Chernomyrdin Commission meeting.  Goodby said that currentlyBthere are a 100 or so facilities in the former Soviet Union whichB"are not operating at fully-modernized standards."  Therefore, it;is difficult "accounting for" nuclear materials, he added.AGoodby said what is needed in Russia is a comprehensive facility<improvement program -- "a multi-year project" with definitemilestones.?   As highly-enriched uranium and other fissile material comesAinto storage as a result of dismantlement, "we said we would buy=it at commercial prices," Goodby said.  Discussions also are;being held at the Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission meeting "to@further" the highly-enriched uranium purchase agreement, Goodby=added.  There have been some delays in getting the agreementBactivated, but the United States "is fairly optimistic we will beback on the tracks," he noted.@   In addition to Goodby, five ambassadorial nominees for postsBin the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe appeared before thecommittee./   John Menzies, nominated to be ambassador toABosnia-Herzegovina, was not asked to comment on the specifics of9Bosnia policy.  But he did briefly remark on the current:situation in Sarajevo, saying the city "is suffering fromBstrangulation which is very nearly complete."  He said he and the7U.S. staff there will be laboring under very difficultBcircumstances, but have "enough supplies to last several months."=   Victor Jackovich, nominated to be ambassador to Slovenia,Bcalled that nation "a vibrant, young democracy," that has adoptedA"a very successful program" of reform.  "They are embarking on agood course," he added.7   Despite the fact that Slovenia was formerly part of<Yugoslavia, politically and economically "it more resembles:Poland," or some of the other Eastern European countries,;Jackovich remarked.  Asked to comment on a reported borderAdispute with Italy, Jackovich said the dispute was more property@oriented than territory oriented.  It stems from the seizure of@property in Slovenia belonging to Italians after Italy's defeat=in World War II, he explained.  "There are signs of movement,toward resolution of this issue," he added.>   Elizabeth Jones, nominated to be ambassador to Kazakhstan,Bsaid Kazakhstan "faces a difficult post-Soviet transition."  FromAthe U.S. standpoint, the country took "a step backward" when the9parliament was dismissed earlier this year and PresidentANazarbayev "extended his term in office."  The United States "is?concerned" about these developments, she said.  She noted that?parliamentary elections have been promised for the "relativelynear future."A   As far as the promises Kazakhstan made concerning the removal=and dismantlement of its nuclear weapons stockpile, however,@Jones said, "They have done all of the things they undertook to9do."  The United States has a "major interest" in seeing$Kazakhstan move forward, she added.?   Michael Cotter, nominated to be ambassador to Turkmenistan,@noted that the country is "both independent and unified for theAfirst time in its history."  It faces "some significant economic9hurdles," he remarked. The United States is committed to2assisting in the country's development, he noted.A   John Stewart, nominated to be ambassador to Moldova, said theBcountry has been a "real success story" among the New IndependentAStates (NIS). "I am deeply impressed by the speed with which the:government of Moldova has embraced democracy and economicreform," he added.A   Asked about the status of the agreement for the withdrawal ofARussian troops from Moldova, Stewart said the agreement provides@for withdrawal over three years and no Russian troops have beenBwithdrawn yet because action is needed in the Russian parliament.@   Lugar said he hopes that the full committee will vote on the=nominations prior to July 4 and that the Senate confirmation5process will be complete prior to the August recess.   ---------------   ---------------E   CONGRESS ASKS CLINTON TO NEGOTIATE RELEASE OF HARRY WU FROM CHINA   JILL GATHMANN   WASHINGTONB   The United States Congress has asked President Clinton to help;negotiate the release of Harry Wu, a Chinese-born AmericanBcitizen under detention in China against his will. Mr. Wu and hisBfemale companion, Sue Howell, were stopped by Chinese authoritiesBat a town on the Kazakhstan/China border on June 19th. Ms. Howell@was eventually released on June 23rd, but Mr. Wu is still beingheld.?   The U.S. Congress says China has crossed the line, and thatAsevere political, economic and diplomatic penalties will be paid)if Harry Wu is not immediately released.B   Chris Smith, the chairman of the U.S. House of Representatives?committee on human rights and international operations, told a@news conference Wednesday that the U.S. Congress will not standfor Mr. Wu's detention:>   "I call on the Clinton administration to put this first in@their Sino/U.S. relationship. Harry Wu must be freed. This is aAUnited States citizen who has been unjustly taken by the Chinese@government and this Congress, Democrats and Republicans and the?administration, need to speak with one voice. We will not rest5until this great champion of human rights is freed."B   Mr. Wu is an outspoken human rights advocate who has worked to:expose the poor conditions in Chinese labor camps. Before<immigrating to the United States and becoming a naturalized@citizen, Mr. Wu was a political prisoner in China for 19 years.=In April, he testified before Congress about the torture and!forced labor in Chinese prisons.@   The U.S. consular general in China, Arturo Massey, meet with:foreign ministry officials in Beijing Wednesday. The U.S.@official was told the American request for access to Mr. Wu was@still under consideration. China's foreign ministry also failed/to specify the charges for Mr. Wu's detention.>   According to a State Department spokesman Burns, this is a?violation of article 35 of the U.S./China Consular Convention:>   "The U.S. consular general, Mr. Massey, has reiterated the?provisions of article 35 of the U.S./China Consular ConventionAwhich requires access to a detained or arrested American citizen9no later than 48 hours after such a request is made. The@situation is as follows, an American citizen has been detained.AHe has not been informed, as far as we know, of what the charges>are against him. He has not been given access to any AmericanBgovernment official in China. We are not being told exactly where>he is held, and we're not being given any assurances that theBobligations of the government of China under this convention will	be met."A   If Mr. Wu is not released immediately, the U.S. Congress says?it may propose legislation restricting travel by United States>citizens in China. In addition, Congressional representatives=said Wednesday that China's most-favored-nation trade statuscould be revoked.   ---------------   ---------------*   CHINA/TAIWAN/US: A TRIANGLE OF TENSION   STEPHANIE MANN   WASHINGTONB   Ever since President Richard Nixon's historic trip to China in@1972, the United States has recognized the communist government=in Beijing as the country's legitimate rulers and considered<Taiwan as a part of China. That has not changed. But recent@developments have "rocked the boat", causing analysts to wonder<about the foundation of Sino-US relations and the course of=China-Taiwan reunification. Tensions may continue before the$three parties find some resolution.A   Despite the historical affinity between the United States andBthe Chinese nationalists on Taiwan, Washington gave in to realityBin the 1970's and recognized Beijing as the legitimate government@of all of China. U.S. assistant Secretary of State Winston Lord<told a Congressional panel this week that the United States@adheres to its one-China policy. Despite suspicions in Beijing,?he said, Washington wants to engage China, not contain it. Mr.>Lord also said U.S. relations with Taiwan will continue to befriendly, but unofficial.A   Nevertheless, strong sentiments for Taiwan persist among manyAAmericans who see it as a well-governed, democratic country that?has supported the United States. Those views are coming to theBfore in the new Republican-dominated Congress, where efforts have=been underway to press the Clinton administration to be more:conciliatory toward Taiwan and tougher on mainland China.@   According to David Aikman, a former senior correspondent for1Time magazine, who specializes in Asian affairs:@   "What we're seeing is a desire that the fiction of Taiwan as:an entity that is gradually disappearing in importance be>replaced by the reality, which is that Taiwan has the world'sBsecond largest reserves, it's in the top 10 of the United States'?trading partners, and has achieved considerable success in theBinternational arena and some measure of political respectability.@And many Americans, especially the newly Republican majority inBthe Congress, say: 'why should we treat these people, who've beenBfaithful allies of the United States, as second-class citizens inthe international arena?'":   In recent weeks, the U.S. Congress pressed the Clinton?administration to grant a visa to Taiwan President Li Denghui,@allowing him to make a private visit to his alma mater, Cornell;University in New York state. In addition, many members of=Congress support Taiwan's bid to re-join the United Nations.>There is also Congressional pressure on the administration toBname a special envoy to Tibet, which under current U.S. policy is(officially recognized as part of China.<   David Aikman calls this "sentimentalism," and says it is@beginning to affect the course of US/China policy. He adds that@the domestic political situation in Beijing also contributes tothe current tension:?   "In Beijing itself...because people are uncertain what willAhappen when Deng Xiaoping dies, there is a mood of ambiguity. NoApolitical figure in the Chinese political scene can appear to beBconciliatory toward the United States on the issue of Taiwan. So,;there has been a very stern reaction, as you well know, inABeijing to the move by the United States to admit Li Denghui and8the appearance of almost a freeze in Washington-Beijingrelations.">   China has withdrawn its ambassador from Washington and hasBrejected U.S. overtures to resume dialogues that were underway onAsecurity issues. Also, following Li Denghui's trip to the United>States, China postponed talks between the mainland and Taiwan6(the koo-wang dialogue) that were scheduled for July.?   Ralph Clough is coordinator of the China forum at the Johns@Hopkins University school of advanced international studies. He(says he is puzzled by the postponement:A   "I was a little surprised because I had felt that the ChineseBuse the cross strait relationship as a means to try to tie Taiwan7more and more closely to China. As they see the Taiwan<independence movement growing in Taiwan, as they see TaiwanAmaking successful forays in the international community, such as?the Li visit, to improve the status of Taiwan internationally,=their principle recourse to hold Taiwan is this cross straitrelationship."B   Taiwan will hold an important presidential election next year,Band the pro-independence opposition party (democratic progressive@party) is expected to make a strong showing. Harvard University@professor Ezra Vogel says mainland China is worried about this:?   "I think from the point of view of the mainland, of course,>what they're afraid of is that the new political situation inATaiwan of competitive politics and the opposition party having a@nativist thrust, combined with politics in Washington, with the4new Republican-found way of criticizing the Clinton<administration by showing how unreasonable they were in not8allowing Li Denghui to visit Hawaii, and so forth, that@combination I think is very frightening to the mainland that is=so concerned about the fundamental sovereignty issues. And I>think what they must be assessing is that they need to take aAvery strong stand both with Taiwan and the United States to make<sure they're not on a slippery slope that moves down towardTaiwan independence.":   So, given the mood of the U.S. Congress, the political=uncertainties in China and Taiwan's desire for internationalArecognition, can we expect to see the tension between Washington=and Beijing worsen? David Aikman says nothing is inevitable,7either a deterioration or an improvement in relations:@   "What is needed, I think, is a fairly steady hand and a cool?head to distinguish between what we might call the rhetoric ofAfeelings, which the Chinese readily express, and the rhetoric ofAnational interest. Now, the rhetoric of national interest is the=voice that you need to listen to very carefully. And if that<rhetoric within mainland China made clear that the US/ChinaBrelationship was going to continue to deteriorate without dealingAmore forthrightly over Taiwan, then the U.S, i think, would haveAto really come to terms with what you might call its sentimentalAdesires to help Taiwan and its geo-strategic, realistic needs todeal with China."?   Mr. Aikman says he believes Taiwan and the mainland will beBable to work out some kind of acceptable relationship, especially>if a less hardline regime comes to power in Beijing after theBdeath of Deng xiaoping. However, he says it will take a long timeto reach that goal.   ---------------   ---------------3   TENSIONS BETWEEN CLINTON AND HOUSE SUBCOMMITTEE   PAULA WOLFSON   CONGRESS@   Tensions are rising between the Clinton administration and aBkey Congressional subcommittee. Last week, the Justice Department?reneged on an agreement to bring four Chinese migrants held at?federal detention centers to Washington to testify at a public6hearing. The response from the panel has been strong.B   Originally, Justice Department officials said the four Chinese<would be permitted to testify at an open hearing on China'sBfamily planning policies. But on the eve of the hearing, attorney@General Janet reno said the four could only meet with lawmakersbehind closed doors.B   That was unacceptable to Republican Chris Smith of New Jersey,=the chairman of the House Subcommittee on Human Rights. With<approval from House speaker Newt Gingrich, his panel issued?subpoenas for twenty Chinese detainees at detention centers in+the states of Pennsylvania and California.<   All twenty came to the United States on a smuggling ship?called the Golden Venture that ran aground one year ago in New@York harbor. They asked for political asylum, saying they faced:persecution in China because they oppose the government'spopulation control program.B   The Clinton Administration has denied their request. And while@Mr. Smith had planned to limit their testimony to conditions in8China, he now says he wants to put the spotlight on theAadministration's plans to send them home (deport the detainees).   ---------------   ---------------8   HOUSE APPROVES FLAG BURNING CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT   PAULA WOLFSON   CONGRESSB   The U.S. House of Representatives has approved an amendment toAthe United States constitution that would clear the way for lawsBoutlawing flag burning. The measure must still be approved by the(Senate and three-fourths of the states.?   The debate over flag burning was a debate about patriotism,values, and symbols.<   In 1989, the United States Supreme Court ruled that flag<burning as a means of political protest is protected by the<constitution. The justices cited the first amendment, which?states Congress can make no law that infringes on the right of
free speech.B   The ruling became a campaign issue. It also sparked a movement@by a coalition of veteran's groups to amend the constitution to=permit legislation that would make desecration of the flag acrime.=   The Republican victory in the last Congressional election>cleared the way for a flag burning amendment to come up for a?vote. The measure was sponsored by Gerald Solomon of New York,Bwho could barely contain his enthusiasm as he rose to address theHouse:A   "I can't tell you how excited I am that finally, we are going@to have the chance to pass this amendment that will restore the)flag to its rightful position of honor.":   He spoke of the flag as a symbol of national unity and@liberty. From time to time during the debate he referred to theAAmerican soldiers who followed the stars and stripes into battle:and the immigrants who still look at the flag and see theAmerican dream:>   "No matter what our ethnic differences, no matter where we?come from, whether it is up in the Adirondack Mountains of New?York where I come from or Los Angeles California, whatever you=ideology is, be it liberal or conservative, we are all boundBtogether by those uniquely American qualities represented by that"flag behind you, mister speaker."?   Mr. Solomon talked about his experiences as a member of the8marine corps, and his pride in all the flag represents.-   So did Democrat David Skaggs of Colorado:A   "I think one of the reasons for the pride you and I share wasAthat we believed in a country that was strong enough to tolerate@diversity and dissent and to rise above it because our freedoms@and our values are stronger than the occasional jerk that wantsBto play with the American flag in a disrespectful way.  Today, weAare debating an amendment to the constitution that for the firstAtime in the history of this country will diminish our freedom of
expression."B   On this issue, the divisions in the House were not along partyBlines. Instead, they were the result of differing interpretationsAof both the constitution, and the meaning of an American symbol.@   Supporters of the amendment talked about the need to protect@basic values and honor those who have served and died for theirBcountry. Democrat Sonny Montgomery of Mississippi pulled a small,9worn flag from his pocket as he spoke to his colleagues:A   "This amendment will not infringe on anyone's first amendment@rights. We are the most tolerant country on earth when it comes@to dissent and criticism of our government. But I draw the line1on the physical desecration of this great flag."@   But opponents of the amendment argued that people are put in@jail for desecrating government symbols in places like Cuba and9China. They said America, and the flag, stands for more.A   Democrat John Lewis of Georgia, a veteran of the civil rights@movement in the United States who marched in the south with the'Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr, said:?   "What is worse? Destroying a flag or destroying the liberty>that flag represents? Mr. Speaker, we must not chose a symbol@over the real thing. This resolution is an affront to the flag.?It is an affront to the Bill of Rights. This amendment will do=more to desecrate the flag than any bonfire or any protest."B   The flag amendment, like the flag itself, is largely symbolic.BWhile flag burning was a fairly common form of protest during the?Vietnam War, there have only been a handful of cases in recentyears.>   But memories of the past linger as does the anger the flagAburning protests of the 1960's and 70's ignited in the hearts of2lawmakers like Republican Henry Hyde of Illinois:;   "What is at work here is something larger than the flag@itself. It is a protest against the vulgarization, the trashingof our society."B   The debate on flag burning came at a time when polls show many?Americans are worried about matters of morality, rising crime,8strains on family ties, and even violence in movies andBtelevision. It probably also is no mere coincidence that the vote<occurred just days before America's Fourth of July nationalBindependence day, a day set aside for picnics, parades, fireworksand displaying the flag.   ---------------   ---------------:   HOUSE VOTES TO LINK AID TO HAITI TO DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT   PAULA WOLFSON   CONGRESS>   The U.S. House of Representatives has voted to link aid to/Haiti to continued movement towards democracy.9   The Republicans and Democrats who crafted the foreign@assistance bill displayed a level of bipartisanship seldom seenthese days in the house.A   They were given a total figure for aid for 1996 and then were?given the authority to allocate the money, program by program.@   Things were going well on the House floor during most of the@debate on the bill. There were a few squabbles, but no partisan;battles. Then, the House took up aid to Haiti and the tonedramatically changed.<   Congressman Porter Goss, a Republican from Florida, cameAforward with an amendment to the bill linking further assistanceAto Haiti to elections scheduled for later this year. He says, in>order to receive aid, the Haitian government in power must beBduly elected according to provisions of Haiti's own constitution:<   "This amendment says "no" to U.S. assistance for any new;regime in Haiti that comes to power via an anti-democratic8process. If building democracy isn't about that kind of#commitment than what is it about?"?   His amendment sparked a battle in the House chamber between>conservatives and liberals. Many black members were irate and?rose to their feet to challenge Mr. Goss. Tempers flared, with?the two sides resorting to accusations and tough language. Mr.BGoss's colleague in the Florida delegation, Democrat Carrie Meek,?said Republicans want to put conditions on Haiti that they arenot applying elsewhere:?   "I take umbrage to the fact that you have singled out Haiti>and used a standard just for Haiti. I have never heard on the@floor that any funds were limited because of an election in any!country since I have been here."?   Republicans talked of wasted millions of dollars. Democrats?talked about the suffering of the Haitian people. They yelled,:they argued. And, then David obey went to the microphone.8   Mr. Obey is a Democrat from Wisconsin and one of the@architects of the foreign aid compromise. He can be as partisan@as any member of the House. But on this occasion, he was urgingcalm, unity and reason:?   "I think Americans need to learn that other people who haveAnever experienced democracy also need to learn how to experienceAthat form of government. We have seen on that island a series of<lurches as the people of that country have tried to reach aBdifferent kind of reality in their own society, after 50 years of>being absolutely crunched and destroyed by the cynics who ranthat island.">   The discussion of the Haiti amendment was supposed to take>less than an hour. Instead the battle went on and on, slowing?down work on the overall bill. At one point, Republican leader@Richard Armey came to the House floor and warned that the House>would stay in session until the legislation complete, leaving?open the possibility the debate could extend through the night!and past the Washington sunrise.   ---------------   ---------------6   CONGRESSIONAL REACTION TO JAPANESE TRADE AGREEMENT   JIM MALONE
   SENATE@   U.S. lawmakers are welcoming the trade agreement between theAUnited States and Japan over auto parts. Members of Congress are=insisting that Japan back up its trade promises with action.=   The reaction in Congress to the trade deal with Japan was?generally positive, although the key phrase seemed to be watch)what the Japanese do, not what they say.=   Senate majority leader Bob Dole says based on the sketchy;details of the agreement he has received he is supportive:8   "It appears on the surface to be a step in the rightBdirection. They have made a number of assurances, the Japanese, IBthink the bottom line is as always is if the agreement is carried;out. But if it is, I think it would be a step in the rightdirection."7   The leader of the Democratic minority in the House,;Congressman Richard Gephardt, has long been one of Japan's=strongest critics in Congress. He says the agreement on U.S.?access to the Japanese market represents progress but he wantsBthe United States to go further to ensure that Tokyo backs up itsApledge to open up its markets to U.S. car makers and auto parts:@   "(The promises) are all welcome Announcements of intentions.BBut what we are going to have to tomorrow, the day after that andAevery day after that is not intentions but results. There has toAbe real results that we can measure and see. If it is not, it is?no better than what we saw in 1972 (a previous agreement which3did little to open up Japanese auto market to U.S.manufacturers)."=   Congressman Gephardt says the true measure of progress on9dealing with Japan on trade matters is not the number of>agreements signed but the number of jobs created for American;businesses and workers who are given greater access to theJapanese market.   ---------------   ---------------C   SENATOR PRESSLER ENCOURAGED BY PRESIDENT'S RESPONSE ON PAKISTAN   JIM MALONE
   SENATE7   U.S. Senator Larry Pressler says he has received an;encouraging response from President Clinton concerning his<proposal to resolve a dispute over fighter planes. Pakistan@ordered and paid for the planes but never received them because;of a ban on U.S. aid to Pakistan. Senator Pressler briefly-addressed the Senate on the issue Wednesday.<   Senator Pressler is the author of the so-called Pressler;Amendment, which has barred all U.S. military and economicAassistance to Pakistan since 1990, when then President Bush toldBCongress he was unable to certify that Pakistan had not developednuclear weapons.B   That put on hold the sale of 28 F-16 U.S. fighter planes whichAPakistan had ordered and for which it paid more than 600-millionAdollars. Senator Pressler recently proposed a solution , sellingBthe F-16 fighters to Taiwan and the Philippines instead and using3the proceeds from the sales to reimburse Pakistan.@   Senator Pressler says he received an encouraging letter fromBPresident Clinton last week which said the president is open to aAthird party sale of the F-16's provided that the transfer servesAthe U.S. national interest, which Senator Pressler says it does:=   "In fact, my initiative produces a number of winners. For9Pakistan, the F-16 issue goes away as an irritant in its@relations with the U.S. For India, 28 nuclear delivery vehiclesA(the F-16's) do not show up on her border, and that is something:I am very concerned about. I feel if these F-16's went to3Pakistan it would accelerate the arms race there."A   The president's letter to Senator Pressler also said that the>United States will have to consider delivering other military?equipment to Pakistan which it has already paid for apart fromAthe F-16 fighters. Senator Pressler urges caution on this option:and says he would oppose any transfer which he says might3undermine non-proliferation efforts in the region.7   Senator Pressler also argues that there are several>side-benefits to his proposal to resolve the dispute over the@F-16 fighters including the strengthening of key U.S. allies inAsia:B   "By this initiative, a number of American foreign policy goalsBwould be furthered. Lower tension in south Asia, maintenance of a=strong nuclear non-proliferation policy and an enhancing the=deterrent capability of two democratic non-nuclear powers in=Asia. At home, American aerospace (companies) would have new=markets and the American taxpayer would receive a measurable8enhancement of our global security for almost no cost.":   The Pressler plan would send 11 of the 28 fighter jets@originally bound to Pakistan to the Philippines instead and the@other 17 would be shipped to Taiwan. Taiwan has already ordered=150 F-16 planes with delivery expected in June of next year.?China opposed the F-16 sale to Taiwan when it was Announced by!the bush administration in 1992.>   The president has been sympathetic to Pakistani demands to8resolve the issue but so far there has been no clearcut(endorsement of the Pressler initiative.   ---------------   ---------------:   JUSTICE DEPARTMENT WILL NOT PROSECUTE SENATOR PACKWOOD   JIM MALONE
   SENATE:   Embattled U.S. Senator Bob Packwood got some good news?Wednesday. The Justice Department has decided not to prosecute@him over allegations that he improperly tried to find a job for>his ex-wife through Congressional lobbyists. Senator PackwoodBstill faces a serious inquiry by the Senate Ethics Committee intocharges of sexual misconduct.?   The Justice Department Announced it has closed its probe ofBSenator Packwood's alleged attempts to solicit job offers for his&ex-wife from Congressional lobbyists.@   A Justice Department spokesman says as far as the governmentBis concerned the Packwood case is now closed and no other matters1relating to the senator are under investigation.=   But that will not necessarily help Senator Packwood as he>fights a separate indictment from the Senate Ethics Committee@charging him with sexual misconduct against seventeen differentBwomen and alleging that he changed his personal diaries after thecommittee had begun its probe.?   Senator Packwood appeared before the ethics committee for aBsecond straight day Wednesday but neither the senator nor members<of the ethics panel are talking about the private sessions.>   If the committee judges him guilty, Senator Packwood faces@disciplinary action ranging from a rebuke to outright expulsionfrom the Senate.   ---------------   ---------------+   DOLE URGES "FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE" AT U.N.
   SENATE=   Senate Republican leader Bob Dole says that if the UnitedBNations is ever to fulfill the hopes of its founders, "there mustbe fundamental change."?   In a statement June 26 on the anniversary of the signing of?the United Nations Charter in San Francisco 50 years ago, Dole?said "the record of the U.N. is mixed, and the expectations of!its founders have not been met."A   The U.N., he said, "has had some important accomplishments -->on international air travel, eradicating smallpox and sharing:information about global concerns ranging from weather toBhealth."  But, he said, "if the United Nations is to be more than?a debating society with 185 members, there must be fundamental	change."<   Dole said the United Nations can be an important tool to>advance American interests, as long as America leads the way.A"The answer to the problems of the United Nations," he said, "isAnot getting the U.S. out of the U.N., it is getting common senseinto the U.N."=   Dole said he agrees with the points made in an article byBRepublican Senator Nancy Kassebaum and Democratic Congressman Lee=Hamilton that was published on the op-ed page in the June 25Washington Post.  They are:A   -- that the U.N. should be limited to peacekeeping, not peaceenforcing.@   -- that the U.N. should focus on key agencies and functions,Asuch as the International Atomic Energy Agency, and stop wastingAtime and money on the dozens of agencies which no longer serve auseful purpose.;   -- that U.N.-hosted conferences, which cost millions of.dollars and accomplish very little, be ended.@   -- and that more needs to be done to reform the way the U.N.9is managed -- to investigate waste, to shut down bloated=bureaucracies, to ensure that promotions are based on merit.   ---------------   ---------------?   HELMS TO HOLD HEARINGS ON HAITIAN ELECTION "IRREGULARITIES"
   SENATE>   Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chair Jesse Helms, in a@statement issued June 27, said his committee will hold hearings@on "irregularities" in the June 25 elections in Haiti for a new-parliament, mayors and city council members.?   "There is cause for great concern about the credible report?from the International Republican Institute declaring that the<electoral process in Haiti did not meet even the 'minimallyBaccepted standards for holding a credible election,'" Helms said.8   "IRI's observers have documented countless irregularAactivities, including: some one million lost registration cards,@the flagrant use of xeroxed ballots, tally sheets intentionally?altered and ballots substituted with newly market ballots, and@widespread disregard for the secrecy of the balloting process.">   Helms said "clearly, these elections failed to justify theBClinton administration's costly and ill-conceived intervention in?Haiti.  After spending a billion and half dollars to 'restore'?democracy in Haiti (when Haiti never had democracy), and after>putting American credibility on the line, it appears that the>only success the Clinton administration can properly claim isBthat nobody was killed during the voting," Helms said.  He added,<"that may be an acceptable result by Clinton administration6standards, but it won't fly up here on Capitol Hill."9   Helms said his committee will hold hearings "on theseCirregularities following the July 4th recess.   But based on theseBcredible reports, the Clinton administration is likely to have an@exceedingly difficult time in convincing Congress to permit the<dumping of additional American tax dollars on the electoralprocess in Haiti."   ---------------   ---------------*   PACKWOOD MEETS SENATE ETHICS COMMITTEE   JIM MALONE
   SENATE<   U.S. Senator Bob Packwood met with members of the SenateAethics committee Tuesday and defended himself against charges ofAsexual misconduct. The Oregon Republican met in private with the>ethics committee which now must decide whether to hold publichearings on the Packwood case.@   Senator Packwood was given the opportunity to formally rebut=ethics committee charges that he abused his office by making@unwanted sexual advances toward women on 18 different occasions<over a span of twenty years. The ethics committee also saysBSenator Packwood may have intentionally altered his diary and may9have improperly tried to arrange a job for his wife withCongressional lobbyists.B   If the ethics committee judges Senator Packwood guilty of someAor all of the charges, he could face disciplinary action ranging=from a mild rebuke all the way to expulsion from the Senate.=   Republican Senator Arlen Specter says he believes Senator?Packwood has done an effective job as chairman of the powerful>Senate Finance Committee even as he fights the allegations of=sexual misconduct. But Senator Specter acknowledges that the9Packwood case is taking a toll on the Senate as a whole:B   "Having said that, it very definitely is an overhang. There is:no doubt about it weighing on Bob Packwood personally andBweighing on his colleagues and we all have to sit in judgment oneBday as jurors to make a determination. So we want to see what the?facts are and we are all waiting to see the outcome as to what@the committee and Senator Packwood do. And it is very important@that there be a public accounting, a fairness to the public andfairness to the individual."@   The allegations against Senator Packwood first surfaced back=in 1992 and some lawmakers are concerned that the public may;become impatient with the long deliberations of the ethicscommittee.A   But Senate Democratic leader Tom Daschle says it is importantAthat the ethics process be seen as fair to all parties involved:B   "I do have confidence in the process. It has taken a long time?to get to this point but I think it is inappropriate for me to>comment on specifics having to do with the Packwood matter. I?will say that I think the process has been fair as it has beenlaborious (drawn out)."B   The sexual misconduct allegations have dominated the headlines@in the Packwood case but several Senate staffers say the chargeAwhich would ultimately cause the senator more problems relate to9his alleged effort to alter his diaries after the ethics'committee had already begun its probe.?   Most senators prefer to say nothing about the Packwood caseAbut Democrat Barbara Boxer of California repeated a call Tuesdaythat Senator Packwood resign.@   Senator Packwood offered to resign his seat in late 1993 butBthen changed his mind after his lawyers told him he would be in aAbetter legal position to fight the charges if he remained in theSenate.   ---------------   ---------------6   U.S. OPINION ROUNDUP: THE PASSING OF WARREN BURGER   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTONA   The death of former chief justice of the United States WarrenABurger received a good deal of commentary in the nation's press.=Chief Justice Burger, who held that post on the U.S. Supreme@Court for 17 years during the presidencies of Richard Nixon andARonald reagan, retired in 1986 and died Sunday (6/25) at the ageof 87.A   This week, many papers are commenting on his life and work onthe court.@   Chief Justice Burger was nominated to the court by PresidentBRichard Nixon in 1969 in hopes that he would roll back [overturn]Athe judicial liberalism of the [Chief Justice Earl] Warren court=which preceded him. Legal observers say Chief Justice Burger<presided over a centrist court that wrote the 1973 decisionAlegalizing abortion; endorsed affirmative action; and sanctioned>the busing of school children as a method of achieving racial(balance in the nation's public schools.=   He was also the justice who, during the Watergate affair,Avoted with the rest of the court in a unanimous decision to deny:control of White House tape-recorded conversations to thepresident who appointed him.@   However, as many papers are noting, Chief Justice Burger mayBbe remembered more as the man who fought to modernize the federal>judiciary and improve conditions for judges, rather than as a1brilliant writer of "USA Today" wrote of Burger:@   "Warren Earl Burger was no Earl Warren [the chief justice he>followed].  His decisions hewed to no ideological creed, saveBperhaps a belief that legislatures, not courts, should set socialBpolicy. He thus turned out to be pretty much what he looked like.<Square. Solid. Pragmatic. And in the middle. Indeed, [ChiefBJustice] Burger was no [Chief Justice] Warren. But his reforms of@the courts helped preserve something vital to justice, people's?access to it. And his pragmatic jurisprudence provides a model<for justices of today's ideologically divided court as they;wrestle with divisive issues like abortion and affirmative	action."?   Turning to new England, "The Portland [Maine] Press Herald"3remembered him, with the words of another justice:?   "[Justice] Burger would have been pleased that Justice John:Paul Stevens compared him with John Marshall as being 'an@innovative, conservative chief justice with a profound sense ofAhistory and respect for the constitution, fully conscious of the9importance of an independent judiciary.' it is a fitting
epitaph."@   While in Florida, "The Miami Herald" called him "a shaper ofbetter courts":=   "...His true legacy likely is reform and modernization ofAcourt administration. There he left a huge mark, not just on theBfederal judiciary but throughout the state court systems, too. HeApushed for research, training of court personnel, and managementAimprovements. And after he retired in 1986, he vigorously soughtBto use the constitution's bicentennial to teach the country aboutits fundamental document."@   But for "The New York Times," Chief Justice Burger was a man!of philosophical contradictions:@   "In the decade since Warren Burger retired as chief justice,?many historians have found his tenure moderate, sometimes even<liberal, despite the conservative aims of the president who?appointed him, Richard Nixon. Mr. Burger set out to reduce theArole of the courts in American life, according to his version ofBjudicial restraint. Yet he joined his court in finding a right to@choose abortion, delivered the first constitutional blow to sex7discrimination and even upheld court-ordered busing todesegregate schools."A   "The Atlanta Constitution" said that trying to pin a label onAsuch a complex man was unwise, and also discussed what it calledhis contradictions:;   "Though some legal scholars thought him not quite up to@[qualified for] the job, he typically worked 80 hours a week at6it, could write pungent opinions and is credited with8spearheading [leading] a much-needed reorganization and@modernization of the federal judiciary. He was hard-nosed aboutBlocking up criminals, yet believed passionately in prison reform.>A gun owner all his life, he was a stout advocate of firearms
regulation."+   In Maryland, "The Baltimore Sun" added:B   "Warren Burger...will probably be treated more respectfully in@judicial history as the chief justice of the United States, hisAofficial title, than as 'chief justice of the Supreme Court,' as?he was colloquially known. That is because the court under himBduring his 17-year-tenure achieved only a few of the conservativeBvictories expected of it; meanwhile, Mr. Burger was able to bring>about a revolution in judicial management and professionalism$that greatly benefited all courts."   ---------------   ---------------E   U.S. BLACKLIST CANADIAN MINING COMPANIES DOING BUSINESS WITH CUBA   VICTOR BEATTIE   WASHINGTON;   The United States has placed four Canadian joint mining?ventures operated by Sherritt Incorporated on a black list for@doing business with Cuba. The Clinton Administration, which hasAmaintained a more than three-decade old embargo on Cuba, says it@is only enforcing existing law, not launching a new campaign totighten the sanctions:;   The U.S. Treasury Department Monday said the four jointBventures, Cobalt Refinery and International Cobalt of Alberta andBGeneral Nickel SA and Moa Nickel SA, both of Cuba, are consideredAentities of Cuba because of their 50-50 ownership. The effect of:the decision makes it illegal for U.S. firms to engage in%transactions with the four ventures.@   The Canadian resource Giant Sherritt, which produces nickel,;cobalt, fertilizer and petroleum, has been cited in recent>Congressional hearings as an example of how foreign companies>exploit the Cuban people by doing business with the communistregime in Havana.@   State Department spokesman Nicholas Burns denies this actionBis part of an aggressive new campaign to tighten the embargo as a*way of addressing Congressional concerns:?   "This is an effort to conform to U.S. law and to apply U.S.<law in the case of Cuba and it's a longstanding effort, not)something we've decided to do recently."@   The United States cut diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961=and has enforced a trade embargo against it for more than 30years.:   Hundreds of similar ventures around the world known asA"special designated nationals" have been blacklisted by the U.S.government.   ---------------   ---------------=   U.N. STRONGLY SUPPORTED, STRONGLY CRITICIZED BY AMERICANS
   JUDY AITA   SAN FRANCISCO<   Despite some signs of isolationism in the United States,;Americans continue to strongly support the United Nations,3according to a nationwide survey released June 25.>   "The bottom line attitude of the American public about the<U.N. is its strong, strong support...robust support for theAUnited Nations," says Andrew Kohut, director of the Times Mirror?Center for The People and The Press, which conducted the poll.A   "We find that 67 percent of the American people say they likeBthe U.N., and 62 percent say the U.S. should do everything it canAto support the U.N.," Kohut reports.  At the same time, however,?he adds, "the American public is extremely critical of the wayBthe U.N. does its job and the feelings about the U.N. have becomeincreasingly partisan."<   The Times Mirror survey was released as dignitaries from8around the world joined San Franciscans celebrating theAanniversary of the signing of the U.N. Charter on June 26, 1945.=The results were presented during a discussion on "The U.N.:?Media and Public Opinion" by a group of prominent journalists.@   Madeleine Albright, the current U.S. ambassador to the U.N.,?keynoted the discussion by reviewing American attitudes toward)the world organization over its history.<   In the late 1940s, she said, the percentage of Americans?favoring U.S. entry into a world organization exploded from 26;percent to 87 percent, and throughout World War II a large'majority looked forward to joining it.A   Through decades of Cold War and gridlock, when, "clearly, the@U.N. could not live up to the hopes of those who expected it toAbe a guarantor of peace," Albright said, a majority of AmericansAstuck with the organization, viewing is as "a work in progress."A   Then, she said, the fall of the Berlin Wall, Operation DesertAStorm, U.N. successes in places such as Namibia and El Salvador,Agave Americans hope that, "after decades of Cold War expense andAsacrifice, the collective mechanisms of the U.N. could lift fromBour shoulders the lion's share of the burden of maintaining worldorder."A   The Times Mirror's report on its survey finds a similar hope.B"To a public increasingly preoccupied with domestic concerns, the>United Nations is seen as a means of carrying the burdens and:sharing the costs of global leadership," the report says.>   Americans see the U.N. "as an ideal vehicle for the United=States to play a shared leadership role in global problems,"BKohut noted in the discussion.  "A small group of people says theBU.S. should be the world leader or play no role in the world, andAthey are very critical of the U.N.  But the vast majority of the>public says the U.S. has a responsibility to deal with globalBproblems but they should share it with other countries," he said.A   Some American criticism in based on a perception of inequity.B"The world organization is...most harshly criticized for its poor@record of accomplishments," the report says, but "Americans are@also under the impression that the U.S. pays more than its fairBshare of U.N. costs." The survey found 60 percent saying the U.S.6pays too great a share of the U.N. costs, Kohut said.=   The American public "has always been critical of the U.N.Bperformance," he said, but "that criticism did not translate into@a lack of support -- except in the mid-1970s when Americans saw=the U.N. as anti-Western, anti-American and, to some extent,Banti-semitic.  But since then, and before then, the criticisms of;the U.N. performance hasn't translated or hasn't convinced6Americans that we should back out or not support it."?   Nevertheless, the report on the survey says there is a hard=core of opposition to the U.N. and it appears to be growing:="fully 28 percent said they had a mostly or very unfavorable=opinion of the world organization, its highest level in fouryears.";   "The survey suggests that, at least over the past year,Aopinion of the U.N. has become more politicized.  In the last 12?months, favorable opinions of the U.N. fell most sharply among@men, Republicans, and Independents and among regular talk radiolisteners," the report says.8   The survey gives the following breakdown on Americanattitudes:A   -- 62 percent want the U.S. to cooperate fully with the U.N.;A   -- 57 percent say the U.S. role in the U.N. is "about right;"A   -- 63 percent approved the dispatch of U.N. forces for faminereliefA   -- 52 percent approved of U.N. forces "to prevent slaughters"in regional conflicts;A   -- 63 percent rated the U.N. fair in keeping peace in troublespots;:   -- 50 percent said more U.S. money should go to health
missions;?   -- 61 percent oppose use of U.S. military forces in Bosnia;?   -- 71 percent want U.S. forces to help U.N. peacekeepers if"they come under attack in Bosnia;;   -- 75 percent want a U.S. foreign policy priority to bestopping drug trafficking.?   "Most striking," the report says, was lessening support for<more money for regional peacekeeping.  Only 22 percent said;peacekeeping should get more money -- down sharply from 46Bpercent in 1989.  Twenty-one percent said peacekeeping should get>less money, an increase from 11 percent six years ago.  ThereAwere similar but less precipitous drops in financial support for=monitoring human rights violations, for disaster relief, for:economic assistance to poorer nations, for protecting theBenvironment, and for slowing population growth via birth control.?   The trend for U.N. funding "is comparable to public opinion=about government spending generally," the report points out.A"Americans are less inclined to spend more money on a wide rangeAof problems, but they do not particularly want to see less moneyspent either."   ---------------   --------------->   CLINTON ADMINISTRATION WANTS U.S. TO PAY U.N. DUES IN FULL
   JUDY AITA   SAN FRANCISCO?   The Clinton administration will continue to ask Congress toAappropriate the full amount of dues and peacekeeping assessments=that the United States owes to the United Nations, says U.S.Ambassador Madeleine Albright.@   The administration will press for the funds "to pay our fair?share," Albright said, "because it is in the American interestthat the U.N. work well."9   Speaking June 25 to several groups during festivities<surrounding the 50th anniversary of the signing of the U.N.=Charter in San Francisco, the ambassador campaigned to build:support for the United Nations domestically, appealing to=Americans to press Congress to continue to support the worldAorganization.  The ambassador, who is the chief U.S. delegate to>the U.N., and other U.S. officials attending the U.N. events,>made several appeals to counter congressional efforts to make>drastic cuts in U.S. financial support for the U.N. through a$variety of unilateral funding cuts.B   A recent opinion poll shows that while two-thirds of Americans@view the United Nations favorably, there is a growing hard coreBof opposition to the world body.  "Fully 28 percent said they had@a mostly or very unfavorable opinion of the world organization,Aits highest level in four years," according to the survey, which?was released by the Times Mirror Center for The People and ThePress.>   Albright told the United Nations Association of the United?States that the opposition "is fed by a false perception amongAsome in public life that there is political mileage to be gained;in ridiculing the U.N., exaggerating its shortcomings, and:blaming it for the failure of the world to conform to our	wishes."8   "This trend," she said, "is alarming and potentially9dangerous, for the U.N. contributes in vital and perhapsBirreplaceable ways to our security, to our well-being, and to the6quality of the global neighborhood in which we live."B   Albright speculated that many in Congress don't understand theBcosts American  taxpayers would have to bear if the United States6had to deal with refugees, human rights problems, and4development, health and environmental issues alone.?   Addressing a group of ambassadors, U.N. officials, and U.N.?scholars, Albright said that the United Nations, nevertheless,Adoes need to adjust the way it does business.  "Visible progress>on reform," she said, "will make it more likely that Congress1will heed" the administration's funding request.B   "Despite the unique opportunity history has given us, in spiteAof a number of concrete steps that have been taken, the truth is<that we have not made the United Nations work as well as itshould," the ambassador said.=   Reform "is essential if this institution...is to succeed.AGovernments and corporations down-size, set rigorous priorities,Astress accountability, and focus on the bottom line.  The United%Nations must do the same," she said.A   The United States, which pays the largest share of the annual?U.N. regular budget and peacekeeping costs, is also the United?Nation's largest debtor.  At the end of May, the United StatesAowed the organization $1,179 million.  But the U.S. is not alone>in owing the world organization; other member states owed theU.N. $2,754 million.A   Both the U.N. secretariat and member states must work so that@the United Nations "wastes less and produces more, is free fromBthe shackles of duplication and obsolete modes of doing business,Buses solid management principles, and gives priority to the goalsBnot of those who get U.N. salaries but those around the world whopay them," Albright said.B   "Reform is hard work," she said.  "There is little glory in itAand much grief...but wasted resources mean lost opportunities toBsave lives, combat disease, fight hunger, and ensure the survivalof children."   ---------------   ---------------@   U.S. OPINION ROUNDUP: 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTON@   The United Nations celebrates its 50th Anniversary this week@(6/26) and many U.S. papers are taking a long look at the world"body's achievements and failures.A   While many papers across the political spectrum focus more onBthe U.N.'s shortcomings than on its achievements, there are thoseAwho say the world is a much better place because of it. We begin0with this comment from "The Chicago Sun Times":A   "To its detractors, the United Nations is toothless, wastefulAor a harbinger of one-world government. To others, it is a nobleAcollective of governments working to improve humanity. The truth?is that it's both. And it's neither. That split personality is?the source of the U.N.'s troubles and its potentials.  However8confused and ineffective its military efforts in Bosnia>[Herzegovina] have become, the U.N.'s blue-helemeted soldiers@have thwarted hostilities in Cyprus, the Mideast and elsewhere.%We must not overlook its potential."A   "The New York Times" wrote that, on balance, the organizationrates praise for its efforts:>   "With the passing of cold-war rivalries, there was a senseBthat the [UN] charter might finally work at its framers intended.>This seemed to happen in 1991, when former adversaries united>effectively against Iraq in the Persian Gulf war. But all too8soon the confusion and casualties in Somalia and BosniaBunderlined the limits of U.N. peacekeeping. In reality, all major;powers, and especially the United States, are unwilling to?promote ambitious military operations when vital interests are:not visibly at risk, a reality too often blurred in lofty=rhetoric. Even so, during the global contest between nuclearAgiants, the U.N. passed its most exacting test. It survived, andso did the human race."?   "The Washington Times" took a very different view, faulting:the organization for failures in its current peacekeeping!operation in Bosnia-Herzegovina:A   "Today, international representatives gather to reminisce and@talk about that great moment when the nations of the world came=together 'to save succeeding generations from the scourge of=war,' as the preamble to the U.N. charter goes, 'to reaffirm?faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of<every human person, in the equal rights of men and women ofBnations large and small.' why, it's enough to bring tears to yourAeyes.  Let's ask the people of Bosnia about that. As it happens,Balso today, that small Balkan nation, a full member of the United@Nations, is suffocating in the stranglehold of its enemies. And<it is doing so under the supervision of the United Nation'sblue-helmeted peacekeepers."8   In California, "the Los Angeles times" said both the@organization's strengths and weaknesses can be tied directly to2the interests of its most powerful member states:@   "In the 15-member Security Council, where decision making is@concentrated, the cold war's end has led to a larger measure ofBconsensus and cooperation than was possible in the first 45 years8of the organization's existence. But the particular and<inevitably conflicting interests of its members continue to=determine how much authority they are willing to cede to theAworld organization. As with any other voluntary association, theAUnited Nations works when its members agree they have a stake in;seeing it succeed, one example being the recently extendedAnuclear nonproliferation treaty. The United Nations doesn't work:where members refuse to commit the political, military or>economic resources needed for success, as in the peacekeeping efforts in Somalia and Bosnia.":   However, "The Atlanta Constitution" argued that if the<organization is to continue making a real difference in the0world, it must be reorganized and strengthened:<   "It has had its successes on the peacekeeping and public@health fronts, carrying off heartening transitions to democracy@in Namibia and Cambodia and sharply reducing dehydration deaths@of children worldwide. But its fiascoes, in Bosnia and Somalia,Afor instance, are what the world remembers. And in the manner of;a down-at-the-heels [impoverished] 50-year-old, the unitedBnations barely scrapes by from payday to payday. Ominously, a dayAof financial reckoning is drawing nigh, perhaps later this year.;Its founders had a noble concept when they laid the UnitedBNations' foundations half a century ago, but it's still a work inprogress."2   While the "the St. Louis Post-Dispatch" added:A   "...Keeping the United Nations around is a little like havingAhope in a child who has never lived up to his potential. SomedayAthat potential may be realized, if only for a while. The troubleBis, some of the 'parents' of this child, the 185 member countries;of the United Nations, are losing patience with it for not<becoming what it promised to be in the eyes of the founding?nations. This realization should not be surprising. After all,Bthe United Nations is only as good as its members want it to be."8   And looking ahead to the next 50 years, "The Sun" in5Baltimore, summed up its editorial opinion this way:;   "In October, the United Nations starts its 51st year of7operation, deeply flawed, inadequately funded, morally@compromised, a reflection of the world that continually creates>it. The U.N. remains an indispensable collection of machinery@that the nations of the planet need to help them get along with
themselves."   ---------------   ---------------#   CLINTON TO BEGIN TV AD CAMPAIGN   DAVID BORGIDA   WHITE HOUSE=   President Clinton is going on the offensive to defend hisBanti-crime achievements. In an unusual move this early in a firstBpresidential term, 2.4 million dollars from the 1996 Clinton-gore8campaign fund is being used to produce three television9advertisements to be seen by viewers across the country.A   President Clinton has not yet formally declared his intention@to seek the Democratic Party's presidential nomination in 1996,>but he has said he wants another term. Clinton spokesman Mike9McCurry , introducing the three thirty second television@advertisements to reporters Monday, denied the new media effort2is about politics but instead about saving lives.=   He says the president wants Americans to know what he has<accomplished so far, and is insisting it is "vital," in his=words, to prevent Congressional repeal of the ban on assault>weapons, the military-style rifles capable of firing multipleBrounds in quick bursts. President Clinton signed the ban into lawlast year.<   But the influential National Rifle Association is making4repeal of the ban a top priority, and that concernsadministration officials.=   Mr. McCurry says the three advertisements will be seen by@about one-third of the nation, beginning Tuesday. They will not:be shown during the upcoming July fourth independence day6holiday, but will be broadcast again just after that.>   President Clinton has just recently begun raising campaign?funds in earnest. About eight million dollars has already been>raised, with another fundraising event to be held Thursday in	Chicago.A   Despite the fundraising and the media offensive on crime, Mr.AMcCurry downplayed the notion the president is now in a campaign=mode, insisting there is still a lot of time before the 1996@election to talk politics. "It's June of 1995, not September ofA1996," he reminded reporters. But some were skeptical, prompting<the shrewd spokesman to acknowledge politics play a role ineverything the president does.   ---------------   ---------------%   CLINTON: POLICY DECISIONS PENDING   DAVID BORGIDA   WHITE HOUSEB   President Clinton is about to make two tough policy decisions,@one on domestic policy, the other, on foreign policy, both with5the potential to either re-open or close old wounds.B   Issue one: U.S. relations with Vietnam. Issue two: AffirmativeAaction programs in specific, race relations in the United StatesBin general. Could there be two more unrelated but difficult, some:say explosive, issues for a president to face as he seeks
re-election?A   Not likely, but for Bill Clinton, facing them now is probablyAbetter than later, when the 1996 presidential election season isunder way in earnest.A   Both issues have deep and controversial historical roots. TheBU.S. role in the Vietnam conflict, which ended in the mid-1970's,=divided Americans like no other war. Affirmative action, the>government's effort to provide new opportunities for minorityAgroups after generations of racism, grew out of the civil rightsmovement of the 1960's.:   Why are they at the top of the president's agenda now?B   On Vietnam, U.S. officials acknowledge Hanoi has taken seriousBsteps toward a full accounting of U.S. prisoners of war (POW) andAmissing in action (MIA) from the Vietnam conflict. That has beenAa top priority for the president. And there is pressure from the:U.S. Congress, too. A resolution backing normalization of<relations is pending in the U.S. Senate. Its two most vocalBadvocates are two Vietnam military veterans, Democrat John Kerry,6and Republican John McCain, a former prisoner of war.@   They argue normalization would continue the progress made on?the POW/MIA front, as well as help the U.S. business community<penetrate a rapidly growing market and provide a balance toChinese expansionism.>   And it appears U.S. veterans groups are more prepared than?ever to accept such a decision. A statement issued recently byAthe influential Veterans of Foreign Wars, known as the VFW, said@the group would not oppose normalization if it leads to further,progress on accounting for POW's and MIA's.?   This makes the decision somewhat less politically sensitive?for Bill Clinton, who chose not to serve in Vietnam as a young<man. Should he decide on normalizing relations, it would beBpresident Clinton's second major decision on Vietnam policy. Last4year, he lifted a 19-year trade embargo on Vietnam.@   And what about affirmative action? Months ago, responding to=persistent criticism from the moderate and more conservative?wings of the Democratic Party, President Clinton said he would7begin an administration assessment to determine if the:affirmative action programs which give some preference toAminorities were discriminating against whites. Clinton spokesman@Mike McCurry said this week this review is in its final stages,&with some decision expected in weeks.>   Not surprisingly, many political liberals and civil rights=activists share the view that any retreat in the president's@commitment to affirmative action would be a setback in the longBcivil rights struggle. But there are signs the American public is?becoming more and more understanding of resentment from whitesAwho claim they are now being discriminated against in employment=promotions, for example, to make up for past discrimination.:   The U.S. Supreme Court has just issued a decision that;underscores this. By a five to four decision, the nation'sBhighest court fashioned a legal test that makes it very difficult:to preserve government programs that give an advantage tominorities and women.7   Administration officials have said little about the?president's thinking on this delicate subject, but with public@opinion polls showing a continuing moderate drift among voters,Athe president may be looking for some acceptable compromise, one,that alienates the fewest number of voters.:   On both issues, Vietnam policy and affirmative action,APresident Clinton has had plenty of time to think. For 20 years,@he has thought deeply about the Vietnam War, forced at times by@politics to explain his decision to avoid military service. And?as a product of the American south, he has spoken often of theAimportance of racial harmony. Soon he will confront both issues,>and the decisions he makes and his explanation for each could4have a serious impact on his re-election prospects.   ---------------   ---------------1   U.S. SEND TROOPS TO ALBANIA TO MONITOR BOSNIA   DAVID SWAN   PENTAGON>   The Pentagon is sending unmanned reconnaissance planes and@support troops to Albania to help NATO keep watch on the war inABosnia-Herzegovina. This is the first time U.S. forces have beenstationed in Albania.>   Though called the "predator," the plane is armed only withBcameras and sensing devices. It is about nine meters long, with a(15-meter wingspan and propellor engine.B   The "predator" is designed to stay aloft for up to 24 hours atBa time, sending images back to a ground station. Three or four of:these aircraft, with about 100 military and civilian crew;members, will be sent to Albania in the next several days.B   Officials say the system provides high-quality video and still@pictures, without exposing pilots to Bosnian Serb air defenses.BThe operation will last about two months but can be lengthened if	need be.6   While U.S. troops have trained with their Albanian>counterparts in the recent past, the "predator" crews are the2first to deploy in Albania for an actual mission.   ---------------   ---------------F   HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON TO WRITE WEEKLY SYNDUCATED NEWSPAPER COLUMN   WENDY S. ROSS   WASHINGTON@   In a speech to the American News Women's Club June 26, First?Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton announced that she soon will beginAwriting a weekly newspaper column that will appear in newspapersaround the world.>   The column will be syndicated by Creators Syndicate, which2distributes to 2,400 newspapers around the globe.?   Mrs. Clinton told the journalists that she will draw on her>experiences as First Lady and her observations of the people,Aboth renowned and ordinary, that she has been privileged to meetin her travels.@   Creators Syndicate, she said, first approached her more than(two years ago about writing the column.9   The column "presents a unique opportunity to share myBexperiences in the White House and as First Lady" with the people@of the United States and around the world, she said.  She noted<that people all across the globe are seeking to emulate the>United States, its democracy and economy.  In fact, she said,Bsometimes people in the United States lose sight of how importantour nation is to the world.;   Mrs. Clinton pointed out that former First Lady Eleanor>Roosevelt had a daily column and in many ways has served as arole model for her.A   Her first column will appear July 23, the White House said in?a statement; the First Lady will take no money for writing thecolumn.?   Founded in 1987, Creators Syndicate represents more than 80Bnewspaper features, including columnists Ann Landers, former Vice>President Dan Quayle, political commentators Mark Shields andARobert Novak; editorial cartoonist Herblock and cartoons such asB.C. and the Wizard of Id.   ---------------   ---------------   SUPREME COURT: DRUG TESTING   JANE BERGER   WASHINGTON;   The Supreme Court has ruled that random drug testing of:student athletes in public schools is constitutional. The?decision opens the way to drug testing of millions of students.around the country who participate in sports.B   The Supreme Court decision said random drug testing of student?athletes in public schools does not violate the constitutional<prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures. The>decision, written by Justice Antonin Scalia, said random drug=tests are reasonable because the government has a compelling@interest in deterring drug use by the country's schoolchildren.;   The Supreme Court ruled 10 years ago that public school@students had some rights to privacy, but it said students could=only be searched without a warrant when school officials had:reason to suspect that the students were violating school
regulations.A   In a dissent to the drug testing decision, Justice Sandra DayBO'Connor said one of the constitution's most basic protections is@its strong dislike of personally intrusive and blanket searches:of mostly innocent people. She noted that state-monitored?collection and testing of urine is particularly destructive ofAprivacy and also offensive to personal dignity. Justice O'Connor@said testing of students who are suspected of drug use would be<far less intrusive than invading the privacy of millions of'students who participate in athletics.   ---------------   ---------------D   WHITE, SECRETARY PERRY'S "ALTER EGO," ON CURRENT THREATS TO U.S.   JACQUELYN S. PORTH   WASHINGTON?   While the world has become safer and the United States more=secure in the post-Cold War era, the new Deputy Secretary of?Defense says "we have to replace our prior view of an enduring?and massive threat with an appreciation for threats that arise8quickly, in a local, regional, or even global context.">   John White, who was confirmed as Defense Secretary Perry's@right-hand man by the Senate on June 22, has observed that "theApace of change in the international environment is so rapid thatAwe have no clear means of determining which threats are going toBbe the most dangerous in the years ahead."  Consequently, he saysAthe United States "must be prepared to adjust to new realities."A   At the same time, he notes that as long as Russia retains itsAnuclear arsenal, it poses "a very serious threat that we need tobe concerned about."=   If the experience since the Cold War "is instructive," he@says, "America's future will be marked by rapid change, diverse@contingencies, limited budgets and a broad range of missions to.support evolving national security policies.">   The defense official notes, for example, that the kinds of>"crises, conflicts and threats" which require the services to;participate in non-traditional military operations such as=peacekeeping and peace enforcement, humanitarian assistance,Adisaster relief, sanctions enforcement, counter-drug operations,?and enforcement of no-fly zones "will continue to rise" in thefuture.A   White's opinions will be important at the Pentagon because he?functions as Perry's "alter ego" in the department and he will;play a critical role  implementing key acquisition reforms5designed to save defense dollars needed for military9modernization, managing defense resources in a period of<continued downsizing, and establishing defense research andinvestment priorities.?   White is no stranger to the Pentagon, having just served asBchairman of the Commission on the Roles and Missions of the ArmedBForces.  The commission was charged by Congress with preparing anAindependent study for Congress, Perry, and Joint Chiefs of Staff8Chairman John Shalikashvili on ways to reduce perceived>redundancies in the operations of the military services.  The?assignment forced him, as he puts it, "to think broadly" about;the roles and missions of the department over the next two	decades.A   The new deputy secretary also has military experience; he was6a lieutenant in the Marine Corps early in his career.?   He is no stranger to government, having served as assistantAsecretary of defense for Manpower, Reserve Affairs and LogisticsBduring the Carter administration from 1977 to 1978 and, later, asAdeputy director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1978	to 1981.B   Before returning to work on Pentagon projects this year, WhiteBwas director of the Center for Business and Government at Harvard3University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.A   White's managerial experience in the business world will be a8critical asset as he manages the Pentagon's complicated=bureaucracy.  He was general manager and a vice president of>Eastman Kodak from 1988 to 1992; before that, chief executive<officer of Interactive Systems Corporation in Santa Monica,?California from 1981 until Kodak bought the firm in 1988.  His?emphasis in managing what he describes as technical-analytical>corporations has been on "how to manage and adapt to change."?   White also served as the senior vice president for national@security research programs at the Rand Corporation from 1968 to=1977.  He says he has devoted "a significant portion" of his;professional career "studying, developing and implementingdefense policy."B   Politically, White has worked actively in the past in both the/Clinton and Ross Perot presidential campaigns.A   He is a member of the Council of Foreign Relations and served;on the board of trustees for the Council for Excellence inGovernment.;   White has a master's degree and doctorate from SyracuseBUniversity and an undergraduate degree from Cornell University in industrial and labor relations.>   Born on February 27, 1937, White is married with two grown
children.   ---------------   ---------------F   CONGRESSMEN SAY LAOS AND VIETNAM NOT COOPERATING IN MIA/POW SEARCH   DAN ROBINSON   BANGKOK>   Some conservative members of the U.S. Congress continue to@accuse Vietnam and Laos of failing to cooperate fully with U.S.<efforts to account for Americans missing from the Indochina@conflict. The government of Laos rejects these allegations, andBpoints to recent joint search operations by U.S. and Lao teams asproof of its cooperation.?   When a high-level U.S. delegation visited vientiane in May,Bsenior Lao leaders reiterated what they called Laos' humanitarian8policy of cooperating in efforts to account for missingAmericans.?   The U.S. delegation included assistant secretary of defenseAfor POW/MIA affairs James Wold, and deputy secretary of veterans>affairs Hershel Gober. They also visited Vietnam during theirSoutheast Asian tour.A   Lao government media quoted the U.S. officials as saying Laos>was providing good cooperation in MIA searches, and relationswere improving.A   A U.S. statement said talks had demonstrated, what it called,@continuing Lao support for POW/MIA activities. In Congressional;testimony, U.S. assistant Secretary of State for East Asia@Winston Lord said there had been very good support from Laos onMIA questions.B   As of the end of May, 501 Americans were listed as unaccountedBfor in Laos, including 325 U.S. Air Force personnel, 163 from the.U.S. Army, Marines and Navy, and 13 civilian.=   Joint search efforts at crash and grave sites in many LaoBprovinces have led to the formal identification of the remains of60 U.S. servicemen.@   A Lao news agency report said the latest searches took placeAin four provinces (Khammouane, Saravane, Sekong and Attopeu) and>yielded remains and evidence now being analyzed in the United8States. Last year, U.S. officials Announced significantrecoveries.@   But, the question of Lao cooperation has stirred controversy>since the United States increased MIA operations in southeastasia five-years ago.A   Last year, the Lao government responded angrily to statements:by some U.S. lawmakers expressing disappointment with Lao8cooperation, as well as continuing suggestions American)servicemen might still be alive in Laos.=   U.S. officials in 1994 were allowed for the first time toBvisit a prison site (Nhommarath) in central Laos where, accordingBto various allegations, American prisoners were held. No evidencewas found.@   As Vietnam increased its cooperation with Washington's joint:task force full accounting effort, so has Lao cooperation>increased. Tri-lateral searches have been conducted along the:Lao-Vietnam border. As part of these searches, Vietnamese<witnesses have been allowed to enter Laos to assist in site
inspections.>   But, some conservative members of the U.S. Congress remainAdissatisfied. In testimony before a Congressional panel, chaired?by California Republican Congressman Robert Dornan, there have8been renewed suggestions Laos remains a key part of theunresolved MIA story.B   When he lifted the U.S. trade embargo against Vietnam in early81994, President Clinton said he wanted to see continued@cooperation with the MIA effort not only from Vietnam, but alsolaos.>   Mr. Clinton has said he is waiting to learn the results ofAanalysis of new documents recently given to the United States by>Vietnam, before making a decision about normalizing relationswith Hanoi.   ---------------   ---------------    CONGRESS/CUBA SANCTIONS BILL   PAULA WOLFSON   CONGRESS?   A bill is making its way through the United States CongressBthat would tighten the U.S. economic sanctions on Cuba. It is now9under consideration in the House International Relations@Committee. The arguments heard in the committee room are likely3to be repeated when the bill hits the House floor.?   Lawmakers from both political parties helped write the bill@and support in the International Relations Committee is strong,but far from unanimous.@   The biggest supporters of the legislation are Republican Dan@Burton of Indiana and Democrat Robert Torricelli of New Jersey.;   Mr. Burton, chairman of the Subcommittee on Hemispheric0Affairs and the House bill bears his name says:=   "Our bill is strongly in with the bipartisan tradition of@isolating Castro the dictator and working to bring democracy toCuba."A   Among other things, the bill would penalize foreign companiesBwho do business with Cuba, and expand claims for private propertyAseized by the Castro government. Cuban officials have launched a>campaign against the sanctions. Mr. Torricelli says he is notBsurprised by havana's reaction. He says it is proof sanctions areeffective:>   The embargo is the only alternative available in the greatAtraditions of the embargo on South Africa against apartheid, the?Jackson-Vanick amendment for Soviet jewry, and the entire post@cold war history that is based on the use of economic pressure.>   But a few members of the International Relations CommitteeAbelieve the bill is very dangerous. Lee Hamilton of Indiana, the<senior Democrat on the panel, says the bill puts the United@States at odds with its allies, could lead to violence in Cuba,;and includes new regulations that may prove unenforceable:A   "This bill toughens the embargo, it tightens the noose on the;Cuban people, it is going to make life worse for them, not@better. The bill increases Cuba's isolation and it represents a=significant change in three decades of policy towards Cuba."A   Mr. Hamilton is pressing for numerous changes in the bill. He5says he has no doubts the legislation will clear the=committee...and go on to win the endorsement of the House ofRepresentatives.B   That prospect worries Harry Johnston, a Democrat from Florida:@   "It will give Castro another chance to play the victim as he<has played many times in the past. He will blame the UnitedBStates for the economic conditions in his country and will likely/throw open the borders for another boat lift."A   Mr. Johnston says it is not fair to draw a comparison between9the Cuban embargo and the U.S. sanctions that helped end?apartheid in South Africa. He says in South Africa, the United>States acted in concert with most of its allies. But in Cuba,America may well act alone.   ---------------   ---------------=   HOUSE PUTS OFF VOTE ON FOREIGN AID BILL TILL AFTER RECESS   PAULA WOLFSON   CONGRESSA   The U.S. House of Representatives has put off a final vote on<the foreign aid bill until after a week-long recess for thefourth of July holiday.:   The foreign aid budget has become a victim of partisanpolitics in the House.A   The problem is not the bill itself. It came to the floor withBa fairly high level of support from both parties. But as the days;passed, the fate of foreign aid became intertwined with an4ongoing dispute on appointments to a key committee.A   Democrats were incensed when a party defector was rewarded byAthe Republicans with a seat on the committee responsible for tax;legislation. They decided to stage what amounted to a work@slowdown, using every available parliamentary procedure to drag*out consideration of pending legislation.?   Republicans promise they will try again to pass the foreignAaid bill on July 11th, one day after lawmakers return from theirAholiday break. The 12-billion-dollar foreign aid budget includes<deep cuts in a wide range of programs, with development aid facing the sharpest reductions.   ---------------   ---------------I   US EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: SCHOOL DRUG TESTING STILL CONTROVERSIAL   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTON:   A Supreme Court decision upholding the right of schoolBofficials to test young athletes for the use of illegal drugs has0emerged as a topic for commentary in the press.>   Although the Supreme Court decision now makes such testingBlegal, many papers felt the decision was unwise and may lead to a6wider infringement on the privacy rights of students.@   The decision came in a case from the small town of Vernonia,=Oregon, where drug use among high school students, including-athletes, had grown to epidemic proportions.?   As a means of regulating which students might be allowed to@compete on sports teams, the school administration began giving<urine tests to its athletes to determine the use of illegal<drugs. One of them sued on the basis that the tests were anBunconstitutional infringement of privacy. However the high court,=in a 6-3 ruling, stated that schools do have such authority.>   Many of the nation's papers criticized the decision, whileAothers hailed it. We begin with the Midwest and "The [Cleveland,Ohio] Plain Dealer.B   "It is all too easy to imagine the conditions that would temptAschool officials to subject students to drug tests. As drugs and8violence have increasingly pervaded schools, frustrated>administrators have grudgingly experimented with a variety of@distasteful measures to regain control: Metal detectors, lockerBsearches, police patrols. But what is tempting is not necessarily=wise or constitutional.  The Supreme Court has legitimized aBdisturbingly sweeping and intrusive way of detecting misbehavior.=Huge numbers of innocent students should not have to pay the$price for their troublesome peers."9   "The Washington Times" however agreed with the court:?   "This [decision] can only come as reassuring to those [who]@have rightly worried about the impact of the court's rulings on<the ability and will of school officials to be in charge, a@prerequisite for teaching. The breakdown of public education inBmany school districts in this country has numerous causes. One ofAthem is surely not [italics for emphasis], however, any shortage+of supposed rights possessed by students."A   Meanwhile, back in the Midwest, "The St. Louis Post-Dispatch"3firmly criticized the high court for its decision:;   "Many parents and school administrators undoubtedly are;cheering a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that has given public>schools the authority to impose drug tests on their athletes.@However, the decision sanctions violating the privacy rights ofBstudents who are suspected of doing nothing wrong.  Stepping over>constitutional barriers to address a perceived social problemAshouldn't be tolerated inside schools any more than it should be"tolerated in the larger society."@   In Florida, "The Miami Herald" found the decision worrisome,and warned:@   "If the constitution becomes a casualty of the war on drugs,@the victim would be hard to resuscitate. The willingness of sixASupreme Court justices to permit random drug testing of children@is a chilling departure in thinking about the fourth amendment,Adespite the very good intentions of those justices.  While it isAtrue that children do have fewer rights, it also is true that to@treat children like criminals, even (especially) in the name ofAthe war on drugs, sends the message that society expects them to?be criminals, even if they do play sports and get good grades.
How sad."B   The court received no support either from "The New York Times"<which said the decision permitted "a needless and dangerous7relaxation of the fourth amendment's safeguard againstunreasonable searches":A   "Unlike most official searches, these tests need not be based<on probable cause that a crime is being committed, nor even=suspicion that a school rule is being violated. In a shakily=reasoned majority opinion, Justice Antonin Scalia cited suchAirrelevant factors as the leadership role of student athletes as?justifying a testing program in the school system of Vernonia,=Oregon. He argued that the fourth amendment rights of pupilsBcarried less weight than those of adults. These are flimsy [weak]@arguments for a sacrifice of privacy that could spread to every@school in the nation. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's dissent wasAmore persuasive. She correctly observes, 'it cannot be too often@stated that the greatest threats to our constitutional freedomscome in times of crisis.'"A   However in California, "The Los Angeles Times" said it saw no>difficulty with the school testing program and added that thetesting did not go far enough:@   "We have no problem with the school officials' determination@that drug testing was needed to deal with a problem on campusesAthere. What would be unfortunate is if the high court's decisionBwas used to throw open the door to widespread random drug testingBof all students without even dealing with what is probably one of>the most abused drugs among youth athletes, steroids.  In the@interest of safety and fairness, Olympic competitors are tested>for steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs. If school9districts insist on testing athletes, steroids should beBincluded, although those tests are much more expensive than testsfor cocaine and marijuana."@   Finally, some additional negative comments from the nationalBweekday paper, available in all 50 states, "USA Today," published,in Arlington, Virginia, outside Washington:=   "Drug testing can be smart when it's conducted to protect?public safety and security, as with transportation workers and9drug enforcement agents. And it can make sense to target@individuals, students or workers, who are reasonably suspect of@having drug-dependency problems. But widespread, random testing@of those who aren't under suspicion is a waste of money. And it4teaches the wrong lesson about precious liberties."=   With that comment, we conclude this review of some of the=opinions expressed about the Supreme Court's recent decision/allowing drug testing of high school athletes.   ---------------   ---------------   KEVORKIAN DEATH CENTER   PAUL FRANCUCH   CHICAGO>   in the Midwest state of Michigan, retired pathologist Jack>Kevorkian, whose notorious practice of assisting suicides has;gained him worldwide headlines, now wants to open a clinic;devoted to euthanasia. But state and local authorities areAscrambling to thwart the effort, and Dr. Kevorian's lease on the-clinic property has been hastily terminated.6   Dr. Kevorkian wanted to call his special clinic anB"obitorium", a word he says he personally coined. The "obitorium";opened Monday in a suburb about 60 kilometers northwest of?Detroit. The opening was marked by Dr. Kevorkian being presentfor a suicide.=   The person who took her life was a 60-year-old woman fromBKansas city who suffered from the degenerative nerve and muscular;disorder known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or "ALS."6   But before the clinic had a chance to become fully@operational, the landlord of the building, which formerly was a>hardware store, cancelled the lease. Local planning officials@also said Dr. Kevorkian did not file the proper papers to run aBclinic. State of Michigan health officials add that Dr. Kevorkian=may have violated laws for not securing permits or licenses.?   Dr. Kevorian's lawyer and chief spokesman, Geoffrey Fleger,?told reporters he does not think Dr. Kevorkian needs a licenseBfor a suicide clinic.  The 67-year-old retired physician, who hadAhis medical license stripped for assisting suicides, has writtenBabout the need for such centers to train physicians and provide a?place where one can end their life in a "serene and dignified""manner, as Dr. Kevorkian puts it.?   Despite laws passed against assisted suicide and threats of>prison sentences, Dr. Kevorkian continues to defy attempts by=authorities to stop him. The American public has mixed views9about him and the matter of physician-assisted suicides.;   Philosophy professor Heidi Malm of Loyola University in?Chicago says even some supporters of euthanasia express dismay)with Dr. Kevorkian's methods and ethics:A   "Kevorkian is not the patient's own physician. And since he's>not the patient's own physician, we don't have the safeguards;that one who is in favor, again, or the right to voluntary;euthanasia would typically have, a physician who knows the?patient over a long period of time, can ascertain that this is8something that the patient really wants and that it's a=long-standing wish, as opposed to an emotional reaction to a;troubling situation and isn't deeply felt and isn't a true+reflection of the patient's own autonomy."<   Professor Malm, who is an expert on medical ethics and a>student on the subject of physician-assisted suicide, makes a?special point of noting that Dr. Kevorkian does not administer@any lethal dose for those in which he assists a suicide. He mayAprepare the mechanism for causing one's own demise. However, the8disabled patient makes the decision to push the button:@   "In a sense, he gave these people an option that the rest ofAus have. Those of us who are physically able can go out and kill@ourselves if we want to. But many of these very sick people areAnot physically able to. They may be paralyzed. They may not have?knowledge or strength to carry out (a suicide)...he helps them3get a means to do something that they want to do."B   It is not known if Dr. Jack Kevorkian will attempt to open his=suicide clinic in another location or perhaps even make it a:"mobile clinic," as his attorney suggests. Meanwhile, law9enforcement officials continue their efforts to stop Dr.@Kevorkian's assisted suicides. Since he began the practice five9years ago, he's assisted or been present at 24 suicides.   ---------------   ---------------$   PREDICTING & PREVENTING GENOCIDE   PAMELA TAYLOR   WASHINGTON@   At a recent conference on genocide in Williamsburg, Virginia?(June 15 & 16), scholars from the United States, Great Britain?and Canada discussed events and circumstances that can lead toBmass killings of innocent people. After examining recent patterns@of genocide in areas like Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, the>scholars looked at what might be done to prevent such willfulslaughters in the future.9   The Williamsburg genocide conference brought togetherAhistorians, political scientists, theologians, psychologists and9philosophers from more than 30 major institutions in the:English-speaking world. One of the conference organizers,?professor Roger Smith of the College of William and Mary, says@the goal of the conference was to convince governments it is in.their national interests to prevent genocide:?   "Genocide is not just a matter of killing people. You couldAkill every 50th person in a society, but if they are not part ofAof the same ethic or religious group you have enormous slaughter<but you don't have genocide. So genocide involves, not just:killing, but it also the destruction of people and groupsbecoming no longer viable."@   The problem, scholars say, is not so much defining genocide.@The United Nations did that nearly half a century ago following>the mass killings of Armenians in ottoman Turkey and the Nazi>extermination of six-million jews. The U.N. convention on the>prevention and punishment of genocide was formulated in 1948.9Article two of that convention defines genocide as 'acts9committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a0national, ethnical, racial or religious group'.>   Although no individual has yet been tried for the crime of?genocide, the recently established war crimes tribunal for the=former Yugoslavia has handed down one indictment for alleged
genocide.A   Minna Shrag, the senior trial attorney for the tribunal, told@the conference that indictment was against the commander (Dusan<Tadic) of a Serb internment camp in northern Bosnia. He wasAarrested in Germany and extradited to The Hague (Netherlands) toeventually stand trial:B   "Omarska is the first camp discovered by some journalists. The>one that was on everyone's television with some unforgettableAimages. And the one that, based on evidence we have found, seemsAto have the kind of evidence of the kind of systematic intent to?destroy a significant part of a population. We'd come across aAcamp where people were routinely killed, even though the persons:responsible are not the most senior political or militaryAleaders, there comes the very hard question, aren't those people>in some very literal, basic sense responsible for genocide?."?   The Yugoslav war crimes tribunal also named two top Bosnian<Serb leaders, Radovan Karadzic and General Ratko Mladic, as=suspects, but there is no real expectation they will ever beAbrought to trial. Ms. Shrag's colleague on the war crimes panel,2Payam Akhavan,  a leading jurist from India says:B   "This is a question which is largely the function of political8will, something which is not in our hands. We can bring>indictments against any series of individuals against whom we=have evidence, nevertheless once we have the indictments, if?there is no political pressure or other means of insuring that>these people are extradited, the best we can do, which is not@that bad, is to make sure those people who are blacklisted willAnever be able to leave their countries. That in itself will do aBlot in the long term to undermine the political future of some of@those in the leadership who have been accused of those crimes.";   In the meantime, a second war crimes tribunal, this one>dealing the mass killings in Rwanda, opened this month and is>expected to begin trials later this year in Arusha, Tanzania.?Many scholars say the genocide in Rwanda not only was foreseen+but could conceivably have been prevented.B   In a report to the genocide conference, noted Rwandan scholar,@professor Alison Des forges of the state University of New YorkA(in Buffalo), stated categorically that genocide could have beenAprevented in Rwanda but that the world community declined to act8on the options that were available. These included firm?implementation of the August 1993 peace accord, linking aid to9the elimination of ethnic identity cards and exposing or>countering hate propaganda. Professor Frank cHalk of Canada's?Concordia University in Montreal supported this finding in his8paper, which focused on ways to combat hate propaganda:5   "In Rwanda, and we've heard a lot about it, quite@appropriately, the encouragement of ethnic hatred on the radio,Atogether with the creation of armed militias, was a warning sign;of imminent genocide. The dissemination of hate propaganda=including spreading ethnic hatred and inciting ethnocide andAgenocide and began with newspaper and magazine articles aimed at=Hutu intellectuals and literate people that their lives were<menaced from inside and outside Rwanda from so-called Tutsi0infiltrators and Hutu supporters of democracy."@   Whether acting to prevent or to punish acts of genocide, the@scholars agreed little will be done until governments recognize?that it is in their national self-interest to do so. Mr. PayamAlisted three reasons for developing a national political will toBact: Discouraging vengeance, providing a collective catharsis forAthe victims and removing the myth that such crimes are committed=collectively by one nation against another. They are not, he<says. Genocide and crimes against humanity are committed by9individuals who have individual criminal responsibility.   ---------------   ---------------3   STRANGE ALLIES: GREENPEACE AIDS SMALL FISHERMEN
   ROB SIVAK   WASHINGTONA   The U.S. Congress is considering changes to a twenty-year-old<federal law originally designed to curb over-fishing in the>nation's coastal waters. The law barred foreign trawlers from<fishing within 200 miles of U.S. shores and set up regionalBcitizens' councils to manage the fisheries. But overfishing by anBincreasingly industrialized U.S. fleet continued, and today, with9ocean fish populations in serious decline, CongressionalBlawmakers want to adopt a system of quotas for commercial fishingBcompanies. But small, family-run fishing interests say the quotas!will drive them out of business.;   An environmental action group best known for its daringAworldwide campaign to save whales from extinction has turned itsAenergies to saving small U.S. fishing fleets from the same fate.?In an unusual political alliance with coalitions of family-run@fishing companies, US-based Greenpeace is fighting changes to aB20-year-old federal fishing law. The groups say new fishing quota=provisions in the law would hasten corporate control of U.S.?fisheries and do little to halt what they consider the central?problem, the continued over-harvesting of America's fisheries.;   The problem is especially critical to fishing-dependent@communities of coastal New England, and that's where Greenpeace<organizer Niaz Dorry began working earlier this year with aBhandful of local family fishing groups. Many knew Greenpeace only<from its dramatic, high-seas confrontations with commercialwhalers and drift-netters.?   Recalling her first meeting with Maine fisherwoman Jeanette?Bubar, president of the state's Gill Netters Association, Niaz=Dorry says it took a while to overcome notions of Greenpeace/activists as a bunch of anti-fishing radicals:B   "When I first met jean, I could tell on her face, when I firstAsaid, 'I am Niaz Dorry with Greenpeace,' I could tell the little?wheels in her brain were going, 'Greenpeace! I don't know if I7want to work with Greenpeace.!' (laughter) this was anBinteresting alliance here! But on this issue we realized that theAthreat of corporatization and industrialization of our fisheries<is on the horizon and we need to come together to deal withthis."B   The issue that's brought them together is a proposed amendmentBto the 1976 Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act, now@up for renewal in Congress. To curb over-fishing, the amendment=authorizes regional fishery management councils to use quotaAsystems to allocate to vessel owners a percentage of a fishery's9annual harvest, based on the owner's historic catch. TheAso-called individual tranferable quotas, or ITQS, may be bought,Asold or leased. Over the past five years, these quotas have been@used experimentally by a few regional fishery councils. Written>into the Magnuson Act, however, the quotas are likely to gainwider use.<   Critics say the quotas favor high-volume corporate-owned@fishing fleets at the expense of smaller, family-run companies.:Greenpeace legislative director Gerald Leape says that byBendorsing ITQS, federal policymakers are effectively turning what7is now a public marine resource into private property:>   "It will make their job easier. Because once it is private@property, they won't have to worry about being stewards of this?public resource. They can say, 'hey, it's theirs, they need to<take care of it.' and we feel that those who truly have the;stewardship ethic for the resource and are concerned aboutBsustainable fishing, which is what Greenpeace supports, are thoseAwho are the small scale fishermen, who have been fishing for two/or three generations, not two or three years.";   Greenpeace activists say that wherever regional fishery>councils have tried ITQ systems in the United States, wealthyBagribusiness and banking firms have bought up major shares of the>transferable quotas. According to Maine fisherwoman JeannetteABubar, many small new England vessel owners have sold their ITQSAto the bigger concerns. Since the shellfish quota system was setAup 15 years ago, she says, the Atlantic clam fleet has shrunk to less than half its former size:B   "We do have an ITQ system in place on the east coast right nowAin the surf clam and ocean quahog (koh' hog) industry. The right>to fish for ocean quahogs and surf clams basically is held bythree large companies."3   But Dave Whaley, a staff member of the House ofARepresentatives' subcommittee on fisheries, wildlife and oceans,>says transferable quotas are fishing privileges, not property<rights. And he says they are just one of many tools fisheryAmanagement councils may use to limit fish harvesting. Mr. WhaleyBconcedes that use of ITQ's in the past has caused a consolidation9of commercial fishing fleets and hurt some small fishing>communities. But he says the bill now moving through Congress>includes provisions designed to protect family-run commercial8fishing firms and the coastal communities they support:>   "In the bill we maintain that there should be a cap on howBmuch any one person or corporation can own of quotas. So there is;definitely a recognition that large corporations with deep@pockets could buy up a large portion of the quota share, and weAhope that our provisions will make sure that doesn't happen. One9of the other things we do is we allow the (local fishery?management) councils to put aside a portion of the quota to beBallocated to small boat fishermen who might not otherwise be able to participate in the fishery."A   But Mr. Whaley says that even with these provisions, which he=predicts Congress will approve later this summer, the use of?ITQ's will inevitably inflict some pain on small-scale fishingfleets:A   "It definitely changes the way we manage fisheries, and there@are going to be some dislocations. We hope that we can minimize+those, but it is clear that those happen."A   Family fishers and their new Greenpeace ally plan to continueBfighting the proposed quota system, even if Congress approves it.>They say they'll step up efforts to persuade regional fishery<management councils not to use their new authority but rely?instead on stricter net rules, vessel scheduling and protected=spawning zones. And they'll continue making the case that if<widely adopted, individual fishing quotas will destroy, not4protect, the nation's threatened coastal fisheries.   ---------------   ---------------=   HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES FACE DECLINE   RODRICK MURRAY   WASHINGTON9   About 100 institutions of higher learning in the U.S.@educational system are known as historically black colleges and<universities. This block of schools, which serves primarily<African-American students, faces a decline in resources and	numbers.A   Historically black post-secondary schools were founded in theA1800's by black Americans, who saw the need for the education of=young black people who were excluded from white colleges anduniversities.?   Many of these black colleges and universities have survived@although civil rights laws and other developments brought aboutAintegration among the traditionally white institutions of higher@learning. Many African American students continue to choose the;black schools where they can share the experience of their8culture which they may not have been able to do in high5(secondary) schools or elementary (primary) schools.A   Some black colleges, such as Tuskegee, Howard, Elizabeth City?State, and Winston-Salem State universities started as privateBcolleges and gradually were taken over by state governments wherethey were located.9   During the past five years decreasing enrollments and9diminishing resources from state federal treasuries have>threatened these historically black schools. Budget conscious4governments are threatening education of all types.:   One historically black university, Winston-Salem State?University in North Carolina, is losing appropriations as that?state curbs spending throughout its university system although>Winston-salem state is one of the predominantly black schoolsgaining students.?   Brian Blount, head of The mass Communications Department atBWinston-Salem State, says money is critical to academic pursuits:>   "From my conversations and observations and inquiries, the<basic reason is students not being able to pay for tuition,Abooks. If they can pay for tuition, then they lack the books, or
vice versa.">   Howard University in the U.S. capital, Washington DC, is a@private school considered to be one of the most prominent black?colleges in the United States. Chartered in 1867 as a teachingAschool, Howard grew into a university that offers 17 schools and:200 degree programs, including law, medical, and divinityeducation.>   Although Howard is private, about 55 percent of its budget>comes from the federal government. As Howard struggles with a:nearly seven million dollars budget shortfall it has beenAtrimming its staff and undergoing a change in leadership as wellBas coping with diminishing numbers of applicants.  Interim Howard@president Joyce Ladner shed 400 employees last year and cut outsome of the degree programs.@   Howard political science professor, Alvin Thorton, says someAschool enrollment is declining, some gaining and the reasons aremany::   "I think that the enrollment decline is complex. It is@manifesting itself in some schools while not in others. I think?it is the cause of a number of factors, one the cost of higher<education is probably a correlation between the increase inBtuition, which has steadily gone up over the past five years alsoBand this enrollment decline and the associated decline in support8for students going to higher education, decline in pell>(government) grants, et cetera. Less important, although very;important, would be such things as the increasing problemsBassociated with urban university life. Things like the perception@in terms of safety, et cetera. Those kinds of problems are veryvery important."?   The admissions director of Winston-Salem State, Van Wilson,Bsays the university recruits even though these are austere times.@He describes a recruiting program that includes emphasis on the,experience of a historically black college:;   "We do membership drives, recruitment activities in the8churches, especially churches in our community. Also we=participate and are a part of college tour groups that come,Bprimarily from the northeast and the Midwest, during the month ofBApril while students are out on spring break. Where students from@all over the country will come and spend a few hours talking to@students, faculty, staff and administration about opportunitiesAat historically black colleges.  Remembering and focusing on our@roots, one of the things that we primarily do is, we go back to@our roots. We participate in many of the state-wide recruitment:programs that are sponsored by the Greek-lettered African'American fraternities and sororities."<   Leaders at both Howard and Winston-Salem State expect toweather the hard times.   ---------------   ---------------   MUSIC NOTES   MARY MORNINGSTAR   WASHINGTON   POP NUMBER ONE HITS:H   1955 - Bill Haley & The Comets "(We're Gonna) Rock Around the Clock"=   1965 - The Rolling Stones "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction":   1975 - Captain & Tennille "Love Will Keep Us Together""   1985 - Phil Collins "Sussudio"   1995 - TLC "Waterfalls"   MUSIC NEWS:>   Rod Stewart drew 90,000 to his concert at London's Wembley>Stadium on June 17th, setting a new attendance record for the6venue. The British singer also holds the record for a@largest-drawing solo performance for his new year's eve concert0in Brazil, which three million people attended.?   Michael Jackson's new album, "History," debuts this week atAnumber one on Billboard's "top 200 albums" chart. The collectionBsold more than 390,000 copies its first week of release, far less%than the one million mark predicted.@   Elton John is frustrated by reports that scalpers charged as@much as $1,000 for tickets to his recent concert at the Kremlin?palace in Russia. The pop superstar says he hopes to return to9the country to play free outdoor shows in Moscow and St.Petersburg.>   R.E.M. Is writing songs for its next album, which the bandAplans to have finished after wrapping up its "Monster" tour. The@group's guitarist Peter Buck says the group will "try to recordB(the tracks) during the tour, on stage, during soundchecks, maybe?in dressing rooms, maybe even jump into a studio one afternoonBwith local musicians...just try to pull something together in the$most creative and interesting way."   NEW ALBUM RELEASES:@   New albums scheduled for release on July 4th include: "Adios>Amigo" by the Ramones on Radioactive Records; "Grand Prix" byBTeenage Fanclub on DGC Records; "Think with Your Heart" by Debbie@Gibson on SBK/EMI Records; "Where'd You Hide the Body" by James@McMurtry on Columbia Records; "Seeds" by Brother Cane on VirginARecords; "Snakes & Stripes" by Harvey Mandel on Clarity Records;@"Born to Quit" by Smoking Popes on Capitol Records; "The Charm"Bby T.S. Monk on Blue Note Records; and "Boppin' at the blue Note")by Jon Hendricks on Telarc Jazz Records.&   MUSICAL EVENTS/FESTIVALS/BENEFITS:A   Essence Magazine is celebrating its 25th year with a festival=in New Orleans, Louisiana. The all-star roster of performersAincludes Patti Labelle, Gladys Knight, Earth, Wind & Fire, Barry>White, Anita Baker, Mary J. Blige, Boyz II Men, among others.AOrganizers expect to draw 150,000 people to the three-day event,which concludes on July 3rd.@   The Beach Boys, Reo Speedwagon and Ringo Starr will headline;Bloomington, Minnesota's "Jam Against Hunger." The benefitBconcerts, which are expected to raise at least $100,000 for local;hunger organizations, will take place on July 3rd and 4th.B   On July 7th, Rod Stewart, R.E.M., Elton John, Sheryl Crow, the>Neville Brothers, Page and Plant, Soul Asylum and Chuck Berry@will join numerous other acts for Switzerland's largest outdoorAfestival, "Out in the Green." Attendance for the three-day eventis estimated at 60,000.   BIRTHDAYS THIS WEEK:=   Singer Laura Branigan will turn 38 on July 3rd. She began@performing as a backup vocalist for Leonard Cohen. In 1982, she?recorded "gloria," which peaked at number 2 on the pop charts.AOther chart hits include "Solitaire," "How am I Supposed to Live@Without You" and "Self Control." Branigan's most recent project?is a greatest hits collection. Its first single is a remake of6Donna Summer's 1979 top 5 song, "Dim All the Lights."B   On July 4th, British singer John Waite will celebrate his 40thAbirthday. During the 1970's he performed with the Babys, a group>that recorded such top twenty songs as "Every Time I Think ofAYou" and "Isn't It Time." After leaving The Babys, Waite pursuedBa solo recording career, and in 1984 scored a number one hit with<"Missing You." In 1989, he helped form the British-American@supergroup Bad English. Earlier this year, Waite recorded a newBsolo album, entitled "Temple bar," which recently spawned the top>20 adult contemporary single, "How Can I Get by Without You."B   Singer Huey Lewis will turn 45 on July 5th. In 1980, he formed>the San Francisco-based band, The News. Huey Lewis & The News9recorded numerous top ten singles throughout the 1980's,@including the number one songs "The Power of Love," "Stuck with;You" and "Jacob's Ladder." Last year, the group recorded aBcollection of rock and rhythm-and-blues songs from the 1950's and31960's entitled "Four Chords & Several Years Ago."=   July 6th marks the birthdate of the late rock legend Bill<Haley (b. 1927). During the 1940's, Haley began his musical?career with a country band called The Down Homers. In 1953, he>became the first artist to enter the popularity charts with a?rock 'n' roll song. The following year, Haley and his band theAComets recorded their biggest hit "Rock Around the Clock," which=held the top spot on the charts for eight weeks. In 1981, he=suffered a fatal heart attack at age 55. "(We're Gonna) RockAround the Clock"@   Former Beatles drummer Ringo Starr will turn 55 on July 7th.=In 1962, he replaced the group's original drummer Pete Best.AAfter the Beatles disbanded, Starr began recording as a soloist,Band in 1973, scored two number one hits, "Photograph" and "You're<Sixteen." In 1992, he recorded "Time Takes Time," his first=collection of new songs in more than 10 years. Following its@release, Starr performed a U.S. concert tour with his All-Starr:band, which featured Todd Rundgren, Joe Walsh, Timothy B.ASchmidt, Nils Lofgren and Burton Cummings. This week (July 2nd),>Starr and his new All-Starr Band will kick off the U.S leg of+their current tour in St. Louis, Missouri.>   July 8th marks the birthdate of vocalist/saxophonist Louis@Jordan (b. 1908). The Arkansas native held the number 3 spot on>Billboard's first rhythm-and-blues chart (October, 1942) withA"I'm Gonna Leave You at the Outskirts of Town." One month later,Bhe entered the same chart with "What's The Use of Getting Sober,"?which climbed all the way to number one. During his career, he?topped the rhythm-and-blues chart eighteen times, with four of?the singles remaining in the top spot for more than ten weeks.:Jordan suffered a fatal heart attack on February 4, 1975.   TOUR DATES/INFORMATION:@   The fifth annual Lollapalooza tour will begin on July 4th inAGeorge, Washington. The lineup includes Sonic Youth, Hole, Beck,@Sinead O'Connor and many others alternative acts. A third stage8has been added in each city to accommodate local bands.=Lollapalooza '95 wraps up on August 5th in Atlanta, Georgia.>   On July 7th, the heavy metal concert tour "Noizefest" will8kick off in Huntington, New York. Featured acts include@Testament, Overdose, Crowbar and Pro-Pain. Following the seriesAof U.S. Dates, the tour will continue in Japan, Australia, SouthAmerica and Europe.   FACTS FROM THE PAST:>   7/2/88 - Michael Jackson topped the pop charts with "Dirty:Diana," the fifth number one single from his album "Bad."@   7/3/71 - The Doors' lead vocalist Jim Morrison died in ParisBfollowing a heart attack at age 26. In the late-1960's, the group?recorded such hits as "Light My Fire," "Hello, I Love You" and"Touch Me."@   7/4/64 - The Beach Boys scored their first number one singleAwith "I Get Around." Internationally famous for their surf songs=and classic harmonies, The Beach bOys continue to record and>tour. In 1989, the band's "Still Cruisin'" album produced theBnumber one hit, "Kokomo." In 1993, The Beach Boys organized "EyesBof the Earth," a video network that is used to bring awareness to@ecological destruction and wildlife practices around the world.B   7/5/54 - Elvis Presley recorded his first release, "That's All>Right (Mama)." The song sold less than 20,000 copies, but was<followed by eighteen number one singles. ("That's All Right(Mama)"B   7/6/74 - The self-titled debut album by the British rock group<Bad Company was released. The LP's first single, "Can't GetBEnough," went to number 5 on the American pop charts. ("Can't GetEnough"   ---------------   ---------------   WALDEN POND ANNIVERSARY   MELISSA WINKLER   NEW YORKA   The American philosopher and writer Henry David Thoreau moved@into a cabin he built on the tranquil shores of Walden Pond, inAMassachusetts, 150 years ago, on July fourth, 1845. His two-year=stay there inspired his famous book "Walden, A Meditation on@Society, the Simple Life, and the Glories of Nature." A centuryBand one half later Thoreau's book remains one of the best sellingBworks of literary non-fiction by an American writer and continues'to be translated into other languages.=   Thousands of people from around the world are expected to@gather in Walden Woods in July to mark the 150th anniversary ofAHenry David Thoreau's stay there. Thoreau moved into a tiny wood?cabin on the banks of Walden Pond, just outside the village of?Concord, on July fourth 1845. He lived a spartan solitary life:for the next two years, eating the beans he harvested andBoccasionally walking into concord to see his family and attend tohis meager needs.A   Not interested in earning money, he spent the greater part ofBthose two years at Walden, walking through the woods and swimmingAin the pond that he had admired so much as a child. Every day heAwrote down in a journal his observances and his thoughts on what?was most important to him - a life of simplicity, harmony with>nature, and following one's conscience and one's dreams. This9journal was published seven years later as a book called
"Walden".@   Among the visitors who will travel to Walden Pond this month?is David Barto, a Thoreau scholar and secondary school English@teacher from Pennsylvania. Mr. Barto has made the pilgrimage to@Walden annually for the past 12 years. What sets him apart fromBother visitors is that upon entering Walden Woods, he essentially?becomes Henry David Thoreau. He talks and lives and dresses as6Thoreau and while there, he even calls himself Henry.?   Mr. Barto, portraying Henry, meets throngs of visitors at a?replica of Thoreau's house by the pond and takes them on earlyAmorning walks along Thoreau's favorite routes, reminiscing abouthis experiences in the woods.@   David Barto, as Henry, also takes visitors in the evening to=Thoreau's favorite ledge overlooking the pond. And there, he?quotes Thoreau's reason for his two year stay, which is one of&the most famous passages in "Walden":B   "I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, toAfront (face) only the essential facts of life, to see if I could<not learn what it had to teach, and not when I came to die,>discover I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not@life. Living is so dear. Nor did I wish to practice resignation?unless it was quite necessary. I wished to live deep there, to"suck out all the marrow of life."A   Henry David Thoreau was born in 1817 and lived only 44 years.?He built the house at Walden Pond when he was 27 years old, on>property owned by his friend, the American writer Ralph WaldoBEmerson. Thoreau was grieving his brother's death at the time and?wanted to be alone with his thoughts, to consider his own life)and what he wanted to do before he died.<   This is a central theme in "Walden," according to WalterBHarding, who has written dozens of books and articles about HenryBDavid Thoreau over the past 50 years and has edited a new edition<of "Walden." Mr. Harding says it was extremely important to>Thoreau that he find a higher meaning in life...And not allow%society to dictate the way he lived:A   "For me his most important message is that each person shouldAfind out for himself what he wants to do and find the courage toBlive that life himself. He says this, 'I learned this at least in@my experiment that if one advances confidently in the direction:of his dreams and endeavors to live the life which he has;imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common
hours.' "<   Thoreau's idea of following through with one's dreams is>perhaps why young people are so attracted to his writings. HeBchallenges his readers to challenge the traditions of society and:to be hopeful and practical about the future. He also hasAmessages about prejudices and tells his readers that it is never6too late to give them up and follow a different path.>   These same ideas have provided inspiration to contemporary<civil rights movements. Henry David Thoreau's essay, "Civil?Disobedience," called for passive resistance to unjust laws, a?methodology that was eventually used by mahatma Gandhi, Martin:Luther King, anti-apartheid activists and the students inTiananmem Square.>   But "Walden's" strongest messages involve nature. As HenryBDavid Thoreau was growing up, Americans were slowly moving to the=west and along the way, chopping down trees and slaughteringAanimals. Thoreau believed people should love nature and care for?it and rid themselves of their preoccupation with things. Many?environmentalists say the environmental movement in the United>States was spawned from Thoreau's idea that mankind derives a<spiritual renewal from nature and that it is something that#should be cherished and protected.?   Denise Morissey is a supervisor at Walden Pond, which along@with the 142 hectares of Walden Woods, is now a state park. She@says the land where Thoreau once walked is probably more wooded;now than it once was, but otherwise it has hardly changed:>   "It's a really beautiful place. I still walk around and itBamazes me, often, how pretty it is. It's still a relatively quiet?place, so close to the city and it really is a great place forApeople to come and get away. So there's that and you sort of getAa feeling that this a unique place because this person (Thoreau)@came here and was so concerned about it and that he had his own9personal connection, his own journey while he was here.:@   Ms. Morissey says Walden Pond draws people for many reasons.=Most visitors, she says, just want to lose themselves in the?pristine beauty of the pond and the woods, perhaps not for two>years like Henry David Thoreau, but at least for a few hours.   ---------------   ---------------.   "HEARTBEAT: VOICES OF FIRST NATIONS WOMEN"   DOUG LEVINE   WASHINGTON, D.C.;   More than fourteen different Native American tribes and:languages are represented on the new Smithsonian Folkways@recording "Heartbeat: Voices of First Nations Women." The album;contains thirty-four selections ranging from instrumental,6ceremonial, social and religious music to traditional9storytelling. The music of native women is finally beingrecognized around the world.:   Buffy Saint-Marie is perhaps the most familiar name on;"Heartbeat: Voices of First Nations Women." Born on a Cree@reservation in Canada, Buffy Sainte-Marie became popular in the@1960's with topical songs of love and protest. Some of her workAhas been recorded by performers such as Barbra Streisand and Bob8Dylan. Today, she uses modern recording techniques with>traditional tribal sounds like bells, drums and dancing. More=importantly, Buffy Sainte-Marie has opened the door for many@other native women to write and record their own music, as well?as perform publicly. Smithsonian Folkways director Dr. Anthony>Seeger hopes this new collection of native women's music will8help preserve an important segment of American culture:@   "These are performances very rarely heard. Women perform allBaround the world, but very often, especially in the Americas, theAwomen's performances are in private places. They're in the home,<therefore (there's) a very restricted audience. They aren't@necessarily out in public. And this disc gives you some idea of@some of them. Whether it's a fairly small single person singing=unaccompanied or large groups of women singing together thatactually go on tour."<   Howard Bass is a program coordinator for the SmithsonianBInstitution's division of cultural history and co-producer of theB"Heartbeat" album. Bass explains how Native Americans are dealing<with the rising independence of women in their communities:=   "A lot of traditions that were formerly men's traditions,@men's only, have been taken up by the women. In some cases it'sAbecause the men aren't around or aren't as interested perhaps inAcarrying on the traditions. In other cases, it's simply a matterAof women deciding that, 'hey we can do this too.' in some cases,6they're meeting with resistance from the men in their=communities, (and) in other cases they're being encouraged.">   Since 1989, Navajo singing group Sweethearts of NavajolandBhave participated in festivals and competitions in Europe and the@United States. They mainly perform at Navajo social dances, andAoften accompany their original songs with a water drum made from1a metal plant pot covered with a snakehide head.A   Singer and composer Lillian Ashley says her husband supported"her decision to form the quartet:B   "I used to sing in what they call Native American church. It's=religious ceremonies that they do. And then I just picked itA(music) up and went and got interested in singing and dancing. IBstarted singing and I did solos. And somewhere along the line, my=husband thought I should take a group and see what it soundslike."@   Along with the Sweethearts of Navajoland, other native women=performers featured on the "Heartbeat" collection include an<iroquois singing and dance group from Canada called the six4nations women singers; Sioux (sue) vocalist Georgia@Wettlin-Larsen from Montana; Navajo singer-songwriter GeraldineBBarney from New Mexico, and seminole storyteller Betty Mae jumper<from Florida. Jumper is the first Seminole to graduate from?secondary school, and one of the first women in the U.S. To beBelected chairman of a seminole tribe. Author of the book "Legends>of the Seminoles," Jumper fears that her Seminole heritage isslowly vanishing:?   "We're losing our language. We're losing a lot of songs and@everything. Within the marriages they talk a different language?from the other tribes, so this is where we're losing a lot (of>culture). And we're trying to bring it back by having culture!school. And this is what we do."@   Many of the performers on the album are participating in one9of four programs at the festival of American folklife in@Washington, D.C. The Native American program features fifty-two7women from fourteen states and two Canadian provinces,+representing more than twenty-five tribes.   ---------------   ---------------*   THE DELEVANTES, "LONG ABOUT THAT TIME"   DOUG LEVINE   WASHINGTON, D.C.>   Their story isn't exactly one of overnight success that so7many performers dream about. As brothers growing up inARutherford, New Jersey, Bob and Mike Delevante played guitar and@wrote songs together. They later sang a style of bluegrass that<Bob describes as "garage grass," using a banjo to accompanyA1960's pop tunes. Younger brother Mike says they started getting$serious about music in high school:<   "Bob had his best friend in high school who was a guitar?player. They started playing together and I jumped in one day,@and from that point, all his friends and all my friends started?coming (to play) together. And we started playing in clubs andBeverybody just came out. And ever since then, I don't think we've(ever had separate friends or anything.";   In the late 1980's, Bob and Mike Delevante had regional;success in a band called who's your daddy. After moving to5Nashville, the brothers were hired as songwriters by<Warner-Chappell Music. Using their own name, the Delevantes@signed their first recording contract with Rounder Records. Bob<says they're honored to be on one of today's most respectedlabels:@   "Rounder was just wonderful. They said, 'make the record youAwant.' and we did. And half way through the process we said, 'do@you want to hear something?' before we handed it in. (But) they>had heard some demos (audition tapes) and they liked them andBthey knew we would keep it in that vein, and that was fine. So it0was complete freedom really. It was wonderful."?   The Delevantes are not your typical country act. They don't>wear cowboy hats or flashy western shirts, and critics have a8difficult time labeling their music. Bob Delevante says&categories have become a way of life:@   "it's inevitable. People always try to categorize something.AIt depends where you are (as to) what category we go in. When we@were in New Jersey we were kind of a country band. When we came>down here, we were definitely not a country band. So, it just?depends on people's perceptions and I just hope they enjoy the;record. Get a little something from it and just enjoy it."B   The Delevantes debut CD "Long About That Time" was co-produced>by longtime member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band Garry@Tallent, who also plays bass on the album's twelve tracks. AlsoAfeatured are Benmont Tench on piano, Dan Dugmore and John Noreen0on pedal steel guitar and Mike Porter on drums.   ---------------   ---------------   SEATTLE'S RESTAURANT SCENE   BARBAR SCHOETZAU   SEATTLE@   Over the past decade, the Pacific northwest city of Seattle,<Washington, has grown from a regional capital to a national9trendsetter in industry, music, lifestyle, and food. TheAmostly-young chef-owners of Seattle's restaurants are serving an>innovative cuisine that has set the pace for many restaurantsacross the United States.?   Seattle has been called a "culinary mecca", attracting foodAwriters and restaurant reviewers from around the world. All overBthe United States, restaurants are now highlighting the northwest<style of cuisine. What sets the so-called northwest cuisineapart?B   According to a salesman named Walt at the pure food fish store?in Seattle's Pike Place Market, northwest cuisine is about theAabundance of fresh fish available in the varied waterways around	Seattle:@   "What we mean is dungeness crab, salmon, oysters from around@the Puget Sound area. We have the local spot shrimp which are a3really nice delicate shrimp. A very sweet shrimp."?   The fish the northwest is best known for is salmon, and its:popularity is reflected in Seattle's many restaurants. InAaddition to the salmon dishes on regular menus, most restaurantsBoffer the freshest salmon available as special items. Waiters andASalemen take delight in explaining the many varieties of salmon.=   But northwest cuisine is more than just local fresh fish,Awhich has always been available, according to long time residentADana Cox. It's the fusion of east and west, brought about by the;region's close ties to Asia and the Asian heritage of many
Seattleites:>   "I think our palate has become very sophisticated probablyBbecause of the availability of seafood and the influence of Asian=food. The fusions of east-west cuisine are incredible. It is=nothing to have a traditionally western dish mixed with some:Asian ingredients. The menu will have everything from pot@stickers to meatballs. We've had some excellent chefs in hotels$who have fostered an appreciation."A   One of those hotel chefs is Marcus Dunbar, the executive chefBat Seattle's Westin hotel, the home of the Palm Court restaurant,@recently named by "Traveler" magazine as one of the best in the@region. Chef Dunbar spent many years in Europe and then Dallas,BTexas, before he came to Seattle. He is struck by the emphasis onfresh, seasonal ingredients:B   "Pacific northwest means, I would say, unpretentious food. NotAso decorative. Has some real taste to it. People here tend to be<a a bit more seasonal. When the berries are in, like in the?summertime, that is when we are serving them. We do not expect?them, like in Los Angeles, to be around all year. There is not?such a European culture to the foods. A lot of the groups here<have not been here for a long time so you have a mixture ofAAsian, European. It seems to be a melange (mixture) of differentthings involved."=   Because of its moderate climate and rich soil, the region?produces a rich bounty of fresh fruits, vegetables, and herbs,?from yakima asparagus and cherries in the spring to Washington>state's famous autumn apple harvest. Chef Dunbar says he buys@much of the produce for the Eestin hotel from local farmers who;sell directly to hotels and restaurants. And he says fresh>locally grown herbs are often used as part of the dish rather#than simply as a garnish or spice:=   "They will take basil, chop it up, and actually coat, for?example, a salmon fillet and bake it upon a flat top. So it is=actually crusted on. So yes, the herbs have come more to the-foreground and used in that way a lot more."@   Seattle's influence on dining is not limited to food. Diners?all over the United States can accompany their meals with wine>from Washington state vineyards and beers brewed in the eightBmicrobreweries located in and around Seattle. Then they can relax?with a cup of gourmet coffee processed by Starbucks, a leadingcoffee-maker based in Seattle.   ---------------   ---------------   IN SEARCH OF UNCLE SAM   SUSAN LOGUE   WASHINGTONA   In political cartoons, he is the symbol of the United States.AAnd he'll probably be making lots of appearances on independence?day (July 4), in parades and festivals across the nation. He's<Uncle Sam and he's been representing the USA for nearly twocenturies:>   Every American is familiar with the tall, white-haired and=bearded man who wears a blue tailcoat, red and white striped>trousers and a top hat decorated with stars and stripes. ManyAassume he was merely the creation of a political cartoonist, but;Uncle Sam really did exist. Elena Millie of the Library of,Congress says his real name was Sam Wilson:A   "During the War of 1812, he was a meatpacker, and he suppliedBthe troops. The crates were stamped with U.S, standing for UnitedAStates. When somebody questioned where the meat was coming from,=the guard said, 'this is from Uncle Sam.' so they dubbed Sam=Wilson Uncle Sam. And he is credited in the newspaper in the%1860s as being the first Uncle Sam."@   Elena Millie, who is curator of an exhibit at the Library of@Congress entitled "Everybody's Uncle Sam," says the first UncleASam drawing appeared in an American newspaper in the 1820's. ButAthat drawing looked quite different from the Uncle Sam of today:A   "He was a clean-shaven man, and he didn't have his uniform of=the top hat and blue tail-coat and striped trousers, that we think of as being his costume."<   Uncle Sam grew his beard about forty years later, duringBAbraham Lincoln's term in the White House. By the late nineteenth=century he had acquired the colorful costume he wears today.=   The most famous image of Uncle Sam was created in 1917 by8American artist James Montgomery Flagg. It appears on a?recruiting poster of the U.S. Army and shows a stern Uncle Sam?pointing at the viewer. The caption reads: "I want you for theU.S. Army" in bold letters.;   The Library of Congress exhibit "Everybody's Uncle Sam"Bfocuses on that image, which curator Elena Millie says became the)inspiration for countless other posters:A   "During the very turbulent decade of the 1960s, and then intoBthe seventies, when there was much student unrest and the Vietnam?conflict controversy, artists and groups, left and right, took?liberties with this familiar icon. people would see Uncle Sam,@and because he was first used in 1917 to call people to join upBfor the war, they knew whenever they saw him on a poster, that heBwas calling for some kind of action. So people would be attractedto this well-known image."?   Among the images on display at the Library of Congress is aAposter of a hippie striking Uncle Sam's familiar pose. Wearing a>badge which calls for the legalization of marijuana, he tellsAviewers: "I want you to vote." Another is a political cartoon ofBformer President Richard Nixon which reads underneath: "Let's end>this war", meaning the Vietnam War. In more recent years, iceAcream entrepreneurs Ben and Jerry struck the Uncle Sam pose when>they went in search of a new company chief executive officer.B   Library of Congress curator Elena Millie says she thinks James=Montgomery Flagg's Uncle Sam poster will continue to inspire>groups who are calling Americans to action for years to come.   ---------------   ---------------4   NASA'S ASSISTANCE IN MAKING THE FILM "APOLLO 13"   KEMING KUO   WASHINGTON;   On the eve of its national opening this weekend [6/30],?Hollywood observers say director Ron howard's film "Apollo 13"Bwill be among this summer's biggest hits. Starring popular actors>Tom Hanks, Ed Harris, Gary Sinise [sih-nees] and Kevin Bacon,;among others, the film tells the story of the failed, 1970BAmerican moon mission.  Explains how the National Aeronautics andASpace Administration [NASA] helped in making the film that tells5the story of the agency's "most successful failure."?   The opening of the film "Apollo 13" captures the excitementBthat all Americans shared in 1969 when the first moon landing wasBaccomplished, and shows how subsequent missions were almost taken;for granted. Apollo 13, with astronauts James Lovell, JackBSwigert, and Fred Haise, was to be another "routine" moon-landingAmission, one that did not even warrant much news coverage by the@television networks. However, that all changed, as Ron Howard'sBnew film shows with terrifying suddeness, how an explosion in theBoxygen tanks imperiled the astronauts a little more than two days9into the flight, and 320,000 kilometers away from earth.A   With actors Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon and Bill Paxton portraying>the astronauts, the film "Apollo 13" goes on to show how theyBwere able to bring their spacecraft safely back to earth with the>help of NASA's mission control staff in Houston, Texas. Aside>from the excitement of watching how the astronauts and ground<crew solve their problem, moviegoers are impressed with theBamazing realism of the film's scenes. NASA's cooperation with the:film project actually began when Jim Kluger and apollo 13>astronaut Jim Lovell, co-authors of the book "Lost Moon" upon@which the movie is based, sought research assistance. The spaceAagency helped the co-authors contact many of the veterans of the25-year-old mission.;   After the book's story rights were sold to Ron Howard'sAcompany, Imagine Films, the moviemaker asked NASA if there was a>way to capture the amazing floating scenes of weightlessness.:Brian Welch, now chief of the NASA newsroom at WashingtonAheadquarters, was at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas,?when arrangements were made to allow scenes of the "Apollo 13"Afilm to be shot aboard the special KC-135 airplane. As Mr. WelchAexplains, the Boeing plane, nicknamed the "Vomit Comet," flies aAwild pattern that may prompt sick stomachs among its passengers:@   "It goes into a steep climb. And then, once they have gotten@to the right altitude and right conditions, the pilot throws it?over and the nose comes down and [the plane] goes into a dive.BWhen the airplane comes to the top of the curve, if you will, and<goes over the top and comes back down, the people inside goBweightless. You have to do a pretty serious [i.e.severe] parabola@to get weightless conditions, but they do serious parabolas and$they do get weightless conditions.">   The scenes shot aboard the KC-135 plane were made during a=series of flights from June through September last year. Mr.BWelch also helped arrange for director Ron Howard to shoot scenes@at the NASA Cape Canaveral launch site and he helped the actors=understand what it was like to train as an astronaut. NASA's@Brian Welch says actor Tom Hanks was particularly excited to beAplaying the part of astronaut Jim Lovell, and knowledgable aboutthe Apollo program:?   "He knows arcana about the space program that I don't know,Aand it's my job to look up that trivia and explain it to people.<He's been following the space program for a long time; he'sBalways been interested in it. He was like a kid in a candy store.@I think he was really excited. And we were excited to have him.[He's a] nice person."?   Although NASA provided much assistance in the production ofAthe "Apollo 13" film, no NASA footage was used. Brian Welch says>he was impressed at how carefully production designer Michael;Corenblith observed and recorded details in NASA's MissionControl Center in Houston:A   "Corenblith was unbelievable. He came in with a video camera,@still camera, a couple people on his staff, and a tape measure.BHe began measuring mission control while we were there. And I was9talking to him about it, and I said, 'what are you doing@Michael?' he said, 'well, we really don't want to film it here.>We're going to have this built on a soundstage and it will beexact in every detail.'"@   NASA official Brian Welch says that although "Apollo 13" mayBbe regarded as a failure since the astronauts did not land on the?moon as planned, the mission may also be regarded as a special	success:?   "We don't look at Apollo 13 as a bad thing. Even before Ron@Howard and Tom Hanks came along, what is remembered in the NASA@culture is that the people who pulled out apollo 13 and made itAsomething, where we were able to overcome really tremendous odds?and bring the crew home safely, Those people were honored with@the presidential medal of freedom back in the 1970s. It is seenAby those of us who know many of those people and those of us whoBhave been lucky enough to work in mission control over the years,/that's seen as mission control's finest hour."B   And Mr. Welch notes that moviegoers will come away from seeingB"Apollo 13" with the notion that with all the excitement of space2exploration, there's also a scary side to it all:>   "Space flight is dangerous. Space flight is risky. There's<nothing easy about it. There are no guarantees. Anybody who@thinks that every mission should go exactly as planned, or that<every mission will go exactly as planned, just isn't paying-attention to the realities of space flight.";   Brian Welch, chief of the NASA newsroom at the agency'sBheadquarters in Washington, helped filmmakers with the production)of the newly-released movie "Apollo 13."   ---------------   ---------------   UNABOMBER MANUSCRIPT   CHRIS SIMKINS   NEW YORK@   The suspect wanted in the United States for a series of mail>bomb attacks on scientists and industry executives says, in aBmessage to two newspapers, he will end his deadly attacks if they@publish a long essay criticizing the global industrial society.B   The serial mail bomber says he will stop his 17-year-long mail;bomb campaign if the New York Times or the Washington Post5publish an essay criticizing what he calls a corrupt"industrial-technological society.A   In manuscripts delivered to the two newspapers, the terrorist@says he is angry and frustrated with the elite whom he says are>trying to subvert human freedom. He calls for a revolution in?which factories would be destroyed and technical books burned.9   Federal Bureau of Investigation officials confirm the<documents are authentic and came from the suspect they have>labeled the Unabomber. Editors for the New York Times and the=Washington Post say they are deciding whether to publish theA35,000 word document that would take up about seven pages in thenewspapers.B   Law enforcement officials say the Unabomber is responsible forBa series of mail bomb attacks in the United States in which three3people have been killed and 22 wounded since 1978.A   Earlier this week, the bomber terrorized the United States by?threatening to blow up a commercial airliner in Los Angeles. ABday later, he indicated the the threat was a prank, but officialsBstill increased security at the Los Angeles airport and suspendedsome air mail package service.@   The Unabomber, who FBI agents believe is working alone, told<the newspapers if they publish his manuscript, he will stop?trying to kill people, but will reserve the right to engage inwhat he called "sabotage."B   Police say the Unabomber's latest victim was Gilbert Murray, a=timber lobbyist who was killed when he opened a package lastApril.>   In the past, the Unabomber has sent packages to university;professors or individuals and companies connected with the!computer and airline industries.=   A composite sketch of the suspect has been drawn from the>description given by a witness who reportedly saw him shortly?after a bomb went off 11 years ago. The FBI says it is looking<for a white male between 30 and 40 years old. They are also@offering a one-million-dollar reward for information leading to!the arrest of the serial bomber.   ---------------   ---------------   COMPUTER DIGEST
   DAN NOBLE   WASHINGTONA   Worldwide interest in computer technology, software to screen7out pornography, competition heats up between major PC5manufacturers, and, online African-American history.>   Three years ago, reports The Wall Street Journal, personal@computers were virtually nonexistent in Brazil. Today, says theAnewspaper, "they are so embedded in Brazilian culture" that BillBGates, the chairman of the Microsoft corporation, is recognizable=throughout that South American country. Mr. Gates appears inABrazilian television commercials. The journal notes that "the PCAexplosion in Brazil illustrates what is happening or starting to>happen around the world. Less developed countries, locked for=years out of the technology market because of high cost, areBgaining entry via today's more affordable, more powerful personal>computers and networks." Jim McDonnell, marketing manager for9Hewlett-Packard's network server division, adds that "PC@technology really gets countries competitive quickly. It levelsthe playing field."   ===============A   While the United States Congress is discussing legislation to@keep obscenity out of computer networks, some American softwareAmanufacturers and network operators are coming up with their own<ways to solve the problem. Jay Friedland, vice president of@Surfwatch Software, a California company, told PC Magazine that6"We have a 95 percent solution for screening Internet=pornography. But," continues Mister Friedland, "new explicit9material is added every day and no solution is perfect.">Commercial networks also say that they are doing their share.@Pierce Reed, a Compuserve representative, says that his network<"constantly updates a database of lewd words." And, America<Online has what it calls "parental control," a way in which+parents can screen out unwanted material."   ===============?   The Packard Bell company is expected to come out with a new<series of home personal computers on July 11. The USA TodayAnewspaper says that the unveiling is a new move in the company's:competition with Compaq computer. The latest Packard BellAcomputers will have faster speed Pentium microprocessors, better<software for novices and special technology "to run a wider>variety of multimedia programs." They will also have a remote?controlled mouse. The newspaper says that Packard Bell, "which@focuses on home consumers has ridden a surge in home PC buying.?It accounted for 12.7% of all PCs sold in the usa in the first@quarter, vs. 11.3% a year earlier. Compaq's market share dipped$to a second-place 11.4% from 12.5%.   ===============;   A few days ago, the new San Francisco, California based?Netnoir Online was launched. It takes its name from the French?word "noir," which means black, and the service is included inAthe America Online computer network. Newsweek magazine says that<"Netnoir's mission is to distribute and archive information@relating to the African diaspora in such areas as much, sports,<education and business." It will also "provide a variety of9online 'classes' on topics like the history of slavery."   ---------------   ---------------   STUDENT ATHLETE DRUG TESTS   ADAM PHILLIPS   WASHINGTON=   On Monday, in a 6 to 3 decision, the Supreme Court of the@United States ruled that schools may require students to submitBto random drug tests before being allowed to play on their schoolAsports teams. Citizens and school officials who favor drug tests>cite safety concerns and the importance of school athletes asBrole models. Those opposed to the tests cite the fourth amendment@to the U.S. constitution, which prohibits unreasonable searchesand seizures.B   The Supreme Court ruled on a case brought by a boy named JamesBActon from the small logging town of Vernonia, Oregon. Mr. Acton,Bthen a model 7th grade student whom no one suspected of drug use,?refused to submit to his school's policy of randomly requiring?urine samples from prospective athletes to test for drugs. The1school then denied him a place on a sports team.B   Mr. Acton took his case to court, claiming the school's policyBdenied him his constitutional right to privacy. After a series of>rulings and appeals, the case landed in the Supreme Court. OnAMonday, five years after the dispute began, the court ruled thatAMr. Acton's school, or any school, is constitutionally permitted to test its athletes for drugs.@   Timothy Dyer, executive director of the National Association>of Secondary School Principals, says that students are in the6legal custody of the school during classes and sports8activities., and, he says, administrators have the same@obligations to protect children against drug use and drug users@while they are in school as parents do when the children are athome:A   "When you are on an athletic team, you're expected to performAand you're expected to adhere to rules and to know the games and@to know the plans etcetera. And if you make a mistake you could@hurt one of your colleagues. In athletics, you depend upon yourAteam mates to be doing what is right and not to be performing in<some goofy kind of a fashion! One of the primary reasons of@school administrators and school personnel, all of us, teachersBand administrators, is to protect the safety of the student body.=And that, I think, is what the court is dealing with in this@decision. It is a reasonable intrusion because of the potential?harm that can come to the individual student as well as to the@other members of the team and the opponents that they are facedwith."A   Critics claim that there are no reasonable intrusions against7the constitution's fourth amendment protection against>unreason-able searches. They say that such privacy rights are&absolute, and not a matter of degree.@   In his majority opinion, Supreme Court justice Antony Scalia:(schu-lee-uh) wrote that the school district's program is>"reasonable and hence constitutional." Addressing the privacyBissue, Justice Scalia said that "public school locker rooms...are@not notable for the privacy they afford". And, he said, "schoolAsports are not for the bashful." Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, in@her dissenting opinion, quoted an earlier case which found thatBstate monitoring collection of urine is "particularly destructive/of privacy and offensive to personal dignity."?   Norman Siegal, the executive director of the New York Civil.Liberties Union also opposes Monday's ruling:@   "I think it sends two horrible messages to our young people.ANumber one, it says that with regard to fourth amendment rights,@student athletes are second class citizens. They have a limited@right of privacy in the public school. And second, it sends theBwrong civics lesson. It teaches young people that the presumption?of innocence is turned upside down. No longer will these youngBpeople be innocent until proven guilty. They are now suspects and%they have to prove their innocence."=   Gwendolyn Gregory, deputy general counsel of the National@School Boards Association, was closely involved in the case andBapplauds Monday's result. She acknowledges that courts have ruled=in the past that most searches may be conducted only against9specific individuals who are under so-called "reasonable@suspicion," and that groups as a whole may not be targeted. But=she says that, precisely because school testing programs are-random, they actually prevent social stigma:;   "Prior to this time, courts have held that if you don'tBsuspect the individual searched, that you can't search basically.AAnd this has changed that a bit I think. But I think in the caseBof drug testing, that this is a little different than other typesAof testing. Because, in this case, if the only time that you can=test is when you have a suspicion then it does send a stigma<where a child is tested and all the kids say 'oh well. He's@suspected of using drugs or he wouldn't be tested.' but in thisBcase, it's random, so he's only tested because he's number ten onAthe list or whatever the random system [is] of picking the childto be tested."?   Mr. Siegal of the New York Civil Liberties Union says that,;whatever the strict constitutionality of the Supreme CourtBdecision, drug tests will still have a negative effect on studentmorale:?   "I think this is going to be tremendously divisive. In teamBsports, the whole objective is to bring the team together. You'reAgoing to have some students going along with this, some students@deciding that they're not going to go along with it. It's going:to be very divisive. It's going to be very costly for the?schools. They don't have money for reading and writing and now@we're going to be using millions of dollars across this countryfor this kind of program."A   That was Norman Siegel, a civil liberties lawyer, who opposes;Monday's Supreme Court decision allowing public schools to8conduct random drug tests on prospective team athletes.   ---------------   ---------------9   INTERNATIONAL EXPERTS GIVE TERRORISM ABATEMENT ADVICE   LAURI NEFF   WASHINGTON<   The U.S. Congress is considering enacting anti-terrorism<legislation to discourage domestic violence like the deadly?bombing in Oklahoma City last April. International experts sayAthe lawmakers could learn from the experience of other countries"who have grappled with terrorism.B   Shlomo Gazit, now a Washington-based scholar, was once a major<general with the Israeli defense forces. He says the United>States should follow Israel's lead and view terrorism as war:?   "It is, if you want, according to the classical definition,>the use of force of (or) the use of violent means in order to:achieve a political goal. That is the definition of war."B   Mr. Gazit, speaking at Washington symposium on terrorism, says=a key weapon should be the use of intelligence, which, amongAother things can help prevent terrorist attacks before they takeplace.@   The retired Israeli general says ultimately, a terrorist warAcan only be settled through political solution. However, he saysAa well waged battle will leave a government in a strong position*to successfully negotiate with its enemy.=   But Martha Crenshaw, a North African expert with WesleyanAUniversity, told the forum the dangers of terrorism faced by the@United States do not match those Israel grapples with. She says?the U.S. terrorism threat mainly comes from radical right wingAgroups or militias. She maintains these organizations want a war>with the U.S. government and that by waging one Washington is playing right into their hands:;   "In many cases the use of terrorism is meant to provokeAgovernments to repressive measures, to military measures, to the@use of coercion against groups and against populations who thenAmight be more sympathetic to the groups who are using violence.">   Ms. Crenshaw adds that like Islamic militant groups of the8Middle East, these radical right wing organizations areBdecentralized, with little overt structure. She says in this case;the use of intelligence is often ineffective because it is:difficult to determine who, exactly, needs to be tracked.;   Another expert at the meeting, Cynthia Irvin, said U.S.@officials also need to be aware of the effect of anti-terrorism;measures. Ms. Irvin, a specialist in terrorism in northern:Ireland and Spanish Basque lands says policies to control*terrorism often have hidden consequences:>   "We really need to see the role of repressive legislation,;that it has to be extremely selective, whereas you do riskAencouraging people in the area to support the group and that theAspecial legislation often then, special powers legislation tends@to find its way into the ordinary civil code and you have to beaware of the tradeoffs."A   The experts say concerns raised by civil rights organizations?and ethic groups that civil liberties could be affected by the>U.S. fight against terrorism are legitimate. One expert notesAthat while no true democracy has ever been toppled by terrorism,8democracies can hurt themselves in their zeal to toppleterrorism.   ---------------   ---------------,   WHITE HOUSE GUNMAN SENTENCED TO 40 YEARS   MICHAEL BOWMAN   WASHINGTON>   A federal court in Washington has sentenced a gunman to 404years in prison for spraying the White House with aBsemi-automatic weapon last year in a failed bid to kill President	Clinton.?   Francisco Duran was convicted of attempted assassination of7the president, assault, and damaging federal property.=Prosecutors had sought life imprisonment for the 26-year-oldBgunman. But a U.S. district Judge Charles Richey opted for a more?lenient sentence, saying the court still considers him a human@being. Duran, an upholsterer from the state of Colorado, read a9brief statement in which he called his acts inexcusable.B   Last October, Duran opened fire through the White House fence,8spraying more than 20 bullets from a public sidewalk onBWashington's famed Pennsylvania Avenue. A bystander tackled DuranBand held him until police arrived at the scene. No one, including?the president, who was inside the White House at the time, washurt in the incident.@   The shooting was one of several serious security breaches at?the executive mansion in the last year, including invasions ofBWhite House grounds by fence jumpers and the intentional crash of!a small plane on the south lawn.   ---------------   ---------------   DRUG WAR ASSESSMENT
   DON HENRY   WASHINGTONA   The head of U.S. drug interdiction efforts in North, Central,>and South America has told Congress Wednesday the war against8illicit drug trafficking is being won. U.S. Coast GuardACommandant Admiral Robert Kramek credits new technology and past<and present drug war strategies for what he calls effectiveinterdiction.B   The Coast Guard commander caused some eyebrows to be raised in:surprise when he gave a House of Representatives national6security subcommittee his evaluation of the drug war:B   "Are we winning the war on drugs? I am asked that everywhere I@go. My answer is to that is yes, when we look at the last sevenyears."A   This view is in direct contradiction to the gloomy assessmentAof several subcommittee members, including chairman Bill Zeliff,0who believe drug trafficking is out of control.>   But Admiral Kramek remained firm. He said it is not out ofAcontrol, although he said caution is needed because drug use has?gone up among some demographic groups in the last year or two,'especially marijuana use by teenagers.@   President Clinton's coordinator for all interdiction effortsBin the western hemisphere testified supply disruption has worked.>In addition to seizures of large quantities of illicit drugs,?money and other cartel assets, he said interdiction has forcedAsouth American cartels to abandon direct flights and sea passagedeliveries to Florida.A   Now he says they must funnel most of their contraband through<Mexico, and the United States is tightening controls at the<border with more men, barriers, and high-tech surveillance.A   Admiral Kramek says the war on the international supply linesBgoes hand in hand with the battle throughout the United States toreduce demand for drugs:;   "We are trying to make it more difficult for them, more?expensive for them, continuously disrupt their supply lines inBorder to give demand programs the time to work. I think every law=enforcement officer in the United States would agree that to=totally win the war on drugs we have to reduce demand in theUnited States."=   The Coast Guard commander says his job has been made more?difficult by dwindling resources. He says Congress has cut the?Coast Guard drug war budget each of the past several years. He:has asked for more drug war interdiction money this year:=   "We are now able to focus on a sector threat, such as theAcargo flights coming from Colombia to Mexico. But we're a little>weak on our flanks such as the eastern Pacific and the lesserAantilles and through the Mona Pass and the Anegada Pass, because(the depth is not there as it once was.">   The admiral says the administration shift to fighting drugAsupply in the source countries, instead of predominantly through?interdiction, can not be accomplished overnight. Thus there isAcontinued need for strong interdiction and the resources that go	with it:B   "As that source country strategy becomes effective, as the air>bridge between Peru and Colombia is destroyed, as eradication?takes place in Bolivia and Peru,as Colombia continues to bringAkingpins to justice, why then the assets in the transit zone can2be reduced because the threat won't be as great."<   Admiral Kramek credits President Clinton with pressuring@several Andean nations into greater counter-narcotics activity.7He praised the Bahamas for helping create an effective?drug-interception force, and he says Mexico is making, what hecalls, quite a turnaround:>   "Mexico understands what they need to do. They are workingAtogether with us. We have some training we need to give them. WeAhave some equipment they need to have, whether it is helicoptersAor night vision goggles, and training in how to use them. And we=need to work together with them and resource that properly.";   His appeal for resources promoted Congressman Zeliff to=declare the Republicans on the committee intend to work with>Congressional Democrats and the Clinton administration on the@drug war. But, several Republicans were skeptical about whether;President Clinton is taking the drug war seriously enough.   ---------------   ---------------4   ENOLA GAY CONTROVERSY CONTINUES AS EXHIBIT OPENS   SUSAN LOGUE   WASHINGTON=   The much talked-about Smithsonian exhibit of the airplane=which dropped the first atomic bomb finally opened this weekBafter more than a year of controversy. The Washington exhibit was?altered to appease critics, but not everyone is satisfied with
the results.A   About two dozen protesters assembled in front of the nationalAAir and Space Museum, quietly passing out pamphlets and carrying<banners and signs reading "never again" and "disarm air and7space," as well as photographs of victims of Nagasaki:A   The exhibit inside, entitled simply "The Enola Gay," is firstBand foremost a display of the fuselage of the B-29 airplane which>dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Wall text, accompanying@photographs and displays of other objects including the plane's?rudder and propeller, focus on the mechanics of the plane, the@development and production of the Enola Gay and other B-29s andBthe restoration of the aircraft. The bombing mission is recounted<in brief notes and in a sixteen-minute film, which includes?historic footage from August 1945 and comments from members ofthe Enola Gay crew:>   The only perspective represented in the current exhibit is8that of the crew. Smithsonian secretary, Michael HeymanA[hay'-man], acknowledges the new display is quite different from?the original exhibit, which would have been entitled "The LastAct":@   "The National Air and Space Museum originally planned a muchBlarger exhibition which concentrated attention on the devastation?caused by the atomic bombs and on differing interpretations of<the history surrounding President Truman's decision to dropthem."A   Critics of "The Last Act" said it portrayed the United StatesBas the aggressor and the Japanese as victims in World War II. TheBAmerican legion and other veterans organizations led the campaign;against the original exhibit, but they were soon joined by:members of Congress, who condemned it as "anti-American."ASmithsonian secretary Michael Heyman says they were not alone intheir criticism:<   "I received somewhere between thirty- and forty-thousand=letters. Many from veterans. Many from families who had lost>family members in the second world war. This was a phenomenon=that was enormous. It wasn't just a handful of people and it@wasn't just a handful of legislators. And I have always had theAfeeling that if the first script had been viewed by the world as?one that was reasonably balanced, we would not have had any ofthese problems."A   Although the first script was revised five times in an effort;to appease critics, the controversy would not go away. The?director of the Air and Space Museum resigned, and Smithsonian@secretary Michael Heyman decided in January to change the focusof the exhibit:@   "In a statement I issued at the time I said, 'I've concluded?that we made a basic error in attempting to couple an historic=treatment of the use of the atomic weapons with the fiftiethBAnniversary commemoration of the end of the war. Exhibitions have?many purposes equally worthwhile, but we need to know which of2many goals is paramount and not to confuse them."?   the revised exhibit, the secretary says, is a commemoration?that, in his words, "simply reports what occurred." But others<disagree, including a coalition of 20 veteran and religious8organizations which protested in front of the museum on>Wednesday. Jo Becker, executive director of the Fellowship of8Reconciliation, says the revised exhibit "glorifies and)legitimizes the use of nuclear weapons":<   "By focusing on the plane, by focusing on the crew, with>little or no mention of the victims and of the devastation of?Hiroshima and nagasaki, is to us a celebration of the bomb. We>believe instead we should be looking at this as a very solemnAreminder of a vast human tragedy in our history. people who walk?into this exhibit are not going to know that Dwight EisenhowerAspoke against the bomb and thought it was a mistake. They aren't<going to know that the joint chiefs of staff also expressedAreservations about the use of the bomb, that military leaders of2the time were advising another course of action.";   A group of scholars has also criticized the Smithsonian?exhibit for omitting much of that information and the historic?documents which support it. The historians' committee for open@debate on Hiroshima has accused the Smithsonian of caving in tocensorship.A   Martin Sherwin, author of "A World destroyed: The Atomic Bomb/and the Grand aLliance," chairs the committee:>   "I have no objection to any of the lobbying that air forceBassociation, the American legion or any other critics were doing.@I have no objection to a lot of their criticism. I think one of<the things that was missed when this exhibit was structured@originally was the sense that so many people would come and see>it who had no idea about Japanese atrocities and the context.>Expanding the exhibit backwards is a reasonable critique. The@issue that was inconceivable was Congress coming in and saying,7'thou shalt remove documents the American Legion findsobjectionable.'"<   Mister Sherwin and other historians have questioned what@impact the controversy will have on the Smithsonian in the long=run. Smithsonian secretary Michael Heyman has downplayed the9repercussions, saying although he believes there will be8political pressure from time to time, the circumstances"surrounding Enola Gay are unique:A   "First of all, we are in the middle of a commemoration, whichAis rarely true with regard to exhibits here. Secondly, we have aAlot of living participants with respect to the subject matter of@this exhibition. Thirdly, we couldn't have chosen a more highlyBpolitical subject matter. Fourthly, we are dealing with a subjectBmatter in which there is considerable disagreement with regard to)the morality of the use of the weapons."@   Perhaps, however, this exhibit is not that unique after all.:Secretary Heyman told reporters that at the height of the:controversy over the Enola Gay, he decided to postpone an;exhibition on the use of air power during the Vietnam War.   ---------------   ---------------%   IMMIGRANT STUDENTS' SUCCESS STORY   ANDREW J. BAROCH   WASHINGTONA   Why do children of immigrant parents often perform far better@than other students in American schools? And what can Americans@learn from the immigrant's academic success story? One Virginia#high school may have some answers.<   Immigrants, or children of immigrants born in the United<States, make up approximately seven percent of the nation's?42-million elementary and secondary school enrollment. In some>regions, the percentage is higher, in metropolitan areas, for7example, like Los Angeles, Miami, and Washington, D.C.B   Located in a suburb of Washington, George Marshall High School=in Fairfax County, VA., has about one-thousand students; one@third of them are foreign-born, representing 56 countries, like?17-year-old Suma Murthy (soo-muh mer-thy), who was three years+old when her parents emigrated from India.7   "In India, they put a lot of emphasis on doing well>academically," says Suma. "That's why you see so many Indians4here do really well in school and stuff like that."?   Suma Murthy graduated at the top of her class this year and=was named valedictorian, sharing the honors with three other@high-ranked students, Ali Reza Gohari (ah-lee ray-zuh goh-hari)Bof Iran, Prasadini Bogollagama (prah-sahd-nee boh-goh-lah-gammuh)?of Sri Lanka, and kathy Tieu (tyoo) of Vietnam. Their story ofAcommon academic achievement recently appeared in "The WashingtonAPost" newspaper under the headline, "Four Top Students Representa World of Excellence."B   Eighteen-year-old Kathy Tieu (tyoo), who left Vietnam with her:family in 1979, says she didn't let cultural and languagedifferences intimidate her:;   "It may seem you're going to have a harder time being a?minority at some point. But you can't let that bother you. You<have to know that that's what makes you unique. You have to>remember where you came from and remember things your parents>taught you. You know that, living in America, you're going to=start losing touch with your own culture. Remember what they/taught you. Always keep their morals in mind."8   Kathy Tieu wants to be a doctor and will attend DukeUniversity this fall.A   A classic, inspiring tale of immigrant experience in America,=the valedictorians' individual success stories are even more:impressive because they are friends in and out of school.?   Steven Klass, the chairman of the school's English language?and literature department, says most of the student population;is, in his words, a model, "ethnically-diverse community":>   "Our kind of community is an indication of what can happenBwhen we start with kids, when we get kids together, and kids have@an opportunity to work with each other, to deal with each other;on a daily basis in a social perspective; and to gain some?understanding of what their different backgrounds mean to each=other. These are kids who find that their background is very?important to them, but are willing to share those aspects with?other kids as well. What i'd like to think is that our kind of=community is what we're really aiming for when we talk about!diversity in the United States."?   The thread running through the immigrants' stories is their(parents' involvement and encouragement.?   Prasadini Bogollagama (prah-sahd-nee boh-goh-lah-gammuh) ofSri Lanka:B   "My parents always make it a point to tell me, 'we brought youBto this country for your education,' and things like that. Always9focusing on your education is the most important thing."   Kathy Tieu of Vietnam says:>   "My mother always tells me, if you keep doing good and you?always treat everyone fairly; if you treat everyone positivelyAand give your best, it will come back to you. You'll be blessed,<in a way. And always, don't give up. Find a way to motivateyourself."?   Stories of immigrant achievement in American schools do not>greatly impress opponents of the U.S. government's relatively@open immigration policy. Dan stein is the executive director of;the federation for American immigration reform, or fair, aBnational organization advocating major reductions in immigration.?He says the George Marshall high school valedictorians are not>like most immigrants who, in his words, "on average, are lesseducated than Americans":B   "If people are trying to argue that the United States needs to=perpetuate a very high, massive, immigration program because9there are seven or eight valedictorians who happen to beBimmigrants in Virginia public schools, I don't think that's going'to 'wash' [win approval] in Congress."B   The U.S. Congress is considering legislation that would reduce@the Annual rate of legal immigration by two-thirds, allowing in>about 325-thousand immigrants a year, compared to the current%figure of approximately one-million.A   George Marshall faculty member Steven Klass, who is, himself,Athe grandson of Russian immigrants, says that immigrants, in his>view, "broaden the American perspective on the world. I would?argue," he adds, "that when we start becoming highly selective>and saying, 'this person may come in, and that person may notBcome in,' we're going to lose something that is very important tothis country."   ---------------   ---------------7   PROSECUTION RESTS ITS CASE IN NEW YORK TERROR TRIAL   CHRIS SIMKINS   NEW YORK=   U.S. government prosecutors in New York rested their case@Wednesday in the terrorism conspiracy trial of Sheik Omar Abdel?Rahman and 10 of his followers. The Muslim fundamentalists areBaccused of plotting to bomb the United Nations and other New YorkCity landmarks.A   After nearly six months, 100 witnesses and hundreds of pieces>of evidence, U.S. government prosecutors concluded their case=against Sheik Omar abdel Rahman and 10 of his followers. TheBEgyptian preacher and his co-defendants are charged with plotting>to wage a war of urban terrorism against the United States toAforce a change in its Middle East policies. Prosecutors say partBof the terror campaign included the World Trade Center bombing in=New York two years ago and a plan to bomb the United NationsAbuilding and assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in NewYork in 1993.B   As they concluded their case, prosecutors removed some chargesBof bomb-possession against some of the defendants because of lack@of evidence. Government lawyers say the remove of those charges/will not affect their case against Sheik Omar.A   The government's case against the militant Islamic cleric has9relied mostly on transcripts of his sermons and secretlyBtape-recorded conversations made by Emad Salem, a paid government9informant. Mr. Salem was able to infiltrate Sheik Omar's=inner-circle of followers and secretly record hours of their@conversations. Prosecutors have tried to prove that Sheik Omar,8as the spiritual leader of a group of Muslim militants,:instructed his followers to carry out the terrorism plot.=   Defense lawyers say that Sheik Omar and his followers are@being prosecuted for their political and religious beliefs. The>defense case is expected to last at least two months, meaningAjury deliberations could begin in September. If convicted of allAof the conspiracy charges, Sheik Omar and his followers could besentenced to life in prison.   ---------------   ---------------&   "GEORGE ELIOT: VOICE OF A CENTURY"   ROBIN RUPLI   WASHINGTON>   A new biography has just been published about 19th centuryAEnglish novelist George Eliot, the pseudonym of Mary Anne Evans,Bwho is perhaps best known for her masterpiece Middlemarch. Author@Frederick Karl examines the life of the woman whose novels gave<voice to the contradictions of living in the Victorian era.@   English novelist George Eliot was a celebrated figure of the@19th century and hailed so brilliant a writer as to be comparedAto Charles Dickens in her own lifetime. Professor Frederick Karl?has titled his new book "George Eliot: Voice of a Century." It=follows other biographies he has written which include FranzKafka and William Faulkner.A   He says Eliot's work, as well as her personal life, reflected>a struggle of coming to terms with life in Victorian England,=which was staunchly conventional while at the same time in a state of transition and reform:;   "She placed herself right in the center of that, almost>warfare in the nineteenth century. (She was) very strongly inBfavor of the community and at the same time, very much aware thatAthe individual had to be given his and her prerogatives. She wasAvery much afraid of science, progress, modernism not because she@was against them as such but because she saw them as inevitably=destructive of the idea of community. So in that respect she<became, maybe not the voice of a century but a voice of the
century."?   George Eliot was born Mary Anne Evans in 1819, the youngest?daughter of an estate manager in rural coventry. Her youth was;undistinguished except by the fact that she was hungry for8knowledge in a society where most women were considered8intellectually incapable of competing with men. And her8appearance was, as the author delicately describes "notAphysically prepossessing." But biographer Frederick Karl says he@believes Eliot's lack of conventional beauty worked somewhat toher advantage:B   "I see her appearance as an advantage in the sense that it was?clear almost from childhood or certainly from adolescence thatAshe was not going to be bombarded with male suitors and marriage=proposals and this gave her a kind of intellectual intensity?which she could develop because nothing else was going to comeAout of her. On the other hand, we have to factor in the enormous>amount of pain that she must have suffered from an appearance/that fell so far short of the Victorian ideal.@   Mary Anne Evans changed her name to a masculine one as a way@says Professor Karl, of "taking on power and protection she did=not feel." She soon achieved fame and wealth with her novelsBSilas Marner in 1861 and Middlemarch in 1871. The themes of those=and other works were centered around retribution, blackmail,=murder and secret lives whose disclosure led to destruction.;Eliot's personal life defied convention. She eloped with a@married man, George Henry Lewes with whom she would remain in a9common-law marriage for twenty-four years. This act says?Professor Karl, made her a social outcast at the same time she%was achieving great fame and wealth:@   "Once she ran off with lewes she was considered a pariah, an:outcast, she was marginalized. She was in many households>including (English poet Alfred) Tennyson's and was consideredAlittle more than a whore. When Tennyson came to visit he did notBcome with Mrs. Tennyson. She would not enter into this household.<Queen Victoria read George Eliot's books but would not ever=receive her, although Victoria's daughters did meet Eliot atvarious parties."A   Eliot's fictional heroines were, like herself, rebels who put1to shame the male ego and presumptions of power.B   But like Dorothea Brook in this passage from Middlemarch, theyAreflected her own ambivalence about the role of women: No matter?how intelligent or beautiful, women were not fully accepted by/society if not connected in some way to a man:>   "And how should Dorothea not marry? A girl so handsome and=with such prospects? Nothing could hinder it but her love of<extremes and her insistence on regulating life according to@notions which might cause a wary man to hesitate before he made=her an offer or might lead her at last to refuse all offers.=   "Women were expected to have weak opinions. But the greatBsafeguard of society and of domestic life was, that opinions were@not acted on. Sane people did what their neighbors did, so that>if any lunatic were at large, one might know and avoid them."@   According to Karl, "it partakes of her awareness that even aAvery bright, almost wealthy, goodlooking young woman is going toAbe hedged in by all kinds of restrictions because of the role of>women in the 19th century. So even a woman that would seem to9have everything, really can't take control of her life."@   At the peak of her achievement writes Professor Karl, George?Eliot was one of the three most famous women in England, along9with Queen Victoria and Florence Nightingale. In his new@biography, George Eliot: Voice of a century, the author says he=hopes readers will appreciate not only what an extraordinaryBnovelist Eliot was but what an extraordinary woman she was as she5cut a new path for women into the twentieth century.   ---------------   --------------->   ENDANGERED FALCONS SETTLE ON URBAN CLIFFS IN NEW YORK CITY   DINA WEINSTEIN   NEW YORKA   Numbers of the peregrine falcon, an endangered species in theAUnited States in the 1960's, are recovering and one of the birdsAmost successful habitats has been the urban Cliffs of New York's
skyscrapers.B   In its natural habitat, the peregrine falcon makes its home on9the tops of high mountain Cliffs. The bird of prey, near@extinction in the United States 30-years ago, now favors livingin New York City.;   The raptors' decline in the United States was caused by@several factors including, the decline of species on which theyApreyed, ingestion of prey that had eaten pesticides, and killing?by hunters. The falcons made a comeback in the 1980's when new9U.S. laws began protecting wildlife and the environment.<   Biologists in the New York area released falcons bred inBcaptivity to nesting sites on the city's high structures. Now, 13Anesting pairs of peregrine falcons live throughout Manhattan andAon bridges connecting the island to the rest of the city and the<neighboring state of New Jersey. These falcons can be found?uptown, midtown and downtown, on church steeples and above the6canyons created by the high buildings of Wall Street.A   The chief of the natural resources group of the New York City9Parks, Mark Matsil, says the falcons hunt smaller birds:?   "Peregrines capture their prey by surprise attack. They are>territorial and incredibly fierce. They tend to like New YorkCity pigeons."=   To hunt their prey, peregrine falcons fly very high, foldBtheir wings and plummet to the earth. They can reach the speed of@320-kilometers per hour, knocking their targets out of the sky.@   The curator of ornithology at the Bronx Zoo, Chris Sheppard,?describes the raptor as a living bullet. She is impressed with?the active interest New Yorkers have taken in seeing the birdsre-establish themselves:@   "One of the big problems with wildlife these days is, top of@the [food] chain predators find it very, very difficult to live>in the same habitat with man. The peregrine falcon really can9live with us, without anybody having a problem with it."8   Riverside Church is located in the northwest part of>Manhattan, on the highest part of the island. The 65-year-old=church is modeled after the 13th-century gothic cathedral in5Chartres, France. The 20-floor tower is covered with9ornamentation including gargoyls. For 10-years a pair ofBperegrine falcons has made its home in the church tower. The male6and female have raised a succession of young raptors.;   Emily Deeter who works at the Riverside Church says the>building staff built a protective area for the raptors in thetower:B   "They are very much a part of the church family. They are rent"free here. We like to have them."@   City park official Mark Matsil says despite New York state's@vast areas of undisturbed wilderness, 70-percent of the state's?peregrine population lives in New York City. While the falconsBlike it that way, Mr. Matsil says it drives the biologists in the)rest of the state crazy (mad with envy).   ---------------   ---------------.   EDWARD HOPPER: AN ARTIST'S VIEW OF AMERICA   MELISSA WINKLER   NEW YORK?   The art of the late Edward hopper has come to symbolize the<modern American experience. The subjects of his modest, butBhaunting, paintings are usually simple, but at the same time they<provide a lens to view ordinary incidents of American life,;whether they take place in suburban towns or crowded urban?spaces. Dozens of hopper's works, from both public and private?collections, are now on view at the whitney museum in New York?city as part of a new exhibition called "Edward Hopper and theAmerican imagination.">   Edward Hopper's career spanned nearly 60 years, from about@1910 through 1967, when he died. During that period, he managed@to capture on canvas a sense of everyday life in America in the20th century.?   Fifty-nine of the realist painter's best known works are on/display at the whitney museum of American art.A   What makes his paintings so compelling and unusual, according@to critics, is the emotion they evoke and the mood they convey.AEveryone, at one time or another, turns a street corner, glances@into a window, or passes a house along a quiet road... And sees@something that is strangely familiar, although inconsequential.AThese moments, experienced in American settings, are embodied inEdward hopper's paintings.A   In "Night Windows", a passing viewer peers into a window of a=city apartment through a thin fluttering curtain. It is darkBoutside, and inside the illuminated room, a woman in a pink dress.is bending down, as if looking for something.:   A sense of solitude and isolation also pervades Edward&Hopper's snap-shot like compositions.@   Beth Venn, a curator at the Whitney Museum, says whether the@paintings are of gas stations, storefronts, or individuals, the8artist has a remarkable way of capturing the feeling ofAloneliness and confinement that many people experience living inAmerican cities and towns:>   "You oftentimes see a woman standing with sunlight beamingAdown at her through a window. And she's standing there very sort@of silently and contemplatively. Oftentimes there is a sense ofAsadness and loneliness to hopper's works that come about throughthese solitary figures."B   This mood is best depicted in Hopper's painting "Sunday, 1926"Ain which a brooding, depressed, bald man is seated on a sidewalk>in front of closed shops, hopelessly waiting for something tohappen.A   Even in Hopper's paintings of restaurants, offices, and homesAin which there are several figures, Ms. Venn says there is still a sense that people feel alone:?   "While two figures might appear together, they still have a@sense of isolation as if they're not able to communicate, as if=they are still, even though they're together, they're withintheir own separate worlds."B   In one of Edward Hopper's most famous paintings, "Nighthawks",@several people are leaning against a counter in a New York city<diner late at night drinking coffee. Each person is blanklylooking off into the distance.8   Edward Hopper used soft, muted colors in his oil and>watercolor paintings. The strength of his work comes from his=sensitivity to light...The harsh light of early morning, theBeerie light of dusk, the garish light of a store or diner, or the1dreary light filtering into an office or a home.>   Art experts say Edward Hopper's somewhat dismal picture ofAAmerican life is likely a reflection of his time. He came of age>as a painter in the New York of the 1920's, when artists wereAturning away from the idealism of 19th century art and awakeningAto the realities of industrialization and urban life. Like otherBartists of his era, he focused on the simple, common man. Perhaps!the artist saw himself that way.>   Edward Hopper has frequently been described as an awkward,>quiet and private individual who avoided the artistic circles=that were so prevalent in New York city during his lifetime.@   Curator Beth Venn says Mr. Hopper and his wife instead spentBtheir time reading and seeing films and plays and that the artist<drew as much imagery from these sources as he did from lifeitself:B   "There's sort of a famous quote by hopper, where he says 'whenAI'm not in the mood to paint, I go on a regular movie binge.' we@believe really that his work was so influenced by the things he'saw and by the writers that he read. "B   But just as Edward hopper absorbed the culture of his time, soBhave today's filmmakers and painters tried to emulate the work of=the artist. A multi-media presentation at the whitney museum;exhibition shows the uncanny similarities between hopper's<compositions, and images that have appeared in contemporary*photography, movies, art and advertising.?   Beth Venn of the Whitney Museum says Edward Hopper's scenes<are both of his time and timeless and she predicts that his@images will continue to appear and reappear in American popular	culture.   ---------------   ---------------   RAPE AS A WEAPON OF WAR   PAMELA TAYLOR   WASHINGTON@   At a recent conference on genocide in Williamsburg, Virginia?(June 15 & 16), scholars from the united States, Great Britain?and Canada discussed events and circumstances that can lead to;mass killings of innocent people and what might be done to;prevent such willful slaughters. One paper which sparked aBconsiderable debate was on the increasing use of rape as a weapon'of war and as a component of genocide.>   The paper, prepared by conference organizer Roger Smith, a@professor of government at the college of William and Mary, was.entitled "genocide and the politics of rape".?   In professor Smith's view, the rape of enemy women has been@considered part of the booty of war ever since the 12th centuryBC:B   "Women were considered valuable, they were captured, made into6sexual slaves, made to reproduce and so on but today,:particularly if you look at say, Bosnia and the onslaughtAparticularly against Muslim women but of course other women were9raped too, here one is really talking not about women as?something valuable, not for reproduction particularly but as a:way of terrorizing, dehumanizing, of driving people out."A   It was in fact the case of the former Yugoslavia which caused?jurists and historians to consider whether rape as a weapon ofAwar may have crossed a new threshold. Whether it may have become@part of a deliberate policy of genocide against specific ethnicgroups.@   Previously, and historically, professor Smith said, rape was<for the victim an alternative to death, while in the formerBYugoslavia women often were raped and then killed. In cases where;the women were allowed to live, he said it was often for aAdiabolical reason, as in the case of the 1971 war in Bangladesh:<   "There was a policy, it would appear in some instance toBpurify the race if you will and change the biological composition@etc. They claim these Pakistani soldiers, in what was then east:Pakistan, they claim that what they were doing was really>purifying the race, giving different skin composition to some9extent, so they were lightening the race, improving it."=   Professor Smith says there appears to have been a similarBpolicy in the former Yugoslavia, where in some cases Muslim womenwere raped by Serb forces.?   In a telephone interview following the genocide conference,:Joe Trento of the Washington-based National Security News@Service, agreed that rape as a weapon of war has taken on a new&dimension, even in the united states:B   "Raping and pillaging is something we think of as the RussiansAdoing, or the Nazis or something of that sort. But unfortunatelyAand sadly, it's endemic throughout almost every military (force)<throughout history. There have been isolated incidents, theBmy-lai massacre is one of the great tragedies of the Vietnam War,@where US military officials were involved in condoning not only?mass murder but also rape. We had them during the civil war in?this country, on both sides. But they are isolated. They don't@happen all the time, and it's not the policy of the army. It is@not the policy of the air force. It is not a policy that we userape as a technique of war."@   Joe Trento says the U.S. military takes the issue of rape so=seriously it recently went so far as to institute a training=project at the U.S. air force academy in Colorado to prepare8cadets to face sexual assault if taken prisoner of war:A   "In a military where you have women present, there's going toAbe more sensitivity to this sort of behaviour. You're not likelyBto engage in rape if you've worked with women as fellow soldiers.@It's an act of violence, it's not an act of sex. It's an act ofBpower and the same is true with the civilian crime. And thereforeAI think you have less chance of having this terrible activity if>you have a mixed force. The Israelis certainly have not had aBgreat problem with this and they have an outstanding mixed force.AThe United States involvement in rape crisis training, preparingAfor rape, took place because of the Gulf War. The sere training,>survival and evasion training became necessary in the view of9some leaders in the air force (to give) the pilots extratraining, male and female.">   Joe Trento says the training was stopped following reports:several young cadets were traumatized both physically and=psychologically by the mock rape scenarios. Whether the rape<involves civilians or prisoners of war, both Mr. Trento andBprofessor Smith agree it becomes a war crime and part of genocide?when it can be demonstrated it is part of a systematic policy.According to professor Smith:?   "It's quite clear that rape is a violation of international:law, both in terms of treaties on treatment of civilians,=covenants against torture, etc. The question of how it fallsBwithin the concept of a law on genocide is difficult for a couple>of reasons. First of all, the concept of genocide is a little&fuzzy. Second, there is no case law."@   For that reason, the professor, like many others, is closely@watching the work of two U.N. war crimes tribunals, one for the=former Yugoslavia, the other for Rwanda. The Rwanda tribunalAbegan deliberations in The Hague (Netherlands) on Monday (6/26).   ---------------   ---------------   WARREN BURGER OBITUARY   RACHAEL BAIL   WASHINGTON<   Warren Burger, the fifteenth chief justice of the UnitedAStates, died Sunday (June 25) at the age of 87 of heart failure.(Born Sept. 17, 1907.)>   The word used most often to describe retired Chief JusticeBWarren Burger was "conservative." He was appointed in 1969 to the?U.S. Supreme Court, which interprets the American constitution9and the way American laws are applied, by a conservativeBpresident, Richard Nixon, primarily because he was not a judicialBactivist. At his confirmation hearings in nineteen sixty-nine, he<said the Supreme Court does not have the power to amend the?constitution of the United States. The chief justice also saidBthat law, like life, is simply common sense. Mr. Burger was chief<justice from 1969 to 1986, the longest tenure this century.@   His decisions were consistent in following these ideas. They@did not rewrite the constitution, although, in some cases, they
extended it.A   Harvard Law School professor Laurence Tribe once commented on.the chief justice's impact on the high court:A   "Chief Justice Burger led the Supreme Court through a time of@deep national redefinition and reappraisal. In doing so, he didAnot contribute greatly to solving the enduring puzzle of how our@constitution can justly and properly cope with problems of race>and class. But he did, I think, help to fit fluidity into theBconstitutional framework, in cases involving executive privilege,>such as United States versus Nixon; public access to officialAproceedings, such as Richmond newspapers versus Virginia; gender@discrimination, beginning with a landmark decision of the chief@justice's in nineteen seventy-one; freedom of choice (regarding;abortion) for women, in which the chief justice joined theApath-breaking Supreme Court opinion; and the rights of religiousBgroups to march to the beat of a different drummer (to follow the!dictates of their consciences.)"@   In the 1974 executive privilege case, Warren Burger joined a?unanimous court in ruling that President Nixon turn over White=House tape recordings to the Watergate special prosecutor, a:decision that contributed to Mr. Nixon's resignation. The@Richmond newspaper case upheld the news media's right to attendAcriminal trials, under constitutional guarantees of free speech.B   In the bender discrimination case, the Burger court overturned?a law giving preference to males in the settlement of estates.ABurger also voted with the majority in roe versus wade, the case@that made it possible for American women to get legal abortions(in the first three months of pregnancy.B   The case of Wisconsin versus Yoder upheld freedom of religion,@allowing people from the amish faith to take their children out@of public school after they have finished the eighth grade. The>amish believe in a separate, cooperative, rural, self-reliant;life and think that competitive, scientific education willAinterfere with this. In 1971 and 1973, the Burger court ruled in<favor of busing to eliminate racial segregation in schools,9though some curbs on busing were imposed in later years.B   During Warren Burger's 17-year tenure as chief justice, he was?occasionally criticized for heading a leaderless court. But as7retired justice potter Stewart said, "unlike any other8organization, the Supreme Court has no boss. It is no a@hierarchical situation. The only boss any member of the supreme>court has is the constitution and the law. The chief justice,Balthough he presides," said justice Stewart, "is just one of ninepeople. He's nobody's boss.">   Warren Burger came to Washington, and to prominence in theAlegal profession, from the mid-western state of Minnesota during?the 1950's. He first came to the Justice Department as head of@the civil division and then served as a circuit court judge for*many years before becoming chief justice.?   In an Chief Justice Burger traced his family background andAtalked about the impact of that background on his own life. Like?many Americans of European ancestry, Mr. Burger's grandparents=came to the United States in the mid-nineteenth century. HisAfather's father joined the union army (the northern side) in the@American Civil War during the 1860's and was seriously wounded,>but continued to fight even after losing an arm and was later?awarded the Congressional medal of honor. After the civil war,1the chief justice's grandfather became a lawyer:B   "he practiced a very special kind of law, limited to assisting>veterans of the civil war. He was in the state legislature of@Minnesota for a number of years and was the adjutant general of?the state (head of the state's national guard), which is not a:terribly important position but of some importance for an@immigrant. My other grandfather came as a stowaway on a sailingAship in about the same period and landed in New Orleans, came upBthe Mississippi River, as many did, and he had had some beginningBtraining as an apprentice shoemaker in Germany. He then continued@that work, and ultimately owned two shoe stores, one shoe store<for working people and another shoe store for more affluent9people. He did not become rich, but he was comfortable."B   Chief Justice Burger expressed the view that his grandparents,=not unlike immigrants of today, were attracted to the United>States because they saw it as a country governed by laws, andAthat people, average citizens, could retain and exercise control:over government through the use of the ballot box and theAmerican legal system.@   "We have a system through the courts of even controlling the@people who are in power.", said Burger. "No one in this countryAis permitted for very long to be above the law. Sometimes we are@slow in getting the enforcement of the law, but sooner or later=everyone in the country, including the people who govern theBcountry, are controlled by the law, particularly as it is defined+in the constitution of the United States."<   Warren Burger was known as a strong proponent of law andAorder, voting consistently to limit the rights of defendants and;expand the powers of the police. He called America's crime8statistics frightening, and compared them to day-to-dayBterrorism. He called for larger and better-trained police forces,@and for determining whether or not an accused criminal might be?considered too dangerous to be released on bail while awaiting7trial. However, he also urged mandatory vocational and=educational programs for prisoners, rehabilitation of prison<facilities, and screening and intensive training for prisonpersonnel.A   Warren Burger took an active public role off the bench, oftenBspeaking out in favor of reforms in the system of justice throughBimproved administration, streamlining of judicial procedures, and=higher standards and better training for judges and lawyers.@   When he retired in 1986, Mr Burger devoted full attention to7duties as the unpaid chairman of the commission on the?Bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution, which was held in 1987.   ---------------   ---------------   GUITARIST LES PAUL AT 80   MARTIN BUSH   NEW YORKA   Les Paul, who has brought a fresh dimension to popular music,'recently celebrated his 80th birthday.<   Les Paul's success stems in part from his pioneering the=electronic technique called overdubbing.  In the 1940's, the?guitarist began to play the melody of a song on one track of aBrecording.  Then he re-recorded the harmony along with the melody%on a second recorder. Les Paul says:B   "I got the idea for the multi-track from my mom who said: 'youBknow, lester, you sound like everybody else and everybody else is<sounding like you.   Since you went to the electric guitar,=everybody else is copying you, and you ought to do something>about it.'   so I did do something about it: Go home and lock>myself in my garage, in my recording studio, and not going toAcome out  until I sound so different that I make my mother happy>and she knows me from anybody else.  And for two years I lock@myself in that garage, and no one knew what I was striving for.AAnd I went looking in my little cookie barrel for all the things?that i'd learned in the past that could possibly make my sound-and my playing different than anybody else."@   The result was the 1948 hit record of "Lover," a multi-track<recording on which Les paul's guitar sounded like no other.<   As a teen-ager, Les Paul built one of the first electric@guitars, using the earpiece of a telephone for a microphone andBhis parents' radio to amplify the sound.  In 1941, in the face of;much ridicule, he created a solid wood electric guitar, an?instrument that has become a favorite of today's rock and roll=musicians.  In devising this innovative instrument, says one>music critic, "Les Paul has had a major role in sculpting the%face of 20th century popular music."B   Throughout his 65-year career, guitarist Les Paul has tried to<present the kind of music people like.  "Make the listeners9happy," he says, "and they will return again and again":A   "The most important thing is to give them what they came down:to hear.  Some people are so fixed in their way that they@wouldn't play commercial.  First of all, you train yourself andByou have the god-given talent that you can do it and that is thatByou can play jazz if they want jazz and play country if they want/country, and classical if you're that gifted."B   Les Paul started by performing country music for contributions@as a 10 year-old at a Waukesha, Wisconsin, drive-in restaurant.>He was known there as "Red Hot Red," because he had red hair.;   By the 1940's, he was accompanying such singers as Bing?Crosby, the Andrews Sisters and Gene Autry before going out on>his own. In 1945, he teamed up with singer Mary Ford, whom he@married four years later.  They shared many recording successes>such as: "Tennessee Waltz," "Mockingbird Hill," "How High the;Moon" and "Vaya Con Dios."  As Les Paul tells the story, aBrecording company executive did not want them to record "Vaya ConDios."?   "So Hal Cook says: 'Les, Jiminy Christmas, 'Vaya Con Dios,'@capital records owns that song.   It's a dog.  Anita O'Day madeBit (recorded it). It went nowhere.  It died.'  I says: 'but we'reAnot doing it like she did it,' and I says: 'I absolutely beg you@to let us put out 'Vaya Con Dios.'  And they did and it was thebiggest record we ever had."A   Les Paul and Mary Ford divorced in 1961.  Ten years later she?died of cancer.  At the age of 80, Les Paul is a man who still@pulses with life, vigor and enthusiasm, performing every Monday night at a New York night club.=   The frisky guitarist is the survivor of a near-fatal autoAaccident in 1948, A career-threatening ear injury in 1964, And aBminor stroke and heart attack in 1975.   In 1985, he came through:one of the first five-vessel heart bypass operations everperformed.A   Country guitarist Chet Atkins says of his friend Les Paul: "I?know he likes to be thought of as an inventor, but to me he is$just a great, great guitar player."   ---------------   ---------------'   "EGO TRIP" PUT YOUR NAME ON A PLANE   PAUL FRANCUCH   CHICAGO>   People who travel and fly a lot here in the United States,?and, increasingly in the rest of the world, make sure they get?travel credits known as "frequent flier miles."  These credits?can be used later for free travel and upgraded accommodations.ANow it can be used for a travel award which some may view as theultimate "ego trip."=   Chicago-based uNited Airlines likes to bill itself as theB"world's largest airline," and frequently likes to do things in a=big way.  Now it is offering its most seasoned travellers anAopportunity to use all those travel miles they've accumulated to?bid for a most unusual award, namely, having an airplane named@for them.  United spokesman Tony Molinaro says the winners willbe picked by auction:B   "United Airlines is asking frequent fliers if they would like,=they would bid to get their name on an airplane. The top ten:bidders would win the award and we paint their name on anAairplane.  Ten different planes then would be flying around with%names on them all over the country."A   Your name stays on the plane for a whole year.  So what's theBminimum bid?  At least 500,000 frequent flier miles. That's worth?almost 10,000 dollars in airline tickets. United hopes bids of@one-million miles or more will be offered by those hoping their name will soar high in the sky.@   Spokesman Molinaro is confident his airline will get several	bidders:A   "We've learned that a lot of frequent travellers ... ActuallyBto get an award of another trip to travel somewhere else, some of<them think, "gee, I don't want to do that again.  Can I get=another type of reward?" And many of our frequent fliers areBpeople who enjoy aviation, airplanes.  So this is a neat idea forAthem, a little bit of history for them, it's their 15 minutes of>fame, and they can say, "that's my plane with my name on it.";   The bidding runs through early August.  Painting startsBshortly afterward.  You do not get your choice of aircraft.  Your8names goes on the next plane coming into the hangar forrefurbishing.   ---------------   ---------------   SYNCOPATED PIANISTS   MARTIN BUSH   NEW YORKA   Alan Feinberg is a classical pianist with a lifelong interest"in the rhythmic vitality of jazz.@   Alan Feinberg's new recording is called "Fascinatin' Rhythm,AAmerican Syncopation."  It is an exploration of various rhythmic=inventions that revolutionized American music.  Mr. Feinberg@examines the rhythmic interchanges that developed in the 1920's:and '30's among jazz, folk songs, classical music, native@American melodies, Afro-Cuban rhythms and music from the MiddleEast.@   The earliest American composer the pianist highlights is theBsomewhat-forgotten Louis Moreau Gottschalk (loo 'ee  mo 'ro  'got>shawk), who lived from 1829 to 1869.  As Alan Feinberg points>out, many of Gottschalk's works heralded the arrival of jazz:=   "If you look at any trend in American piano music and youBstart going back, it will all go back to Louis Moreau Gottschalk.>A piece like 'Bamboula,' which was based on some creole music@from his native New Orleans, was actually one of the first real?American hits. It made a big hit in Europe.  It was one of his@first pieces.  It had the beginnings of what (pianist/composer):Jelly Roll Morton later called 'the Spanish tinge' or theHabenera rhythms."9   Alan Feinberg, a scholar of popular piano music and aAclassical piano soloist, says between the first and second worldBwars, a tremendous amount of cross-fertilization occurred here in>the United States between the classical and the pop world The?popular or jazz musicians being primarily black, the classicalmusicians mostly white::   "It was actually a spur to vitality.  It was a case of:musicians, and in some cases composers, who respected the=achievements of other people, even if it wasn't quite in theAsame, exact category.   That's why James P. Johnson, perhaps theAgreatest left hand, certainly, stride pianist, ended up becomingBvery friendly with Leopold Godowsky ('lay o pold  go 'doff skee),4perhaps the best left hand in the classical world."=   Alan Feinberg calls the United States the place to be for&pianists during the 1920's and '30's:A   "With all the European virtuosi that were here, and with this>huge interest and burgeoning of the pop world here, there wasAjust so much music being written, so much music being published,=so many concerts, so many club dates, there was a tremendous<vitality.  It was as if the world was everybody's oyster (aBperfect place), and everybody was just free to let go and create.;And that joyousness, accompanied with that unique sense of?American rhythm, where you can't sit still, I think, is really@what came bubbling out.  And it infected not only the pop world@but also the modernist world.  That's why there are people likeBHenry Cowell who wrote music in tone clusters and stuff like that9but also was listed by Gershwin as one of his teachers."@   Alan Feinberg, the soloist in the premieres of more than 200Bpiano works by such composers as Steve Reich, John Adams and John?Harbison, is admittedly not a jazz pianist, not an improvisor.:Although the composers represented on his new album often@improvised, he does not.  To duplicate the original recordings,?Mr. Feinstein transcribed the improvisations as written notes.>Asked what coping with the varied techniques and styles of 18Bpianists was like, Alan Feinberg answered: "It was a considerablechallenge":B   "I altered my touch and my style as much as I could, depending?upon the composers played.   Something like Art Tatum is fine,<elegant piano-playing.  Something like Bud Powell is not orAWillie 'The Lion' Smith, whose playing was less polished in that?sense.  So that on this disk, one of the things I wanted to do>was to just give it what is still just a slight indication of@exactly just what a huge range of piano this country produced.":   New Yorker magazine describes pianist Alan Feinberg asB"someone not to miss, a virtuoso with a musical mind as quick and@precise as his technique; a pianistic 'presence,' a romantic in8his ardent, elegant championship of whatever he plays."   ---------------   ---------------   U.S. AGRICULTURAL ROUNDUP
   ROB SIVAK   WASHINGTON?   The U.S. agriculture secretary travels to Moscow to size up=Russia's farm economy and U.S. trade prospects; Hard-pressed?Pacific northwest timber communities get some welcome aid fromBthe federal government;.And the U.S. Congress puts a new meat and#poultry inspection system on hold.>   U.S. agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman was in Russia this=week, officially part of the U.S. delegation to a meeting inAMoscow of the so-called gore-Chernomyrdin commission. It was the?fifth session of this bi-lateral "issues" panel, conceived and<co-chaired by U.S. vice President Al gore and Russian Prime=Minister Victor Chernomyrdin. Secretary Glickman chaired theApanel's agriculture committee, which discussed a variety of farm*trade and agribusiness investment issues.:   In a telephone news conference from Moscow on Tuesday,<Secretary Glickman said his talks with Russia's agricultureBminister and other officials focused on the future of the Russian;farm economy, and what the United States can do to support,continued privatization and market reforms:B   "They do not intend to go back to the old days of centralized,>managed agriculture. That is, the movement toward grass-roots5control over agriculture, that may be in the form of;cooperatives, it may be in the form of private farms, or a?combination of both, will continue, although I do believe they?are going to continue to need our technical assistance to helpthem move along that path."B   What Russia continues to need most, said Mr. Glickman, is U.S.3help in modernizing its inefficient food industry:>   "More than anything else, they need investment to begin toBbuild their agriculture complex. They need brain power. They need=farmer-to-farmer programs. They need Americans coming in andBhelping them set up transportation and banking systems. They need?to convert to a cooperative (producer-owned) type of (farming)Asystem. They need credit. That kind of investment, I think, will<produce ultimately the need for purchase of more basic, raw*agricultural and industrial commodities.";   The U.S. agriculture secretary said he told his Russian=counterparts the Clinton Administration has serious concerns9about proposed increases in Russian tariffs on some U.S.=agricultural imports, including pork. Mr. Glickman said such@increases would make it more difficult for the United States toAexpand its farm trade with Russia. And he said Russia definitelyneeds food imports:>   "They continue to need protein. They buy a lot of chickens>from us, and I think they are going to continue to need meat,=meat protein. You know they are significantly down (short of>supplies) on the grain side of the picture. We have not had aBchance to really discuss what their needs are, although this year2does not promise to be a great harvest for them."=   A severe drought in Russia west of the Ural Mountains hasAdamaged the country's winter wheat, sugar beet and oilseed crops@and threatens its spring grain harvest. But Secretary Glickman,9who returned to Washington by week's end, said he saw no@indications while in Russia of any critical food shortages. And<he said no major Russian purchases of U.S. grain are in theoffing.   ===============B   U.S. timber industry workers in the Pacific northwest who have?lost their jobs, and communities that have seen their economicBbases decline, because of reduced timber harvests are getting aid;from the government. The help comes as part of the Clinton>Administration's northwest economic adjustment initiative, anAeffort to compensate those adversely affected by recent curbs on@timber harvesting from federally-owned forest lands. The latest;help came Monday when officials announced five-point-threeBmillion dollars in loans and grants for dislocated timber workers?in Northern California. Part of the money goes to help workers;find and train for new jobs, but funds are also being made8available to help workers' families pay for child care,Btransportation and health care. The latest loans and grants bring?to 116 million dollars the amount of direct aid Washington hasAprovided so far this year to the northwest's hard-pressed timbercommunity.   ===============B   The House of Representatives Appropriations Committee approvedAa measure this week that would delay by as much as two years the@start of the Clinton Administration's proposed new federal meat?inspection program. Republican lawmakers heading the committee@said they do not quarrel with the need for improved meat safetyAin the United States, since a spate of food poisonings linked to?bacterially-tainted meat raised public concern over the issue.AThey said the delay is a response to meat industry concerns over?the cost and implementation of the proposed inspection system.@   The U.S. Agriculture Department's Food Safety and Inspection>Service administrator, Michael Taylor, sharply criticized the@House committee's decision to put the Clinton plan on hold, and<its call for an industry-government panel to write new meat.inspection rules more acceptable to industry:>   "...Which if it becomes law, would significantly delay ourAefforts to modernize our system of meat and poultry regulation.">   Mr. Taylor said the existing meat inspection system in the=United States is based on visual checks of meat carcasses byBpacking House workers and federal inspectors. He said the Clinton@Administration's proposal would require meat packers to monitor>their operations more carefully for food safety, and, for the?first time, to check meat carcasses for microbial pathogens as"well as for visible contaminants:B   "The current system does accomplish some important things withAthe visual inspection, but it lacks any means to directly target7and reduce the harmful bacteria that are not visible."A   Mr. Taylor says the House committee's bill delaying microbialAand science-based meat inspection comes up for a full House vote2sometime in July, and he expects vigorous debate.   ===============>   Shrimp farmers in southeastern Texas are bracing for majorBlosses as a mysterious virus continues to wipe out stocks in what>is normally the nation's most productive shrimp farming area.@This week, farmers in Palacios, on the state's gulf coast, toldBagriculture authorities the virus has infected their ponds and is@rapidly killing their shrimp stocks. In early June, three large?Taiwanese-owned shrimp farms down the coast from Palacios lostAnearly their entire season's harvest, almost 2 million kilograms@of shrimp, to the viral infection. The virus, named taura after>the Ecuadorian river where it began infecting shrimp farms inB1992, turns shrimp tails pinkish and kills within a few days. The9disease has decimated shrimp farms in Ecuador, Honduras,@Guatemala and Mexico, but was not reported in the United StatesBuntil this may. State agriculture officials think the virus might?have hitched a ride up the Texas coast on infected post-larval<shrimp breeding stock sold to other producers by one of theATaiwanese-owned shrimp operations. Officials say the taura virus;poses no health risk to humans, but the economic blow it's=dealing this year to the Texas shrimp-farming industry couldreach 40 million dollars.   ---------------   ----------------   CONGRESSIONAL HEARING ON AFRICA'S ECOLOGY   MIKE MORAVITZ   WASHINGTON;   Africa has some of the last remaining areas of tropical>forests in the world which are home to many species. A recent>U.S. Congressional hearing looked at the question of Africa'sAecological future. Witnesses at the House Subcommittee on Africa>hearing testified environmental destruction in Africa affectspeople around the world.=   Florida Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, who chairs theBAfrica subcommittee, says she called the hearing because Africa's@ecological future affects the United States as well as the restof the world:>   "The countries of the world are now part of a truly global6community, with the economies and the people becoming=increasingly interdependent. In this international family of=nations, the ecological degradation of one habitat, in turn,?affects the world's ecological balance. As a result, while the=U.S. undertakes initiatives to resolve its own environmental?hazards, it must also look to developments in other regions to1prevent a further escalation of these problems."7   Representative Ros-Lehtinen expressed concern aboutBdeforestation in Africa that could destroy thousands of plant and@animal species, and cause atmospheric changes and soil erosion.=   The director of a State Department office for ecology and;conservation, James Pringle, testified at the hearing. Mr.BPringle said most of Africa's land degradation is caused by human@activities, made worse by population growth. He said ecological>degradation in Africa would affect the rest of the world, but2would have more impact on the continent's people:=   "Environmental failure in Africa on a systemic basis will7certainly have global consequences. It will affect our=environmental welfare. But it would certainly also fall with@particular force on the African people, because I think for theAsimple reason they are closer to the land, their closer to theirBenvironment, and it is going to have more direct immediate impact<on them than it would perhaps on other parts of the world."?   The State Department official warned of the consequences ofAexcessive population growth. Mr. Pringle said greater numbers of=Africans forced to populate less productive lands leads to aBcycle of poverty, civil strife, and environmental crisis. He saidBexternal assistance will be essential for Africa for some time tocome.@   But Mr. Pringle saw signs of hope. He said growing awareness@of environmental issues in Africa is beginning to have tangibleAresults. He spoke of Africa's people being an important resource-in trying to curb environmental destruction.@   Henri Nsanjama, vice president for the Africa and Madagascar=program of the private conservation group the World Wildlife<Fund, says it is not too late to save Africa's ecology fromthreats of poverty:?   "Africa still has vast areas of territory with little or no@human presence. The system of parks and protected areas in many?countries, while not complete, is well developed. Although theAlevels of public awareness and understanding of the consequences>of environmental degradation are low, they are improving, and?many countries have made significant steps toward passing lawsthat protect the environment."6   Mr. Nsanjama called for continued U.S. support for<conservation and development programs. He said conservation>efforts have helped several wildlife species make a comeback,1such as the nile crocodile and mountain gorilla.B   The World Wildlife Fund official also said Africa's ecologicalAfuture lies in ensuring rural communities have an economic stakein conservation.   ---------------   ---------------   REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK: ANGOLA   MALLORY SALESON   JOHANNESBURGA   Throughout my visit to Angola I saw them everywhere, the weak<and the hungry, young and old, picking through the piles ofBrubble on every street hoping to find any meager scrap of food orany shred of clothing.B   The port city capital of this country of some 10 to 12 million@people, no one really knows for sure just how many people there@are here, is stretched way beyond its limits. Luanda was a city<designed for some 600,000 inhabitants during the PortugueseBcolonial period, but now as many as three-million people look forAany bit of space, most of them displaced from their own homes inAthe interior because of so many years of war. As a result, there@are constant power failures, poor if any sanitation, water that?comes out brown from the taps, if there's water at all. But in?Angola today, unlike even a few months ago when I last visited!the country, there is more hope.=   Children playing the streets are the potential leaders ofAtomorrow. They are the lucky ones and told me they are hungry toBlearn. They're too young to really understand what's happening in@their country, but they know they are again experiencing peace,>and they said they hope it lasts forever. Perhaps only 40 perAcent of the children in the capital are in school. The rest play?in the streets or scramble around trying to sell anything they:can get their hands on, from cigarettes to expensive tape=recorders obviously meant to reach one of the few departmentAstores. One department store owner told me the goods robbed from@the port or the shop itself in the morning, will turn up at theBsprawling black market by afternoon. Everyone here has a story totell about money.@   The department store owner who did not want to be named said:even if you maintain a bank account of kwanzas, the localBcurrency, at the biggest bank, you'll have to give the bank clerk>as much as 20 per cent of the money you want to withdraw fromAyour own account in order to get it at all. The banks don't seem>to have stocks of the local currency, as I discovered when my=translator Joao and I tried to exchange dollars for kwanzas.@   And business leaders like Alexander Portugal told me this is<the best time to do business in Angola, provided you have a0stomach of steel and are willing to take risks:@   "I think that really with the peace there are so many things@to do in Angola. Everything is destroyed so if we have a little@bit of imagination I think you can make nice business here. And>we can help these people. I was born here; my father was born;here. I think it's my house, so I need to help, also to dosomething."A   American businessmen are also showing an interest, as I heardBfrom the embassy's commercial and economic affairs attache DanielRubenstein:A   "I would agree with that businessman, being here for the long?haul is critical, being willing to accept different ways to do9business here is important, finding the right partner is<extremely important. And I think if one has flexibility and@creativity and indeed has a long-term commitment to Angola, one$can find ways to get the job done."B   Aside from the increased business activity, the United Nations@peacekeeping force, the Blue Helmets, have started to arrive in@the country to monitor the peace agreement signed last November>between the government and rebel UNITA movement. And everyone>told me they are hoping this time, unlike the past, the peacewill hold.9   When I travelled to the port city of Lobito, some 400Bkilometers south of Luanda, the commander of the British Logistal=Battalion told me winning the peace is sometimes harder than?winning the war. Colonel Harry O'Hare said there's a window of>opportunity now and both sides, the government and UNITA, are>watching. O'hare spoke about the lack of trust and bitterness5between the warring factions after so much conflict:=   "I believe that this really is almost the last chance forAAngola in terms of support from the international community. And?I think both parties understand that. And I think both partiesAclearly are showing the right sort of signs despite the tension,-despite the suspicion between each of them."B   Colonel O'Hare said the reward to Angola for maintaining peaceBhas to be international investment. But the concept is not easily:understood by the average Angolan, trying to survive withBinflation running at about one-thousand per cent annually, and nomeans to earn a living.?   I found a wood sculptor by the name of Chris in a tiny shopAstudded with carvings on the "Ilha", the island jutting out fromBLuanda's city center boasting expensive restaurants, fish marketsand craft houses.A   He finally agreed to speak to me through my translator, Joao,and told me life is difficult:=   "During the day it's very difficult, the clients are very@rare. So best days we only sell one or two pieces and some days>we don't sell nothing. But medium (average) it's one per day,more or less."B   So how does he make a living? Is he able to survive with that?<   "We have to. It's difficult but we have to, to survive."   ---------------   ---------------&   UN VOTES TO EXTEND LIBERIA MANDATE   ELAINE JOHANSON   UNITED NATIONS@   The United Nations Security Council today Friday unanimouslyBrenewed the mandate of a handful of military observers in Liberia=until mid-September, but warned this could be the last time.BLiberia factions, warring since late 1989, are still arguing overa peace settlement.B   The Security Council gave Liberia until September 15th to make@peace or face the withdrawal of some 70 military observers. The@bulk of peacekeeping is being done by thousands of west African<troops. The U.N. set up a small observer mission in 1993 tosupport the force.>   The Security Council said there would be no renewal of the=U.N. mission after mid-September unless the warring factions:install a ruling council of state, establish an effectiveBcease-fire and set a timetable for implementing last year's peace:agreement. Liberia has had about a dozen such agreements.@   Liberia's U.N. ambassador, William Bull, rejected the threat@of a U.N. withdrawal. He appealed for patience, saying the U.N.:presence, no matter how small, is what keeps Liberia fromdissolving into total chaos::   "Without the pressure and active support of the United=Nations, the Liberian conflict would have degenerated into aAstate of anarchy. It is for this reason that my delegation would>urge a re-consideration of any action by the U.N. which would$suggest an abandonment of Liberia."=   Considering the human costs of over five years of war, it?would take a stretch of diplomatic imagination to conjure up a?scenario much worse than what Liberia has already endured. The@conflict has claimed at least 150,000 lives and driven one-half?of Liberia's pre-war population of two-point-five million fromAtheir homes. The country is said to be devastated, with criminal0elements and an illicit drug trade flourishing.@   The Security Council has signalled that it would pull out of@Liberia reluctantly, but withdraw it will, if factional leaders<can not put the fate of their nation above narrow political@ambitions. On the other hand, the U.N. stands ready to increase;its mission to over 350 observers if the Liberians find an&accommodation in the next two months.   ---------------   ---------------?   NAMIBIA FIRES DIRECTOR OF ITS NATIONAL RADIO AND TV NETWORK   SEAN KELLY   WINDHOEK@   Namibia has fired the director general of its national radio+and television network without saying why.<   Nahum Gorelick has been director general of the Namibian=Broadcasting Corporation since it was created at the time ofANamibia's independence from South Africa five years ago. He is a;well known figure in southern African broadcasting and has>represented Namibia at a number of international broadcasting
conferences.A   He was dismissed Thursday by a newly appointed board composed9almost entirely of prominent members of Namibia's ruling>political party, the South West Africa People's Organization,Swapo.?   On June seventh, the new board met behind closed doors with;Namibian President Sam Nujoma. The following day, a senior:government official appeared in the Namibian Broadcasting>Corporation (NBC) newsroom with instructions on how it should:report President Nujoma's visit that day to South Africa.B   Later, in an interview with the voice of America, (June ninth)Bdirector General Gorelick said he would not accept "anyone coming>in and giving instructions to our newsroom." He noted what heBcalled SWAPO's overwhelming majority" in elections last December,:and he warned of what he called a "critical danger of NBC@(Namibian Broadcasting Corporation) becoming a state propagandatool.":   Whatever the reasons for his dismissal, Mr. Gorelick's:departure is seen here as part of a general effort by theANamibian government to tighten control of the state-owned media,particularly broadcasting.>   At the same time, the government has suspended its regular:news briefings since scandals involving senior government$officials broke out two months ago.;   In a Friday editorial, the independent daily newspaper,BNamibian, said, "this failure to inform the media and in turn theApublic is a worrying omen which suggests a deliberate attempt on:the part of government to avoid accountability as much aspossible.";   Observers say their fear that the Namibian Broadcasting?Corporation might become a state propaganda tool have not been9eased by the scant attention it has given the governmentAcorruption scandals in recent weeks. Director general Gorelick's<dismissal was itself only briefly noted halfway through theAThursday evening television newscast, following a report of MissNamibia visiting a blood bank.   ---------------   ---------------*   NIGERIAN ANTI-GOVERNMENT RADIO STATION   CHINEDU OFFOR	   LAGOS?   A clandestine and anti-government radio station has started?its operation in Nigeria this week. The military government of9General Sani Abacha is searching for the station and itsoperators.;   The radio station which calls itself "The Radio Freedom8frequency," started broadcasting four days ago. It runsBanti-government slogans and commentaries along with revolutionarymusical programs.6   The lone male announcer who comes on the air after?twelve-midnight when most radio stations in Nigeria go off the4air identifies himself simply as "Better Tomorrow."A   Observers say this could mean a message to Nigerians to bringAup a yet undisclosed action, and not to lose hope in the face of@social economic hardship. The announcer also urged Nigerians to=fight for their rights in the face of military dictatorship.A   So far, the authorities say they have no clue to the location>of the station or its mission. An official of Nigeria's radio;transmission regulatory body said the security agents have3intensified their efforts to arrest the operators.8   Sources close to the ministry of information say the@government believes the radio station is funded and operated by;the opposition and pro-democratic groups, but opponents of'General Abacha said that was not true.?   Nigeria's former military ruler, General Ibrahim Babangida,>approved the establishment of private radio stations over sixByears ago, but, so far, only one station, "Ray Powel 100.5.", has'been licensed to broadcast in Nigeria.   ---------------   ---------------%   UN VOTES TO EXTEND SAHARA MISSION   ELAINE JOHANSON   UNITED NATIONS:   The United Nations Security Council Friday unanimously@extended a nearly 300-member observer mission in western Sahara<for three months (Sept.30), as the disputed territory heads:toward a repeatedly postponed referendum early next year.=   The United Nations has been trying to steer the political=opponents in western sahara toward the ballot box since they@signed a peace agreement in September, 1991, to end a guerrilla9war. The deal again looked precarious last week when the=Polisario Front, which wants independence for the territory,<temporarily pulled out of the voter identification process,.accusing Morocco of violating the peace plan.>   Morocco administers the former Spanish colony and hopes to?retain its hold on it. Voters will choose between independenceand integration with Morocco.:   The Security Council called on the parties to continue<fulfilling their peace obligations in good faith. Diplomats<reiterated their commitment to holding a referendum withoutfurther delay.>   The council recently sent a team of its own members to the@region to try to speed the process along. In September, Morocco>is to submit plans for reducing its troops in western sahara.   ---------------   ---------------,   IMF WITHHOLD FUNDS FROM ZIMBABWE-ECONOMY   LAWRENCE BARTLETT
   HARARE?   The International Monetary Fund says it is withholding some=financial support for Zimbabwe's economic reforms. The IMF's?action comes after some Zimbabwe industrialists criticized the&government's handling of the economy.@   A team from the International Monetary Fund has been meeting:in Harare with government officials, and the organization5announced it is delaying some funding for Zimbabwe's6five-year-old economic structural adjustment program.>   Economists say the amount involved is 500-million Zimbabwe)dollars, around 60-million U.S. dollars.>   The IMF's chief representative for southern Africa, Jurgen;Reitmaier, said the fund firmly supports Zimbabwe's reform;program, which aims to liberalize an economy that had been<tightly controlled by President Robert mugabe's government.B   But, he said the IMF had pointed out to the government what heAcalled "certain areas" that need attention. Mr Reitmaier did not;elaborate, but economists here said the IMF's main area of concern is government spending.>   By the end of march, the government had borrowed more than<twice the target amount for the entire year, and the budget:deficit is expected to reach close to 10 percent of gross9domestic product. Government spending also is blamed for@inflation, running at around 21 percent. Economic growth, which;had been forecast at between four and five percent, is now2projected to be less than one-and-a-half percent.@   Industrialists in Zimbabwe complain that government spending=is responsible for an economic decline. The confederation of?Zimbabwe industries says that if unchecked, this could lead to?what it calls the de-industrialization of the country. It says@government borrowing to cover the budget deficit is responsible?for interest rates of around 33 percent, which have suppressedbusiness activity.@   The World Bank recently had some kind words about Zimbabwe's@reforms, but it too has stressed that government spending is so&high it threatens the entire program.>   Economic reforms backed by the IMF and the World Bank have;often been criticized in other parts of Africa for causingBhardships for ordinary people. In Zimbabwe, critics complain that=while ordinary citizens have had to tighten their belts, the,government has failed to curb its spending.   ---------------   ---------------<   FORMER FOREIGN MINISTER NGENDAHHAYO ON FUTURE OF BURUNDI   WILLIAM EAGLE   WASHINGTON?   Burundi's former foreign minister says if war erupts in his?country, the international community will bear a large part of1the blame. Jean-Marie Ngendahayo (zhahn mah-ree'An'djen-dah-hye'-oh) resigned abruptly last week during a meetingAof the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in Addis Ababa. Since<then, he's been staying with friends in Johannesburg, SouthAfrica.A   Jean-Marie Ngendahhayo says his resignation is a warning bellBto the international community. He says mounting violence between>the predominantly Tutsi army and ethnic militias has made the"country practically ungovernable.B   Tensions between majority Hutu and minority Tutsi threaten the@stability of Burundi's coalition government. Observers say theyAfear Burundi could plunge down the same genocidal path as Rwandalast year.A   Some international institutions already are reacting. Leaders<at the OAU summit in Addis Ababa warned they would consider=military intervention if wide-scale violence erupts. The OAU;secretary general, Salim Ahmed Salim, sought financial andBlogistical support for a conflict prevention mechanism, including@peacekeeping troops.  The European Union also has called for an:international conference to help end violence in Burundi.=   Mr. Ngendahayo says international support is essential if.Burundi's coalition government is to survive:6   "I don't understand how the moderates have so many<difficulties receiving strong support, while [both Hutu andATutsi] extremists are getting machine guns. What is important is@to know that there are geopolitical interests in our sub-region>and I would like to know what is the position of the Security<Council on that? It's scandalous to see we are facing a big3problem in the sub-region and no one is reacting."B   Mr. Ngendahayo warns a conflagration in Burundi could be worseBthan the violence last year in neighboring Rwanda where up to one@million people were killed. He says a conflict in Burundi could=spread to neighboring Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Zaire. He,criticizes the United Nations for inaction:A   "This Security Council knows that the government [of Burundi]Bhas asked for an international judicial inquiry [into violence inBBurundi] and up to now we're still waiting. They have kept wolvesAand sheep inside the same house. How can you want the government@to function well when you don't separate wolves and sheep, tellBme. [The inquiry must answer] who [was behind] the [unsuccessful]@coup of 1993, who organized massacres after the coup, including=[the killing of] President Melchior Ndadaye and who is still=making trouble by killing government ministers and peasants,@lynching others in the streets, attacking army positions in the5countryside? All of those problems must be tackled."B   Questioned the causes of the lack of international response tothe Central Africa conflict:?   "I'm really astonished. When it is an Eastern European caseAlike Bosnia, the money, whatever you want, is provided. When youBcompare it with what we are asking for or African sub-region, you<cannot compare it. Especially when you know the risk of the@number of people dying. You are saying black people do not have<the same value as white people, which is scandalous for the#United Nations as an institution."B   Mr. Ngendahayo says Burundi President Sylvestre Ntibantunganya@has not been abandoned by Frodebu Party although the party this?week voted down a proposal to give him the powers of decree toAtry to stop violence. Mr. Ngendahayo says the parliamentary voteAwas against the government in general, including the Tutsi prime#minister and Tutsi-dominated army.@   Some observers question whether President Ntibantunganya has?the political support to integrate the mostly Tutsi army. TheyBsay efforts to do so led to the attempted coup in Burundi in 1993ABut Mr. Ngendahayo says military reforms are necessary, and will7likely take place regardless of who leads the country:<   "With or without the actual president, this army will be?restructured, and they must know it...And not be afraid of theAsituation. They have an education and structures made during the=past 30 years of the one party regime. But today things have0changed. I don't think it's a serious problem."@   The former foreign minister says he'll continue to speak up,@and to act as a counter-weight to extremists with international=influence, like former Foreign Minister Leonard Nyangoma and'former President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza.   ---------------   ---------------!   EGYPTIAN/SUDAN TENSIONS GROWS   LAURIE KASSMAN	   CAIRO@   Tensions are mounting between Sudan and Egypt after EgyptianAPresident Hosni Mubarak repeated charges of Sudanese involvement;in the assassination attempt against him in Addis Ababa onAMonday. The Egyptian leader is also warning Sudan not to provokeits northern neighbor.B   First, President Mubarak told a group of well-wishers that the@man who masterminded the assassination attempt against him is aSudanese national.B   Then, he launched into a long tirade against Sudan and againstAIslamist leader Hassan Al-Turabi. Egypt has long complained that?sudan supports Islamic radicals who want to topple the Mubarak1government and set up an Islamic state in Egypt.?   President Mubarak warned Sudan he would respond to any moreprovocations.A   He referred to an attack against the families of the EgyptianAmilitary attaches in Khartoum and a border clash in the disputed5Halaib triangle which injured at least six soldiers.?   Mr. Mubarak says he has expelled 70 Sudanese policemen from.four joint border posts in the disputed area.>   Relations between the two countries have been strained for9years. But they have deteriorated rapidly since Monday's7assassination attempt and Egyptian charges of Sudaneseinvolvement in the plot.   ---------------   ---------------&   ZAIRE PROLONG DEMOCRACY TRANSITION   PURNELL MURDOCK
   BIDJAN;   Zaire's parliament has decided to prolong the country's>transition to democracy another two years because of internal<problems that it says has knocked the current timetable offtrack.A   Zaire's transitional parliament agreed by consensus to extend?the transition for two years from July 10th, the day after the(current transition was supposed to end.>   In an address to parliament, deputy speaker Anzuluni Bembe@said the constitutional conditions for organizing elections had<not been fulfilled, thus making it necessary to prolong thetransition period.A   This is the second time Zaire's transition to democratic rule@has been extended. President Mobutu Sese Seko, who seized power@in 1965 but bowed to calls for democracy in 1990, said in a new@year speech that he wanted multi-party presidential and general<elections to be held before the July deadline. At the time,8diplomats said Mr. Mobutu was keen to capitalize on theAorganizational advantage his Popular Movement for the Revolution"party enjoyed in the countryside.A   But last month, Prime Minister Kengo Wa Dondo said conditions;were not in place for free and fair elections. He said theApresence of hundreds of thousands of Rwandan refugees in easternAzaire and the outbreak of the ebola virus that killed 226 peopleAin and around Kikwit in the west have strained Zaire's financialand organizational resources.<   Observers in Zaire say the country's roads and telephone;system are in terminal decline, compounding the logistical:problems associated with organizing elections. A nationalBelectoral commission and the government will decide on the timing<of elections, but political observers say there is also the=question of a constitutional referendum that still has to beheld.   ---------------   ---------------0   FORMER ZAMBIA PRESIDENT'S POLITICAL COMEBACK   LAWRENCE BARTLETT
   HARAREB   In Zambia, former President Kenneth Kaunda has taken the firstBmajor step of a political comeback by regaining the leadership ofAthe opposition United National Independence Party (UNIP). At his=inauguration as party leader Thursday, Mr. Kaunda called for=early general elections and promised to form a government ofnational unity if he won.9   Kenneth Kaunda launched his political comeback with aAresounding victory over incumbent party leader Kebby MusokotwameBat the party congress in Lusaka. Mr. Kaunda won nearly five times8as many votes as his former prime minister and protege.@   At the inauguration ceremony, euphoric supporters constantlyBinterrupted the 71-year-old leader's speech with songs of praise.:It was like old times to Mr. Kaunda, who ruled Zambia for@27-years before retiring from politics after being defeated forApresident by trade unionist Frederick Chiluba in 1991 elections.?   Political observers in Lusaka say it is difficult to assessBwhether the tide of enthusiasm seen at the party congress will beBenough to carry Mr Kaunda back to state house in elections due in1996.B   They point out his support within the party, drawn mainly from=the older generation and the rural areas, was unlikely to be0matched by younger people in the urban centers.@   Mr. Kaunda led Zambia's struggle against British colonialismBand took power in 1964, using his position to then back the fight:for black-majority rule in other countries in the region.?   He maintained good relations with both east and west during=the cold war, developing his own philosophy which he called,<humanism. The philosophy is a unique blend of Christianity,;marxism, and traditional African beliefs he imposed on the!country under a one-party state.B   Critics say under humanism, once prosperous Zambia sank into aBmorass of poverty and corruption. When both internal and external@pressure drove Mr. Kaunda to call multi-party elections, he wasoverwhelmingly defeated.8   His successor, President Chiluba, has followed World?Bank-backed economic reforms, which have caused job losses and?increasing hardship for many. President Chiluba blames this onBthe painful adjustment needed to set the derailed economy back ontrack.9   But Mr. Kaunda clearly believes voters will have beenAdisillusioned by the new government's inability to improve their+lives immediately, and will want him back.   ---------------   ---------------3   ALGERIAN WOMEN UNDER ATTACK BY ISLAMIC RADICALS   MONA GHUNEIM   NEW YORK?   While Algerian women have played an important role in their?country, many of them have been coming under attack by Islamic=radicals. At a recent (6/23) conference in New York, several6Algerian women discussed conditions in their country.;   Several Islamic militant groups which want to create an?Algerian Islamic state have used terrorist acts against women.;Women who hold jobs and refuse to submit to the militants'Ademands are considered in particular danger and live in constantfear in Algeria.?   Several prominent Algerian women came from their country toAHunter College in New York to participate in a forum on women in	Algeria.@   According to Marnia Lazreg, an Algerian writer and professor?at Hunter College, many women in Algeria have been targeted by2Islamic terrorists simply because they are women:B   "Algeria is the only nation in the Middle East where women are>killed as women because they are women. Women have lost their<lives for not wearing the veil, as well as wearing it. They?appear now as either the symbols of Islamic authenticity or ofmodernity."B   Algerian women who continue to dress in modern clothing, go to?work and speak freely are among those in Algeria threatened byBIslamic militants since 1992. When the Algerian government deniedAthe leading Islamic party an election victory at the end of 1991Aand canceled the second round of voting, Algeria was thrown into?a state of civil unrest. Since then, Algeria has become one of<the most troubled spots in the world, with over 40 thousand?deaths since January 1992, including about 400 women killed by6Algeria's Islamists, according to government figures.?   Amal Boumediene, an Algerian journalist says Algerian women@have had acid thrown in their faces for refusing to wear a veil<and have had their legs lacerated by radical Islamists. Ms.BBoumediene considers herself a devout Muslim and says the IslamicAmilitants in Algeria are deviating from true Islamic principles.<She agrees with her countrywoman, Anissa Benameur, a former=Algerian government official, who says Islam is in jeopardy.ASpeaking at the conference in French with an English translator,8Ms. Benameur said many Algerian women are resisting themilitants, including herself::   "Unfortunately, Islam is really in jeopardy today. TheAfundamentalist doctrine practiced in Algeria shamelessly puts on@the mantle of Islam to gain power at whatever cost. So far this@has resulted in thousands of casualties, victims of large scale8criminal actions in a country economically and sociallyBdestructed (crippled). Women, who are the favored targets in this?conflict, refuse in great numbers to yield, choosing rather todie."@   Like many activist Algerian women, Ms. Benameur says she has?received several death threats from Islamic militants, but she@says she ignores them. She says she will continue to resist and'live the way she wants in her country:@   "I'm a woman, I'm an Algerian and I continue to struggle. In=1993, I received my first condemnation, my first sentence ofBdeath. My reaction, I suppose, might have been to get frightened,Ago back home and close the door. That wasn't my reaction. Resist6by continuing to live your life as you must live it."=   Not all Algerian women agree with the journalist and manyAwillingly embrace the militant movement in Algeria. However, the=women at the conference in New York said Algerians , men and?women alike, religious or not , should be fighting together toBend economic, political and social problems in their country, noteach other.   ---------------   ---------------)   EGYPT/SUDAN SOLDIERS EXCHANGE GUNFIRE   LAURIE KASSMAN	   CAIRO>   Egyptian and Sudanese soldiers have clashed briefly near a>disputed area along the border between the two countries. The=incident is another sign of mounting tensions after hints ofBSudanese involvement in an assassination attempt against EgyptianPresident Hosni Mubarak.A   The exchange of gunfire was reported Tuesday night. There are>no details about how many soldiers were injured in the clash,=only that a number of wounded were transferred to a militaryhospital for treatment.?   The incident occurred near a triangle of disputed territory;along the Egyptian-Sudanese border. Efforts to resolve the$40-year dispute have so far failed.@   But the clash is yet another sign of deteriorating relationsBbetween the two countries, especially following the assassinationBattempt against President Mubarak. The Egyptian leader has hinted?at possible Sudanese involvement in the attack. Mr Mubarak hasAalso repeated complaints that Sudan supports terrorists who want<to topple Egypt's government and set up an Islamic state inCairo.;   The Sudanese opposition in exile in Egypt say they have@evidence of direct Sudanese involvement. Sudan denies any links>to the assassination attempt. So has Sudanese Islamist leaderHassan Al-Turabi.   ---------------   ---------------4   ETHIOPIA NAMES PRIME SUSPECT IN MUBARAK SHOOTING   SONYA LAURENCE GREEN   NAIROBIA   Ethiopian police have named a man of Arab origin as the chief=suspect in the attempted assassination of Egyptian PresidentHosni Mubarak.B   Ethiopian police say they believe the mastermind of the attackBon Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak is a man named Mohamed Seraj.?   Ethiopian television broadcast a picture of the suspect andAappealed to the public for help in his capture. There is a largeBreward offered for information leading to the arrest of Mr. Seraj9and several unidentified gunmen who shot at the EgyptianBpresident's motorcade in a failed assassination attempt Monday in
Addis Ababa.?   Mr. Seraj is believed to be the man who rented the building=the terrorists used to prepare for their attack. Police have@searched the building and reportedly uncovered assault weapons,8grenades, a radio transmitter, and binoculars. Egyptian?investigators are helping Ethiopian police in their search forthe gunmen.?   Two of the attackers were killed and two Ethiopian security?guards died in the shootout Monday. The Egyptian president wasBnot hurt, and he has hinted Sudan was behind the attack, althoughSudan denies involvement.   ---------------   ---------------:   NIGERIAN OPPOSITION REACTS TO LIFTING OF POLITICAL BAN   WILLIAM EAGLE   WASHINGTON@   Nigeria's pro-democracy opposition has dismissed the lifting@Tuesday of the ban on political parties. The opposition says itBis a ploy to prolong the rule of General Sani Abacha, who came to=power more than one-year ago. Others have expressed cautious
optimism.7   Reaction to the lifting of the ban was predictable.=Pro-democracy groups like the Nigerian democratic coalition,=NADECO, saw the move as yet another trick to extend military?rule. John Oyegun [oh-yeh'-gun] is the spokesman for NADECO inBLondon. Here is how he characterized General Sani Abacha's latestAnnouncement:>   "Here is a man that is deliberately playing games with theANigerian public and with world opinion. At every stage, he gives=just enough to make people confused, to buy him time. All he?wants is to be president for a number of years. He is going to<spin out these activities in a way that keeps world opinion?confused, keep Nigerians divided, drop in a bone for a pack of>dogs to run after so ambitious politicians will start running;around that dog while he gets on with his own activities."A   Mr. Oyegun says General Abacha's latest move was expected. He;says when world pressure was strong enough, General Abacha?allowed the formation of political associations or committees.*Now, he has simply gone one step further.@   Clement Nwankwo [nwan'-kwo] is the executive director of the9constitutional rights project in lagos. He condemned the<government for not Announcing a timetable for the return to?civilian rule. Tuesday, General Abacha told Nigerians he would=Announce the timetable in October, during the celebration of?Nigeria's 35-years of independence. Mr. Nwankwo says president6Abacha's Announcement has come in a political vacuum:>   "If you are lifting a ban on politics it supposes there isAdirection in which political parties should go, a date it shouldBbe looking forward to. When you lift a ban but have no agenda for?parties, no machinery for the registration of parties, and youAeven allow parties to have open meetings and rallies, then it is<a game that is being played like we have continued to say."9   Mr. Nwankwo says if General Abacha were serious about>political liberalization, he would also open all banned media)houses, and release political prisoners.=   One opposition politician says the ban never affected hisBgroup's plans in the past, and will not in the future. Shone Bare>[shoe'-neh bah-reh'] is a spokesman for the Progressive GrandAlliance in Lagos:B   "Even before lifting the ban we met. We did not hide the fact.;We should not leave it to soldiers who have no business inBpolitics anyway telling us when to [meet]. We should ignore bans.AWe give too much legitimacy to the military by folding our hands?and saying we are not going to represent our people any more."A   Mr. Bare does not know if the progressive grand alliance willBform a party, or even officially register if it does. He says the>alliance calls for the release of detained opposition leader,@chief Moshood Abiola. He is the presumed winner of the AnnulledA1993 elections. The military government charged him with treason1after he proclaimed himself president last year.A   Other Nigerians remain optimistic. Abdulkarim El-Bashir is anBeditorial consultant with the Democrat paper in Kaduna. He says aAlot of Nigerians are looking forward to the details of President>Abacha's transition program in October. He says there is some=skepticism because the government has not named an electoralcommission.=   But, he disagrees with those who compare General Abacha'sBmotives with that of General Ibrahim Babangida. He was the former@president who Annulled his own eight-year transition program todemocracy two-years ago:A   "I think there is a different atmosphere altogether. There is9a loud cry for democracy to prevail in the shortest timeApossible. At the most, the democracy transition is going to lastMaybe for one or two years.">   After the Announcement by the head of state yesterday, the@high blood pressure within the political system has come down aAlittle. Nigerians have hope the democracy process will be put in<place. Also, now that the politicians will be given work toBmobilize the people. Nobody wants to be left behind and that will:drop down the blood pressure within the political system.B   Abdulkarim El-Bashir says Nigerian politicians must all get on?what he calls the bandwagon of consensus, and work together to>make the coming transition successful. He says many Nigerians>believe that bandwagon may be leaving some opposition groups,like NADECO, behind.   ---------------   ---------------   OAU SUMMIT ENDS   SONYA LAURENCE GREEN   NAIROBIA   Leaders of the organization of African unity, OAU, have ended@their three-day meeting in Ethiopia's capital, Addis Ababa. TheBAfrican leaders stopped short of creating an African peacekeepingAforce, but did say they would step up diplomatic efforts to helpend African conflicts.B   During the three-day summit, OAU secretary General Salim Ahmed=Salim had pushed hard for support to form a standing African?force that could quickly intervene in crises in the continent.?Although Mr. Salim did not get exactly what he wanted, African=leaders did pledge to use more of what he called, preventive"diplomacy, to avert civil strife.@   The African leaders spent much time discussing the continued?ethnic tension in Burundi. Clashes between Burundi's Hutus and;Tutsis have killed thousands of people in the past several;months. Burundi's foreign minister, Jean-Marie Ngendahayo,@resigned last weekend, saying he lost faith in the government's!ability to protect its citizens.@   OAU member nations said they will not allow Burundi to slideAinto the kind of genocide and civil war that gripped neighboring?Rwanda last year. Secretary-General Salim said everything that;needs to be done will be done to avoid such a catastrophe.BBurundi's President Sylvestre Ntibantunganya said African leadersAhad threatened possible OAU intervention if fighting worsened in	Burundi.=   The OAU already has an observer force in Burundi, and Mr.=Salim said it would increase diplomatic efforts to solve theBproblem peacefully. Several African heads of state had opposed an@OAU peacekeeping army, notably Kenyan President Daniel Arap moiBwho spoke forcefully against the idea. President Moi said the OAU?charter forbids intervention in members' internal affairs, and?said dialogue and arbitration should be used instead of force.<   The OAU summit meeting was overshadowed by the attempted9assassination of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, whose<motorcade was attacked Monday as he arrived in Addis Ababa.APresident Mubarak returned to Egypt, and summit leaders moved to=the more secure palace of the late emperor Haile Selassie tocontinue their deliberations.A   Some other items they discussed included the African economic@community treaty, debt reduction, and development programs such;as child and maternal nutrition. Next year's OAU summit isscheduled in Cameroon.   ---------------   ---------------B   JURISTS COMPLAINING ABOUT RIGHTS ABUSES BANNED FROM OAU SUMMIT   WILLIAM EAGLE   WASHINGTON@   The International Commission of Jurists has accused a numberBof African countries of human rights violations. ICJ members wereBplanning to present their report this week to the Organization of:African Unity summit in Addis Ababa. But, that was before=Ethiopian authorities barred them from entering the country.?   ICJ representatives Tokunbo ige [toe-koon'-boe ee'-gay] and<Beneta Diop [beh-nee'-tah dee-op'] packed a week's worth of?clothing for their trip to Ethiopia. It turns out they did not?need to take nearly as much. The two women were back in Geneva<less than 24-hours after arriving in the Ethiopian capital.?   Despite an invitation from the OAU and a letter saying theyBcould receive visas upon arrival, Ethiopian immigration officialsBturned them away. Ms. Ige says the incident is ironic, especially=in the wake of yesterday's assassination attempt on EgyptianPresident Mubarak:;   "Human rights organizations are not allowed to get into?Ethiopia, but fundamentalists and those who try to assassinatepresidents do find a way in.">   Ms. Ige says the Ethiopian consulate in Geneva also deniedBthem visas. She thinks it was a reaction to a critical ICJ report@on Ethiopia shortly before the country's May seventh elections:@   "They said no, we are not going to give you visas. They saidAthe ICJ has issued a report on Ethiopia and we gave you a chance?[to talk with us about it]. We felt the headquarters agreement<the OAU signed with Ethiopia [in accordance with the Vienna5treaty] would be respected by Ethiopian authorities.'Unfortunately, this was not the case."B   The ICJ report said Ethiopia's transitional government did notAensure a free and open environment for last may's elections. TheAreport implicates the government in the harassment of opposition:political parties and the press. The Ethiopian oppositionBboycotted the elections to protest what they criticized as a lackBof security and of fairness. Ms. Ige says by barring the ICJ fromAthe OAU summit, Ethiopia has violated the Vienna treaty allowing access to international bodies.7   But observers say the Ethiopian government, and OAU@participants, may not have been pleased with the new report ms.AIge was carrying to the summit. Besides criticizing Ethiopia for>its human rights record, it warned of what it called a silent?wave of militarization across the continent. According to Ige:B   "All of a sudden, we see a renaissance of the military, eitherBcoming out in a coup as in Gambia, or holding on forever to powerBas in Nigeria, or the rule of the army in the Algeria crisis, the?use of military tribunals all over the place. All of a sudden,Bthe military seems to be coming back in different forms. We thinkAthis will pull us back in terms of the democratization process."A   Three to five-years ago, Africans were excited about the wave?of democracy [sweeping] the continent. But now, you hear aboutAmilitary involvement in sending out governments or being part of>the judiciary. [For example] Egypt [has] a beautiful judicialAsystem, but now they are using military tribunals to try allegedBmilitants. We feel the military should not be heavily involved inany aspect of governance.@   Ms. Ige criticized the rationale for rule put forward by theAmilitary government of Nigeria, and others, that the military isAneeded to prevent democracy from disintegrating into anarchy andethnic warfare:?   "I have always wondered whether they stopped to ask us, the8civil society, if that is what [we] want. If there is a?referendum, and the Nigerian people say, yes, we want military?government because it brings less chaos than democracy. Then IAwould support that justification. But in the case where you justBseize power, throw out a transitional program [to democracy], and=assert yourself there, a handful of people cannot decide for:100-million people what type of government should exist."A   The new ICJ report also criticized extra-judicial killings by@security forces or ethnic leaders in Chad, Algeria, Somalia and>Zaire, where during the past year, 163 summary executions andkillings were recorded.B   If she had been allowed to attend the summit, Ms. Ige says she?would have planned to discuss the detention of former NigerianAhead of state Olesgun Obasanjo, who is reportedly being tried byAthe Nigerian military in connection with an alleged coup attempt
in March.@   Ms. Ige was also planning to discuss the establishment of anBAfrican court on human and people's rights. Some observers say by;denying her entry to the OAU summit, Ethiopia has provided9another example why an African court for human rights isnecessary in the first place.   ---------------   ---------------8   MANDELA CONSIDERS SEPARATE WHITE AFRIKANERS HOMELAND   MALLORY SALESON   JOHANNESBURG<   South African President Nelson Mandela says a referendum=should be held among Afrikaners to test public support for a8separate white Afrikaner homeland. But he attached someconditions to the proposal.=   President Mandela said the demand by some white rightwing@political parties for a separate homeland for Afrikaners has toAbe examined carefully. He said a referendum should be held among:Afrikaners to test support for the idea, but added such a>referendum will not necessarily be binding on the government.>   He also said it will be difficult to decide who can cast a?ballot in such a referendum, and asked who are the Afrikaners?:While white Afrikaners have wanted to keep their homeland?exclusive, some mixed-race South Africans associate themselves@with Afrikaner thought and culture and could want to be part ofan Afrikaner homeland.A   Mr. Mandela said he will continue meetings with Freedom Front?Party leader Constand Viljoen, and others, to discuss, what he<called, the highly emotional issue. But he said he does not@accept the idea any area of South Africa can be set aside for aparticular population group.A   Mr. Mandela and the ruling African National Congress promised<the moderate rightwing they would investigate the idea of aAseparate Afrikaner homeland, called a Volkstaat, as a reward for>peaceful participation in last years' general elections. That=promise has been kept, and a special council was established-within parliament to investigate the matter.;   Last month, the council delivered proposals identifying:several areas that could be autonomous. But the plan drewAimmediate criticism from radical parties on the right, and left,:with most political analysts saying the plan would not be@constitutionally or economically viable. It also drew criticismAfrom many residents of the proposed areas, including Afrikaners,=who said they do not want to be part of a separate homeland.>   President Mandela said the government has an obligation toBconsider the concerns and fears of other parties and individuals,?and will continue constructive discussions. Political analystsBsay the more the issue is debated, the more it appears support is<dwindling for a Volkstaat. Analysts say a growing number ofBmoderate rightwing South Africans realize a white homeland is not%desirable in a changed South Africa.   ---------------   ---------------?   TRANSAFRICA RESPONDS TO LIFTING OF POLITICAL BAN IN NIGERIA   MIKE MORAVITZ   WASHINGTON=   African-American political activist Randall Robinson says>Nigeria's military ruler, General Sani Abacha, must implement<political reforms before anybody believes what he says. Mr.=Robinson was reacting to General Abacha's Announcement he is=lifting a ban on politics and on October first will unveil a+timetable for the transition to democracy.?   Mr. Robinson said Transafrica will continue its campaign toBpress for the restoration of democracy in Nigeria. Transafrica is;a Washington-based lobbying group on foreign policy issues%concerning Africa and the Caribbean.?   Mr. Robinson said General Abacha has no credibility outside@narrow circles within Nigeria. He said he will not believe whatBthe general says until the military ruler implements wide-ranging	reforms:<   "Unless and until the general is prepared to release allApolitical prisoners, until he is prepared to publicly charge andAcommit to due process of law, to allow civilian lawyers, to openAup the courtrooms and let the public see the judicial process at>work, unless he is prepared to restore the democracies at the=parliamentary and the state levels, unless he is prepared to?unban the banned press, unless he is prepared to stop stealingBmoney from the public coffers, nobody will believe what he says."A   The Transafrica executive director called, in particular, forAthe release of two high-profile political prisoners, former headAof state Olesegun Obasanjo and opposition leader Moshood Abiola.@   Mr. Robinson said Nigeria is Africa's most important country.and cannot be allowed to deteriorate further:B   "If Nigeria is allowed to deteriorate, disintegrate into civil>war, it will draw into the vortex all of West Africa. It willBdestabilize that entire part of the continent. It is doing so nowBwith drugs being trafficked into South Africa and other places of3the continent. It has also devalued the democraticAaccomplishments of Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia, because this@has obscured and overshadowed the great work being done in muchof the rest of the continent.":   Mr. Robinson said he and Transafrica will pursue their>campaign to restore democracy to Nigeria with persistence and;tenacity. He said his organization will continue to try to:isolate Nigeria's military government, despite the latest!Announcements of General Abacha.   ---------------   ---------------)   MUBARAK DESCRIBES ASSIGNATION ATTEMPT   KIM REID	   CAIRO:   Egypt's President Hosni Mubarak is back in Cairo after=escaping an assassin attempt today in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.@   Well-wishers cheered as the Egyptian president returned home?to Cairo safe and sound and surrounded by security. Only hours?earlier Mr. Mubarak had flown to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, for an9organization of African unity summit. He got a differentBreception there than he expected when gunmen opened fire just 100"meters or so outside the airport.6   Mr. Mubarak described the attack outside of Cairo:@   "I cannot tell you exactly what nationality, but they do notAlook like (they are of) Ethiopian descent. There were about five@or six, some of them were on the roof of one of the houses. TheBothers were coming in the streets. Just after I left the airport,Asuddenly I found a blue van...Looking the, and somebody just ran9from the ground, and machine guns started. For me it wasAshocking, what's that? Then I realized there were bullets comingBthrough our car, it is an armored car. So I was not afraid at allthat anything could come in."B   Mr. Mubarak was unhurt, but the PLO ambassador from the nearby@Palestinian embassy was shot in the leg. Ethiopian and EgyptianAtroops guarding Mr. Mubarak's motorcade killed at least three of:the gunmen. Mr. Mubarak appeared at ease during the pressconference.A   The 67-year-old president said the attack will have no affect<on democracy in Egypt. There have often been tight security@crackdowns in Egypt after past attacks on government officials.<The president would not speculate about who carried out the@attack. When pressed he acknowledged Egypt has had trouble with;Sudan,a country Mr. Mubarak has often accused of exportingterrorism.<   One anonymous caller to a Cairo news agency welcomed the?attack and said next time they will finish the job. The callerBidentified himself as member of an offshoot of the Islamic Jihad,?which assassinated Egypt's President Anwar Sadat in 1981. Arab leaders messaged their support.@   Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres seconded Mr. Mubarak's'call to fight terrorism on all fronts:>   "There are a people, a group of people who believe that byBkilling you can solve problems. And they are extremely dangerous,=more and more so in more and more places around the world. I@think we have to take this danger seriously internationally andtry to bring an end to it."?   for now Mr. Mubarak thanked God he is safe, sound and fine,@though he told reporters it may be a long while before he takesanother trip to Ethiopia.   ---------------   ---------------:   ALGERIA MAY ALLOW BANNED MILITANT GROUP INTO ELECTIONS   PEYMAN PEJMAN	   CAIROA   A ranking Algerian official says his government may allow the@banned militant group Islamic Salvation Front to participate in$this year's presidential elections.>   Interior minister Abderahmane Meziane Cherif told a French?daily that the Islamic Salvation Front, FIS, may be allowed to@run in the presidential elections. No date has been set for the?elections, but the government has said the balloting will take"place before the end of the year.;   In his interview published in the Sunday edition of "LeBJournal De Dimanche," the minister said, in his words, "if people-are for FIS, we will respect their decision.?   Although short of publicly committing his government to the@fis participation, Mr. Meziane Cherif said the government wants/the elections to be as democratic as possible.A   Fis was set to win Algeria's nationwide elections in January,?1992, but the government canceled the elections and banned the>group. Since then, more than 40,000 Algerians have lost theirAlives in the armed clashes between government forces and variousmilitant groups.>   The government has repeatedly said FIS would be allowed toBplay a political role if it renounced violence. But it is unclearAwhether FIS can convince other militant groups to lay down arms.   ---------------   ---------------$   EAST ASIA/PACIFIC WEEK-IN-REVIEW   LOU LORSCHEIDER   WASHINGTONB   The United States and Japan close a deal on auto trade, ending@the U.S. threat of trade sanctions on Japanese luxury cars, andAtragedy strikes South Korea when a department store collapses in,Seoul killing scores and injuring hundreds.@   The United States and Japan reached agreement on automobiles7and auto parts in time to avert what could have been a@devastating trade war. The pact calls for 200 more Japanese car;dealers to sell U.S. cars in Japan in the next five years,Abringing the number of Japanese dealers selling U.S. cars to one9thousand by the end of the decade. Japanese purchases of@foreign-made car parts are expected to increase by nine billion=dollars in the next three years. In return, U.S. negotiatorsBdropped their demand for verifiable import quotas. Both sides say?the deal represents a compromise. President Clinton hailed the?accord, saying that hard bargaining in good faith can overcome$obstacles otherwise insurmountable.?   Rescuers were finding survivors more than 30 hours after an<upscale department store in Seoul, South Korea collapsed on?Thursday. The five-story Sampoong department store was crowded?with evening shoppers when disaster struck. The death toll has>pushed past 100, with more than 900 others injured. Survivors>were found buried under concrete slabs and twisted girders on9Friday. Rescue efforts were aided by sophisticated soundBdetection equipment flown in from the United States. South Korean?officials are blaming the tragedy on shoddy construction work.6President Kim young Sam has ordered an investigation.@   South Korea's ruling party saw disaster on a political frontAwith defeats this week in the country's first local elections in:more than 30 years. Since 1961, local officials have been@appointed. In the elections opposition candidates won 10 of the@15 mayoral and gubernatorial contests, and thousands of council?seats across the country. The main opposition Democratic Party>won its most prominent victory in Seoul, where Cho Soon swept@into office on a wave of voter resentment for the ruling party.AThe opposition also won the mayoral post in the city of Kwangju.@The United Liberal Democrats won four races, while independents?took two. The ruling party placed first in just five contests.;The election is seen as a political barometer for the 1997Apresidential election, as well as a major step toward democraticreform in South Korea.A   The United States continued to press Beijing for access to an@American citizen held in China against his will. The diplomatic<push follows the detention of China critic and human rights;activist Harry Wu. Mr. Wu and a companion were detained in?western China near the Kasakhstan border on June 19th. Reports@say his companion was expelled from the country. The U.S. state:department says Beijing is in violation of the U.S./China>consular convention, by preventing U.S. access to Mr. Wu. TheBagreement requires U.S. access to a detained or arrested American?citizen no later than 48 hours after a request is made. Before@immigrating to the United States, the Chinese-born Mr. Wu was aApolitical prisoner in China for 19 years. In April, he testified;before the U.S. Congress about torture and forced labor inChinese prisons.B   Japan and South Korea moved this week to to ease a North Korea=food shortage. The government in Seoul shipped rice to NorthAKorea for the first time in more than 40 years. And Japan signedAa pact to provide 300 thousand tons of relief rice to Pyongyang.BBut two days after the first South Korean rice reached the north,<South Korea halted shipments and ordered its grain ships toBreturn home. Reports said the Seoul government was angered, afterBdiscovering that North Korean authorities forced a relief ship to?fly the North Korean flag while unloading rice in the northern;port of Chongjin. Seoul has demanded a formal apology from>Pyongyang. Meanwhile, Tokyo has agreed to provide half of its@promised 300 thousand tons of relief rice free-of-charge, whileAthe remaining grain will be sold under a long-term, low-interestloan.<   The international court of justice has refused to hear a=lawsuit that claims Indonesia's occupation of embattled EastATimor is illegal. The suit was filed by Portugal, which is still?recognized by the United Nations as the legal guardian of East@Timor. Portugal argued that an Australian treaty with Indonesia8for oil exploration near East Timor is illegal, becauseBIndonesian presence in East Timor is illegal. But the Wirkd court;said it cannot rule on the case, because it would affect a8country, Indonesia, that does not recognize the court's?jurisdiction. The court says it can only exercise jurisdiction?with Jakarta's consent. Independence advocates had hoped their?case would highlight their push for political autonomy in East?Timor. Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975 and annexed it theAfollowing year. The Jakarta government repeatedly has used force9to repress East Timorese independence advocates. Violent?confrontations have left scores of protesters dead or injured.?   And in China, the official Xinhua news agency says a farmer@has snared a 500-year-old living turtle from a pond in southern=Hainan province. The report says the fresh-water turtle is a8species given top protection by Beijing.. The tortoise,Atherefore, has been sent to a new home at the provincial museum.=And the farmer who caught the ancient reptile has received a420-dollar reward   ---------------   --------------->   INDIA CONSIDERS SCRAPPING $2.8 BILLION POWER PLANT PROJECT   ANJANA PASRICHA
   NEW DELHI;   in India, reports say a review panel has called for theAcancellation of a large foreign-built power project. India's bid>to attract foreign investment could be adversely affected, if!this recommendation is accepted.>   A review committee has recommended a massive power project?being established in the western Maharashtra state be scrapped>without compensation, according to two top Indian newspapers.?   The two-point-eight-billion-dollar gas-fired power plant is>being built by the U.S./based Enron consortium. It is India'slargest foreign investment.A   The "Times of India" and "Economic Times" newspapers reported?Wednesday the review committee describes the agreement between7the state government and Enron corporation as illegal.@   The agreement was made with the previous Congress governmentBin Maharashtra. The review was ordered by the new rightwing Hindu:coalition that won power in the state recently. Among its>campaign promises was, as one leader put it, to "bundle Enroninto the sea."A   The state's rightwing leaders had accused Enron consortium of<charging too high a price for the power to be generated andAgetting the contract without competitive bidding. They say there@was widespread suspicion of irregularities and kickbacks in thedeal.A   The review panel's recommendation to scrap the project is notBbinding on the government, but is likely to be accepted according?to commentators. The state's chief minister Manohar Joshi says,the decision will be made within two weeks.;   This decision is being closely watched by internationalBinvestors, who are rattled by the controversy and are calling the>Enron project a test case for India's economic liberalization	program.B   The United States has also urged the Maharashtra government tolet the project continue.=   If the project is scrapped, foreign companies will becomeAnervous of investing in India because of fears contracts may not"be honored by future governments.A   The Maharashtra government is trying to counter this argumentAand it's chief minister Manohar Joshi is presently in the United$States to invite foreign investors.<   But at least one American company, unnerved by the EnronBcontroversy, recently put on hold its plans to build power plantsin West Bengal state.;   Business analysts also fear the political risk of doingBbusiness in India will increase if the Enron consortium is turned>out of Maharashtra. This could affect India's plans to invite@massive foreign investment into the power sector to make up forenergy shortages.   ---------------   ---------------(   HEAD OF CHINA'S CENTRAL BANK RESIGNS   STEPHANIE HO   BEIJING@   The head of China's central bank has resigned from his post,@and has been replaced by his deputy at the bank. The reshuffle,<announced Friday by the official Xinhua news agency, is not?expected to result in any major changes to the country's tightmonetary policy.>   State-run Chinese media said Zhu Rongji's decision to step<down as governor of the People's Bank of China was approved>Friday at a meeting of the standing committee of the NationalPeople's Congress.>   An official Xinhua news agency report said premier Li pengBproposed that the 66-year-old Mr. Zhu should drop his position asBcentral bank governor because of the demands of his other duties.4   Chinese President Jiang Zemin named central bankBvice-governor, Dai Xianglong, to replace Mr. Zhu, who will retain;his posts as vice-premier and politburo standing committeemember.9   The Reuters news agency quotes analysts as saying the=50-year-old Mr. Dai is not expected to make any major policy?changes. The analysts say that although Mr. Zhu will no longer>oversee the bank's day-to-day operations, he will continue toinfluence economic policy.A   Mr. Zhu is said to have alienated many local governments last?year for tightening the money supply in an attempt to cool thecountry's overheated economy.   ---------------   ----------------   CHINA POSTPONES ROUTINE TALKS WITH TAIWAN   GIL BUTLER   BEIJING;   In another move calculated to show its displeasure over@Taiwan's diplomatic maneuvers, China on Saturday postponed evenroutine talks with Taipei.;   In June, China postponed high level talks that had been=scheduled between the chairmen of the two organizations thatAhandle cross strait relations. Now China says even routine talks6between the organization leaders should be postponed.?   An official of China's association for relations across theATaiwan straits which handles Beijing's contacts with Taiwan says=the talks should be postponed because the Taiwan authorities?have, in the official's words, "severely damaged the basis for%developing cross straits relations."=   China has been extremely critical of unofficial visits to>other countries made by Taiwan officials, including a private=visit to the United States by Taiwan President Lee teng hui,Bfearing it undermines the Chinese position that there is only one*China and Taiwan is one of its provinces.   ---------------   ---------------6   HONG KONG/CHINA AGREEMENT ON FINANCING NEW AIRPORT   MAX RUSTON
   HONG KONGA   With exactly two years remaining before sovereignty over Hong:Kong reverts to China, Beijing and London have come to an8important agreement on the financing of Hong Kong's new@multi-billion dollar airport is expected to boost confidence inthe territory's future.A   The agreement was signed by chief negotiators from London and@Beijing in a brief ceremony in Hong Kong. It is aimed at ending@five years of dispute over the financing of the territory's newAairport, Chek Lap Kok, one of the world's largest infrastructure
projects.=   British officials in the territory had accused Beijing of;using the airport financing issue as a tool in negotiating9political disputes, over questions such as what level of>democratic reform should be allowed before the 1997 change in
sovereignty.B   The agreement is the latest in a series of measures apparently=aimed at boosting confidence in the territory's future. Some@business people worry a drop in confidence will lead to capital?flight and an economic downturn from which Hong Kong might not	recover.A   Three weeks ago, Beijing and London reached agreement on ruleBof law in the territory and the establishment of a court of final>appeal. Although the agreement has been sharply criticized byAsome liberal politicians, colonial officials say it marks a step	forward.@   China has promised not to change the territory's way of life@for 50 years after the hand over. But many people say there are;already signs that pledge could be made virtually useless,?depending on how it is interpreted by Beijing after June 30th,1997.>   Recently, senior Chinese officials have spoken out on some=other issues of concern to Hong Kong residents, for example,Breassuring civil servants about their jobs after the reversion toChinese sovereignty.?   Analysts say with only two years left before the hand over,Bone of the most visible trends among people in Hong Kong is their?move away from a reliance on specific Sino-British agreements.=They say instead, many people are gauging their views of the@future based simply on whether they trust China to look out forAHong Kong's best interests. If the answer is yes, the agreements@are hardly necessary; and, if the answer is no, people feel theBagreements are not likely to stop China from doing what it wants.   ---------------   ---------------(   JAPAN RELEASE DEFENSE QUALITY REPORT   KYOKO KANEKO	   TOKYO9   Japan's annual defense report says the quality of the>country's military should be improved in view of the security@threat of regional conflicts. The paper also recommends a broad<review of national defense as part of a global move towards"disarmament in the post-cold war.@   Japan's 1995 white paper on defense says with the end of the>cold war, the issue of regional disputes has become a serious&problem in the international society.A   The white paper was approved at the cabinet meeting (Friday).A   The 410-page annual report points to the three security risksBin Japan's immediate neighborhood. The paper says these are NorthAKorea's ballistic missiles capable of reaching Japan, as well as@North Korea's suspected nuclear weapons, China's expanded naval;activity especially around the Spratly Islands, and a huge+Russian military presence in the far east.A   The report says Japan's biggest concern is North Korea, which8it calls a serious threat not only to Japan but also to@international community, in terms of nuclear non-proliferation.9The report notes North Korea is believed to also possess!biological and chemical weapons.=   The white paper says Japan should carefully watch China's=rapid military modernization, especially of its navy and air>force. The paper says China erected a building in the Spratly<Islands, which raised concerns among neighboring countries.@   The report says Russia's huge military presence to the north=of Japan is still a destabilizing factor in the Asia-PacificAregion. It says although Russia is reducing its far east forces,=Russia still has a huge military presence in the region. TheApaper says 220 thousand ground forces, 675 naval vessels and one:thousand operational aircraft are deployed in the region.@   In view of the changed security threats in the post-cold war?era, the report says the government should maintain the highlyBcredited and effective military strength and improve its quality.=It also says Japan's self-defense forces should be made more=flexible to deal with a variety of potential dangers such as9airspace invasion, terrorism, armed refugees and naturaldisasters.?   Japanese officials say this year's white paper was compiled<while the government is reviewing the 1976 national defenseApolicy which says Japan's military must have the ability to turnback limited aggression.@   The Japanese government hopes to draft a new defense plan byDecember this year.   ---------------   ---------------B   TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE REACTS NEGATIVELY TO AUTO TRADE AGREEMENT   JERRY MCKINNEY	   TOKYO=   Japan Thursday welcomed its automobile agreement with the@United States as a victory for free trade. But, the Tokyo Stock+Exchange reacted negatively to the accord.@   Japanese Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama says the agreement?will mean the end to problems between the two trading partners+over the automobile and auto parts market.@   The chief government spokesman, chief cabinet secretary Kozo?Igarashi, issued a statement calling the accord a "significant7achievement" that will further promote the cooperative?relationship between Japan and the United States. He also says?the agreement will help all countries who trade with Japan andthe United States.?   The Japanese government says it won a victory in talks withAthe United States by refusing to accept numerical targets in the@agreement. It says any figures mentioned in connection with the?accord are coming only from U.S. spokesmen and not from Japan.?   The United States has long insisted any agreement include a?way to measure whether Japanese imports of U.S. autos and auto?parts increase in the future. Japan says any such measurements are unacceptable managed trade.A   The agreement was also welcomed by Japanese business leaders.;The chairman of the nation's largest business organizationBpraised all involved in the talks leading up to the pact. He says<the accord is especially significant because it follows theprinciples of free trade.A   The head of Japan's largest association of employers says the=agreement will lead to more political stability and economicstability worldwide.:   But Japan's stock market continued its downward trend,AThursday, after an opening surge in the wake of the auto accord.BThe Nikkei stock average closed down by more than 110 points. The7US dollar rose only a little against the Japanese yen.:   The United States had threatened to impose 100 percent=punitive tariffs on 13 models of Japanese luxury cars, if anAagreement was not reached. The United States has long maintained@that Japanese markets remain effectively closed to foreign-madeautomobiles and parts.>   Trade in those two areas makes up nearly two-thirds of the166-billion-dollar U.S. trade deficit with Japan.>   Both sides say the new pact will help reduce that deficit.   ---------------   ---------------9   BURMESE REBEL GROUP ACCUSES GOV'T OF VIOLATING ACCORD   DAN ROBINSON   BANGKOKB   One of the 14 ethnic rebel groups in Burma that signed a peace;agreement with Burma's military government is accusing the'Rangoon junta of violating the accord.7   Last March, the Karenni National Progressive Party,<representing one of the ethnic groups along the border with=Thailand, signed a peace agreement with the Burmese militarygovernment.A   The Karenni were the 14th minority group to sign a ceasefire.BJust after the ceasefire was signed, the chairman of the militaryAjunta, General Than Shwe, urged remaining insurgent groups to do
the same.:   But in a statement faxed to news agencies, the Karenni9National Progressive Party (KNPP) deplores what it calls,violations of key aspects of the ceasefire.A   It says two thousand Burmese troops recently moved into areasBdesignated as Karenni, the latest such movement occurring on juneA26th. The Karennis say this violates an agreement on maintainingBthe military status quo in government and rebel-controlled areas.@   The statement also accuses Burmese troops of forcing KarenniBvillagers to act as porters and collecting fees, two other points+included in the March ceasefire agreement.@   After a protest, the Karenni say Rangoon responded by saying<troop movements are aimed at reinforcing border security in@advance of the upcoming general election in Thailand. The rebel<statement also says Rangoon accuses people from Thailand ofstealing logs.<   Burma's military-controlled media have not been heard tocomment on the allegations.@   The Karenni statement calls the Rangoon responses fictitious>and groundless. The minority group says, although it does not?want a resumption of hostilities, it expects to be attacked by=Burmese troops, in which case it says Rangoon will bear fullresponsibility.<   The complaints from the Karenni came as Burma's military:continues to focus attention on the signing of the latestBceasefire deal with another ethnic rebel group. The new mon stateBparty has fought central control from Rangoon since 1949. Earlier0this year, it decided to negotiate a ceasefire.B   A Rangoon radio broadcast monitored in Bangkok said a ceremonyBwas held Thursday, attended by senior mon leaders and the head ofAintelligence for Burma's military junta: Lieutenant General KhinNyunt.   ---------------   ---------------A   CHINA CONTINUES CRITICISM OF U.S. OVER TAIWAN PRESIDENT VISIT   STEPHANIE HO   BEIJING@   China is continuing its sharp criticism of the United States?for allowing Taiwanese President Lee Teng-Hui to visit earlier<this month.  He Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Thursday?repeated Beijing's demand it is up to Washington to repair the%strained Sino-American relationship.A   At a regular news briefing Thursday, Chinese foreign ministry@spokesman Chen Jian said China blames the United States for the)current downturn in bilateral relations.B   Speaking through a translator, Mr. Chen said the U.S. decision>to allow the Taiwanese president into the United States is an&issue Beijing is not willing to drop:<   "Now the U.S. side has taken actions that has harmed the9sovereignty and territorial integrity of China, so it isAimpossible for China to simply let it go. And now the ball is inthe court of the U.S. side."?   Although China has repeatedly demanded Washington make some>sort of conciliatory action, it has never specified in publicwhat those actions should be.?   The foreign ministry spokesman said from Beijing's point ofBview, the issue is not whether the United States knows what it is;expected to do, but whether Washington intends to meet thechinese demands.?   The Clinton administration's decision last month to grant aAvisa to Taiwanese President Lee Teng-Hui sparked strong protests;from China, which considers Taiwan a renegade province. To@express its displeasure, Beijing recalled its ambassador to the@United States at the same time the U.S. ambassador to China wasleaving his post.   ---------------   ---------------   KARACHI NEWSPAPERS BANNED   DOUGLAS BAKSHIAN
   ISLAMABADB   Pakistani authorities have banned six Urdu-language newspapers?in Karachi, the country's strife-ridden port city. Authorities>charge the publications were reporting in a sensational styleabout violence in the city.=   A government spokesman in Karachi said the newspapers are>banned for 60-days because of sensational journalism. He said8they had ignored government requests to tone down theirAreporting. The ban-orders were delivered to the papers overnight,and police were posted at the publications.=   Urdu is the national language of Pakistan. The newspapersAaffected are Awam, Aghaz, Quami Akhbar, Evening Special, Public,@and Parcham. Several editor's of the papers said the move would@hurt democracy in Pakistan. They said they would go to court to9challenge the action. Awam editor Nazir Leghari said the@government's move reminded him of past martial law in Pakistan:A   "We have seen the brutality of martial law and we do not wantBto see the brutal action of martial law (again) in the democratic;age and the democratic period. This is totally against the4democratic process, against the democratic values."8   This is believed to be the first such action againstBnewspapers since Prime Minister Bhutto came to power in late 1993on a platform of democracy.B   No action was taken against English language papers which have>a much smaller readership. Both urdu and English publicationsBregularly carry headline stories about killings in Karachi, where?about 900 people have died this year in ethnic, sectarian, andpolitical violence.=   Meanwhile, opposition leader nawaz Sharif called the move=against the publications a sad development. He accused Prime=Minister Bhutto of grossly mishandling the Karachi crisis, aAcharge he has made repeatedly. But, he also said he supports the<government in dealing with the situation. Observers say the?unrest in Karachi has damaged Pakistan's image internationally:and is taking an increasing political toll on Ms. Bhutto.   ---------------   ---------------   SRI LANKA FIGHTING   LEA TERHUNE
   NEW DELHIA   Sri Lankan troops are mopping up Thursday after the bloodiest>battle since Tamil Tiger rebels resumed hostilities in April.=Military sources say 96 soldiers died and 45 were wounded in;Wednesday's fighting. Six more soldiers died Thursday in aland-mine explosion.<   A military spokesman says the situation is under controlAThursday at an army base on the northern Jaffna Peninsula of Sri?Lanka. Wednesday, fierce fighting in the region cost more than?100 lives. It was one of the bloodiest days of fighting in thethe 11-year insurgency.@   There are conflicting reports about the extent of casualtiesAin Wednesday's battle. The military says nearly 100 soldiers and7at least 50 tamil-tiger guerrillas were killed. But, a>tamil-tiger statement says about 60 soldiers and 7 guerrillasAdied. The rebels also claim to have wiped out the army base that9was the target of the highly-organized guerrilla attack.@   About one-thousand rebels were involved in the attack on the,mandativu island army base early Wednesday.;   Analysts have speculated the attack may be a setback toArumored government plans for a major offensive against the Tamil?Tigers. Some observers remain pessimistic about the ability ofBgovernment security forces to defeat the rebels. But, an official;told united news of India the battle would have no adverseBeffects on military plans. The spokesman also denied rebel claims@of low casualties, estimating rebel casualties could be as highas 200.@   Elsewhere in Sri Lanka, a number of soldiers died when their@truck was destroyed by a landmine about 250-kilometers north of!the Sri Lankan capital, colombo.@   About 500 Sri Lankan troops and an estimated equal number of7rebels have been killed since Tamil guerrillas ended a>three-month ceasefire in April. The rebels are fighting for a<homeland for minority tamils in Sri Lanka. More than 30,0004people have died in nearly 12-years of hostilities.   ---------------   ---------------<   PAKISTAN OPPOSITION LEADER CRITICIZE HANDLING OF KARACHI   DOUGLAS BAKSHIAN
   ISLAMABAD@   Pakistani opposition leader Nawaz Sharif has condemned Prime9Minister Bhutto's handling of violence wreaking Karachi,<Pakistan's largest city, and has suggested some kind of newAfederal government should be formed. Mr. Sharif has leveled many&of these same criticisms in the past.;   Pakistani opposition leader Nawaz Sharif has once again@attacked Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto on the Karachi issue and:suggested alternative governments that might replace her.B   In a meeting with foreign correspondents Mr. Sharif said there?is an overwhelming feeling of despair and demoralization among>Pakistanis, mainly because of Karachi. He said, in his words,@only a non-Bhutto prime minister could revive national spirits:@   "You can call it either a national (interim) government or aBone-party government, or a coalition, and I think that coalition,>perhaps that national government can bring the Karachi crisisinto some sort of solution."B   Mr. Sharif said he would not support any military intervention?in Pakistani politics at this time, but he also said he feared>intervention. Pakistan has been under military rule for abouthalf of its history.=   Analysts found it difficult to gauge the substance of the<former prime minister's statements. Observers note that Mr.BSharif has been trying to remove Ms. Bhutto from office since she&was elected one-and-a-half years ago.B   Analysts say the opposition has become increasingly frustratedAbecause Ms. Bhutto's narrow coalition in parliament has held and8she has a hand-picked party loyalist in the position ofpresident.9   Ms. Bhutto in the past has strongly denied charges of;incompetence and has suggested the opposition, through its=criticism, is helping forces that are destabilizing Karachi.A   However, observers say Karachi has increasingly dominated the<national debate in Pakistan, taking a toll on the country'sAeconomy and on Prime Minister Bhutto's political strength. About@900 people have been killed in Karachi by ethnic, sectarian andpolitical violence this year.   ---------------   ---------------   CAMBODIA FIGHTING   DAN ROBINSON   BANGKOKA   Aid officials in Cambodia say they are assessing the needs of?thousands of civilians who fled their homes in the west of the>country for fear of attacks by Khmer Rouge guerrillas. RecentAKhmer Rouge raids are reported to have substantially reduced the>population of the western town of Poipet (pron: Poy-peht) and!displaced two-thousand families:9   The Cambodian government says it is in control of theBsituation and has reinforced its troop strength along route-five,-a key roadway near the border with Thailand.@   Local officials and aid workers say thousands of people have@left the formerly bustling trading town of Poipet, moving about-50-kilometers east, to the town of Sisophon.<   Cambodian Red Cross operations director, Uy Samath, said>Wednesday two-thousand families, about eight-thousand people,?have been displaced and are receiving temporary shelter in sixBuddhist temples:@   "now, the situation of those people [is that] the provincial9authorities, Cambodia Red Cross, and NGO (non-government?agencies) working in Beanteay Meanchey (province) have alreadyAfound temporary destination (shelter) for them. Most of them areliving in the pagodas.">   The Red Cross official described the estimate of displaced:people as preliminary. An official of the U.N. World Food@Program, Kenro Oshidari, gave a slightly higher figure of 2,300(families, close to ten-thousand people.@   The world food program, working with the Cambodian Red Cross@and private aid agencies, has distributed food rations to about&1,300 people most seriously-affected.>   In addition to the attacks on Poipet and route-five, Khmer?Rouge raids this month targeted the vital rail line connecting;Sisophon with Phnom Penh, 350-kilometers to the southeast.?   The director of Cambodia's railways said last week the line>had been cut, with more than 300-meters of track destroyed byBguerrilla land-mine explosions. It was uncertain how long repairswould take.A   Since may, Khmer Rouge shelling of Poipet is reported to haveBkilled as many as 20 people, with many more wounded. At least 250Bhouses have been burned, and rice storage facilities destroyed by'guerrilla rocket or artillery attacks.   ---------------   ---------------!   SOUTH KOREAN ELECTION RESULTS   SHIN NA	   SEOUL>   Opposition parties scored major victories in South Korea'slocal elections Tuesday.A   Results of Tuesday's elections show a growing dissatisfaction<among voters with President Kim Young-Sam's government. The@ruling party took only five of the 15 major city and provincialBposts, losing the most prized position of Seoul city mayor to themain opposition party.A   The two parties were boosted by the leadership and support ofAformer presidential candidate Kim Dae-Jung and former government<minister Kim Jong-Pil. Kim Dae-Jung, of the main opposition>Democratic Party, retired from politics after losing the 1992(presidential election to Kim Young-Sam.B   He was harshly criticized by the ruling party when he returned?to the political stage to campaign for his party's candidates.<Political analysts say Kim Dae-Jung's backing won the Seoul9mayorship for his party candidate and showed the veteran3politician still has strong influence over voters.@   The other opposition party, led by Kim Jong-Pil, also made a?strong showing, winning four of the top 15 posts. Kim Jong-Pil@formed the United lIberal Democrats after leaving President KimYoung-Sam's party in February.=   With Kim Dae-Jung's return to politics and Kim Jong-Pil's;strong showing in Tuesday's elections, many observers hereBpredict a return to what they call the three Kim's era, referringBto the 1980's when the three men led opposition movements againstruling military governments.B   Each of the Kim's won in his respective home province, despite9president Kim's call for abandoning regionalism in theseAelections. Currently the parties are divided more along regionalAboundaries than political ideologies, but issues are expected to?emerge as next year's parliamentary elections and presidential'elections the following year approach.   ---------------   ---------------    BOSNIAN REFUGEES IN PAKISTAN   DOUGLAS BAKSHIAN
   ISLAMABAD<   The conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina has scattered BosnianArefugees around the world. Pakistan, an Islamic republic, is one;of the nations that sheltered Bosnian Muslims. Most of the1refugees have left Pakistan for other countries.?   Only 79 Bosnian refugees remain in Pakistan, out of the 378Bthat arrived two years ago (June '93). Bosnian ambassador Sadzida?Silajdzic says many elderly are among those staying behind, to@wait for better conditions in their home towns before returningAto Bosnia. But ambassador Silajdzic says some children and young>men also remain in Pakistan, and each family has its personalreasons for staying.9   The refugees are living in the so-called Haji camp in@Rawalpindi, near the Pakistani capital. The camp was originallyBestablished for Pakistanis waiting for flights to Saudi Arabia to'attend the Haj, the Muslim pilgrimage.>   A special section of the camp, called the Bosnian village,?houses the refugees. Ambassador Silajdzic says each family has=its own unit, including a separate kitchen and bathroom. Air?conditioners have also been provided for the Bosnians, who are?not acclimated to Pakistan's hot summers. Ambassador SilajdzicAsays the refugees have been given free schooling and health care	as well.@   About 299 Bosnian refugees left Pakistan during the past two=years. Ambassador Silajdzic says one-third (90) went back to>Bosnia-Herzegovina and the rest to other countries, including;Sweden, Austria, Germany, Canada, Australia and the UnitedStates.<   Next month, about 25 more Bosnians are expected to go to6Australia through a program operated by the U.N. highcommissioner for refugees.   ---------------   --------------->   RAMOS APPEALS TO COMMUNISTS TO RETURN TO NEGOTIATING TABLE   MARIE ORARA
   MANILA@   Philippine President Fidel Ramos says his government is open<to end more than 25-years of bloody conflict with communistBinsurgents.  Mr. Ramos' remarks come the day after the government>broke off negotiations in Belgium with the communist NationalDemocratic Front.?   Mr. Ramos appealed to communist leaders to come back to the=negotiating table after talks collapsed. The government team@suspended the meetings when the National Democratic Front (NDF)=refused to participate, unless the government released a toprebel commander.@   The NDF says Manila promised to free guerrilla leader Sotero=Llamas (pron. Yah'-mas) to participate in the talks with thecommunist negotiating team.;   The communists say Mr. Llamas was to act as a political<consultant for the NDF panel and therefore should have been@covered by a safety and immunity agreement with the government.?   But Philippine authorities say Mr. Llamas was arrested lastBmonth, a week before the immunity agreement for communist leadersAwent into effect. The government added Mr. Llamas was not on the7list of communists slated to participate in the talks.<   Defense Secretary Renato de villa says Manila should not7accede to what he called, a blackmail attempt. He said@negotiations with the n-d-f have continued for more than a yearwithout the detained rebel.8   Despite the collapse of talks, Mr. Ramos ordered theBPhilippine military to cease all offensive operations against theAcommunist new people's army for 10 days, and pledged to work for,a joint ceasefire at the talks' resumption.?   The Belgian government was to mediate the formal talks this<week in Brussels. Many Philippine communist leaders live inself-imposed exile in Europe.>   The two sides were expected to discuss human rights in the9Philippines, political, social and economic reforms, and4proposals to end more than 25-years of hostilities.>   Talks with the communist guerrillas, as well as Muslim and@right-wing military rebels, have been a key government strategy9for achieving political stability and promoting economicAdevelopment. The Philippine government is to resume formal peace0talks with Muslim rebels next month in Jakarta.=   The government has offered rebels from all three groups a:blanket amnesty for crimes committed during the course of@fighting for their political causes. The amnesty commission has0received more than seven-thousand applications.   ---------------   ---------------7   BURMA REPORTS GAINS AGAINST GOLDEN TRIANGLE KINGPIN   DAN ROBINSON   BANGKOK>   Burma's military government says it has struck substantial:blows against the operations of Golden Triangle narcotics>kingpin, Khun Sa. Burma's military has been giving details of@what it describes as a successful offensive against Khun Sa and>his ten-thousand strong Mong Tai army in northern Shan state.9   Monday, the Burmese junta used a ceremony marking theAinternational day against drug abuse and trafficking to give the"latest figures from the fighting.>   Lieutenant General Maung Thint says 487 Khun Sa guerrillasBwere killed between the middle of amount of heroin processed fromAopium in the Golden Triangle region has been reduced by at least9two-thirds, with three opium-processing plants captured.;   The Burmese military says its offensive focused on main@corridors used by Khun Sa to move heroin across the border into<Thailand. Thailand is still a key trans-shipment center for;narcotics, although China and, increasingly, Cambodia, arebecoming alternate routes.@   Bangkok-based narcotics experts say the Rangoon figures of a<two-thirds reduction in the heroin flow cannot be verified.@   Diplomats, including representatives of the U.S. embassy and>the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and United Nations6drug officials attended Monday's ceremony in Rangoon.?   As part of a worldwide heroin strategy unveiled recently in@Washington, Clinton administration officials are recommending a9slight increase in assistance to the Rangoon government.<   The recommendation has stirred controversy, with some inBCongress opposing any greater cooperation with Rangoon because of2human rights violations and political repression.5   Among the proposals are more training for RangoonAcounter-narcotics efforts and support for U.N. efforts to reduce2cultivation in areas controlled by ethnic groups.B   U.N. efforts have centered on the ethnic wa area of Burma. The7wa signed a peace deal with Rangoon in 1989. But opiumBcultivation there remains widespread. Washington says it is up to=Rangoon to demonstrate its ability to deal with the problem.>   A powerful member of the Rangoon junta, Lieutenant General<Khin Nyunt, met senior Wa leaders in Rangoon. Rangoon media>reports said they discussed efforts to step up eradication ofopium.>   However, one of the Wa leaders, Pauk Yu Chan, is quoted as7complaining, as does the Rangoon junta, the absence of0international aid only makes the problem worse.   ---------------   ---------------E   AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL REPORTS CHINESE RIGHTS ABUSES AGAINST WOMEN   MAX RUSTON
   HONG KONG;  An international human rights group is accusing China of<extensive human rights abuses, including torture and forced@sterilization against women. The charges were released as ChinaBprepares to host the U.N. world conference on women in September.B   The 27-page report was issued by the London-based human rights=group Amnesty International. It says many women in China are<being detained, restricted or harassed for exercising theirAfundamental rights, and calls on Beijing to investigate and stop0cases of torture and other human rights abuses.@   Shortly before the report was officially released, a ChineseBforeign ministry spokesman responded to a question concerning theBallegations. He says torture of any kind, sexual or otherwise, isstrictly prohibited in China.A   The report outlines allegations of several types of abuse. It<says some women have been locked up for years, harassed andApersecuted for promoting human rights. It also documents reports@officials have instigated forced abortion and sterilization. ItAsays some women have been held for weeks or months in storerooms7or offices until they have agreed to have an abortion.=   Amnesty international says it does not take a position onBChina's official birth control policy. But, it says circumstancesBsurrounding some abortions and sterilizations are cruel, inhuman,>and degrading. It calls on the Chinese government to issue an.unequivocal prohibition of coercive measures.A   The report provides details of specific cases of human rights;abuses. They include Tong Yi, an assistant to human rights@activist Wei Jingsheng. It says she is serving two-and-one-half=years in detention without having been charged or tried. The;report says journalist Gao Yu is serving a six-year prison>sentence on questionable charges concerning state secrets. It?says about 200 Tibetan women have been arrested since 1992 for2their involvement in independence demonstrations.@   The report appears to be timed to increase pressure on China@as it prepares to host the U.N. world conference on women laterAthis year. Many women's groups outside China have questioned the0decision to allow China to host the conference.:   Beijing is also facing charges it is trying to isolateBparticipants in a non-governmental women's conference, to be held8at the same time as the U.N. conference, by hosting the@non-governmental conference in a difficult-to-reach town on the9outskirts of Beijing. Chinese officials deny the charge.   ---------------   ---------------   CHINA DETAINS HARRY WU   GIL BUTLER   BEIJING?   China says it has detained and is investigating an American<citizen active in Chinese human rights issues for allegedly=violating the law during a visit to China in 1994. A foreign@ministry spokesman says Harry Wu and a woman companion are at a(guest house near the Kazakhstan border.B   Harry Wu and his companion were stopped as they tried to enter<China at Korgas, near its border with Kazakhstan. Mr. Wu, aBprisoner himself for 19 years, is active in investigating China's;treatment of its prisoners and labor camp inmates. He is a@naturalized American citizen. His Laogai Foundation says Mr. Wu@and his companion had valid Chinese visas to enter the country.B   At his regular Tuesday news briefing, Chinese foreign ministryBspokesman Chen Jian said the two American citizens were not underBarrest, but under investigation. He says the investigation of Mr.Wu's companion is complete.>   The Laogai Foundation says she had been expelled while the9whereabouts of Harry Wu are not known, but Mr. Chen told<reporters both are, in his words, "being provided board and=lodging" at a guest house and can "enjoy medical treatment."=Asked later if that means they are injured, Mr. Chen said he2supposes it means they can have medical checkups.@   As to the reason for Harry wu's detention and investigation,Athe foreign ministry spokesman says it is because of a visit Mr.=Wu, whom he referred to as Wu Hungda, made to China in 1994:=   "During his stay in China from April the first to may the@sixth of 1994, without the approval of the relevant supervising;authorities of China, Mr. Wu hungda repeatedly entered the:restricted or unopened areas and organizations of China."@   After Mr. Wu's visit to China last year, he made allegationsBChinese authorities sell the body parts of executed prisoners forBmedical transplants without the consent of the prisoners or their*families. Beijing has denied the charges.@   The Laogai Foundation says, in his previous visits to China,=Mr. Wu has been extremely careful not to violate any Chineselaws.   ---------------   ---------------5   CHINA CRITICIZES TAIWAN'S EFFORTS TO RE-JOIN U.N.   STEPHANIE HO   BEIJINGA   China has strongly criticized its arch-rival, Taiwan, for its?latest effort to re-join the United Nations. A Chinese foreign;ministry spokesman Tuesday repeated Beijing's claim to the@island, and said Taiwan has no right to join an organization ofsovereign states.?   In response to reports Taiwan has offered the cash-strapped8United Nations one-billion dollars in exchange for U.N.Amembership, Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Chen Jian said he believes the attempt will fail.;   Speaking through a translator, Mr. Chen said the United1Nations is an organization of sovereign nations:@   "Taiwan, as a province of China, has no right to re-enter orAjoin the United Nations. The Taiwan authorities will not succeed9in their attempt to buy the U.N. membership with money.">   The nationalist government on Taiwan fled to the island in>1949, after losing the Chinese civil war, and retained a U.N.:seat until 1971, when U.N. recognition switched to China.=   Beijing, a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council,Aconsiders Taiwan a renegade province and has repeatedly vowed to3prevent the island from re-joining the world body.7   The Chinese foreign ministry spokesman said China'sBsovereignty is recognized by far more countries in the world than3the fewer than 30 countries that recognize Taiwan:@   "So far, China has established diplomatic relations with 160?countries, which have all recognized there is but one China inAthe world, that is the People's Republic of China; and Taiwan isan inalienable part of China."9   In a move timed to coincide with the 50th Anniversary=celebrations of the United Nations, Taiwan Monday offered toAdonate one-billion dollars to a special U.N. fund for developing@countries. Taiwanese officials said the island does not want to9take over China's seat, but wants a separate membership.>   Taiwan's offer comes shortly after Taiwanese President LeeBteng-hui and premier lien Chan scored diplomatic points by makingBhigh-profile visits overseas, despite strong protests from China.   ---------------   ---------------9   CHINESE TIANANMEN SQUARE DEMOCRACY LEADER RE-ARRESTED   STEPHANIE HO   BEIJING?   Chinese police have re-arrested one of the so-called "blackBhands" of the 1989 Tiananmen Square pro-democracy demonstrations.BThe veteran dissident was released from jail a little more than ayear ago, for medical reasons.<   Relatives of 42-year-old activist Chen Ziming say policeAraided their house late Sunday night, took him back into custody,and confiscated papers and other materials.<   Mr. Chen was accused of being one of the black hands, or@masterminds, of the 1989 demonstrations and was sentenced to 13years in prison.?   He was released early from jail for medical reasons, in May=last year, shortly before President Clinton decided to renew@China's low-tariff most favored nation trade status and de-linkit from human rights issues.>   Although Mr. Chen is still suffering from cancer and heart?disease, family members say they were told, because his health;has improved, he is no longer eligible for medical parole.=   A spokesman at China's public security ministry would not@confirm Mr. Chen has been taken back into custody and said only+that he has not heard of that information.B   In the late 1980's, Mr. Chen and colleague Wang Juntao foundedAa liberal research institute that focused on social and economicBissues. Mr. Wang, who was also labeled a black hand and sentencedBto 13 years in jail, was released on medical parole last year andwent to the United States.A   Since his release last year, Mr. Chen had remained in BeijingBunder under virtual house arrest. Earlier this month, he staged a@symbolic one-day hunger strike to mark the sixth Anniversary of>the June fourth, 1989, military crackdown on Tiananmen Squareprotesters.<   Mr. Chen also issued a letter through the New York-based;group, human rights in China, calling on the government toArelease all political prisoners and to compensate victims of the1989 crackdown.   ---------------   ---------------;   CHINA EXECUTES DOZENS OF CONVICTS TO MARK ANTI-DRUG DAY   GIL BUTLER   BEIJING@   China has executed dozens of people for drug related crimes,Aarrested scores more, and publicly destroyed large quantities ofAnarcotics in recent days. The well-publicized actions took place3as the country marked international anti-drug day.>   China's legal daily and China daily newspapers reported in9Monday's editions that thirty-four drug traffickers were9condemned and executed Friday in southern Guangxi Zhuang?autonomous region. Other multiple death sentences were carriedout in Yunnan province.<   The economic daily newspaper also gave prominence to theAexecutions for drug offenses, though it reported 11, not 34, had8been executed in Guangxi. The paper said because of its>geographical location on China's southern border, Guangxi has?been influenced by drugs infiltrated from abroad. It said drug;trafficking and addiction ran wild for a time, causing the authorities to crack down hard.=   In addition to the death sentences, 363 other people were#sentenced to varying prison terms.A   Official Chinese media have been publicizing these executionsAand the thousands of arrests that have been made in an effort to>stamp out what had been a growing narcotics problem in China.B   In another southern China province, Guangzhou, police say they?have broken the biggest drug smuggling case since the people's?republic was established in 1949. They seized 159 kilograms of?heroin in early June and arrested 12 traffickers, according toXinhua news agency.?   Authorities say the heroin was to have been transshipped toBother countries by way of China. On Sunday, a quantity of illegalBdrugs was publicly burned in Guanzhou's Dongguan city in front ofBa memorial to Lin Zexu, a Qing dynasty official who was known for5taking harsh measures to try to end opium addiction.A   The Chinese national anti-drugs committee released figures in?Beijing showing that in the past year, more than 10,000 peopleBwere arrested on drug charges in China. Chinese law calls for theAdeath penalty for possession of more than a kilogram of opium or50 grams of heroin.   ---------------   ---------------"   UN REPORT ON THE WORLD ECONOMY   ELAINE JOHANSON   UNITED NATIONS@   The United Nations says Eastern Europe and the Baltic states=are showing their first signs of economic recovery since theAcollapse of communism. The U.N. has released its annual economic>survey (World Economic and Social sUrvey 1995), observing the<global economy is in its strongest condition in many years.B   The U.N. study shows in 1994 all of central and eastern Europe?began to climb out of the economic depression that accompanied=the early stages of the transition to market economies. Even>Russia, and many of the former Soviet republics, may be doing@better, though the report says statistics are unreliable. It is@difficult to measure the activity of the small enterprises that&have blossomed in the private sector.?   But, the U.N. cautions growth will be slow in the so-called:transition economies and unemployment remains severe. For>example, the Polish economy has grown for the fourth-straight=year. But, it has yet to attain the level of output of 1989,before it began privatizing.<   The outlook in general, according to the U.N. report, isApositive , with global economic growth cruising at three-percent=a year. Developing countries continue to show a five-percentAgrowth rate, most of it in Asia. Among the leading countries are?China, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, Singapore, and
Thailand.A   The prospects for sub-Saharan Africa are not especially good,>with population growth continuing to erode economic gains. In>Latin America, the gross domestic product is expected to dropBfrom four-point-four-percent in 1994 to one-point-seven-five, dueto Mexico's currency crisis.@   Among the major industrial nations, which account for nearly?three-fourths of world output, Japan ranks last with less than=one-percent growth last year and only one-point-five-percent@projected for this year. By contrast, the U.N. report shows theBUnited States grew in 1994 by more than four-percent and predictsthree-percent in 1995.>   The U.N. survey also predicts oil supplies will meet worldAdemand for the next 15-years at prices comparable to today's. AsAfor the export of manufactured goods, the study shows electronic products far ahead of the rest.   ---------------   ---------------!   GOOD HALF-YEAR ON WALL STREET   BRECK ARDERY   NEW YORKB   As the first half of 1995 came to a close on Friday, investorsAin the American stock and bond markets had good reason to smile.>Some of the reasons for the big rally and the outlook for therest of the year.@   It did not take much skill to earn profits on Wall Street in@the first six months of the year. The widely followed Dow JonesAIndustrial Average in the stock market was up almost 20 percent.BThe bond market, as measured by the Lehman Brothers treasury bond%index, rose by a similar percentage.<   Time and again, those who believed prices were too high,@people known as "bears" on Wall Street, have been proven wrong.?The "bulls", those who believe stock and bond prices will keep?rising, have effectively driven most "bears" into hibernation.B   Larry Wachtel, a well-known financial market strategist at theAPrudential investment firm, says the one-trillion-dollar gain in>the combined value of all U.S. stocks so far this year can beexplained by two main factors:B   "One is the interest rate structure. You can look at 1994 as a>negative year because rates were rising and then you think ofB1995 as a positive year because it looks like the rates are going<to fall. Secondly, I think we are going into sort of a rosy<(optimistic) scenario. We had a five percent annual rate of@growth at the end of the fourth quarter of last year, which was7obviously too strong, and it has been guided down to a8two-and-one-half percent rate of growth. It seems to be@sustainable there with low inflation and with good productivity1in the United States, reasonable profitability.";   Mr. Wachtel does not believe the valuations of American@stocks, the ratios between companies' Annual earnings and their?stock prices, are too high. He says the "quality" of corporateAearnings is much improved because there is very little inflationto factor into them.@   Another important factor in the stock market rally this yearAhas been what is called "rotation." Rather than take profits andAmove out of the market entirely, investors have been moving fromBone industry group to another. Early in the year, cyclical stocksAsuch as autos and steel were in favor. Now, investors are paying;more attention to the high technology stocks. In addition,;individual investors continue to pump money into the stockBmarkets, about seven to eight billion dollars a month from mutual
funds alone.@   The effort in Washington to significantly reduce the federal@government's budget deficit, and achieve a balanced budget, has@also been good news on Wall Street. Over time, lower government?deficits should mean even lower interest rates and Mr. Wachtel%says investors are quite optimistic:<   "You have this unusual phenomenon of a bidding war amongBpoliticians on how to cut spending. Maybe one plan is seven yearsAand the other is 10 years, but they have the same purpose, which:is to cut spending. Politicians cutting spending! That is<unprecedented and I would say that is certainly part of the3mixture of what is going on in the 'bull' market.">   Of course, financial market traders are less interested in?what has happened than what will happen. Analyst Larry WachtelBbelieves that if, as expected by many observers, the U.S. centralAbank soon starts to lower interest rates, there is no reason the@"bull" market can not continue in the second half of this year.=Mr. Wachtel says there are only two scenarios under which he:thinks the stock and bond markets would change direction:>   "One would be if we do indeed go into a recession, thereby>wreaking havoc on profits. The second would be if the economy;suddenly revives strongly and inflationary pressures start@bubbling. Either scenario looks a little strange to me. I would@say the second one looks stranger than the first. But if one of@those two things were to happen, the market could change from a'bull' to a 'bear.'"B   But, while there will always be volatility along the way, most<financial market analysts remain fairly optimistic that the8second half of 1995 will be as profitable as the first.   ---------------   ---------------   TWA BANKRUPTCY FILING   PAUL FRANCUCH   CHICAGOB   The U.S. air carrier TWA, Trans World Airlines, said Friday itBwill file for protection under federal bankruptcy laws. It is the@second time in the past four years that the once-mighty airlineAis seeking bankruptcy protection from the courts. The airline isBconfident a new reorganization plan will make it profitable againsoon.B   TWA has been struggling in recent years to cut costs so it canBkeep flying. It has traded stock in the company for employee wage?and benefit reductions. It moved its headquarters from outside;New York to the Midwest city of St. Louis, where it is theBbiggest provider of air transportation. But TWA does not have the<money to modernize its fleet of aging aircraft, and intense@competition among U.S. airlines has kept earnings at a minimum.>   TWA hopes its reorganization plan will boost its fortunes.ACreditors will be given a greater stake in owning the company in?return for eliminating about 500 million dollars of debt owed,1and reducing interest charges on remaining debt.?   The plan goes into bankruptcy court with the preapproval of?major creditors. The court will simply grant TWA protection so<other creditors can not disrupt implementation of the plan.A   TWA spokesman Robert Mead says the airline plans to make someimmediate improvements:A   "Newer planes and improved gate appearance and the appearance>of the product, the normal things that we would do. But we've@been operating under some pretty severe constraints in the past<few years with a heavy debt burden and this eliminates thatproblem to a great extent.">   TWA hopes to have its restructuring plan in full operation=within a few months, after which it will drop its bankruptcy@protection. The airline says passengers will not be affected bythe bankruptcy filing.@   In the wake of the demise of such other once-strong U.S. air9carriers as Pan Am, Eastern and Braniff, rumors of TWA'sAimpending demise have resurfaced frequently in recent years. ButAthe airline has survived by cutting costs and offering a variety@of services which cater to both budget and business travellers.7TWA also hopes to slowly revitalize its once-extensiveBinternational service. But airline analysts say TWA will probablyBface a good degree of turbulence before it hits financially clearskies once again.   ---------------   ---------------   US ECONOMY   JILL GATHMANN   WASHINGTONB   The U.S. economy has turned it its weakest performance in over=a year and a half during the first quarter of 1995. The U.S.Acentral bank will weigh the economic slowdown when it meets nextweek.;   The U.S. Commerce Department reports the nation's gross;domestic product grew at an annual rate of two-point-seven-percent between January and March this year.B   The first quarter growth rate slowed to about half of the pace;of the previous quarter. The U.S. economy was growing at a@five-point-one percent rate in the fourth quarter of last year.:   Analysts say the second quarter economic figures paint?conflicting views of the economy. The report confirmed a sharp;slowdown in the pace of consumer spending from the closing:quarter of last year, but also showed brisk investment by'businesses to expand their operations.B   The U.S. central bank is likely to consider all these measures=when it meets next week to weigh future interest rates. Some@economists expect the bank to cut the cost of borrowing to help7spark the economy. Others say it is too early to tell.@   The U.S. gross domestic product is the total output of goodsBand services within the nation's borders. The Commerce DepartmentAreleases three figures a quarter. Friday's final figure remained&unchanged form last month's estimate.   ---------------   ---------------$   WORLD BANK REPORT ON WORLD LABOR   DAUD MAJLIS   WASHINGTON=   World Bank President James Wolfsohn says work is the onlyBfoundation on which economies and people can build a success that>lasts. Hence, the 1995 world development report issued by the:bank Thursday deals with workers in an integrating world.A   Mr. Michael Walton, a World Bank economist and main author ofBthe "World Development Report: 1995", says less than 20 years ago@two-thirds of the world's workers were living in countries that?were largely isolated from international markets either due to?protectionism or because they lived in countries under central@planning. By the end of the century, he notes, less than 10 perBcent of the world's workers will be living under such conditions.B   According to the report, moves from central planning to market>systems, and from protectionism to openness are key to rising9opportunities and incomes, in developing, transition and>industrial countries. One of the principal conclusions of theBreport is that in the right policy environment, unions can play a:valuable role in improving workers' wages and conditions.:   Explaining the report Mr. Walton says globalization of=economic programs generally brings new opportunities to most#workers and also brings new risks:A   "Currently low and middle income countries, which have 85 perAcent of the world's labor force, account for just 20 per cent ofBthe world exports. This is rising and more and more countries are8moving into manufacturing. The share of manufactures in>developing countries' exports rose from 20 per cent to 60 percent between 1960 and 1990."B   The World Bank economist says capital is also moving to poorerBcountries and in the process creating jobs in those countries. He:notes that over 60 per cent of world-wide growth of labor@employment of multi-nationals between 1985 and 1992 occurred in!low and middle income countries.:   But, he says capital also can lead to increased risks::   "Capital flies out when domestic policies fail or whenBgovernments make mistakes. When this happens labor can suffer theconsequences."=   Mr. Michael Walton says fears that emerging economies are@siphoning jobs from industrial countries are largely unfounded.BTrade, capital flows and migration, he notes, can affect domestic=workers, but the primary source of employment crisis in richAcountries lies in domestic factors that should be solved without#cutting links to poorer economies.B   The World Bank development report notes that in many countriesBgovernments have restricted the rights of labor unions, attempted>to achieve labor policy by directly setting conditions in theAwork place through government interventions and regulations. Mr.AWalton notes that the bank report calls for a shift toward a newframework for labor policy:@   "It is not a case of simple minded deregulation. In a market<oriented world there remains a pressing need for good labor>policy. It is an issue of re-regulation, not deregulation. We:come out in support freedom of association and collective@bargaining as a better way than government mandates for working
conditions."@   The World Bank report notes that much of child labor problem:is a consequence of poverty. According to michael Walton,:majority of the children are working in farms and helpingAparents, not desirable in the long run but it is not the kind of*awful child labor that hit the headlines.@   The world development report argues that to tackle the worst@forms of child labor like working in mines, child prostitution,8and similar jobs requires a multifaceted approach. Just3legislating, the report points out, will not work.A   Mr. Walton says most countries have good laws on child labor.@What is required is expansion of free and subsidized education,Btargeted support for the families in need and often monitoring by0civic groups or non-governmental organizations.   ---------------   --------------->   AUTO DISPUTE REFLECTS JAPANESE ANOMALIES, U.S. FRUSTRATION   JON SCHAFFER   WASHINGTON@   On June 28, the United States and Japan agreed on procedures>that aim to expand opportunities for foreign manufacturers of<autos and auto parts to sell their products in the Japanesemarket.>   But trade analysts point out that the latest accord is yetAanother in a long string of agreements -- at least 40 since 1980@-- aimed at prying open the Japanese market to foreign goods --1agreements that have not always yielded results.B   And while U.S. congressional leaders praised resolution of the;latest trade dispute, they were less enthusiastic over the@specific details. Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole called the?agreement "a step in the right direction" while House Minority:Leader Richard Gephardt said that progress in the trading5relationship must ultimately be judged by the export opportunities and jobs created.>   Like many of the other U.S.-Japan agreements, the auto and@auto parts accord has no enforcement mechanism and will require4the good faith of Japanese industry for it to work.B   Supporters of the accord say it is different from those of theBpast both in terms of its potential impact on trade -- 60 percent@of the U.S. bilateral deficit with Japan reflects the imbalance>in autos and auto parts -- and in the U.S. insistence that itAwill be using numerical numbers to monitor whether the accord is@working.  U.S. industrial leaders also expressed enthusiasm for:the agreement, which they believe will yield thousands of)millions of dollars in additional sales.B   While Japanese officials continue to disavow any commitment toAnumerical targets, U.S. officials say they will be right back atBthe negotiating table if their figures show that market access isnot being achieved.B   One important achievement of the agreement has been to prevent@what could have turned out to be the most serious trade dispute<since World War II.  President Clinton had threatened major0sanctions and Japan had indicated that it would7counter-retaliate.  At risk was the credibility of theBmultilateral trading system, trade experts say, and the viability>of the newly created World Trade Organization (WTO) to handlefuture trade disputes.<   What became increasingly clear from this latest dispute,Bexperts say, is the extent to which the Clinton administration is?ready to take this risk, not out of hostility toward Japan but<because of increasing frustration over the U.S.-Japan trade@relationship and widespread public support for trade sanctions.?   There remains the perception in the United States and other=countries that Japan is not willing to accept responsibility6commensurate with its economic strength, experts say.>   "Japan stands out as an anomaly, not just for cars but for?everything," said Alan Wolff, a trade lawyer and former deputy?U.S. trade representative.  There is change going on in Japan,8Wolff says, but the big question is the rate of change.<   "In trading with the outside world, the dice are heavily=loaded in favor of Japan," said Sir Roy Denman, former tradeBminister of the European Commission who spent decades negotiatingwith the Japanese.<   Both Clinton and U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor@warned that the auto accord will not end bilateral differences.?   Already two other trade cases are pending:  First, the U.S.BDepartment of Transportation, in retaliation for limits placed onBFederal Express cargo operations in Japan, has proposed sanctions@on Japan Air Lines and Nippon Cargo Airlines.  Second, Kantor's?office must decide next week whether to proceed with a SectionA301 trade complaint filed by Eastman Kodak Company alleging that;Fuji Photo Film Company has unfairly gained control of theBJapanese film distribution system, virtually shutting out foreign
competition.@   "It should be clear by now that a wide array of cultural and>structural barriers exists," said Lawrence Chimerine with the?Economic Strategy Institute, who with more than 20 other tradeBexperts examined the issue of the U.S.-Japan trading relationshipAin an all-day seminar June 26. "The Japanese don't import unlessthey have to," Chimerine said.>   Even if all of Japan's formal import barriers were lifted,Bexperts say, very real cultural and bureaucratic procedures would@remain major impediments to imports.  The fact is that Japanese9business relationships have been built upon centuries of>tradition, said Frederick Smith, chairman and chief executiveofficer of Federal Express.9   Denman said these relationships have developed into aA"distrust of foreigners," and a feeling of "uniqueness" makes it=very difficult for the Japanese to be open in their businessBdealings.  Smith adds that Japanese markets are further distortedAby a feeling among many of the bureaucratic elites in Japan that>markets cannot be trusted and that the government must have a)hand in guiding and supporting business.A   Japan has consistently tried to deal with trade complaints in>a piecemeal approach.  This has only added to the frustrationAfelt in the United States and Europe.  One trade agreement tendsBto follow another, the initiatives never ending, with only modest9improvement to show in terms of market access even after%agreements are reached, Denman said.@   In just the past 15 years, the United States has signed morethan 40 accords with Japan.B   Despite agreements that have lifted most formal Japanese trade>barriers and a drop in the value of the dollar that made U.S.:products a bargain in foreign markets, the bilateral U.S.Bimbalance with Japan approached $66,000 million last year.  TradeAanalysts warn that the constituency for free trade in the United=States is eroding and support for the use of unilateral U.S.sanctions is growing.A   Some economists still argue that the low U.S. savings rate is>primarily responsible for the trade imbalance.  However, some?experts now believe that a portion of the deficit reflects the?structure of the Japanese system -- a structure that is biasedagainst imports.B   The question then becomes whether unilateral pressure, such as=the recent threat of Section 301 trade sanctions in the auto>dispute, or multilateral dispute-settlement procedures of the8World Trade Organization will provide the best results.-   There is no clear consensus on the issue.<   To many economists and foreign trade officials, the U.S.;threat of unilateral action in the auto case increased theBperception that the Clinton administration is prepared to use its=Section 301 law to address many similar market access issues=facing U.S. exporters throughout Asia and other parts of theworld.<   U.S. insistence that "you do it our way or no way at allAplaces strain on the entire system," said Sylvia Ostry, with the:University of Toronto's Center for International Studies.B   "We have created an organization -- let's use it," former U.S.<Trade Representative William Brock said.  Taking unilateral>action against Japan just creates sympathy for a country that doesn't deserve it, Brock said.@   Denman, who argues against U.S. unilateral actions, has some?sympathy for the U.S. position of numerical targets because he?feels that if Japan continues to get away with closed markets,@many of the other emerging economies in Asia will feel they can
do the same.@   Denman and Chimerine also believe that if U.S. congressional@support for the WTO erodes, then the new organization is doomedto failure.@   U.S. officials say they are fully committed to using the WTO@where multilateral rules exist.  Where such rules do not exist,Athey say, unilateral tools such as Section 301 trade law will beactively considered.@   Ultimately, an easing of the strains in the U.S.-Japan trade=relationship depends primarily on the willingness of Japan'sAgovernment, bureaucracy and business establishment to deregulateBits business and economic relationships and change the way it has?traditionally conducted business with other countries, expertsagree.@   "I think the leadership in Japan has been very short-sighted?in not moving faster to change things," said Charles Carlisle,>former deputy-general of the General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade.   ---------------   ---------------4   DETROIT REACTION TO U.S./JAPANESE AUTO AGREEMENT   PAUL FRANCUCH   CHICAGO=   In the wake of Wednesday's US-Japanese trade agreement inAGeneva, there were congratulatory words from Detroit's Big Three?automakers, and statements of relief and satisfaction from the5U.S. offices of Japanese-based automobile companies.A   The public relations offices of car makers here in the UnitedAStates were quick to dispatch responses to the agreement, all of)which were laudatory in varying degrees.A   Industry leader General Motors called the agreement one which?will "benefit the workers and consumers" of both Japan and the@United States. In a statement attributed to G.M.chief executiveBofficer John F. Smith, the company says it is committed to giving=Japanese buyers competitively-priced, high-quality products.<General Motors adds that it looks forward to what it termed?"competing in an open market with the same type of access that@Japanese manufacturers have long enjoyed in the United States.";   Number-three U.S. automaker Chrysler issued a statementAattributed to its chairman, Robert eaton, drawing reference to a?move made by the company on Tuesday pledging to spend over 100@million dollars to fully purchase the Japanese sales firm whichBdistributes its vehicles in that country. Chrysler says it did so@in anticipation of what it labelled the "historic" agreement inGeneva.>   The American automobile manufacturers association, a trade>group which represents big-three U.S. automakers GM, Ford and=Chrysler, called the agreement a winner for all. Associationspokesman jAy Hyde says:<   "Our feeling is that everyone wins under this agreement,>including American workers who will benefit from expanded job<opportunities as a result of the open market, and certainlyAJapanese consumers who will enjoy more choices and at, we think,better prices."A   Japanese luxury car manufacturers which faced tariffs that inBsome cases would have almost doubled the price tags on their cars@were quick to rejoice. Dealers of these cars expressed fear the@tariffs would drive them out of business. But now, it's back tobusiness as usual.   ---------------   ---------------2   AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION ECONOMIC FORECAST   ART CHIMES   WASHINGTON=   Economists from major U.S. banks say the current economic9slowdown will not turn into a recession. They expect the?country's central bank, the Federal Reserve, to lower interest.rates, possibly as soon as next month (July).;   The eConomic Advisory Committee of the American Bankers>Association is forecasting the U.S. economy will return to anAaverage two-and-one-half-percent growth rate by early next year.@Committee chairman Alan Gayle says after five-years of economic>growth, the economy is getting tired. But he says a series of>Federal Reserve interest rate increases may have brought last=year's fast-growing economy to a so-called, soft landing, by0slowing it down without triggering a recession:?   "The committee is not looking for a recession and, in fact,Bthe forecast calls for growth in 1996 to be at or near an average=level of about two-and-one-half-percent. There are some that;would interpret that as a successful engineering of a soft8landing. We will have to see how the numbers turn out."B   The series of interest rate increases was designed to slow the?economy to prevent inflation. But with inflation under controlBand the economy slowing down, all eyes are on the Federal Reserve@to see if it will reverse course and increase interest rates to?prevent the economy from slowing down too much. Mr. Gayle says<most members of the Bankers' Advisory Committee believe theBcentral bank is likely to lower interest rates when it meets nextmonth:B   "We had a significant minority that questioned whether the fed;needed to do anything right away. But, the majority of the<members felt it was both likely and appropriate the Federal'Reserve lower interest rates in July."B   The American Bankers Association is a trade group representing:most of the country's commercial banks. The association'sBEconomic Advisory Committee includes economists from member banks'who issue their forecast twice a year.   ---------------   ---------------,   U.S. STRONG NET CAPITAL IMPORTER IN 1994   BRUCE ODESSEY   WASHINGTON?   Foreigners invested substantially more in the United States?than the United States invested elsewhere in 1994, leaving the0U.S. net investment position strongly negative.?   By one method, with direct investment valued at the current?cost of replacing plant and equipment, the net U.S. investmentAposition at the end of 1994 was estimated at a negative $680,824?million, 24 percent greater than the negative 1993 figure, the.U.S. Department of Commerce reported June 28.>   Since the beginning of the Reagan administration, when the>United States had the world's largest investment surplus, the@U.S. net investment position has shifted steadily, crossing theboundary into deficit in 1987.@   "The net negative position...increased primarily as a resultAof large net capital inflows in 1994," the Commerce report said.8"Inflows increased into U.S. banks, into foreign direct<investment and into U.S. bonds while U.S. capital outflows,5especially into foreign securities, slowed sharply."9   U.S. banks borrowed heavily from sources based in the?Caribbean and United Kingdom in 1994 to meet surging U.S. loan@demand, the department said.  Foreign direct investment in U.S.Abusinesses went up significantly, with especially large spending8by businesses in several European countries and Canada.<   U.S. holdings of foreign securities decreased in 1994 as@prices of stocks and bonds abroad dropped and as U.S. investors@made fewer purchases, especially of foreign bonds, the CommerceDepartment said.B   By the alternative market-value method, with direct investment@valued at the current stock market value of owners' equity, theAnet U.S. investment position at year-end 1994 was estimated at a<negative $583,990 million, 28 percent greater than in 1993.$   Following are a few key numbers:>   NET INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES.   Millions of dollars valued at current cost=                                             1993       1994=Net position                             -545,312   -680,824=  U.S. assets abroad                    2,393,577  2,477,749=    U.S. official reserve assets          164,945    163,394=    Other U.S. government assets           81,001     81,306=    U.S. private assets                 2,147,631  2,233,049=      Direct investment abroad            706,636    760,980=  Foreign assets in the U.S.            2,938,889  3,158,573=    Foreign official assets               516,695    545,260=    Other foreign assets                2,422,194  2,613,313=      Direct investment in the U.S.       535,805    580,503;NET INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES8Thousands of millions of dollars valued at current cost1985                132.81986                 45.01987                -11.11988               -134.51989               -250.31990               -251.11991               -355.11992               -515.71993               -545.31994               -680.8   ---------------   ---------------*   CHRYSLER TO BUY JAPANESE AUTO RETAILER   VICTOR BEATTIE   WASHINGTON>   The U.S. automaker Chrysler corporation says it will spendB100-million dollars to buy a majority interest in a jointly-owned<Japanese company that sells its vehicles in Japan. Chrysler=chairman Robert Eaton said in Washington Tuesday the deal is?aimed at overcoming the barriers to its auto imports in Japan.@   Under the deal with J-Osawa Company Ltd, Chrysler's stake inAChrysler Japan sales Ltd will jump from 15-percent to 70-percent?effectively giving it control of the dealer network. Mr. EatonAsays this arrangement will go a long way in reducing the expense-and difficulty in selling vehicles in Japan:<   "This will effectively reduce the layers of distribution>between Chrysler and its customers in Japan allowing us to be@more responsive, offer better service and keep our costs as lowas possible."?   The Chrysler chairman says he now has about 110 dealers and>hopes to have more than 500 dealers in the company's Japanese:retail network by the end of the decade. The number-three=American automaker, which sold 20,000 vehicles in Japan last7year, hopes to sell 100,000 Annually be the year 2000.@   Mr. Eaton says the deal has been in the works for a year andBcalls Tuesday's Announcement coincidental with u-s/Japanese tradeAtalks in Geneva. He says the Clinton administration's commitment8to free trade convinced him to make the Announcement of,Chrysler's biggest investment in Japan now.   ---------------   ---------------   CONSUMER CONFIDENCE DOWN   BRECK ARDERY   NEW YORKA   A widely followed survey released Tuesday shows a big drop inBthe confidence of American consumers. The figures released by the5Conference Board, a private business research group.>   The overall confidence level for June is 92 point eight, aAdrop of more than nine points from may and the biggest one-monthAloss in three years. The index is pegged to a 100 point level in@1985, a year of strong economic expansion in the United States.;   Delos Smith, an economist at the Conference Board, saysAAmerican consumers are nervous about several things, including a?tight job market, possible cuts in government spending and the>trade disputes between the United States and Japan. Mr. SmithBsays, as a result, many Americans are now reluctant to make major#purchases, especially automobiles:;   "The others (major purchases) such as homes, vacations,?carpets, big appliances, they all dropped, too, but nothing as=severe as the automobile. So we have a very tense consumer."B   Mr. Smith says the key question is whether consumer confidence?will stabilize at the current level or continue to drop in themonths ahead.@   Because consumer spending represents about two-thirds of theAU.S. economy, the monthly confidence figures from the ConferenceABoard are closely watched by economists and Wall Street. As soon@as the latest figures were released, the stock and bond markets>rallied on the assumption that the drop in confidence will be;another factor that may lead the US central bank to reduceinterest rates next week.@   The consumer confidence survey is based on interviews with a=representative sample of five thousand Americans each month.   ---------------   ---------------   KODAK'S CASE AGAINST JAPAN   LINDA CASHDAN   WASHINGTONB   As U.S. and Japanese negotiators work in Geneva to resolve the=auto trade dispute before Wednesday (6/28), the deadline the>United States has set to impose retaliatory sanctions against?Japan, a complaint by another U.S. industry is wending its way@through trade channels.  The giant U.S. film maker, has filed a8petition charging that Japanese non-tariff barriers are:preventing the company from selling its product in Japan.A   In the auto dispute, Japan argues that U.S. car and car parts?makers price themselves out of the Japanese market by building;costly products that do not appeal to the Japanese public.>   Even Japanese market studies indicate, however, that KodakAfilm is cheaper than that produced by Fuji, Japan's leading film@maker. Surveys also indicate that most Japanese consumers think?Kodak film matches or exceeds Fuji's quality. Yet Kodak, whichBenjoys a 40 percent share of the consumer photographic markets inAEurope and the rest of Asia, has a less than seven percent share@of the Japanese market. Why? Company spokesperson Charles Smith>says Kodak decided last year to commission a study that wouldanswer that question:@   "Kodak had been competing in Japan since 1880, more than 100<years, and we had never been able, on the consumer side, toBachieve what we thought was a reasonably respectable share of the?marketplace. George Fisher, who is our (Kodak's) chairman, wasBformerly chairman of Motorola, and found similar barriers in some7of those markets and was able to open them up for U.S.;manufacturers as well. So based on his intuition, and past;experience, we began to explore in Japan the potential forbarriers."@   Mr. Smith estimates Kodak has spent 750-million dollars over;the years trying, unsuccessfully, to pry open the Japanese@market. Instead of trying harder, Mr. Smith says, Kodak decided<to hire a Washington law firm to figure out why all companyefforts had not worked.B   Mr. Smith says the answer, produced in a recently released 250=page report, is a detailed account of the specific steps the?Japanese government took to help Fuji hold Kodak and all otherBforeign competitors to a tiny share of the Japanese consumer filmmarket:A   "Fuji Film Limited, working early on with its own government,>has established a number of exclusionary and anti-competitiveBbarriers to the distribution channels, so that it's difficult forBKodak to get Japanese retailers to stock our product and offer it>for sale to the consumer. There are a number of arrangements,@distributor group pacts, price-fixing and so forth that prevent+many retailers from carrying our product."8   Fuji vehemently denies Kodak's charges of government=complicity and duplicity and insists that the Kodak study isfilled with errors.>   U.S. trade analyst Louis Cohen says while the Kodak report@offers a compelling case study of market barriers, the barriersAit depicts are not that different from those discussed under the;U.S.-Japan structural impediments initiative back in 1989.>   The difference, Mr. Cohen says, is that in 1989 the UnitedBStates was more conciliatory in its attitude toward Japan. Today,Bas the threat to impose auto sanctions and the accusations in the9Kodak case indicate, the mood is highly confrontational:B   "There does seem to be an increased willingness on the part of<specific U.S. industries and companies to take on Japan and@Japanese business practices at this point in time. I think that=has something to do with Clinton administration trade policyBvis-a-vis Japan, which has focussed much more on results-orientedAagreements than it has on the process agreements which were more*characteristic of the '80s and the '90s."A   U.S. trade representative Mickey Kantor will decide next week<whether the U.S. government will or will not act on Kodak'sAcharges against the Japanese government and Fuji film. Given theBpresent mood, trade analysts say, this could well be the first ofAmany such decisions the U.S. trade representative will be makingin the near future.   ---------------   ---------------    LOCKHEED MARTIN JOB CUTBACKS   BRECK ARDERY   NEW YORK:   Lockheed Martin, the huge American defense contractor,BAnnounced Monday it will eliminate about 12,000 jobs in a massiverestructuring program./   The restructuring will cost Lockheed Martin>one-point-seven-billion dollars, but the company says it will@result in an Annual savings of one-point-eight-billion dollars.BLockheed Martin will close 26 facilities worldwide, including the>consolidation of four major space-related development offices
into two.<   Lockheed Martin chairman Dan Tellep told reporters it isAunfortunate 12,000 of the company's workers will be losing their;jobs. But, he said the cutbacks are necessary for LockheedMartin's long-term health:B   "These actions, difficult as they are to take, are designed toBimprove our future, to create more opportunities for jobs, and to<preserve jobs. Therefore, we do think they will benefit ourAshareholders, our customers, and our employees in the long run.">   Analysts say the massive restructuring was expected as the=result of the merger of the Lockheed and the Martin marietta8companies last March. The merged company is primarily a9contractor to the U.S. Defense Department. The company'sBdownsizing reflects the reduction in U.S. defense spending duringthe past several years.:   In addition to cutting costs and improving efficiency,?Lockheed Martin is also seeking ways to expand the non-defenseareas of its businesses.   ---------------   ---------------:   TREASURY DEPARTMENT ACTS ON CUBA-CANADA JOINT VENTURES   STATE DEPARTMETN@   American companies have been prohibited from engaging in any:transactions with three subsidiaries of the Canadian firm<Sherritt Incorporated because the subsidiaries formed joint>ventures with the Cuban government, State Department Nicholas=Burns said in response to questions.  Sherritt Incorporated,$itself, is not affected by the ban.:   "It's a very complex issue," the spokesman said.  "The?Department of the Treasury has determined that three companiesAformed as 50-50 joint ventures between Sherritt Incorporated and<the Cuban government are what we call 'specially designatedAnationals' of Cuba and therefore are subject to the prohibitions5and blocking authorities of the U.S.-Cuban embargo."8   The three joint ventures are Cobalt Refinery CompanyAIncorporated and International Cobalt Company Incorporated, both?of Alberta, and M.O.A. Nickel, which is located in Cuba.  "The?Sherritt corporation itself has not been named as a 'speciallyAdesigned national' because it does not meet the criteria," Burnsexplained.A   "The effect of this action is that the joint ventures will be<considered for the purposes of U.S. law as entities of Cuba?because of the 50-50 joint venture aspect," he continued.  "It>will thus be illegal for U.S. firms to engage in transactions=with these ventures unless specifically licensed by the U.S.Department of the Treasury."@   A "specially designated national" is an entity that is owned?or controlled by or acts directly or indirectly on behalf of aBcountry against which the U.S. has an embargo, in this case Cuba,Burns said.?   "The Department of the Treasury is the authority within theBU.S. government for reviewing the structure and behavior of joint@ventures formed by foreign companies and the government of Cuba?and it has authority to determine whether these joint ventures0should be treated under law as Cuban entities."B   Burns said there are "463 such entities, individuals, vessels,=joint ventures around the world that have been designated as?specially designated nationals of Cuba.  There are seven other>Cuban specially designated nationals in Canada that have been%identified and published previously.>   "This program has a wider application than just Cuba," theAspokesman said.  "It also is involved with our embargoes against;Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, the former Yugoslavia, and>against terrorist organizations that threaten the Middle East?peace process.  And I believe in this wider application of the6program, there are currently 2,800 separate listings.=   "Treasury's action in designating the Sherritt subsidiaryAjoint ventures as specially designated nationals was taken under>the authority of the Trading with the Enemy Act and the CubanBassets control regulations and these are consistent with American@policy, which as you know is based on the Cuban Democracy Act,"	he said.B   The Treasury Department's action "is an effort to conform withAU.S. law and to apply U.S. law in the case of Cuba," Burns said.<"It's a long-standing effort; it's not something that we've@decided to do recently.  I'm not aware that there's any specialBincrease in the intensity of the application of the law.  It's an>ongoing effort which we believe is important to be consistent>with U.S. law and with the thrust of American policy that hasAbeen agreed upon by both the Congress and the executive branch,"/he said, referring to the Cuban Democracy Act.   ---------------   ---------------F   OPENING FINANCIAL SERVICES MARKETS TALKS ENTER FINAL CRUCIAL STAGE   WASHINGTONB   With just a week left for negotiations, the United States says@that offers by other countries to open their financial servicesAmarket to foreign banking, insurance and securities firms remaininadequate.>   "We are now at the crucial stage in the financial services9negotiations," Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin said in aAstatement released June 23.  He said that while offers from many;developed and emerging markets meet the U.S. objective for<substantially full-market access and national treatment for>financial services, "offers of other important countries fallshort."@   Under the national treatment principle, countries must agree<to provide foreign firms operating within their territories1treatment no less favorably than domestic firms.A   "The United States will do its utmost in the next few days to>craft a successful agreement, but if these financial services@offers are not improved, it will not be possible for the United:States to take an irrevocable MFN obligation in the WTO."9   By taking an exemption on a most-favored-nation (MFN)@obligation, the United States would have the right to limit the;U.S. operations of foreign financial firms whose countries+restrict U.S. financial service providers.;   Negotiations on services will resume in Geneva June 26.B   The United States is seeking further liberalization in service=offers from a number of countries in Asia and Latin America.   ---------------   ---------------   TOUGH TRAVEL IN CROATIA   ZLATICA HOKE   WASHINGTON5   Travel between most places in Croatia, one of the>newly-independent countries in south-Eastern Europe, normallyBtakes only a few hours driving. However, since Serb rebel leaders@four years ago closed all communication links between the parts?of Croatia under their control and the rest of the country, it=can take several days to get to a place only a stone's-throwaway.A   Sixty-three-year-old Croatian Serb Dragica Janjanin has lived@in the Croatian port of Rijeka, on the northern Adriatic, since=the second world war. Dragica and her husband had planned to?retire in their native Vrginmost, about 50 kilometers south of7the Croatian capital, Zagreb, where they have a house.:   In August 1991, when the former Yugoslav army tried to>dismantle the newly-declared Croatian state, the then widowed;Dragica Janjanin was staying at her house in Vrginmost, inBterritory controlled by Croatian Serbs. All routes to territories:under the Croatian government control were blocked. So Ms9Janjanin, who used to divide her time between Rijeka andAVrginmost, started looking for a bus or train route to reach her*daughter's home in Rijeka. Janjanin says:A   "I took out a map to see how I can get out. I saw that it was=possible to get into Hungary or into Slovenia. And so I went<through Bosnia, Beograd and Novi sad, Subotica (Serbia) and@through Hungary, up to Maribor in Slovenia then on to Ljubljana?(Slovenia) and Rijeka. And, you see this is about two-thousand
kilometers."?   Ms Janjanin made her first trip from Serb-held Vrginmost toAthe Croatian port city of Rijeka three months later, in November?1991. She spent about 30 hours on the road and two nights withBrelatives in Vojvodina (northern Serbia). The trip from VrginmostBto Rijeka used to take about three hours travelling by local bus.@   Since her first trip, Ms Janjanin says she has travelled six@times from her house in Serb-held territory, through Bosnia, to+Rijeka on the coast, all without incident:@   "People ask me if I ever saw a gun shoot, and they wonder ifBit is dangerous to travel like this so many times, but - never, I,never heard a gun or saw someone shooting."?   Ms Janjanin says most of the area she travelled through wasBsafe. The only war zones on her route were through Bosnia, but as=she says, the bus never left Belgrade (Serbia) if it was notconsidered safe.<   In addition to poor transportation links with Vrginmost,:residents also do not have telephone links to the rest of:Croatia. How does a place like Vrginmost function in near6isolation? Ms Janjanin says some changes are obvious:A   "It is a little quieter, emptier, people work less. You know,Byou can't hear the factory whistle any longer, you can't hear the;train whistle. So, you can feel, you can see the changes.":   Ms. Janjanin says people in that part of the Serb-held<Croatian territory are scared because they are close to the:fighting in neighboring Bosnia and also very close to theAterritories under Croatian government control. But, as she says,>the inhabitants have not left Vrginmost, and some people haveeven moved in.B   The currency in Vrginmost is the Yugoslav dinar, as in Serbia,=since the new Croatian currency has not been accepted by the@rebel Serb leaders. Ms Janjanin's father, for example, receivesAhis pension from Knin, which the rebel Serbs call their capital.>And she says the telephone lines to Croatia have been cut offsince February 1992.;   Ms Janjanin says she senses the people of Vrginmost are?getting tired of the isolation. Many of them have relatives in9other parts of Croatia that they haven't seen for years.A   Are the people ready to consider reintegration of the country?under Croatian government control? Ms Janjanin still remembersBthe Nazi tragedies in Croatia during World War II and says she is
not sure:B   "They are scared, you know. It is better not to talk about it,:but during the previous war (second world war) there were>atrocities (against Serbs) in that part of the country. So in=1991 everyone immediately recalled 1941 and thought the samethings would happen.":   Yet, Ms Janjanin says she thinks the fear has subsided?somewhat. She says in her opinion, if the phone lines and roadBand rail routes were re-established, life might return to normal.@She noted there are many mixed Croat-serb marriages in the area3that have not been affected by political tensions.@   The Croatian government has been trying to re-open the roads@through the Serb-held territories in Croatia to reestablish the@traditional, shorter routes to the southern parts of its coast.@One objective of recent army action in Western Slavonia was theBre-opening of routes between Zagreb and the eastern Croatian cityof Osijek.   ---------------   ---------------0   MAJOR/REDWOOD CONSERVATIVE PARTY CAMPAIGNING   ANDRE DE NESNERA
   LONDON@   For the next several days, British Prime Minister John Major<and his rival for the Conservative Party leadership, former<cabinet minister John Redwood, will meet conservative party?workers and their representatives in parliament. Mr. Major and>Mr. Redwood will try to persuade the members of parliament to3vote for them during Tuesday's leadership contest.?   In the next few days, British Prime Minister John Major and@former welsh Secretary John redwood are expected to criss-cross@the country as they attempt to gain support among lawmakers fortheir respective campaigns.=   Mr. Major and Mr. Redwood are the only candidates for theBConservative Party leadership. Tuesday's election was prompted by>Mr. Major's decision last week to resign the top conservativepost.8   While Mr. Major and Mr. Redwood will each try to woo:prospective voters, many lawmakers will confer with their9constituencies on how to vote in the leadership contest.B   Few analysts believe Mr. Redwood will win. But he may persuade>many lawmakers to abstain, thus forcing Mr. Major to take hisBname out of contention for a second round of voting. Analysts say8the leadership contest will then be wide open, enticing@Employment Secretary Michael Portillo or Michael Heseltine, the4president of the board of trade, to enter the race.?   Political scientists say lawmakers will ultimately vote forBthe person they believe will give the Conservative Party the best=chance of winning the next election, thus boosting their ownBchances of being reelected. In that vein, a public opinion survey@published in this week's edition of "The Economist" suggests 52;Conservative Party lawmakers could save their seats if the2Conservative Party were led by Michael Heseltine.@   For his part, Mr. Redwood said he is the best choice to lead<the party to an electoral victory, and he told reporters he!represents a much-needed change:A   "My leadership will represent a change of style as well as of8substance. I am out to bring some color back to British?conservatism. A new dash, an excitement, a passion for what weare doing."A   While many conservative lawmakers believe their party needs aAboost, they say Mr. Redwood is not necessarily the one who could?provide it. Lawmaker James Spicer supports John Major and says3the prime minister can rally the party around him:@   "He is a leader of remarkably high caliber and it would be a:terrible tragedy for the Conservative Party if he did not>continue to lead us. And once more, you know most people wereAamazed when we got rid of Margaret Thatcher. I did not, I hasten:to add. Others did. I think they would find it absolutelyAunbelievable that within five years we should do the same to the9man who led us to victory in the last general election."@   It is still not clear when the next general election will be@held. It must take place by May 1997. What is clear, is whoever@leads the Conservative Party, that person will have a difficult?task to defeat the opposition Labour Party which, according to@the latest public opinion surveys, holds a commanding lead overthe conservatives.   ---------------   ---------------H   GERMANY TO SEND TROOPS TO BOSNIA, 1ST FOREIGN COMBAT ROLE SINCE WWII   THOMAS ANDERSSEN   BONN>   German soldiers are to join the international peacekeepingBmission in Bosnia. In a landmark vote the German parliament voted?on Friday to send soldiers and war planes in what could be theBnation's first combat mission on foreign soil since World War II.B   The parliamentary vote was a big victory for chancellor Helmut6Kohl in his bid to make united Germany show a greaterAresponsibility in the world affairs. The chancellor said Germany@was obliged to help allies who helped defend its freedom duringthe cold war.:   Prior to the vote Mr. Kohl called on the opposition to<reconsider its resistance to the Bosnia deployment. He saidAGermany soldiers entering a combat zone needed to know that they7had a broad degree of support from the people at home.B   In the end the government won the large show of support it was>looking for. Mr. Kohl only had a slender ten seat majority in@parliament but some 50 opposition members crossed the floor andAvoted with the government. The final vote showed 386 deputies in+favor, 258 against and eleven abstentions.:   Foreign minister Klaus Kinkel told the house Germany's?creditability was at stake and that Germany must prove it is aBreliable partner. Mr. Kinkel said that Germany's allies would not@understand if it continued to let others take all of the risks.<   The vote cleared the way for 1,500 soldiers, tornado jet@fighters, transport aircraft and a field hospital to be sent to@former Yugoslavia in the next few weeks. They will help supportAthe U.N.'s new rapid reaction force which is made up of British,;French and Dutch soldiers. The U.N. is keen to receive the?tornado war planes because of their capability to seek out and2destroy hostile-Bosnian Serb radar installations.A   No German foot soldiers will be sent to Bosnia for historical9reasons. Bonn does not want to re-awaken memories of the@atrocities committed by Nazi soldiers when Hitler's third Reich*occupied the Balkans during World War II.>   Germany's unwillingness to assert itself militarily on theAworld's stage is a powerful legacy of the war. Opposition leaderBRudolf Scharping, who is battling to show-up the social Democrats>pacifist tradition says sending tornado fighter planes into a@country the Nazis brutalized will only lead to an escalation of@hostilities and endanger German soldiers serving in Bosnia. Hisplea fell on deaf ears.@   It was an acrimonious parliamentary debate but an historicalAone. This could be the first time German soldiers go into combat<for 50 years. The house has now adjourned for its nine week<summer break. The government won but is showing no signs ofjubilation over the victory.   ---------------   ---------------+   BRITISH LEADERSHIP VOTE SET FOR TUESDAY   ANDRE DE NESNERA
   LONDON@   The nominations are in and there are only two candidates for?the leadership of Britain's Conservative Party, Prime Minister<John Major and a former member of his cabinet John Redwood.<   British tabloids proclaim the leadership contest as "The<Battle of the Johns", Prime Minister John Major against his<right-wing rival and former cabinet Secretary John Redwood.?   Mr. Major forced the election when he resigned last week as@Conservative Party leader. He urged his right-wing opponents to@"put up or shut-up" and Mr. Redwood picked up the gauntlet. The<329 Conservative Party members of parliament will vote next:Tuesday in a secret ballot to determine their new leader.B   In an interview with British radio, the prime minister was not6overconfident but he expressed optimism he would win:A   "I do not know what the outcome will be for certain. But I am@absolutely convinced, on the basis of the evidence coming to me6thus far, that I will win this election comfortably."<   Many observers see the election as a contest between the>moderate and centrist wing represented by Mr. Major and those=favoring a return to the right-wing policies of former prime:minister Margaret Thatcher as championed by John Redwood.?   Conservative party lawmaker James Cran says the election istoo close to call:B   "As to the outcome of the election between Mr. Redwood and theAprime minister, I am not sure I would put much money on anything@at the minute because opinion here at Westminster is very fluidAindeed. All I can say to you is I hope the prime minister wins."A   Mr. Cran says between now and election day Tuesday, the prime;minister must be seen talking to members of parliament and@explaining to them how the Conservative Party will win the next?general election. At the latest, it must be called in May 1997Band recent public opinion surveys show the main opposition labour8party holding a commanding lead over the conservatives.A   Jeffrey archer is a Conservative Party member of the House of>Lords. He believes Mr. Major will win convincingly and is the4only man capable of uniting the Conservative Party:A   "I think John Major has the ability to pull together the leftAand the right. When Margaret Thatcher left the position of prime>minister, which I greatly regretted, and John took over under?what would be described as not easy circumstances, he did pull?the party together when they said it was impossible. He did go8into the next election and win it when they said it was@impossible and more important perhaps he got the highest number>of votes for the Conservative Party since the war, which is aremarkable achievement."=   Analysts here say it is unlikely Mr. Redwood will win the:election outright. But many experts say his candidacy may@persuade enough members of parliament to abstain and thus forceAMr. Major to withdraw his name from consideration for the second=ballot. Analysts say the contest may then shift from being a8battle of the "Johns" to being one between the "Mikes",?employment secretary Michael Portillo and the president of the"Board of Trade Michael Heseltine.   ---------------   ---------------B   NATO NATIONS ASKED TO ASSIGN TROOPS FOR U.N. BOSNIA WITHDRAWAL   JOHN FRASER   BRUSSELSB   NATO governments are being asked to assign troops to a mission;to bring out United Nations peacekeepers from Bosnia. This@follows an agreement by NATO ambassadors on a blueprint for the@possible withdrawal. However, NATO officials have stressed that7no decision to mount the operation has yet been taken.A   Code-named 'determined effort', and known to NATO insiders as>plan four zero one zero four,the withdrawal of UN forces from$bosnia would require 60,000 troops.9   NATO officials say that there is now agreement on the>blueprint, although one or two details need to be ironed out.AThey stress that NATO has no desire to mount this operation. The=official stance at NATO headquarters is that it is hoped theAinternational peace initiative will succeed in Bosnia, and there6will be no need to pull out the United Nations force.?   However, NATO has to be ready for the worst. It is the onlyBorganization that would be capable of handing the withdrawal, and>it is certain that if the United Nations decides the time has>come to evacuate its forces, the NATO alliance will be calledupon to perform the task.@   One important element of the plan is that it will have to be carried out under NATO command.B   This follows long disputes between the United Nations and NATOAregarding the use of alliance aircraft in the skies over Bosnia.?US Admiral Leighton Smith, who is NATO's commander in southern9europe, would be the overall commander of the withdrawaloperation.B   Fifteen of NATO's 16 nations are expected to contribute troopsBto the withdrawal operation, Iceland being the exception. Most of;the troops would come from the United States, with Britain$providing the second largest force.>   NATO officials are now in contact with individual alliance=governments, securing agreement that sufficient forces will,Bindeed, be made available when and if the withdrawal operation isgiven the go-ahead.A   If the withdrawal is to be completed before winter in Bosnia,;the operation may have to begin within the next six weeks.   ---------------   ---------------5   ROUNDUP OF KRAJINA SERB YOUTHS IN BELGRADE SCORED   STATE DEPARTMENT<   The United States has "credible information that severalBhundred Krajina Serb youths were rounded up" in Serbia this monthAand returned to Croatia, the State Department spokesman NicholasBurns told questioners.?   Initially officials in Krajina and in Belgrade claimed thatAthese people were volunteers, he said, but subsequently Belgrade?said its officials were merely identifying individuals who did$not have resident status in Serbia.B   "We deplore the actions of the Serb authorities who cooperated?in the roundups, which violate international law and the basic=principles of the treatment of refugees," Burns said.  "This?represents to us a troubling indication of Belgrade's attitude.toward the conflict in the former Yugoslavia.>   "Helping to round up refugees to serve in the Krajina Serb<militias is not consistent with the pursuit of peace, which<Belgrade claims to support.  You can be assured that we are>bringing these concerns directly to the attention of the Serb
leadership."A   The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has7also protested to Belgrade about the roundup, he said.B   The youths reportedly were taken back to Croatia against their=will to serve in the military of the Krajina Serb forces.  A7similar roundup apparently took place in January 1994.   ---------------   ---------------%   EU SEEKS TO END ISOLATION OF CUBA   JOHN FRASER   BRUSSELS:   The European Union is seeking to end the internationalAisolation of Cuba. The union's executive commission has proposed+the opening of a new dialogue with Havana.?   The 20-member European Commission has unanimously adopted a<strategy document about Cuba, which calls for strengthening@relations. This would initially involve new political dialogue,<with regular contacts between EU and Cuban representatives.:   It is possible there could be agreement to negotiate a?cooperation accord like the European Union has with many othercountries.@   EU officials say the aim of the new dialogue with Cuba would@be to encourage economic and institutional reforms. A spokesman?says the 15 EU members have boosted their bi-lateral relations?with Cuba, and the union has increased its aid program for theCaribbean nation.A   The European Union believes it can help support Cuban reforms?through a new dialogue with Havana , it hopes other countries,(such as the United States, will follow.B   Relations with Cuba are expected to be discussed by EU foreign1ministers when they meet next month in Brussels.   ---------------   ---------------0   PROS AND CONS OF LIFTING BOSNIA ARMS EMBARGO   ANDRE DE NESNERA
   LONDONB   The international community continues its arms embargo against>Bosnia but some defense experts and politicians believe it is6time to lift the restrictions on the Bosnian Muslims.=   Defense experts agree the Bosnian government army and theABosnian Serb forces offer different characteristics. The BosnianBgovernment army has more men and better morale while Bosnian Serb=troops have a superiority in heavy weapons such as tanks andartillery.>   Norman cigar is professor of national security at the U.S.=Marines warfighting school in Quantico Virginia. He has just<published a paper in London, arguing for the lifting of the-embargo against the Bosnian government army.>   Professor Cigar says providing the Bosnian government armyAwith heavy weapons will definitely shift the balance of power inBits favor. He says lifting the embargo will initially bring aboutan increase in fighting:=   "In the short-term there may be, well be a flare-up: ThatAcertainly is possible. But in the long-term, I think the current?balance is a recipe for a stalemate, very bloody stalemate andAone that, if it is even successful, will only support the status<quo rather than the international community's contact groupplan."A   Many defense experts argue against the lifting of the embargo@because they fear the fighting will be so intense it will force:the evacuation of U.N. peacekeeping forces from the area.>   Mr. Cigar says that may happen. But he says there may be a@political benefit from lifting the embargo: In other words, theABosnian government will now deal from a position of strength andBthat may force the Bosnian Serbs to negotiate in good faith for apolitical solution:A   "It raises the incentive certainly for the Bosnian Serbs, whoAare the party that is a holdout on the international community's;contact plan, to want to actually sit down and actually beBwilling to implement and to accept it out of self-interest. Right:now, they are not convinced they can be forced to do so."A   Some of those opposed to lifting the embargo also express theBfear Serbia may be forced into the war on the side of the Bosnian1Serbs if the Muslims are provided heavy weapons.A   But Professor Cigar says Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic<will not jeopardize his chances of having the international?economic embargo against his country lifted by entering a war:?   "He is not a visionary. He is a very calculating individual<who weighs the costs and benefits very carefully to his own?political position which is his primary concern over all else.AAnd I think he is very wary of becoming involved in what for him1could become a military and political quagmire."A   Professor Cigar says it is high time to lift the arms embargo;against Bosnia, especially since as a member of the United;Nations, it can point to the U.N. charter which explicitlyBguarantees member-states the right of self-defense in cases of an=armed attack. Professor cigar points out that unlike Iraq or;Libya, Bosnia has done nothing to alienate itself from the@international community and therefore, it legally has the rightto protect its citizens.   ---------------   ---------------    CLINTON/WALESA-ANTI-SEMITISM   DEBORAH TATE   SAN FRANCISCO, CA:   President Clinton, following his address to a ceremonyAcommemorating the 50th Anniversary of the founding of the United@Nations, met with Poland's President Lech Walesa, who was among@the dignitaries who attended the event. Their meeting came just>weeks after Mr. Walesa became embroiled in a controversy over>anti-semitic remarks made by a priest in Warsaw. In his talksAwith the Polish leader, Mr. Clinton made clear the importance offighting anti-semitism.B   A senior administration official says President Clinton raised:the anti-semitism issue during his half hour meeting withPresident Walesa.?   The Polish president earlier this month came under fire for<remaining silent about anti-semitic remarks made by a Roman=Catholic priest during a church service Mr. Walesa attended.B   The priest, Father Henryk Jankowski,(henrik yon-koff-skee) had@linked Jews to the rise of Nazism and communism in remarks that<were promptly criticized by Jewish groups around the world.B   At first, Mr. Walesa defended the priest, saying he was not an>anti-semite. The Polish president did issue a condemnation of7anti-semitism, but more than a week after the priest'scontroversial remarks.@   At his meeting with Mr. Walesa, President Clinton, according>to the U.S. official who was briefing reporters, stressed the@importance of fighting anti-semitism. He says that is something#leaders of democracies need to do.9   The official says Mr. Walesa responded that he has noAtolerance for anti-semitism, and believes it has no place eitherin Poland or anywhere else.B   Mr. Clinton and Mr. Walesa, who last met in Warsaw a year ago,Aalso discussed Poland's integration into the west, the expansion#of NATO, and economic cooperation.   ---------------   ---------------   EU CANNES SUMMIT CONCLUDES   SONJA PACE	   PARISA   European Union leaders have concluded a two-day summit in the@French Mediterranean resort of Cannes. The EU summit ended with@no dramatic conclusions or initiatives, but rather dealt with a2wide range of economic and foreign policy issues.@   As the summit drew to a close, European leaders were talkingAabout having gotten off to a new start. But, overall most of the@decisions taken can hardly be described as dramatic or terriblynew.>   European leaders did issue a tough-sounding message on the?conflict in the former Yugoslavia and they are sending special<negotiator Carl Bildt back to the region with what is being?termed a tougher diplomatic approach. Among his top prioritiesAare to convince the Bosnian Serbs to end their siege of SarajevoBand to allow the establishment of a land corridor to the Adriaticsea.:   European leaders say what is different about these new@negotiations is that they will have more clout because they are?being backed by the recently established rapid reaction force.?The force is made up of 10,000 troops, mainly from Britain andFrance.B   But EU negotiator Bildt seemed less optimistic about any quick?results. He said he believes that continued war is more likely8than peace in the former Yugoslavia in the near future.B   On other issues, European leaders repeated their aim to create?a common European currency by the beginning of 1999. They gaveAtheir go-ahead for a new trade agreement with Russia, and calledAfor an international peace conference to end the violence in the?Central African nation of Burundi. They also finally agreed on:assistance packages for Eastern Europe, Mediterranean rimAcountries, and third world nations in Africa, the Caribbean, andthe Pacific region.<   On the summit's main agenda item, reducing unemployment,?European leaders vowed to step up efforts to bring the jobless=rate down and they agreed to launch trans-European transportprojects to create more jobs.   ---------------   ---------------0   THATCHER ON MAJOR'S CALL FOR PARTY ELECTIONS   PAULA WOLFSON   WASHINGTON, DC9   Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher is in<Washington, promoting the latest edition of her memoirs and?talking about major issues from Bosnia to the latest political?crisis in London. She has been critical of her successor, JohnBMajor. But she supports his decision to call a party election and)supports his candidacy for party leader.<   Margaret Thatcher has been out of office for almost fiveAyears. But she has lost none of her devotion to the conservativecause. And none of her fire.@   Lady Thatcher is a strong defender of her party and what she?calls its "fundamental principles." And though she has had her:differences with John Major, she hopes he will retain the>leadership of the Conservative Party. But her support is lessthan enthusiastic:?   "You can't just have precisely the kind of leader you would7like. It is a choice between what is on offer (what isBavailable). Doubtless there are many people to whom I was not theideal leader."A   Just last week, Mr. Major stunned Britain by stepping down as=Conservative Party leader and calling for a party leadershipAelection on July fourth. The Announcement came amidst increasingBdisplays of tension within the party, most notably over Britain's@role in the European union. It is an issue that has divided Mr.:Major and Lady Thatcher, and has led her to criticize his=policies in recent months. But now she says he may be movingcloser to her view:B   "Life is a question of alternatives in politics. I think he is@one of the best available. He is moving away from being so very>pro-european. He has never been pro federal Europe, but he is?moving away from a single currency. I think we are all at last8discovering the full measure to which our parliamentary7sovereignty has been diminished by what has happened."A   Lady Thatcher may be haunted by her own political past as sheBdeals with her differences with John Major. In the second part of>her memoirs, called "the path to power", she recalls the deep@strains that developed when she challenged Edward heath for the@Conservative Party leadership in 1977. She calls the chapter on=her early years as party leader "a bumpy ride", a reference,Aperhaps, to the obstacles thrown in her way by the man she calls"Ted".   ---------------   ---------------   THATCHER ON FOREIGN POLICY   PAULA WOLFSON   WASHINGTON>   It has been almost five years since Margaret Thatcher left=office as prime minister of Great Britain. But lady Thatcher>continues to make headlines as she speaks out on all kinds ofBissues, from domestic British politics, to international affairs.@   Lady Thatcher says the European powers made a big mistake inAthe former Yugoslavia. She says they should have become involved)at the first sign of Serbian aggression:@   "We should have moved extremely quickly and nipped it in the?bud so it couldn't develop. We should have allowed the Bosnian$Muslims the means of self defense.">   She sees a fundamental contradiction in the United Nations@response to the Bosnian crisis. She notes the U.N. charter says-every nation has the right to defend itself::   "At the same time the United Nations goes and passes a@resolution which denies those very people who have the right to@self-defense, the means to defend themselves. That is no credit5to the United Nations. That is no credit to anyone."A   Lady Thatcher has never been a big fan of the United Nations.<She says it should be a forum for international debate, and>should not dictate policy. She leaves no doubt she thinks theU.N. has failed in Bosnia:A   "It looks to me as if the aggressor is winning and the victim?being made steadily to suffer the most terrible deprivations."<   The Bosnian conflict erupted shortly after Mrs. Thatcher@stepped down as prime minister. In recent months, the attention=of the world focused on another battleground, as the Russian5government sent troops into Chechnya. Thatcher says:@   "What they have done, I think, is unforgivable. It just is a@warning to us that the free society that they are gaining there?isn't really as deep as ours is and we must be aware of that."B   Mrs. Thatcher says the west must help democratic forces in the;former Soviet Union. But at the same time, she rejects the>argument that western attention to the Chechen conflict would@undermine the Yeltsin government. She says by keeping the focus?on human rights and international treaty obligations, the west.can assist the forces of democracy in Russia.   ---------------   ---------------   THATCHER ON BOSNIA   DAVID GOLLUST   WASHINGTONB   Britain's former prime minister Margaret Thatcher, speaking in?Washington, has bitterly criticized what she said has been the>western allies' "shameful failure" to prevent or reverse Serb@aggression in Bosnia.  Mrs. Thatcher is calling for large-scaleBmilitary support for the Bosnian government and massive air poweragainst Serb forces.=   Mrs. Thatcher condemned the U.N. arms embargo against the=Bosnian government as "stupid and unbelievable" and said theAwestern allies should provide government forces with the weapons1and training they need to repel Serb aggression.:   Addressing the National Press Club in Washington, Mrs.9Thatcher said the western failure to prevent large-scale@hostilities three years ago has left the allies discredited and	divided.B   But she said the situation is still salvable provided the arms;embargo is lifted, and the necessary military hardware and>training is allowed to reach government forces. Mrs. ThatcherBsaid the supply operation should be accompanied by an unequivocal=demand on Serbia that it cease its aid to the Bosnian Serbs:?   "You give the Bosnians the weapons for self-defense and you<then give the Serbs a ultimatum. To get out, the Serbs fromBSerbia, to get out and stop fighting. Take all their weaponry out=or then you use your air power, heavily, to in fact take outAevery military installation and every supply line. At the moment;we are penalizing the victims and making it easier for theaggressor."@   The former prime minister said the United Nations charter onAone hand, upholds the right to self defense but at the same timeBdenies that right to the Sarajevo government through the embargo.AShe said an adequately-armed Bosnian government could prevail in=much the same way as the Mujeheddin guerrillas drove Russianforces from Afghanistan.@   In her address Thatcher said the new Russia is behaving much9like the old Soviet Union in Chechnya, and said the west9underestimated the difficulties Russia would face in its.transition to democracy and a market economy.>   She also pointedly refrained from flatly endorsing BritishAprime minister John Major in his battle to retain control of the?Conservative Party, while giving favorable mention to a former@party protege, John Redwood, who has Announced his intention to#challenge for the leadership post.   ---------------   ---------------/   REPORT ON STATUS OF LATIN AMERICAN CHILDREN   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIRO@   More than 100-million children are at risk in Latin America,?according to a report prepared for by the directing council of@the inter-American children's institute. The council is meeting>at the headquarters of the oas agency in Montevideo, Uruguay.B   The Inter-American Children's Institute says 60 percent of the<197 million children in Latin America and the Caribbean are@living below the poverty level. The report estimates 15 million=children live in the streets, and 30 million work illegally.?   A sociologist at the institute, Francisco Pilotti, says the:situation is more critical in some countries than others:B   "Haiti and Bolivia are unfortunately in a worse situation thanBthe countries of the English Caribbean, where the situation seemsto be better."<   Mr. Pilotti says Brazil has serious problems in terms ofBchildren at risk, especially in the cities. He says the situation3is less critical in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile.?   The Inter-American children's Institute official says there3has been substantial progress on the health front:=   "We do still have high (infant) mortality rates, but more@children are surviving thanks to technology, medical attention,vaccines, and so forth."@   Mr. Pilotti says education is a critical factor missing from3the life of many of the region's children at risk:?   "Poor children as a group have less years of education thanBthe upper (income) brackets. They abandon school at an early age.AUnfortunately many of those children are at risk of encounteringAall sorts of difficulties in terms of prostitution, criminality,!drug trafficking, and so forth.">   The Inter-American Children's Institute is forming a joint;task force with the oas permanent council in Washington to;recommend national strategies for meeting the needs of theregion's children at risk.   ---------------   ---------------   HAITI RUN-OFF ELECTIONS   JIM TEEPLE	   MIAMI?   Even though the ballot counting is far from over in Haiti's7legislative and municipal elections, many Haitians and@international observers are looking ahead to July 23rd. On that@date Haitians return to the polls for runoff elections. Because;of problems last Sunday in the first round of voting, many4Haitians will vote for the first time on July 23rd.;   Thousands of Haitians were unable to vote on June 25th,Bdespite the presence of hundreds of election monitors from around=the world and a U.N. military presence which kept the peace.>   Haitians went to the polls to choose from more than 10,000=candidates who were running for over two-thousand positions.@Voters chose new members of parliament, 133-mayors and hundreds(of three member town council positions.;   While election day was generally peaceful, the vote wasAdisrupted by massive disorganization. Many candidates names were?left off ballots, polling stations opened late, and in several<towns, voting was suspended because of pre-election attacks,against electoral facilities and officials.>   The ballot counting process has also been characterized by=problems. Votes are being counted by hand, and internationalAmonitors say they have observed widespread irregularities in theballot counting process.A   Ron Gould was in charge of hundreds of election monitors from;the Organization of American States. He says problems that@developed with both the voting process, and the ballot counting?which followed, can be attributed to a lack of training on the$part of Haitian election officials:=   "There have been cases around the country which have beenAblown up significantly of burning of ballot boxes in some areas.BBut I think the major problem has been the slowness and confusion?due to inadequate training of electoral officials. Now this isAsort of a continuation of what happened on voting day; the polls;opened late they got underway late. The election officials>learned by doing because again of inadequate training but theAthing finally got rolling and it was not too bad on election dayfrom what we can see."A   Mr. Gould's assessment is shared by many of the international@monitors who observed the process. A coalition of church groups=known as voices of Haiti, which monitored 200 polling places3around the country say while their teams witnessed:irregularities, Haitian election officials worked hard to(guarantee the integrity of the process.6   However other international monitors disagree. The=International Republican Institute is an election monitoring@organization affiliated with the Republican party in the United;States. Monitors from the IRI say any reliable counting ofBballots is impossible because of what IRI officials describe as aAtotal breakdown in the collection of ballots, and the absence of4any supervision in safeguarding election materials.9   An IRI report issued several days after the vote saysBpost-election confusion dwarfs pre-election problems. Even before@the ballot counting had fully gotten underway he questioned the?integrity of the voting process. According to U.S. Congressman@Porter Goss is a Florida Republican who led the IRI delegation:;   "I would say it is going to be impossible to verify the>results of this election. I think it is going to be extremelydifficult to do."B   U.S. Officials acknowledge both the balloting and the counting?of votes have been marked by confusion and in some cases chaosBbut they say the election results can be verified. They say races@which have been cancelled can be held on July 23rd, the date of@the runoff. The June 25th elections U.S. Officials say were the=most free and least bloody in the Haiti's turbulent history.=   For its part Haiti's government says the elections mark aBmajor step forward for the impoverished Caribbean nation. Haiti'sAPresident Jean-Bertrand Aristide told reporters a few days after@the vote, most of the problems were the result of Haitians lack4of experience with democracy. The vote he says went7extraordinarily well, despite organizational problems.   ---------------   ---------------   BRAZIL ECONOMY   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIRO=   On Saturday Brazil will mark the first anniversary of its>latest economic recovery plan, and enter a new phase in whichBwages will no longer automatically be adjusted for inflation. The8plan has exceeded most expectations, but the government$recognizes more remains to be done.<   Brazil, which has the world's tenth largest economy, has>reason to celebrate. Inflation for the last twelve months was@slashed to 35 percent, the lowest level the country has seen inB22 years. No longer do Brazilians have to cope with currency thatBdepreciates by the hour. Now the government wants to bring annual!inflation down to single digits.@   President Fernando Henrique Cardoso told the nation Thursday@night that the plan he drew up as Brazil's finance minister has;created 500,000 jobs in the major cities, and will produce*economic growth of six percent this year.B   But the Brazilian leader said it is not time to party, becausemuch remains to be done:=   "We know that we still have much to do to consolidate theBeconomy, and to end the many social injustices. But we are fixingBwhat is wrong, we are facing the difficulties, and we are working5with congress and the public to solve our problems.":   Mr. Cardoso said it is essential to cut back inflation@further, and to reduce Brazil's interest rates, which are amongthe highest in the world.A   Friday, the Brazilian government announced a new phase of the>recovery program, to end automatic corrections for inflation.?Finance Minister Pedro Malan said the measures are the natural:continuation of the program known as the real (pronounced?hay-ahl') plan, named after the currency introduced last year.:   The consumer price index that has been used for salary?adjustments is abolished, and wages are to be adjusted in freeAnegotiations between employees and management. The rules provide@that if the two sides cannot agree on wages, they are to submit1to arbitration supervised by the labor ministry.?   Special rules will be enacted to cover retirees, government9workers, or persons who receive Brazil's minimum wage of=110-dollars per month, which is not enough to live on. LaborAMinister Paulo Paiva says the government is committed to protectBrazil's poorest citizens.@   But the president of a major labor federation, Vicente Paulo7da Silva, says labor will not be protected in the freeAnegotiation of wages. He says the hardest hit will be workers in.industries where labor is not well organized.>   Some lawmakers have also criticized the new measures. TheyAplan to introduce legislation to establish a trigger so that allAworkers receive a raise every time inflation reaches six percentper month.@   Planning minister Jose Serra cautions that it will take some*time to truly stabilize Brazil's economy:A   "This needs more than a single year of work; it needs several@years. It will take us some years to consolidate the victory of<economic stability. This is a condition needed for economic<growth, for{balancing the government budget, and for having9resources to meet the great demands in social programs."<   Some economists, including former central bank PresidentBAlfonso Celso Pastore, say the government is wrong to maintain anBartificially high value for the Brazilian currency in relation to@the dollar. Mr. Pastore says the government is likely to end up?the year with a 24-billion dollar trade deficit, which he saysthe country cannot support.A   In any event, economists agree that the real plan is the most<successful of the eight programs that have been tried since9civilian government was restored in Brazil a decade ago.   ---------------   --------------->   COLOMBIA DRUG BARONS CHANGE THEIR MINDS ABOUT SURRENDERING   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIRO@   Four fugitive leaders of Colombia's Cali cocaine cartel haveAdecided not to surrender because the government has indicated itwill become less lenient.=   A lawyer for the drug barons says they have changed theirBminds about turning themselves in because they no longer have the)incentive of a sharply reduced sentence.A   Prosecutor General Alfonso Valdivieso said this week that the?Cali cartel leaders would not benefit from the policy, becauseAprevious sentences have been too lenient and because the men are'fleeing active pursuit by authorities.:   Three other leaders of the Cali cartel are in custody.@Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela, the brother of the man believed toBbe the cartel's principal boss, was captured on June ninth. HenryALoaiza surrendered on June 19th and Victor Patino turned himselfin last Saturday.?   Colombian authorities thought they captured another leader,BPhanor Arizabaleta, on Tuesday, but it turned out to be a case of<mistaken identity. The man arrested in the northern city of?Valledupar claimed convincingly that he was the drug lord, and=offered a million-dollar bribe for his release. But when his?picture appeared on television, police in four cities receivedBtelephone calls from people who identified him as a trafficker in(stolen cars and a passer of bad checks.7   Red-faced (embarrassed) officials checked the man's:fingerprints and found he was Dennys Ospina, apparently a:Venezuelan citizen, even though he carried five Colombian>identification cards, including a commercial pilot's license.   ---------------   ---------------8   MEXICO CLAIMS SUCCESS IN CONFRONTING ECONOMIC CRISIS   ERIN BRUMMETT   SAN JOSE, COSTA RICAB   Mexico says it is successfully confronting the economic crisis<sparked by last December's devaluation of the peso. ForeignBminister Jose Angel Gurria discussed the situation in his country=at a joint news conference with his Costa Rican counterpart,%Fernando Naranjo in San Jose Friday.B   Mr. Gurria says Mexico has taken a big step in recovering from?the fiscal crisis that exploded in the first part of the year,@causing market turmoil in other countries and worries about the:future of the North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA.@   The Mexican foreign minister says there are several positive6signs that his country is economically back on track.>   He says there are indications that markets are recovering,;with the reduction of interest rates, strengthening of theAexchange rate, an increase in the value of Mexican debt in other>countries and positive progress in the Mexican stock exchange![sp: Bolsa Mexicana De Valores].=   Mr. Gurria also played down concerns about Mexico's image@abroad as its government fights allegations of corruption and a#rising tide of political violence.@   He says in Mexico no one is above the law and the government<will vigorously pursue those who have abused privileges andcommitted illegal acts.<   The Mexican foreign minister reaffirmed the government'sAcommitment to the fight against drug and arms trafficking, moneylaundering, and terrorism.;   Mr. Gurria talked to reporters with Costa Rican foreign;minister Fernando Naranjo after the two signed a series of@cooperation accords on a wide range of topics, including trade,#education, science and technology.   ---------------   ---------------,   GUATEMALAN REBELS TAKES FOREIGN HOSTAGES   ERIN BRUMMETT   SAN JOSE, COSTA RICAB   Armed Guatemalan peasants have attempted to block resettlementAof refugees who had fled civil war for Mexico, by taking foreign9hostages who were helping in the resettlement effort.  A@government delegation has travelled to the northern part of the,country to negotiate a peaceful settlement.@   Guatemalan human rights officials say a negotiating team has?travelled to the mountain town of San Antonio Tzeja (in Quiche@department), where the hostages are being held. Guatemalan riot!police have surrounded the area.A   United Nations officials in Guatemala say the foreigners wereAtaken hostage this week after they interceded in a fight between7returning refugees and local civilian peasant patrols.?   The (five) hostages include three U.N. workers from Brazil,>Canada and the United States, a French relief worker (for theAgroup doctors of the world [sp: Medicos Del Mundo]), and a DutchBresettlement worker (with the international group for the support8of resettlement [sp: El Grupo Internacional De Apoyo AlRetorno]).B   The reputed leader of the hostage taking is Raul Martinez, whoBis wanted for arrest for crimes in Guatemala. He is said to be in>charge of the civilian patrols, made up of peasants who claim5land where refugees lived before fleeing for Mexico.B   The patrols are demanding suspension of the arrest warrant, as1well as a meeting with top Guatemalan officials.A   The civilian patrols were organized by the Guatemalan army in?the early 1980's to control insurgency but they were not underAdirect army control. The army is denying any link to the patrolsand the hostage situation.   ---------------   ---------------"   RESETTLEMENT OF HAITIAN MINORS   DAVID SWAN   PENTAGON=   Nearly all the Haitian young people at the Guantanamo Bay=refugee camp have now been resettled, either in Haiti or theUnited States.@   About 25 unaccompanied teenagers and younger children remain@at the U.S. naval base in Cuba. Officials say they will soon beBresettled with relatives or Foster families in the United States,Aexcept for those with medical problems or those who wish to stayBwith ailing brothers and sisters. More than two-dozen others wereflown to new homes Thursday.<   The camp once held hundreds of unaccompanied minors, who@became the focus of an American legal battle. Refugee advocates>accused the government of discrimination for sending Haitians<back home while allowing Cuban youngsters into the country.@Though the courts upheld the policy, the administration decided@to admit Haitian minors as well, if no relatives in Haiti could
be found.?   The camps at Guantanamo opened a year ago, when Haitians of>all ages were putting to sea in droves to escape the military@government then in power. They were soon joined by thousands ofACuban boat people. Those at Guantanamo are gradually being flown@to the United States but any new rafters are sent back to Cuba.   ---------------   ---------------%   MEXICAN INTERIOR MINISTER RESIGNS   CINDY LAVANDEROS   MEXICO CITY8   Mexican interior minister Esteban Montezuma resignedAWednesday. He is the third member of President Ernesto Zedillo's>cabinet to do so. President Zedillo accepted the resignation,Basking Emilio Chauyffet, governor of the state of Mexico, to headup the ministry.>   Mr. Montezuma was among the closest of president zedillo's6cabinet members. No reason was given for his surprise
resignation.<   The president's media spokesman says the former interior<minister will become an advisor on the president's nationaldevelopment plan.A   His successor, Emilio Chauyffet, is the governor of the state?of Mexico. He is considered to be an "old guard" politician of>the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party. He is tied to a@sector of the party most resistant to change. Mr. Montezuma, on:the other hand, was a strong supporter of the president'sreformist ideas.?   Since taking office in December, Mr. Zedillo has confronted:one crisis after another. The devaluation of the peso; an@unresolved conflict in the southern state of Chiapas; politicalBassassinations; and allegations of a growing infiltration of drug@traffickers in the police force and high government offices are%threatening the country's stability.@   Now, with another cabinet resignation, Mr. Zedillo's efforts;to consolidate his government could be seriously impaired.   ---------------   ---------------   RIO SEAT BELT LAW   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIRO?   Rio de Janeiro has followed the example of Brazil's largest@city, Sao Paulo, and made use of seat belts compulsory. The law@took effect Wednesday, but will not be enforced for two months.>   Officials said Thursday fines will be not imposed for seat>belt scofflaws (violators) until September, to give drivers a>chance to get used to the new requirements. Then they will be>subject to stiff penalties, with fines from 99 dollars to 297@dollars for each infraction. The highest fine is for carrying a,child on the lap of a front seat passenger.@   The law requires that drivers and front seat passengers wear3safety belts. Children must ride in the back seat.>   Rio mayor Cesar Maia first said he would veto the measure,.then changed his mind and signed it into law.?   Safety officials in Sao Paulo say a seat-belt law in effectBthere for eight months has reduced the number of serious injuries8and fatalities from automobile accidents by 50 percent.=   Officials in rio predict the new law here will save 5,400lives every year.6   According to the American Automobile ManufacturersAAssociation, Brazil is the only Latin American country with seatBbelt laws. In the United States, every state except Maine and New?Hampshire requires use of the device. The laws are also on theAbooks in most European nations, and in some countries in Africa,"the Middle East, and the Pacific.@   Despite the statistical evidence that seat belts save lives,@the new law in Rio de Janeiro is not universally welcomed. Some@see it as an unwelcome intrusion of government in their private@lives. One man says he will wear the seat belt on highways, but@not if he goes to a party down the block, because then he mightwrinkle his shirt.   ---------------   ---------------   VENEZUELA ECONOMY   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIROB   Venezuela's congress has unanimously approved a law permitting9the president to declare a state of financial emergency.7President Rafael Caldera has said he would not restore7constitutional guarantees until he had this authority.>   The law gives President Caldera broad authority to protect<deposits in the event of a banking crisis like the one thatBoccurred last year, when the government had to take control of 169insolvent or bankrupt financial institutions. The rescue&operation cost seven billion dollars.A   The law requires banks to give the government more guarantees5before they get federal assistance, and provides for@congressional review of any presidential decree under the stateof financial emergency.;   The new law is the final element of three measures that5President Caldera has been awaiting before restoringBconstitutional guarantees that he suspended a year ago during the>financial crisis. The other laws, already approved, deal with2consumer protection and foreign exchange control.B   Officials say President Caldera will now end the suspension of;constitutional guarantees, which have affected privacy andBproperty rights, and permitted searches and arrests without courtorder.@   Earlier this week, international financial officials meetingBin Caracas called for the Venezuelan government to change some ofAits policies. Ricardo Haussman of the inter-American development@bank said the experts think Venezuela should end strict foreign<exchange controls, trim government spending, and reduce theAamount of money in circulation in order to bring down inflation.@The experts also suggested that Venezuela increase the price ofBgasoline, which is the cheapest in the world at about three centsper liter.   ---------------   ---------------   BRAZIL SLAVERY   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIRO?   Although slavery in Brazil has been illegal for more than a@century, the government acknowledges that forced labor is stillApracticed and says it wants to do something about it. On Tuesday3President Fernando Henrique Cardoso established an,interministerial committee on forced labor.B   Brazil, a signatory of the treaty that prohibits forced labor,>is being investigated by the International Labor Organization?(ILO) in Geneva. A three-member ILO panel, representing labor,>business, and government, is looking into 100 cases of forced>labor in Brazil, and is expected to publicize its findings in
November.B   In the meantime, Brazil's labor ministry has compiled a map ofBslave labor in the country, based on complaints investigated last:year by the ministry's labor inspection office. Of the 40:complaints received by the labor ministry, 32 were in the?northern state of Para, at the mouth of the amazon river. Most(involve labor in the footwear industry.@   These complaints are only the tip of the iceberg (a fraction?of the total), according to a report by an agency of the RomanACatholic church. This study says the number of exploited workers<increased from 4,900 in 1991 to more than 25,000 last year,)principally on plantations and in mines.B   President Cardoso says exploited workers in Brazil do not have@a single master as their predecessors did in earlier centuries.@He says the bosses are constantly changing, and the workers are>under 24-hour armed guard. The workers have to buy everything;they need from the bosses, and are kept in perpetual debt.A   The Brazilian president says use of children for forced laborAin the footwear industry is not only inhumane and illegal, it isAhurting the country economically. He says the United States, for<example, has laws prohibiting imports of products made withforced labor.>   President Cardoso believes economic penalties are the most?effective means of dealing with the problem. He says employersAwho use slave labor will not be eligible for government loans or>grants, and will not be able to bid for government contracts.B   To coordinate action on the problem, Mr. Cardoso formed a task?force with representatives of five ministries, labor, justice,>agriculture, environment, and industry. He says its first job?will be to devise punishments for those who, in his words, are turning Brazilians into slaves.   ---------------   ---------------E   COSTA RICANS ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH INDEPENDENT COLONY IN NICARAGUA   ERIN BRUMMETT   SAN JOSE, COSTA RICAA   Nicaragua has dispatched civil guards to inspect an area near=the border with Costa Rica, where a group of Costa Ricans isBattempting to establish an independent state. The two governments:agree the colony in Nicaraguan territory should be moved.@   The problem began in 1994, when Costa Rica discovered it had>in the past erroneously ceded some Nicaraguan land to a small<group of Costa Rican families. Last week, the colony sought=United Nations recognition of a 213-square kilometer area it@calls the independent republic of Airrecu [pron: Eye-ray-soo'].>   The U.N. rejected the proposal and said it was up to CostaBRica and Nicaragua to resolve the situation. Nicaragua called the"maneuver by the colonists absurd.A   Costa Rica agreed to relocate them to a Costa Rican communityB(UPALA) as soon as possible. Foreign minister Fernando Naranjo is@urging the colonists to voluntarily leave Nicaragua. He and his<counterpart in Managua, Ernesto Leal, have been in frequent;contact this week, discussing options on how to handle thesituation.@   In the meantime, Nicaragua has sent civil guards to the area=to safeguard national sovereignty and prepare conditions for@possible repatriation of the Costa Ricans. Nicaraguan officials(stress the operation is a peaceful one.>   The colony is north of the border the two Central AmericanAnations have recognized since the late 1800's. Officials say theAcolonization incident will not affect the good relations betweenCosta Rica and Nicaragua.   ---------------   ---------------D   MEXICAN ARMY DEFENDS ITS REPORT ON ALLEGED ATROCITIES IN CHIAPAS   ERIN BRUMMETT   SAN JOSE, COSTA RICAB   The Mexican government has defended the military investigationBof alleged army atrocities during the early days of the rebellion>in the southern state, Chiapas. A foreign ministry communique@Wednesday evening responds to a new human rights report earlier5Wednesday alleging an inadequate military probe. TheAWashington-based group Human Rights Watch-Americas is urging the@Mexican government to launch an independent civil investigation(and bring those responsible to justice.?   Confusion reigned at the start of the 18-month rebellion by?the self-styled Zapatista National Liberation Army. GovernmentBtroops moved quickly to stamp out the uprising that began January<first, 1994. More than 150 people died in the first days of;fighting, some under questionable circumstances which were"investigated by the Mexican army.@   The army made the results of its internal probe available to@the group Human Rights Watch-Americas. The organization says it<is alarmed by what it terms the inconsistent and, at times,)incredible accounts of army prosecutors.@   The human rights organization says it is startled by what itBcalls the flawed and cursory army investigation of the suicide of6a Mexican officer responsible for several executions.?   Mexico says the military investigation followed the law and=that a report will be submitted to the national human rightsBcommission. The foreign ministry says the military justice system<did re-open investigations on the cases of concern to HumanRights Watch-Americas.=   The Mexican government says it remains committed to human@rights and the law. The foreign ministry calls the human rights>report more a search for publicity rather than for the truth.   ---------------   ---------------4   MEXICAN POLICE/FARM WORKERS CLASH LEAVES 14 DEAD   ERIN BRUMMETT   SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA;   A violent confrontation between Mexican police and farm?workers in Southern Guerrero state has left at least 14 peopledead and another 18 wounded.>   Authorities say police stopped a truckload of agricultural@workers to check their vehicle registration. Police say, as the@passengers got out of the truck, one of them slashed an officer@with a machete and gunfire broke out. It is not clear who firedfirst.A   Officials say the wounded were taken to a nearby hospital and some were not expected to live.=   The Mexicans were on their way to a local anti-government$demonstration in Coyuca de Benitez.A   The bloody confrontation occurred in a Pacific coastal region:known for its long history of political violence and as amarijuana production center.   ---------------   ---------------G   GUATEMALAN GOV'T ARCHIVIST WIFE ARRESTED WITH STOLEN RARE DOCUMENTS   MARTIN BUSH   NEW YORK=   The wife of Guatemala's government archivist was arrested:Tuesday in New York and charged with bringing stolen rare"documents into the United States.B   Maria Elisa Rohrmoser is accused of transporting to the United?States rare documents and manuscripts from Guatemala's General?Archive of Central America, a collection considered one of the;finest of its kind. Her husband, Julio Roberto Gil AguilarA(hoo-lee-o ro'-bair-toe heel ah'-gee-lahr), the president of the8archive, has not been charged with the crime. But, U.S.=prosecutors say they are continuing to investigate the case.@   Ms. Rohrmoser was arrested after she delivered the allegedly?stolen materials to a New York city gallery. Among the vintageBdocuments are 19th and 20th century Guatemalan treaties signed by<Britain's Queen vIctoria and three U.S. presidents, Ulysses/Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson.B   Although the gallery auctioned two of the manuscripts for more@than 25,000 dollars in 1993 and '94, it did not deliver them to>the buyer. Eight other manuscripts it delivered to buyers areexpected to be recovered.?   The 51-year-old Guatemalan, who is being held without bail,<says she found the documents three-years ago in the archive>basement. She says she believed she could upgrade the archive(collection by auctioning the documents.B   Ms. Rohrmoser, told prosecutors her husband knew nothing aboutthe alleged theft.   ---------------   --------------->   COLOMBIAN REBELS SEEK FOREIGN INTERVENTION FOR PEACE TALKS   ERIN BRUMMETT   SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA>   Colombian rebels are seeking international intervention in;efforts to start dialogue with the government in Bogota. A?spokesman for one group, the National Liberation Army, or ELN,A[Spanish: Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional] is seeking support in=Costa Rica.  The central American nation has offered to helpfacilitate the peace process.>   The rebel group ELN says it is prepared to sit down at theBtable with the Colombian government to hammer out a lasting peaceAagreement. But a spokesman, Luis Cargo Guerrero, told a San JoseBnews conference (Monday) the international community must oversee)negotiations to make sure they are fair.;   He said the presence of international groups, including@private human rights and environmental organizations, will helpAguarantee the peace process. The ELN is calling on the Colombian;government to lift its orders to capture rebel leaders and8withdraw its reward for information leading to capture.?Colombia's ambassador to Costa Rica, Jorge Michelson, says hisAgovernment has suspended the reward offer and is working through?the justice system to complete investigations of criminal actsBallegedly committed by rebels. Mr. Michelson reaffirms Colombia's<support for international assistance in the country's peace	process.<   He said the Colombian government is aware of the growing?support by the international community to help reach peace. HeAsays President Ernesto Samper has repeatedly expressed gratitude?for international support, including that of Costa Rica. Costa>Rica is staying in contact with all sides to Colombia's civil
conflict.B   A special foreign ministry official is in Bogota this week for,discussions on holding formal negotiations.=   The ELN is one of Colombia's three main rebel groups. The7others are the popular Liberation Army, or EPL and the>Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC [Spanish: Las.Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia].B   FARC, the country's oldest and biggest guerrilla force, is theBonly group that has so far not agreed on formal talks. Farc wantsBtotal demilitarization of several thousand kilometers surrounding@the community of la Uribe. The government has agreed to partial;troop withdrawal. A recent series of FARC attacks has also>complicated efforts to start the peace process. The ColombianBgovernment is awaiting FARC's response to its latest proposal fortalks issued last week.   ---------------   --------------->   ARGENTINE GOVERNMENT WORKERS PROTEST BEING PAID WITH BONDS   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIRO;   In one of Argentina's most populous provinces, Cordoba,=government workers disrupted traffic again Monday to protest@plans to pay them with bonds instead of cash. Police are on the>alert to prevent a recurrence of last week's violent clashes,<which resulted in a dozen injuries and more than 100 peopleAarrested. There are political and economic factors behind unrestin Cordoba.A   Government workers in Argentina's central province of Cordoba?have not been paid for two months. Public sector retirees have9not received their pensions for four months. Some of the@demonstrators were so angry last week that they set fire to theAheadquarters of the radical civic union party, which governs the
province.A   The government says it simply does not have the cash, and has@offered to pay the people in bonds. They have not welcomed this
alternative.9   Part of the problem is political. Argentina's centralAgovernment, controlled by the Peronist party, has not been eager?to bail out Cordoba, which is governed by an opposition party.>President Carlos Menem criticizes Cordoba for not letting the<private sector buy a controlling interest in the provincial?electric power company and two banks, and for not reducing the=number of public employees. Cordoba Governor Eduardo AngelozAcriticizes the central government for not funding development of?business and agriculture, and not providing loan guarantees so>the province can borrow funds from abroad. Cordoba is not theAonly Argentine province in financial trouble. All provinces haveAexperienced a cutback in distribution of federal tax revenue, asa result of a mild recession.A   The eastern province of Entre Rios and the northern provinces>of Catamarca and Tucuman are all exploring the possibility of*issuing bonds to raise badly needed cash.?   Tucuman, one of Argentina's poorest provinces, has been the>scene of protests every week by unpaid government workers andBteachers. But unlike Cordoba, Tucuman has received an infusion of:federal funds to help ease the crisis. It is probably not@coincidental that the support came as voters in Tucuman prepare#to vote Sunday for a new governor.@   On the national level, Argentina's central bank reports thatBthe country's banks have recovered one-third of the deposits thatAfled after Mexico's financial crisis of last December. The banks<have returned funds to the central bank that were used as aguarantee to assure liquidity.B   Unfortunately, investor confidence has not translated into the8creation of enough new jobs. Argentina is plagued by an=unemployment rate of 14 percent, one of the highest ever. In@fact, there are some pockets of poverty where 20 percent of thework force is without a job.@   Argentina's four-year-old economic stabilization program hasAcrushed inflation, but that is small comfort to workers who have2no job, and those who have a job but no paycheck.   ---------------   ----------------   WORLD BANK LENDS $1,514 MILLION TO MEXICO   JON SCHAFFER   WASHINGTON;   The World Bank has approved three loans totaling $1,514Bmillion to help Mexico to continue its recovery from the economic0and financial crises that began six months ago.@   The loans, announced June 22, include $1,000 million to helpAsupport the banking system, $500 million to provide basic social:services, and a $13.8-million loan for a financial sectortechnical assistance project.?   These loans will be supplemented by $1,250 million in loans9from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), which is@providing $500 million for social programs and $750 million forbanking reform.?   "The loans are a measure of our confidence that the Mexican@economy remains fundamentally sound," World Bank Vice PresidentBfor Latin America and the Caribbean Shahid Javed Burki said.  "ItAis important, however, that the Mexican government continues its<current program of removing structural barriers to economic2growth through measures such as privatization and;decentralization ... The Bank is particularly committed to>helping the poorest members of Mexican society, who have been#hurt most by the economic crisis."B   The loans are an important followup to emergency bilateral and<multilateral assistance provided to the country following a?near-depletion of its foreign exchange reserves late last year<and early in 1996.  Since then, Mexican economic growth hasBcontracted sharply. There were significant losses at many Mexican<banks due to the plunge in the value of the peso, which put*further pressure on the financial system.@   The $1,000 million World Bank financial-sector loan seeks to;restore investor confidence and financial soundness to the?Mexican economy by containing the losses of the banking system=while sustaining a viable credit system, the Bank said.  The?funds will be used to improve bank regulation, supervision and!the legal framework for lending.@   The loan will be disbursed in two $500 million installments,;the second to be issued in about nine months following the6government's continued implementation of its economic7stabilization program and progress in the execution of1restructuring plans for Mexico's banking sector.A   The $13.8 million financial technical-assistance loan will beBused for the services of auditors and investment-banking advisersAto assist in the resolution of troubled banks and to support the#development of the pension system.A   The $500 million social services loan was deemed necessary to?meet the increased demand precipitated by the economic crisis.<It seeks to protect essential social services for the poor,=including access to basic education, vaccination and medical;supplies in isolated rural areas, and to create short-term>employment opportunities for vulnerable groups in the poorest=areas.  It will help finance a two-year training program for800,000 unemployed workers.;   The total cost of the social services project is $2,000Amillion, with the Mexican government providing $1,000 million in*addition to the World Bank and IDB loans.A   Since fiscal year 1992, the World Bank has lent an average of@$1,400 million annually to Mexico, with 40 percent of the total;directed to infrastructure development.  Last year, Mexico7received $1,500 million for projects in education, the.environment and water supply, and sanitation.@   In late July, World Bank President James Wolfensohn plans to>visit Mexico and the state of Chiapas, one of the areas where@poor and indigenous people are expected to benefit from the newloans.A   The loans will have to be repaid over 15 years with the first?payment required within three years.  The lending rate will be3based on market rates at the time of disbursement.   ---------------   ---------------8   SLAIN MEXICAN JUDGE LEFT DOCUMENTATION OF CORRUPTION   CINDY LAVANDEROS   MEXICO CITYB   A Mexican superior court judge who was killed this week (6-19)Bleft documented proof of the corruption in Mexico City's judicial?system, according to a friend of the deceased judge. The proof9includes receipts of a multi-million dollar bank account:belonging to Saturnino Aguero, president of Mexico City'ssuperior court.B   Two days before his murder, Judge Abraham Polo Uscanga wrote a6letter accusing Saturnino Aguero of corruption and of*responsibility in the event of his death.@   Press reporters say that Mr. Polo informed colleague Alberto>Wooldrich of the letter and of vouchers he possessed of an 80Amillion dollar bank account belonging to Mr. Aguero.  The letter@was delivered to Mexico City's attorney general after the judgedied.>   In a radio interview, the attorney general referred to Mr.;Polo's letter, which indicated that the deceased judge was@pressured by his employers to alter his judicial decisions.  He@also charged Mr. Aguero with threatening him unless he ruled in*favor of the government in several cases.@   Meanwhile, a group of Mexico City superior court judges haveBcalled for Mr. Agueo's resignation.  A Mexican daily reported the=judges accused the superior court president of blackmail and?violating the autonomy of the judicial branch.  They were also?forced, according to the paper,  to sign a document supporting"Mr. Aguero's re-election efforts.<   Mexican officials said Mr. Aguero will be subpoenaed forquestioning on the murder.@   The Mexico City mayor will also be questioned about his part9in pressuring Mr. Polo to change his decision on a union@conflict. Last march, Mr. Polo refused to issue arrest warrants?against leaders of the bus workers union when the company went
bankrupt.   ---------------   ---------------0   ARREST OF SUSPECT IN MEXICAN CARDINAL MURDER   ERIN BRUMMETT   SAN JOSE@   Mexican authorities have arrested a powerful drug trafficker<wanted in connection with the 1993 slaying of Guadalajara'sarchbishop.>   Judicial police and army troops captured hector Luis Palma>Salazar Friday night in a wealthy Guadalajara suburb.  As the?reputed head of the Sinaloa (state) drug cartel, Mr. Palma hasAbeen one Mexico's most wanted drug traffickers and is said to beamong the most violent.?   Mr. Palma was already facing murder and kidnapping charges.9And he has been connected with the murder of Guadalajara:archbishop Juan Jesus Posadas Ocampo.  The Roman CatholicBcardinal was gunned down at that city's airport in May, 1993.  AnBofficial report questioned by Mexican church officials and others8says the cardinal was mistaken by rival Tijuana cocaine;traffickers for the previous Sinaloa cartel chief, Joaquin<Guzman. Mr. Guzman was captured in Guatemala soon after thePosadas murder.<   Mr. Guzman's successor, Palma, was arrested with severalBothers, including local judicial police who were allegedly actingas Mr. Palma's bodyguards.   ---------------   ---------------'   ANOTHER ALZHEIMER'S GENE DISCOVERED   DAVID MCALARY   WASHINGTON9   A team of U.S, Canadian, British, French, and Italian>researchers has discovered a third gene involved in the brain;disorder that causes a form of dementia called alzheimer'sAdisease. The gene is associated with the most aggressive kind of@alzheimer's. But it may help investigators learn more about allforms of the illness.@   Alzheimer's is normally an ailment of the elderly. It is theAmost common cause of late-life dementia in industrial countries.>Victims' brains have tangled nerve fibers and protein plaques?that interrupt nerve signals. The most frequently affected are@people over age 65, and the probability of occurrence increasesafter that.B   But a particularly aggressive form strikes some people youngerAthan sixty-five. It has been seen in the middle-aged and even inBpatients as young as thirty. The gene believed to cause this form5is the one that the international team has isolated.?   The group, led by Dr. Peter St. George-Hyslop ['hiz-lop] of@the University of Toronto, scanned the genes from fourteen u.S,@Canadian, and Italian families afflicted with this rare type of?alzheimer's. As they report in the journal "Nature" [June 29th?issue], they found one that was consistently altered in familyAmembers who had the disease, but normal in those without it. Dr.&Hyslop says that is the culprit gene:=   "This gene clearly plays a role in this inherited form ofBalzheimer's disease and as such it's one more piece of the puzzle?that goes into making up alzheimer's disease as a whole. GivenAthe fact that, apart from the age of onset, this disease is very>similar to all other subtypes of alzheimer's disease, I think8what you learn about this form of the disease will have,application to other forms of the disease.":   Scientists do not yet know what role the gene plays in;alzheimer's. But nerve specialist Dennis Selkoe at HarvardAUniversity medical school in Boston says the gene's discovery isthe first step in finding out:A   "When you look at the gene and you look at its structure, youAcan't say how it does its dirty work. But you have to first findAthe gene before you can answer that question. So that's why thisis an exciting development."B   Dr. Hyslop says learning how the gene operates will take a lotBmore research, work on which his and Dr. Selkoe's laboratory will?collaborate. As a result, there is no immediate treatment that@will come from the discovery. But Dr. Selkoe says the find will/soon make it possible to diagnose the disease:A   "You can now look for mutations in this gene in families with@early onset alzheimer's disease. Before this, we could not look;directly for mutations because we didn't know the gene. So;certain families that one believes may have this early and8aggressive form of alzheimer's can now be tested fairly;straightforwardly to see if they have one of the mutations@already described by Dr. Hyslop and his colleagues in the paperAor one of the several additional mutations that almost certainly1will be found in the next few months and years."@   Geneticists have previously identified two other alzheimer's?genes. One is also linked to early forms of the disease, while@the other is associated with the standard type occurring in oldage.B   Dr. Hyslop estimates that defective genes alone play a role in=only about 10 per cent of alzheimer's cases, while mutationsAcombined with unidentified environmental factors are responsiblefor the rest.   ---------------   ---------------0   DIPHTHERIA EPIDEMIC: GLOBAL HEALTH EMERGENCY   VALERIE GARTSEFF   WASHINGTON,D.C.A   International health experts say an epidemic of diphtheria in;the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union is5"spinning out of control" and threatens to become an international health emergency.6   The World Health Organization (WHO) along with theBInternational Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,@and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) recently issuedBthis warning as part of a joint appeal for 33 million dollars fordiphtheria control.8   For about thirty years, diphtheria was considered anAinfectious disease almost forgotten since the development of theBchildhood diphtheria vaccine in the late 1950's. But that has all@changed since the 1990's as a diphtheria epidemic has reemergedBin the newly independent states (NIS) of the former Soviet Union,>striking both children and adults. Dr. Ian Hardy is a medicalBepidemiologist with the national immunization program at the U.S.BCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). He is concerned;because the epidemic has intensified each successive year:=   "They've had an emergence of an epidemic since 1990 whichBinitially began in Russia, but has subsequently spread to involveBvirtually all the 15 countries of the former Soviet Union. And in@the last two years, it's become particularly concerning because@of the rate of growth both in Russia and the southern countriesBof the Central Asian republics and the Caucasus region. So we can=pretty much say that diphtheria has reestablished itself now8throughout the former Soviet Union, and the epidemic is?continuing to spread geographically and the number of reported@cases is continuing to at least double and, in many cases, morethan double with each year."B   Dr. Hardy says the total number of cases in 1989 for the whole=former Soviet Union was just a little over 800 cases. But by>1994, almost 50 thousand cases have been recorded, as well as>nearly two thousand deaths. Reports for 1995 suggest that the=situation is worsening, and who predicts between 150 and 200#thousand new cases for 1995 alone.@   Low vaccination rates in many areas, as well as crowding and;population migration are some of the major reasons for the>resurgence of this disease. Already, the epidemic is spilling@over into other countries. Finland reported four cases in 1994,@after zero for the last 30 years, three of which were linked toARussian cases. Germany has reported six imported cases, with oneAdeath. Poland reported ten cases in 1993, five of which occurredBin persons who had had contact with people in Belarus or Ukraine.BDr. Hardy says the potential spread of the diphtheria epidemic isa serious problem:=   "It's serious for the affected countries, and it's also a7potential threat to other parts of the world, both theBneighboring countries, especially, but also now that we have such?widespread and rapid international travel nearly everywhere in?the world. we haven't had cases in the U.S. From this epidemic?yet, although two United States citizens living and working in@the former Soviet Union were reported with diphtheria late lastAyear. So we feel that it certainly could well be that cases will-appear in the U.S. related to the epidemic."@   Diphtheria is a bacterial disease spread from one individual>to another by coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include a mildlyAsore throat, and usually a headache and fever. Diphtheria of the>larynx or respiratory tract can be fatal. Between five to ten:percent of all properly treated patients die, but without;treatment the disease may claim even more lives. UntreatedApatients are contagious for about two to three weeks after being9first infected. Immediate treatment with antibiotics and:anti-toxin is usually effective. Antibiotic therapy makesApatients uninfectious after 24 hours. those individuals in close?contact with infected people should notify medical authorities-and be treated immediately with antibiotics.@   Children are typically most at risk for diphtheria. But what@is unusual now, says Dr. Hardy, is that more adults are at risk=for the disease, not only in the former Soviet Union, but in"industrialized countries as well:<   "The reason is that the immunity from the vaccine is not<life-long, you need to have regular booster shots every tenByears, I recommend, to maintain a protective level of antibody inByour system to guard against the infection. So what's happened isBthat both in the former Soviet Union, and, to a great extent alsoBin the United States and other western countries, adults have notBbeen receiving those necessary boosters. So there's quite a largeBnumber of susceptible adults, and I would say about 50 percent in:the former Soviet Union, and also in the U.S. and Europe,&approximately, would be susceptible."B   Health experts say this information underscores the importance@of maintaining high levels of immunity among populations of all<countries. Dr. Hardy says the most effective way to control9diphtheria is mass vaccination of the entire population:@   "Traditionally, we could vanquish a disease by concentrating@just on vaccinating children. Now one of the big things we have>to do to control this epidemic in the former Soviet Union, weBhave to vaccinate all the children, but we also have to vaccinateAvirtually all the adults in the former Soviet Union, And this is@what makes it such a challenging task to control the epidemic."A   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention epidemiologist Ian:Hardy says that various agencies have prepared a national3diphtheria control plan which has been approved by9representatives of the ministries of health of the newlyAindependent states. The World Health Organization says shortages<of vaccine exist in all NIS countries, except, perhaps, the?Russian federation, and is a problem that must be addressed by0international public health and donor agencies.   ---------------   ---------------   MEDICAL BRIEFS   JESSICA BERMAN   WASHINGTON;   Researchers are zeroing-in on the reason why the female>hormone, estrogen, protects older women against heart attack.;British researchers say that giving advice on how to solve?problems is effective in treating some people with depression.?While many young children wheeze, researchers say most outgrowAthe breathing condition. Ever wonder how sperm know which way to?go? Researcher say they "sniff" their way to fertilize an egg.>   Medical researchers have known for some time that estrogen@pills, given as a supplement, protect older women against heart<disease. Now, researchers in London think they've found the?reason why the female hormone keeps diseased coronary arteries9from constricting. The action appears to occur through a5mechanism that is apparently not switched-on in men.?   A team comprised of researchers at Britain's National Heart=and Lung Institute and the Royal Brompton Hospital in London>conducted a small study that involved both men and women. The@researchers measured the diameter of coronary arteries, as well5as the amount of blood flowing through them, of nine:postmenopausal women. The women's average age was 59. The@investigators carried out similar measurements of seven men whoAwere about the same age. Then, the researchers took measurementsAagain after giving both the men and women estrogen and a natural=substance called acetylcholine (ah-'see-tul-'coh-leen), that'causes diseased arteries to constrict.?   To their surprise, researchers found that diseased coronaryAarteries, responding to acetylcholine, went from constriction to9relaxation within 20 minutes in response to the estrogen@infusion, but only in the women. No similar affect was noted in@the men in the study. The results were reported in the American*Heart Association journal, "Circulation.":   Although they don't know why estrogen relaxes coronaryBarteries and women in not in men, the researchers think it may be>due to a mechanism that is more sensitive in women. Once they=figure out how it works, scientists say it may eventually be?possible to switch the mechanism back on in older women, whose>ovaries who have stopped producing estrogen naturally, and inmen.   ===============?   Doctors say that giving depressed patients advice on how toAmanage their own problems is often as effective as medication intreating the illness.:   Doctor Laurence Mynors-Willis and colleagues at Oxford>University tested a group of severely depressed patients with>three different treatments, medication alone, counselling, or?placebo along with general support. The researchers discovered>that the most effective treatment was problem-solving, giving7depressed patients suggestions on ways to manage theirdifficulties.B   According to the researchers, this approach was more effectiveAthan amitriptyline, a common anti-depressant, and more effectiveBthan a placebo, or sugar pill that patients thought was real. TheBBritish investigators say that the "advice" approach to treatment?for depression can be administered by general practitioners inBsix sessions totaling three-and-a-half hours. The researchers say;the counselling involved strategies in which patients were>encouraged to use their own skills and resources to cope withpresent and future problems.?   Interestingly, patients in the placebo group tended to drop;out of the experiment, demonstrating to researchers that a>generally supportive attitude by the doctor was not enough totreat depression.   ===============?   Many children, fully one-third in a U.S. Study, wheeze whenBthey are young. But American researchers say that most youngsters>outgrow this breathing problem by the time they enter school.A   Researchers at the Arizona Health Sciences Center studied 826Ayoung children, following them from birth through the age 6. The9investigators discovered that by age 3, one-third of the<youngsters had experienced lower respiratory illnesses thatBincluded wheezing. But by the time they were 6, almost 60 percent<of them had stopped wheezing. The results of the study were4published in the "New England Journal of Medicine."A   The Arizona researchers say the study should reassure parents=that wheezing in young children does not necessarily lead to8allergies and asthma when they're older. However, for a@substantial number of children, wheezing could foreshadow later=breathing difficulties, so wheezing in small children shouldalways be monitored.A   As in other studies, the Arizona investigation found a strong@association between parents' smoking and wheezing and asthma inBtheir children at school age. For this reason alone, experts say,parents should not smoke.   ===============A   Ever wonder how sperm know where they're going? Specifically,@how do millions of the little fish-like cells know which way to<swim to fertilize an egg? Some researchers at johns HopkinsBUniversity in Baltimore, Maryland say it's simple, sperm navigate
by smell!<   The researchers say that sperm in rats and other mammals<contain two types of molecules that are also found in cells9lining the nose. Using antibodies, or proteins, that are?programmed to recognize the smell molecules, or receptors, theBresearchers tagged the antibodies with fluorescent dye. Then, theAscientists sat back and watched the proteins accumulate in sperm=cells. According to the researchers, the antibodies attached?themselves to the part of the sperm cell that generates energy9needed to swim. The finding was reported in the journal,"Molecular Medicine."@   The head of the Johns Hopkins team, Soloman Snyder, says theAfinding could be used to create a male contraceptive that knocks@out the smell receptors, making it impossible for sperm to find;their target, the female egg. While the possibility sounds?intriguing, Doctor Snyder warned that the anti-smell method of>contraception could have the unintended effect of ruining the:sense of smell in men who use this form of birth control.   ---------------   ---------------    GENE THERAPY TO RESTORE HAIR   DAVID MCALARY   WASHINGTONA   A U.S. biologist has taken an important step toward a processBhe hopes will restore hair naturally. He envisions regrowing hairAby gene therapy, replacing hair growing genes in hair follicles.@While that may be years away, the researcher has proven in mice that the technique is possible.B   Biologist Robert Hoffman, the head of a San Diego, California,>biotechnology firm called Anticancer, Incorporated, is hopingAsomeday to reverse and even prevent hair loss with a therapeutic;technique being tested for a variety of genetic disorders.>   This technique transfers normal genes into the cells of an>organ to replace faulty ones which cause the problem. In this@case, Mr. Hoffman is working on a way to put hair growing genes-into hair growing cells with a cream or gel.;   And the naturally balding would not be the only ones to;benefit. So would cancer patients who lose hair because ofchemotherapy.@   But Mr. Hoffman notes that hair restoration is only one goalof the technique:A   "Our preparation is meant to restore hair growth where it was?or to prevent hair loss, and also one can imagine to stop hairAgrowth, let's say, in unwanted areas. That is also a possibilityof this technology."B   Another possibility would allow aging people to renew the hair"color of their youth without dye.9   Currently, these are only goals. What makes them seemBreasonable, however, is research Mr. Hoffman has published in the;July issue of the journal "Nature Medicine" showing that a@process he has devised for delivering therapeutic genes to hair#follicles works, at least in mice.@   He and a colleague did not put the actual genes to stimulate@hair growth into the animals, because no one has discovered any>yet. Instead, they rubbed a preparation onto shaved mice thatAcontained dummy genes, ones with no effect, but which they could8trace by a simple laboratory test. Mr. Hoffman says theBexperiment proved that the genes arrived where they were supposedto go:@   "Twenty years ago or so, I found that you could use what are@called liposomes or fat globules to entrap DNA or genes. So now@many years later, we have applied these liposomes which contain>genes on the skin and we have found that they can selectively:target their cargo, their genes, into the hair follicle."@   In theory, this method would work for a hair growth gene, orAone that prevents hair growth to fall out if excessive hairiness;is a problem, or a hair color gene. According to Hofffman:A   "I think we've identified a candidate color restoration gene,Aand as far as a hair growing gene, we're in an active search forAthis, but I think we have some competitors around the world. But>we have the unique delivery system I think that's going to be@necessary no matter what gene is found to get the gene into theright place."?   But Mr. Hoffman warns that hair restoration must take place?while hair follicles are still alive. Eventually, in the years'after hair begins to recede, they die:A   Then it becomes much more difficult to initiate the formation@of new follicles. That may be possible, but i think [it's] muchAeasier to catch follicles that are still somewhat productive and0to make them restored into their normal state."=   Gene therapy for hair restoration is not on the immediateBhorizon. But anticancer, incorporated, researchers have devised a;way for the fat globules to deliver nature's hair coloringBpigment, called melanin, into follicles. A cosmetic product couldBbe available in a year or two, and the company is already talkingBto hair care firms about marketing such a product for use at homeor in hair salons.   ---------------   ----------------   SURGEON ADMITS ERROR DURING BRAIN SURGERY   CHRIS SIMKINS   NEW YORK@   In a published report Friday a prominent New York City brain>surgeon, who operated on the mother of one of India's leading>film stars, has acknowledged that he performed surgery on the#wrong side of the patient's brain.@   Dr. Ehud Arbit, a leading New York city neurosurgeon, called?it a terrible tragedy but not careless surgery. The doctor was>referring to his brain operation on the mother of Indian film?star Sridevi. Last month Sridevi's mother, Rajeswari Ayyappan,=was brought from her village in India to New York's memorialBSloan-Kettering Cancer Center for treatment of a brain tumor. But>Dr. Arbit mistakenly operated on the wrong side of her brain,@leaving the 59-year old woman with an untreated malignant tumoron the opposite side.A   In a report published in New York Newsday, Dr. Arbit's lawyerBsaid his client made the mistake because he thought Mrs. AyyappanAwas an entirely different Indian patient with brain cancer. In a<statement, Dr. Arbit said the his mistake was the result of:mis-communication, not careless surgery. Mrs. Ayyappan is?recovering at another New York hospital where surgeons removedBpart of the cancerous tumor. Her family has hired a prominent New9York City medical malpractice lawyer to handle the case.6   Dr. Arbit was suspended from performing surgery at@Sloan-Kettering hospital but now his lawyer says he is fightingBto get reinstated. Meanwhile, the hospital says it will conduct a8full investigation into the mishap and it has tightened$procedures to avoid patient mixups.   ---------------   ---------------?   RESEARCHERS FIND GENETIC LINK TO ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER RISKS   STEPHEN G. IRMO   WASHINGTONB   U.S. medical researchers say they have found new evidence that=some people inherit a higher risk of contracting cancer from:environmental pollutants such as tobacco smoke. The studyBpublished in the "Journal of the National Cancer Institute") thatAexamines a genetic basis for why some people, even light smokers@or those exposed to passive smoking, contract lung cancer whileothers do not.@   Scientists at the National Cancer Institute near Washington,7DC, believe they are close to proving that the risk of7contracting cancer is greater for people whose genetic0inheritance may predispose them to the disease.>   Dr. Peter Shields, a molecular epidemiologist and clinical>oncologist says new evidence demonstrates a "gene-environment*interaction" that occurs inside the lung:B   "It has been very difficult technically to show that exposuresBthat we get from the environment, such as carcinogen exposures or?tobacco smoke actually affect our bodies through mechanisms of9specific genes and that these can affect how badly thoseexposures may affect us."@   Examining human DNA collected from 90 samples of cancer-freeAlung tissue, investigators studied levels of chemicals , - knownAas "carcinogen-DNA adducts." These chemicals can bind to the DNA5in genes and induce mutations that contribute to the4transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell.@   In a complex and somewhat paradoxical mechanism, Dr. Shields:explains how carcinogens such as tobacco smoke can attachthemselves to the genes:?   "A chemical gets into the body and the body recognizes thatAthe chemical should not be inside the body and there are natural?mechanisms to get that chemical out. That is done primarily in@the liver but also in different organs such as the lungs and it@converts those chemicals to compounds that can bind to carriers<to be excreted through the urine. During that process these?carcinogens become very sticky, because the body wants them to>stick to the carriers. But also as sort of an unwanted effect?they can combine to your genes and ultimately cause mutations.BThat is part of a chemical binding to a specific part of your DNA8in your genes which will ultimately become a mutation."B   Researchers measured levels of these carcinogenic chemicals at8four genetic sites associated with cancer risk on genes>"CYP-2-D6" and "CYP-2-E1." Where variant forms of these genesAexisted, the presence of the mutating chemicals was particularlyAhigh. The correlation, according to Peter Shields, suggests that?people with variant forms of these genes may have an increased9risk of contracting cancer from even minimal exposure to$carcinogens, while others will not:8   "Everyone is different. All science tends to look atBindividuals as if they're all going to respond a certain way. The;assumption is, for example, that if you smoke you get lung@cancer. But that is not true. Some people don't get lung cancerBand some people live to the age of 95 and smoke like chimneys and?do not get sick from it. It is what we call "inter-individual"Avariation and just as the color of our eyes are different or the<shape of our noses are different, so are our livers and the?ability to metabolize carcinogens. And if you are some one who>might make more of those bad by-products of those carcinogens%than you might have a greater risk."@   Researchers conclude one's genetic makeup might put a personBexposed to even a little tobacco smoke at much greater of risk ofBcontracting lung cancer than a heavy smoker whose genes may offer<more effective protection. Still investigators caution thatBmolecular epidemiology is a science still in its infancy and moreAmust be known before any sweeping public health implications can
be drawn.   ---------------   ---------------0   UNDERSTANDING POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER   JESSICA BERMAN   WASHINGTON@   Recently, mental health experts called on the United Nations@to mount a worldwide campaign against mental illness. According?to their study, undiagnosed and untreated mental and emotional@disorders are extremely common, especially throughout the third;world. And the study's authors say it's possible that such:problems contribute significantly to political and socialupheaval around the globe.=   Given all of the ethnic strife, devastating illnesses andBnatural disasters that befall much of the world, it's likely that?many people suffer from a relatively new psychiatric condition)known as post-traumatic stress disorder.=   At various times throughout American history, it has beenBreferred to as "shell shock" and "battle fatigue", two terms usedBto describe the unhappy condition of some soldiers returning from@war. At the same time, mental health professionals working with@victims of violent crimes and natural disasters noticed many of:the same symptoms in their patients, malaise bordering on:depression, an inability to readjust to life's demands orAmaintain intimate relationships, and higher-than-normal rates ofAsubstance abuse. Finally, in 1980, there was consensus within inAthe mental health field that many crime victims and war veteransBsuffered from the same condition, post-traumatic stress disorder,	or PTSD.B   According to Doctor Bonnie green, a professor of psychiatry at8Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, DC:?   "Most people who have been through something really, really?stressful, traumatic, frightening or terrible have some of theAsymptoms of PTSD. And they might even have these for awhile. But?we don't conceptualize it as a psychiatric problem or disorderAuntil it's gone on for a certain period of time. The first thing>is basically to have gone through an experience that involves?life threat, violence, witnessing violence, nearly losing your@life, seeing other people go through the same thing. So, that's?sort of a death-encounter kind of an experience is the kind of8prototypical experience that would bring on this set ofsymptomotology (symptoms)."@   But Doctor Green says people can also develop post-traumatic@stress disorder after they've been assaulted, either physically:or sexually, in instances where there is no loss of life.=   Survivors of these kinds of traumatic events suffer three>types of symptoms, according to Doctor Janice Krupnik, also a>psychiatrist at Georgetown University and expert on PTSD. She@describes the first group of symptoms as "intrusive" in nature:?   "And that might be intrusive thoughts or images. You try toBconcentrate on something else and the horrible images keep comingBto mind, nightmares, misperceptions, seeing maybe somebody on theBstreet who looks like somebody who died and mistaking that person@and generally not being able to get back on track with a normal@routine because they feel so flooded with thoughts and feelingsabout what's happened."=   Doctor Krupnik says the second group of symptoms involves:avoidance, trying to keep busy so as not to think about a?traumatic event. People with these symptoms also often turn to#alcohol or drugs to dull the pain:5   "And the other cluster of symptoms has to do with=hyperarousal, where people may have racing heart and startleAreactions and their whole body is kind of activated in a "flight6or fight" kind of response and they can't calm down."B   Scientists researching post-traumatic stress disorder are able=recreate symptoms of hyperarousal in the laboratory, studies<which have helped verify and legitimize PTSD. This has been>necessary because many people are skeptical of a diagnosis of@post-traumatic disorder. One reason is that symptoms usually do=not appear until weeks, months or even years after a trauma.AAnother reason for doubt is that not everyone who goes through a$traumatic experience develops PTSD.?   Professor Bonnie Green of Georgetown University say studies9show that some people are at higher risk than others forBpost-traumatic stress disorder. She points to a study of American5Vietnam War veterans that found a connection betweenBpost-traumatic stress syndrome and the amount of combat they saw:?   "So, for example, the veterans who were in heavy combat hadAmuch higher rates than those who were in light combat or only insupport kinds of roles."B   In addition, studies suggest that people who have been through:other traumatic events earlier in their lives may be more!susceptible than others to PTSD.@   Experts say that post-traumatic stress disorder can occur atAany time in a person's life, including childhood. But Georgetown?University psychiatry professor Janice Krupnik says youngsters:tend to process traumatic events differently than adults:?   "On the newscasts from Oklahoma City (about the bombing), I@heard a number of people making comments about, 'well, children@are resilient. They get over this very quickly.', when what wasBmisinterpreted is that children may deal (with) things for a veryAlimited period of time and then deal with it intermittently. So,<it's not a long stretch of dealing with it the way an adultwould."@   She says that children who live through on-going, horrendous:situations, such as the ethnic strife in Sarajevo and the>slaughter in Rwanda, seem especially vulnerable to developing1PTSD at a later time, when the crisis has ended.@   The good news is post-traumatic stress disorder is treatable@with counselling. Professors Janice Krupnik and Bonnie Green ofBGeorgetown University say that the length and type of counselling?that is used depend upon the severity of a patient's symptoms.   ---------------   ---------------H   U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: FAREWELL TO THE MAN WHO KILLED POLIO   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTON=   Doctor Jonas Edward Salk, the man whose research led to aAvaccine that conquered polio, one of the most crippling diseases?to afflict children and adults, died in San Diego last week atthe age of 80.@   As news of his death spread around the nation and the world,Btributes began to flow from political leaders and the medical and:scientific community that honored the medical researcher.@   In 1954, Dr. Salk, a child of Russian immigrants, discoveredBthe first vaccine that would immunize children and adults againstBthe great crippling disease of its time, polio myelitis. His nameAbecame a household word and one paper said that Americans of theBperiod rated him near Gandhi and Churchill in a poll of respectedmen.B   However time somewhat dimmed his fame, and the later discovery>of another polio vaccine that could be taken without a needleAinjection, supplanted his original breakthrough. With his death,;there were many tributes to the man responsible for saving4millions of people from wheelchairs and leg braces.?   We begin our sampling with his hometown newspaper, "The SanDiego Union-Tribune":?   "Everyone knows about Jonas Salk and the development of the@polio vaccine, and most people have heard about his more recent@struggle to find a vaccine for the scourge of AIDS. But besides?being a giant in the history of biological research, Salk alsoAwas a consummate San Diegan, a man who embraced the dream of our?city becoming a world-renowned center for research. 'Boston onAthe west coast,' was [Doctor] Salk's ideal.  It was the presence@of the Salk Institute on Torrey Pines Mesa that helped draw ourAnation's great scientific minds here. And that included not justBbiologists, but other scientists who fueled growth in other typesof research."A   In the east, "The Philadelphia Inquirer" mourned his passing,8and repeated the tale of his rise to fame from a humblebeginning.;   "Much of Dr. Salk's life story is ennobling. The son of>Russian immigrants, raised in a New York tenement, he had the<confidence to experiment with a new kind of vaccine and theAspirit not to own its fruits. When asked who owned the patent to?the vaccine, Dr. Salk replied: 'well, the people, I would say.=There is no patent. Could you patent the sun?' nor, like the@sun's, could Dr. Salk's energy be exhausted. Until his death at<age 80, he continued to seek a vaccine for the contemporaryBplague of AIDS. He did what few mortals can claim. He helped save*hundreds of thousands of innocent lives."B   In Baltimore, "The Sun" noted with some irony that although heAmade a monumental contribution to medical science, its top prizeeluded him:>   "Dr. Jonas Edward Salk, inventor of the vaccine that freed@millions from the terror of polio, won the undying gratitude ofBthe American people but the scorn of fellow scientists who envied<his discovery and the celebrity it brought him. some of Dr.BSalk's contemporaries, including the late Dr. Albert Sabin, whose?oral vaccine eventually supplanted the injections developed by<Dr. Salk, were so infuriated by his success they refused toAbelieve his vaccine worked. 'it was pure kitchen chemistry,' Dr.>Sabin once said of Dr. Salk's invention. Such pettiness seemsBinconceivable today. Dr. Salk accepted it philosophically, albeit=with sadness:'there have to be people who are ahead of their?time,' he once said.  He was always chagrined, however, by the@professional jealousy that robbed him of the scientific world's?greatest honors: He never won the Nobel Prize, nor was he ever2invited to join the national academy of science.">   In Texas, "The Dallas Morning nEws" reacted to news of hisdeath with these thoughts:<   "Few, if any, biomedical researchers ever made a greater?contribution to medicine and public health than Jonas Salk did>with his discovery of a polio vaccine. When Dr. Salk died hisAstar had begun to fade among a younger generation. But for those;old enough to remember what life was like during the polio=epidemic of the early 1950s, Dr. Salk's fame will only shine>brighter in death."  His name is rightly honored today with aAnational sentiment president Clinton expressed shortly after his@death: Dr. Salk's 'indefatigable pursuit of solutions made this world a better place to live.'"9   And finally, from "The San Francisco Chronicle" theseobservations:A   "Dr. Salk spent his life pursuing his sometimes controversial>research. He developed the polio vaccine while working at the=University of Pittsburgh. In 1963 he moved to California and@established the respected Salk Institute for Biological Studies?in La Jolla, where he conducted research on multiple sclerosis7and cancer. In 1986, he co-founded the immune response@corporation, where he sought a vaccine to strengthen the immuneBsystems in HIV [human immunodeficiency virus]-infected people. He:hoped eventually to find a vaccine to prevent the disease=altogether. 'my own view is we will overcome,' Dr. Salk saidAearlier this year. 'I am a perennial optimist. We certainly have@the knowledge. The question is whether we have the wisdom.' his%wisdom will be missed in the quest."   _______________   ---------------&   PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT MADE EASY   JANE KUCZYNSKI   WASHINGTONB   According to reports by the World Health Organization, the keyBto providing good public health care worldwide is not so much the>quantity and quality of the care givers and essential medical@supplies as it is good management.  The Aga Khan Foundation has;developed a flexible and effective program to train health*program managers in developing countries.B   A brochure published by the Dhaka, Bangladesh, Urban Community<Health programme offers a two-week course to empower public?health managers.  The first week provides a standard refresher9course on good public health practices.  The second week<concentrates on nine so-called "management modules."  TheseB"modules" are inexpensive, practical guides to help managers makeAconcrete and visible improvements in the way they provide healthBservices. They were developed by the Aga Khan Foundation with the9help of health experts from four continents.  And health?managers, in a growing number of countries, report they really;are improving the effectiveness of public health programs.>   Dr. Mizan Siddiqi (mih-zahn sih-dee-kee) used the Aga Khan>modules as the basis for his course for the Society for UrbanHealth in Dhaka.A   He says the materials are practical tools that really do makeAmanagers more effective. Each of the nine sets includes a user's>guide, a facilitator's guide, 3 manager's guides, and related:computer programs, including a computerized public healththesaurus:>   "These materials, if a manager can get and understand them?well and use them well in their programs,  will empower him orBher in planning, designing, and monitoring their programs.  These?materials will help the managers to identify gaps in the past,Blike improved management skills among health professional and the?providers, and the costs related to the services that they are1providing, and also considering the recipients.":   Dr. Siddiqi says the "management modules" also lay out>guidelines for assessing costs, quality and sustainability of?health programs. He believes the new approach has improved his<program in Dhaka by sharpening its focus and broadening itscollaboration:A   "The main points that we consider is to have a very good teamAin the program, to consider about the efficiency and the quality4of service that we are providing. And we have localAorganizations.  We have community leaders to come into our broadBpicture and support us so that these programs continue to surviveand (be) sustained."=   A main objective of the Aga Khan Foundation's approach to@primary health care is to give local managers of primary health@care, as opposed to central governments, certain procedures and>techniques that can be useful in whatever situation develops.>Dr. Jack Bryant has a long and distinguished career in public=health.  He has taught medicine, served with the Rockefeller?Foundation, was dean of Columbia University's School of Public@Health, professor at the Aga Khan University in Karachi, and heBis the author of the book, "health in the developing world."  Dr.BBryant says it's important for managers to learn how to cope with rapidly changing circumstances:>   "Things are changing very rapidly in the world.  There are?shifts in available resources, some going up, some going down.AThere are political instabilities.  There are new opportunities.,And health rides on those waves of change."@   Dr. Bryant says that, once managers learn to use the primary8health care program, known as map, short for managementAadvancement modules,  they have the ability to cope with change:>   "it gives them some anchors so that if they are working in@these shifting situations, they know how to go out and (figure)A'for this population, these are the population's needs, and thisBis the way to do something about it.' so, it gives some stabilityin a moving scene."=   Doctor Bryant and Doctor Saddiqi were in Washington for aArecent workshop on primary health care sponsored by the Aga KhanFoundation USA.<   The Aga Khan Foundation has been working for more than aAquarter century to improve the quality of life in less developed>countries by promoting programs that take fresh approaches to;meeting three basic human needs, for health, education and
development.   ---------------   ---------------"   REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK: JERUSALEM   SUSAN SAPPIR
   JERUSALEM@   For the Arab children who attend this daycare center it's anAordinary day's play. But for the owners of this modest one-story@building, that looks like so many others here in Ramle, it's noBless than a dream come true. It is the dream of two families, oneAIsraeli and one Palestinian, of turning the wounds of war into aAsalve of peace. Dalia Ashkenazi moved to Israel from Bulgaria in>1948 when she was one year old. The government of the nascent:Jewish state gave her family this house in Ramle, a mixed?Arab-Jewish town, halfway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. They@knew it was an Arab house but didn't think much about what that?meant. All that changed in 1967. Israel captured the West Bank>and Gaza. Thousands of Palestinian refugees from the 1948 war=could now return to their abandoned properties in Israel, atleast to take a look.@   "After the six-day war the original owners of the house cameBfor a visit, says Dalia Ashkenazi, "and I was alone at home and IAwelcomed them. And when they walked in they treated the place as?a temple and I became aware for the first time that the people?who lived there before are real. They have faces and names and=memories and a longing. So that first encounter has probably(influenced me for the rest of my life."A   Over a cup of tea in her Jerusalem home, Dalia Ashkenazi toldAme about the day she met the Khayri family. That meeting was theAbeginning of a transformation of the way Dalia viewed her world.AA friendship was established between the Ashkenazi family livingAin Ramle and the Khayri family, who now lived in Ramallah in the+West Bank, less than an hour's drive away:@   "I think that they were very touched by the fact that I just<welcomed them in and could respect their feelings and their@longings and I was shocked to realize that we were perceived by$them as usurpers, we, the Israelis.?   "I then realized that my home was the home of two families;>that is, was, the only home I knew and I loved deeply and the>trees there, every tree was precious to me and that's where IAspent my childhood and that previously there were other children<of another family that felt likewise for this home and they!consider that to be their home.":   Dalia's American-born husband, Yehezkel Landau, is the=director of the project. The couple decided to call it "Open=House." Yehezkel showed me around the house. Although he andBDalia now live with their son in Jerusalem, "Open House" is their=pride and joy. Yehezkel told me how the idea for the projectBevolved in conversations with members of the Khayri family. Dalia@had a particularly close relation with Bashir Al-Khayri, one ofBthe family's nine children who is one year older than Dalia.  The<friendship between Dalia and Bashir has been deep enough to=survive an almost impossible trial: Bashir spent 15 years in:Israeli jails on charges of involvement in a bombing in aAJerusalem supermarket that killed two people. When he got out of?jail, Dalia and Yehezkel went to see him and continued talkingabout the house.?   "Now under Israeli law the Khayris cannot own this house or=live in it," said Yehezkel. "They cannot even stay in Israel>overnight without a permit. He knew that and we knew that. SoAthere had to be some kind of agreed upon solution at least until?some day in the future when political circumstances change and9then we'll decide what would become of the house. In the<meantime, Dalia retains the ownership and it is put to thisBpublic use. Bashir preferred that it revert to Arab ownership andADalia resisted that, thinking that would send the wrong message,<especially to the Israeli public. It's one thing to let the?Al-Khayris come back as a family-to-family interaction if that=could ever be worked out. But to give over ownership to some8neutral Arab organization, we both felt that would be aAthreatening proposition and might indicate we think all of Ramle@and Lod should revert to Palestinian sovereignty and that's notour view."A   Dalia is concerned the project may be misunderstood. She saysBArab propagandists, including Bashir himself, who has been exiled8by Israel to Jordan, have given her gesture a different'interpretation than what she intended:@   "It's not an either-or proposition. It's not as if the houseBis either mine or is their's. Or I'm giving up my legal rights asBa statement that they have a right. It's not that way and I think>it's this either-or perception that is creating the conflict.BBecause we say alright, there is only one home, it's either our's@or it's their's. It's still my home and it will remain my home.=And it's also their home. They cannot give it up. It's theirBhome. And it's like both families have sort of dedicated it. TheyAare saying, 'alright, we are also in a way sacrificing something<of our dream in order to allow the new generation to have a3possibility'. You see, so it's both of our homes.">   Bashir suggested opening a badly-needed daycare center for9Arab children. But they agreed it would also be used forAJewish-Arab dialogue activities. I talked with a Palestinian who;works along with the Landaus as co-director of Open House,Michail Fanous:?   "I feel that this house, actually it's a small story but itAtells the story of all Israel-Palestine, because in 1948 most of=the Arabs in this area in Ramle had to leave.  Many historic>books tell us about that we left by ourself and all the ArabsBjust ran away and it's not right because we know that they had to>leave, especially after they heard about the massacre in Lod.>That's our neighbor city. So people were afraid here and thenAthey pushed most of our people away. And in the same year Jewish?families came to Ramle. So it's the same like what happened inBall Palestine-Israel. We had to leave as Palestinians, the Jewish?people came, they took our houses, our lands and that's it. SoBwhen Dalia came to me and told me she feels this house belongs to3her and the Khayri family, for me it was a sign ofAreconciliation. That's why it's a symbolic story about peace and$reconciliation in Israel-Palestine.>   "If you go now into the street and ask people, 'how do youAfeel about it?', most of the people, Jewish and Arabs, will say,A'well, we are tired of wars and let's give (peace) a chance. ButAmany times when a violent action happens from both sides, peoplelose their hope."B   Yehezkel is an observant Jew. He wears a skullcap on his head,;he makes a blessing before he eats, and he believes in the<holiness of the land of Israel. I asked him how his work is!related to his religious belief::   "I'm committed to this kind of work of cooperation and;reconciliation out of a deep spiritual conviction that theBholiness of this land demands that Jews and Palestinians sanctify?or consecrate it together, and that's by ending the bloodshed,@the injustice, the suffering of both peoples. And that can onlyAhappen when people's hearts are transformed. When the wounds areAhealed. And this is our small, modest contribution to that, whatAwe call in Hebrew, 'tikkun olam', repairing the broken world andmaking it whole again."@   As I left the open house I stopped to listen to the children?singing. Now they are too young to understand the story of the@house. When they're older, perhaps they will live in a peaceful?world where the ideas of war, conflict and refugees won't meananything to them anyway.   ---------------   ---------------1   ANTI ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN PEACE ACCORD SYRIANS   LAURIE KASSMAN   DAMASCUS@   Most of the Palestinian factions that reject the PLO/Israeli>self-rule deal, known as the Oslo accord, are based in Syria.ATheir voices of criticism mirror the mounting frustration inside6the autonomy zones as disputes continue to delay fullBimplementation of the self-rule agreement. But the prospect of an;eventual Syrian peace accord with Israel could deprive the=rejectionists, as they are known, with a place of operation.:   The head of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of:Palestine says the Oslo accord is doomed to failure. Naef=Hawatmeh is among the old-guard Palestinian leaders who have@rejected Oslo and call for new leadership to negotiate a betterdeal. According to Hawameh:A   "The Oslo accord did not bring peace, security, stability forBthe Palestinians or the Israelis inside the Palestinians occupied@territories and inside Israel. And Oslo did not bring solutions8for the economic, social crisis and problems inside the@Palestinian-occupied territories. And, all those who are in the disapora are ignored 'til now."A   The 10 radical Palestinian groups based in Damascus refuse to>follow Yasser Arafat's leadership and say another approach is7needed. But they have not yet come up with a politicalalternative, only violence.?   Fathi Shukaki heads the Islamic Jihad, which he established@more than two decades ago. Islamic Jihad opposes any peace dealAwith Israel and even the existence of the Jewish state. He callsAthe Oslo deal Yasser Arafat's sell-out to Israeli prime ministerYitzhak Rabin::   "As they are accelerating their efforts to put all theBpartners very close to each other in this false peace, we have to@do the opposite and accelerate our efforts, mainly our military3efforts inside Palestine, against the occupation."B   Islamic Jihad and the radical Islamic group Hamas have Carried=out a series of suicide bombings and attacks against Israeli	targets.B   Mr. Shukaki says he and other radical Palestinians in Damascus>are not worried that an eventual peace deal between Syria and>Israel could lead to their eviction from Syria. Analysts have?suggested that a comprehensive peace settlement would probably<include Syrian pledges to curb extremists in its territory:@   "Our organization was established inside Palestine. Our mainAbody is inside Palestine. I am here because Mr Rabin deported me>seven years ago to Lebanon and then to Syria. So if I move toBthis or another country, this will not affect our struggle insidePalestine."@   Some radical leaders like Naef Hawatmeh have tried to return(home to the Palestinian autonomy zones.9   We are doing all our best to return home there," saysAHawatmeh, "but it is a problem of (prime minister) Rabin, not of>us. Rabin opened all the doors and all the roads to those whoBsupport Oslo accord and he put billion walls in the face of those'who say no to Oslo or criticize Oslo.">   So, for now the Palestinian rejectionists remain in Syria,?looking on from the sidelines as the peace process they opposemoves forward.   ---------------   ---------------   SYRIA/PEACE ECONOMY   LAURIE KASSMAN   DAMASCUS?   As the peace process moves forward, so do Syrian efforts toAtransform a centralized economy into a market with a larger role8for the private sector. Since 1991, new laws have eased0restrictions and encouraged private investment.;   But, many ambitious businessmen want to see the reforms@speeded up to better prepare for the competition of a peacetime
marketplace.B   Potential investors complain about the continuing bureaucratic@snags and Syria's burdensome state banking system. They want to>see improvements in the infrastructure, customer service, andtraining in new technologies.A   Syrian executives worry Israel's more liberal economy alreadyBgives it a competitive edge. One executive still opposed to peace>with the Jewish state insists Israel will dominate the market once the Arab boycott is ended.>   Economic analyst Nabil Samman says the fear is part of the>psychological adjustment to peace, and the uncertainty of how5Syria will deal with direct competition from Israel:?   "The Souk mentality is: I can compete with the whole world.BBut when you talk about the businessman, a strong businessman, heAknows what Israel is all about and Israeli economy. Then he will>say, well, we are not as developed as the Israeli economy. We;have a limited economic sector, industrial sector, and the@Israeli economy is well-developed. Israel's economy, per-capita=income, is about 14-and-one-half-thousand [dollars] while in+Syria it is about one-thousand [dollars]."?   Syrian businessman Thaer Laham works in food processing. He=says facing the unknown is his biggest fear, but he believes0Syrian businessmen are ready for the challenge:A   "We do feel we are untested, we have not been proven, we have7not had a chance to prove ourselves. So I think Syrian>businessmen and the Syrian people will have a chance to proveBourselves in the near future. We do not know what we are going to@be faced with, and fear of the unknown is our biggest problem."@   Mr. Laham says he is ready for peace, but he has experienced?only war and hostility with Israel. He is not sure how he will!react when peace is established:B   "I do not know if I will ever buy an Israeli product. I do not6know if I will ever deal with an Israeli company as a:businessman. I doubt it. At least not in the near future.=However, just the prospect of talking about peace, I did not0think about peace only four or five-years ago."?   Another Damascus resident cites Egypt's 16-years of what he@calls a cold peace with Israel and suggests normalization, bothAtrade and cultural, will take generations. He says he gets upsetBwhen his child asks to watch cartoons from the Israeli channel onhis satellite television.   ---------------   ---------------,   SADDAM HUSSEIN MAKES KEY CABINET CHANGES   PEYMAN PEJMAN	   CAIROA   Iraqi President Saddam Hussein has changed several of his key@ministers in a move that observers say may be related to Iraq's"dealings with the United Nations.>   The news of the cabinet reorganization was made known in aBshort dispatch by the Iraqi news agency. It said President Saddam8Hussein has replaced his civilian oil minister with his4son-in-law, Lieutenant General Amir Mohamed Rashid.:   Mr. Rashid was a presidential advisor in charge of theBmilitary industrialization organization. The former oil minister,3Safa Hadi Javad, was named a presidential advisor.B   The cabinet changes came on the same day that a ranking UnitedBNations official arrived in Baghdad. The official, Rolf Ekeus, is;in charge of monitoring the destruction of Iraq's nuclear,-chemical, ballistic and biological programs.<   Iraq has recently said it will stop cooperating with theAUnited Nations unless the world body lifted the sanction imposedBagainst the Baghdad government after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990.B   Iraq has not directly linked the cabinet changes to Mr. Ekeus'@trip. After arriving in Baghdad, Mr. Ekeus said he did not know8how the reorganization will affect his talks with Iraqiofficials.   ---------------   ---------------   ISLAMIC BANKING   MONA GHUNEIM   NEW YORKA   A new form of banking has emerged in the past 30 years. It is=based on the tenets of Islam, rooted in the Middle East, but=international in scope. Islamic banking is part of a broader8concept of Islamic finance in which devout Muslims have;incorporated their personal value system into the economicsphere.:   Financial analysts consider Islamic banking a serious,Bconstantly developing alternative to conventional western banking:and a way for followers of Islam to invest their money inAcompliance with their religious beliefs. Muslims are not allowed>to pay or receive interest because Islamic law prohibits them=from making a guaranteed profit on capital. In recent years,>there has been a rise in Islamic financial transactions, withAover 100 banks in 40 different countries now engaging in Islamicbanking of some sort.?   With the global rise of Islam, the economic world is indeedBseeing a greater demand for Islamic finance, although it is stillBslight in monetary terms. Islamic banking is no longer limited to9Islamic institutions in the gulf. London is an important>financial center for Muslims, as well as Geneva, and even New:York. Citibank is currently setting up an Islamic bank in?Bahrain, while other western banks have incorporated what they<call "Islamic windows" where they provide services to their@Muslim clientele. Although Islamic banking is estimated to holdAabout 65 billion dollars in assets in the banking industry, that@amounts to only one percent of bank assets worldwide, but it is%still a growing and important field.?   Islamic banking is a relatively new concept. It was born in@the mid-1960s in Egypt, spread to Saudi Arabia in 1975 with theBIslamic Development Bank and to the United Arab Emirates with the=privately-owned Dubai investment bank that same year. Today,Athere are four major Islamic institutions operating out of Saudi<Arabia, Kuwait, Geneva and London, with offices in Chicago,"Houston and Pasadena, California.A   Muslims who adhere to Islamic banking must do so according to<the Koran, the Islamic holy book. Although the Koran can beAinterpreted in different ways, some more strict than others, the?book contains a religious law that bans Muslims from paying orearning interest.B   At a recent conference in New York, Isam Salah of the King andASpalding law firm in New York explained that the central feature@of Islamic banking is the prohibition on the payment or receipt?of interest. Instead of earning interest, he added, lenders of=money share in both the profits and losses of the borrower's7enterprise. Mr. Salah explained that Islamic financial=institutions have three main sources of funding: They can beBfunded through equity financing, in which the lender and borrower?share ownership and agree to share in profits and losses. TheyAcan hold transaction deposits which work like checking accounts,<where the bank holds the depositor's money without interest:although the bank may charge a fee of some sort. And most:important, they can have investment deposits in which the;borrower's return depends on the success or failure of theBinvestment. Islamic transactions are based on general and limited>partnerships in which leasing has become a central feature in<doing business. Short-term, low-risk transactions are quite@popular in Islamic banking because they minimize losses and are;often recommended by the shari'a board, a panel of Islamic>scholars who interpret shari'a, or Muslim law, for an Islamic>institution. At the New York conference, Mr. Salah touched on+some current doubts about Islamic banking:;   "There's probably a fair amount of skepticism and doubt7whether Islamic institutions truly comply with Islamic?requirements, not only in form, but also in substance as well.BFor instance, charging in mark-ups and fees rather than interest.AThere is a perception that there are a limited number of Islamic?instruments into which funds can be invested because there's a=concern that there aren't enough places to put those funds."@   According to Nicholas Angell of the Afridi, Angell and Baker>law firm in New York, Islamic finance has limitations becauseAlending institutions need assurance of repayment and a return ontheir money through interest:?   "There is a limit to the ability of Islamic institutions to?attract deposits because of the fact that the depositor is not8paying interest and the fact that the bank or financial5institution frequently has to keep capital on hand."B   Nonetheless, Mr. Angell feels Islamic banking is a fascinating>concept and perhaps has something to teach the western world:?   "Maybe our concern and maybe our dependence on interest hasBgone too far. Maybe Islamic finance has something to teach us, toAbring us back a little bit into a more balanced approach towards?capital means and finance. This can be treated as an esoteric,;exotic subject, and it is interesting at that level. It isAfascinating, particularly when you tie it to Islamic history and,culture and modern political developments."@   In Islamic banking, money is not regarded as a commodity. It@has no price in itself and can earn money only if it is engaged@in a business activity and has a return or loss which is sharedAby the investors or savers and the bank itself. Soliman Biheiri,Awho works in New Jersey as an investor for Dar Al Mal Al Islami,@a Geneva-based Islamic institution, says it is just another way>of conducting business and should not be a barrier to westernbanks:<   "The commercial, western style bank business is actually>trading money. In Islamic banking, we don't have this because@money is not regarded as a commodity. There is no security from?any federal or government agency or any private agency and youBdon't know in advance what return you are going to get at the end>of every year. That means you are going to share whatever theAresults of the banking activity is. Either you are going to loseAmoney or make money. You share in the profit or loss of the bank?activity. That is the major difference between an Islamic bankAand a commercial western style bank. It's simply for the western9culture another way of doing business as long as western>commercial banks here have no problem to secure rights and beBsure that they are in compliance with their own regulations here,8there is no problem at all to deal with Islamic banks."B   Although the majority of capital invested according to IslamicBlaw comes from Islamic banks or Islamic financial institutions in=the Middle East, joint ventures with major western banks areAbecoming more commonplace. In fact, many western banks that deal?with the Middle East have their own Islamic committees to makeBsure investments comply with Islamic law. Stella Cox, a member of<the Middle East banking and trade finance team of Kleinwort=Benson, an investment bank in London, says the team providesBservices to a growing Muslim clientele. At Kleinwort Benson, says<Ms. Cox, Islamic banking developed through the demands of a3long-term relationship with Middle East investors:>   "We've been involved for quite a long time, since the late@1970s when certain individual members of families in the MiddleBEast that we had had long-term conventional banking relationships5with came to us and asked us to structure investment;opportunities with them that were in compliance with their'interpretation of the Islamic sharia."B   Ms. Cox says the move from conventional to Islamic banking was@a matter of providing a working alternative. Investors from the8Middle East wanted to continue using Kleinwort Benson's=engineering capabilities and expertise but wanted to do that<while adhering to religious belief. She says the desire for=Muslims to be "Islamically correct" is less of a factor thanwesterners seem to believe:A   "I wouldn't say that it's being done because it's Islamically?correct, although it is inasmuch as most Muslims, if you offer?them an acceptable Islamic alternative, will naturally move in>that direction. It is just that the products being offered byBIslamic institutions and the institutions involved in the IslamicAsector are comparable with those that are being offered by otherBinstitutions, so it's quite natural that Islamic investors shouldmove in that direction.">   But what is it that motivates today's Islamic investors to<move in the direction of Islamic finance? Attorney Nicholas?Angell says it is Islamic fundamentalism. That is, a return to@fundamental, religious values in which religious belief plays a>role in all facets of life, even economics. Mr. Angell, whose>corporate law firm Afridi, Angell and Baker deals extensively<with the Middle East, believes Islamic finance has a social/involvement many Americans may not understand:=   "It may seem odd to us because in our country (the United<States) we have a separation of church and state. We have a@separation of religion and economic and social activity, but in>the Muslim society, those separations don't exist and Islamic:banking is giving the Muslim individual, the believer, an>opportunity to practice his religion and yet put his money towork."A   In effect, complying with religious belief in Islamic banking>means introducing a value system and ethics into the economic=sphere. It is a way for Muslims to feel good about following?their religious obligations, yet be able to invest their moneyAwisely. For example, Muslims cannot invest their money in things>which are considered "haram" or prohibited by their religion,>like alcohol and pork products. As a result, Islamic money is<invested in other areas. According to Abdel Kader Thomas, a?banker in Los Angeles and publisher of the American Journal of;Islamic finance, Islamic finance is an important source ofBalternative capital and a very professional way of doing businessonce its rules are made clear:8   "Islamic finance is now considered a major source of;alternative capital, for instance, in aircraft finance andBshipping finance globally. Once one explains clearly what Islamic=values do or do not permit and can structure them to resolve=conflicts of law between shari'a, between U.S. law, u-k law,?whatever, people accept it on a professional basis and say, 'Ican work with this'.";   Islamic finance is not much different from following anAethical business model, according to Mr. Thomas. He says westernAinstitutions that operate under an ethical program or westernersAwho adhere to certain ethical beliefs in their business dealings@could probably understand the basis of Islamic finance. And, heBadds, many in the United States already adhere to certain ethicalcriteria in their investments.B   "When we say Islamic banking, we are most likely talking about<ethical or value-oriented finance and there are a number of@ethical funds and financial investors in the U.S. already. They@represent six to seven billion dollars of mutual fund money and>substantial funds in pension and other institutional investor>funds. They say we are only willing to engage in a few of theAmany transactions permitted by law, we engage in a smaller group=of these dealings. Many of the deals are what one could call:asset-based finance, aircraft finance, shipping finance."?   But how religious does one have to be before he invests hisAmoney in compliance with Islamic law? According to Mr. Thomas ofAthe American Journal of Islamic Finance, Islamic banking is partBof a greater Islamic awakening in which Muslims are learning whatBit means to be Muslim. They see Islamic banking as something that,is indeed working and perhaps worth trying.>   "I think that many Muslims who choose to invest in Islamic<vehicles do so not because they're convinced that there's aBdifferent Islamic way of investing or that they're convinced that>the institutions are specifically different from conventionalBinstitutions. Rather they feel that there should be something forBMuslims and here it is, and it's not doing poorly, therefore I'll&allocate some or all my money to it."@   In the United States, American Muslims are just beginning toBconsider the relationship between Islam and finance. Banker Abdel:Kader Thomas says Islamic banking is a form of ethical or:value-oriented finance that is in alliance with spiritual?activity. He says acceptance of Islamic banking must come fromAwhat is presented to the believer. It is a question of followingBIslamic law, although today a certain flexibility is allowed, and=a question of presentation of the law. How sophisticated andBwell-received is Islamic finance in the United States? Mr. Thomas.says its reputation is continually improving:<   "We have to consider that Islam has grown as a spiritual<activity first in the United States and that it's only with?increased sophistication as Muslims that Muslim Americans haveBbegun to ask questions that relate to how should we deal with our=financial matters. Today the Islamic institutions are comingBthrough Wall Street and through other vehicles and they're coming6with well-conditioned ideas, instead of vague ideas."@   These "well-conditioned ideas," says Mr. Thomas, are helping=Islamic banking establish itself as a reputable way of doingAbusiness. In the past, Islamic banking was criticized as a farceAand a phony practice, but Mr. Thomas believes it has come a long0way and now has a place in the capital markets:<   "I think that Islamic finance has a place in the capitalAmarkets. It's akin to equity-based finance, it's akin to leasing9and other forms of asset-based finance and these are notAfarcical, these are real. So I think we're looking at a specificAdiscipline with its own rules and its own values. It's a subset,>if you like, of the greater capital market scheme and I don't+think there's anything farcical about it."=   Mr. Thomas expects a greater demand for Islamic financial7services from American Muslims. As Muslims become more@comfortable living with their religion in the United States, he=says, they may want to invest their money according to their=religious beliefs. But the Los Angeles banker does not see aAconnection between Islamic finance and the political expressions
of Islam:@   "I'm not certain that the people who are at the forefront of9establishing and broadening the Islamic finance movement:understand or get along with people who are involved with<political Islam that is frequently characterized as Islamic<fundamentalism. Nor am I certain that the so-called Islamic>fundamentalists that one sees in the press as being active inBmilitary-type actions have economic or finance programs or people>that are acquainted with what is Islamic finance or banking."@   Mr. Thomas says political Islam and Islamic finance are both;part of a growing awareness of Islam and an exploration ofBIslamic values, but that does not necessarily link them together.@   Analysts believe Islamic finance has established a place for:itself in western economics. Such western institutions asACitibank, the Kleinwort Benson investment bank and chemical bankBmanage as much or more money according to Islamic principles than=the entire network of Islamic banks themselves. According to>Stella Cox of Kleinwort Benson, on a financial level, Islamic;banking is growing significantly, to the degree that major;investment houses and banks are knocking on Islamic doors.BAttorney Nicholas Angell says Islamic finance is also on the riseon a sociological level:A   "My own belief is that these are very fundamental and durable;reactions that are taking place that are echoed in our ownBsociety, and Islamic finance is riding that crest, and so long asBthat reaction is taking place, I think Islamic finance is here tostay."A   And according to Isam Salah of the King and Spalding Law Firm@in New York, Islamic finance is not just a passing fad. It is a>serious way of banking, he says, with a lot of potential that6will continue to grow as long as it remains flexible.   ---------------   ---------------;   REPORT OF DECREASING POWER OF IRAN'S ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT   DAVID GOLLUST   WASHINGTON@   A major U.S. policy research group says the hold on power by:Iran's Islamic government is being severely threatened byBeconomic problems and domestic unpopularity. The study group, theBCenter for Strategic and International Studies or CSIS, says thatBas such, Iran poses little threat to regional stability, but that.the United States has exaggerated the danger.8   The Washington-based research group says the Iranian>government is facing what it calls an "existential crisis" as<evidenced by anti-regime disturbances over the past year inBvarious cities, and calls from the military and elsewhere for theruling clerics to step down.A   The author of the report, CSIS senior associate Ahmed Hashim,>says factionalism and interference by religious elements have@hindered the development and formulation of consistent economicand foreign policy.?   Mr. Hashim says neither Iranian President Ali Akbar Hashemi?Rafsanjani nor supreme leader Ali Khamene'I has the stature toAdominate decision making. And with the conservative legislature,@or Majlis, increasingly obstructionist, he says the result is a<governmental failure to deal with Iran's pressing problems:@   It is an ideological and morally bankrupt society right now.;It is economically and financially exhausted, increasingly=unpopular with its own people, isolated and, despite general<perceptions, it is militarily weak. And the evidence of the+growing problems can no longer be hidden."?   Mr. Hashim said that with the Iranian economy in free-fall,?and amid growing popular alienation, the days when the Islamic@revolution could have a meaningful impact are over. Yet he saidBit remains the prevailing consensus in the west, and particularly>the United States, that Iran threatens regional stability andwestern interests.=   Anthony Cordesman, a former senior U.S. defense and State8Department official and now the CSIS Middle East policy>coordinator, cited what he said is "overblown rhetoric" being9used by the Clinton administration to portray Iran as aninternational menace.?   Mr. Cordesman was particularly critical of the latest State?Department report on international terrorism, released in lateAApril, saying the document failed to provide evidence to back up8its depiction of Iran as the leading purveyor of globalterrorism:?   "Let me say that contained in this report are a lot of veryBuseful facts. But as a document it is intellectual rubbish. There>is a need for honesty and integrity in reporting. It does not:matter what the policy is. You cannot take seven cases ofBdissidents and transform that into a global terrorist threat. You?cannot conveniently for policy reasons talk about Iran backingAthe Hezbollah and pretend that it somehow can operate in Lebanonas if Syria did not exist."A   Mr. Cordesman said a reasonably convincing case has been made=by the United States that Iran is pursuing a nuclear weapons@capability. But both he and Mr. Hashim suggested that trying toAengage Tehran in dialogue, rather than isolating it, is the best:way to moderate Iranian behavior in this and other areas.9   They also counseled members of Congress and others in@Washington against support for the Iranian exile coalition, the?National Council of Resistance of Iran , saying its Iraq-based=military arm has been thoroughly discredited in Iran for its/terror tactics and collaboration with Baghdad.=   However, a Washington spokesman for the Paris-based groupAinsisted the coalition has wide public support at home, and thatAthe policy of seeking dialogue with supposedly-moderate elements=of the Islamic regime was proved bankrupt by the Iran-Contra)affair during the Reagan administration.   ---------------   _______________   FUTURE OF JERUSALEM
   ED WARNER   WASHINGTON?   One of the toughest issues of the ongoing Middle East peace?process is the status of Jerusalem, sacred to three religions.?Its future was discussed at a meeting in the U.S. Capitol thisweek.A   Considering what is happening in Jerusalem, the peace process?is a snare, said Walid Khalidi at a meeting of the council for+the national interest in the U.S. capitol.B   Mr. Khalidi, a senior researcher at the Center for Middle East?Studies at Harvard University, said the Oslo agreement between>Israelis and Palestinians has made things worse in Jerusalem:;   "Far from improving the situation, it exacerbates it byAdeferring the issue of Jerusalem to the final status stage whileAnot suspending colonization in the meantime. In other words, you?buy time during which you can colonize. Now, figures show that?since Oslo the pace of colonization in East Jerusalem has been;more frenetic, more intensive, than it was under the Likud=(party). Of course, labor and Likud (parties) have both been?committed to a united Jerusalem as Israeli's eternal capital."8   Mr. Khalidi said Israeli strategy is to grab so muchBPalestinian land that by the time negotiations on Jerusalem begin<they will be meaningless. Palestinians will be isolated and4deprived of any share in sovereignty over the city.?   Israeli prime Minister Yitzak Rabin would not be able to do.this, said Mr. Khalidi, without U.S. support:B   "He is counting on the total and unconditional support of this<administration and this Congress. What is the policy of the?current administration on Jerusalem? The honest answer is thatBthere does not seem to be a policy that is distinct from Rabin's.=On the pace of colonization in East Jerusalem there is total<silence in Washington. The silence on colonization plus theBfailure to deduct penalties for settlement in east Jerusalem send1an unmistakable, dazzling green light to Rabin."A   Mr. Khalidi warned that if there is no acceptable solution toAJerusalem, the peace process will fail. Then there will be a day5of reckoning for the Arab regimes that have been tooAaccommodating to the United States and Israel. He said they willbe broken reeds.:   But Ian Lustick, professor of political science at the7University of Pennsylvania, insisted there is room for:compromise. Everything should not be judged from officialstatements.@   For example, he noted that a prominent member of the Israeli?labor party, known for floating ideas, recently suggested that>Jerusalem might be the capital of two states. He said she was@asked if the prospect of a Palestinian capital there frightened7her and she replied: "In peace, nothing frightens me.">   Professor Lustick said a recent Gallup poll indicates that9nearly a majority of Israelis is willing to exclude East$Jerusalem from Israeli sovereignty:>   "What this and a couple of other polls that have been done?show is that, and that's without government encouragement, how?much fluidity there really is in Israel on this issue once you?stop asking: "Will you compromise on Jerusalem?" And everybodyAthinks of the wailing (west temple) wall and starts asking aboutBspecific elements of the city: "Will you compromise on the Muslim>quarter of the old city? When you start talking that way, and?Israelis never have gone, never want to go to those areas, youget very different responses."B   Professor Lustick said the United States should become more of@an active mediator on Jerusalem. Previous American interventionAhas made it easier for Israelis to take some political risks forpeace:>   "The United States leaders' current contribution to MiddleAEast peace will be measured by their willingness to pay marginal@and short term political cost by adding some sanity and reality<testing to discussions of Jerusalem; first, simply by being@willing to treat it as a topic like other topics, not taboo. It?is no longer a taboo topic in Israel. Why should it be a tabootopic in Washington?"@   Professor Lustick said that when Israelis were threatened by@Iraqi missiles in the Persian Gulf war, they realized that land!alone does not provide security.   ---------------   ---------------   QATAR COUP   LAURIE KASSMAN	   CAIROB   Qatar's Crown Prince Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani has overthrown@his father as emir in a bloodless palace coup. The Emir learnedAof the coup while on a private visit to Switzerland, but says heis still in control.A   State-run television showed the 47-year-old eldest son of theBemir receiving visitors in Doha shortly after it was Announced he@had taken over the government with full support from the ruling?Al-Thani family. Among the first to greet him was his brother,<who is also the interior minister. Sheikh Hamad already was>handling the daily operations of government and he assured anBemergency cabinet meeting there would be no major policy changes.?   Sheikh Hamad said he had taken control because of difficult?circumstances, which he did not explain. His father learned ofAthe coup on television at a lakeside hotel in Geneva where he is=on a private visit. He called the situation unacceptable and>insisted he was still ruler of the tiny oil-rich emirate, and"vowed to return at whatever cost.B   Ironically, Sheikh Khalifa came to power more than two-decades?ago in a bloodless coup during the absence of his elder cousin"who was ruling Qatar at the time.>   Qatar's airport was temporarily closed and security forces>sealed off the border with Saudi Arabia early Tuesday, but no<violence has been reported. News reports from Doha say lifeAappears normal for the emirate's one-half-million residents. TheBmember of the Gulf Cooperation Council is rich in oil and natural;gas and has one of the world's highest per capita incomes.>   The new emir is said to have argued with his father mostly=about how to handle Qatar's border disputes with neighboringBahrain and Saudi Arabia.   ---------------   ---------------2   OUSTED QATAR EMIR SAYS HE WILL RETURN TO POWER   DOUGLAS ROBERTS
   GENEVAB   The ousted ruler of Qatar is vowing to return to power in thatBPersian-Gulf state. Just hours after he was overthrown by his son=in a palace coup, Sheikh Khalifa Bin hamad Al-Thani issued a@statement in Switzerland, saying he is still Qatar's legitimateleader.B   The emir was on a private visit to Switzerland when his ouster0was Announced Tuesday in Qatar's capital, Doha.=   Sheikh Khalifa called the palace coup orchestrated by hisAeldest son, Crown Prince Hamad, unacceptable. In a brief, ArabicBlanguage statement he vowed to return to power in the oil and gasrich state, whatever the cost.A   Sheikh Khalifa said he is still Qatar's legitimate ruler, andAhe claimed to have the support of some of the country's key ArabAallies, including the other five members of the Gulf Cooperation	Council.=   Sheikh Khalifa and his entourage are currently staying atAGeneva's luxury Hotel Du Rhone, on the shores of Lake Leman. The@sheikh has given no indication of how long he intends to remainhere.   ---------------   ---------------,   U.S. RECOGNIZES CHANGE OF POWER IN QATAR   RON PEMSTEIN   STATE DEPARTMENTB   The United States recognizes the change in leadership in Qatar=after receiving assurances that the Gulf emirate will not bechanging policies.B   The assumption of leadership by Qatar's crown prince is mostlyBa formality so the American concern was whether the emirate would@maintain existing policies. State Department spokesman Nicholas<Burns says the United States recognizes the decision by the9Al-Thani family now that the U.S. has been assured Qatar<continues to support the Middle East peace process and Gulf(security policies toward Iran and Iraq:A   "We have had an initial discussion about the role of iran and?Iraq in the region and I think we have a basis to proceed withthe Qatari government."=   Qatar also assured the United States that it will enforce@existing United Nations resolutions and will remain a member inBgood standing of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The new governmentBalso promises to protect American citizens and business interests
in Qatar.   ---------------   ---------------   INSIDE IRAQ   DEBORAH COOPER   WASHINGTON<   Earlier this month the United Nations special commission7monitoring Iraqi compliance with U.N. Security Council<disarmament demands found that Iraq still needs to disclose@further information on its biological weapons program. Until it@fully complies, the report said, sanctions on Iraqi oil exports@imposed by the international body in 1990 should not be lifted.AThe U.N. Report gives the United States additional ammunition to?argue for an extension of the Iraqi sanctions up for review at@the end of the month. Meanwhile, in Iraq, recent events suggest@Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's grip on power may be weakening as8his traditional base of support shows signs of eroding.:   The United Nations report on Iraqi compliance with theBdisarmament obligations of the Gulf War ceasefire agreement comesAat a time when a number of internal disturbances have shaken the?regime of Saddam Hussein. The most recent incident occurred in<Iraq's Sunni heartland, which is also the core of President;Saddam's popular support. For many years the Sunni DulaymiB(d'lime) tribe has provided police and security functions for the:Iraqi government. The tribe helped bring Saddam Hussein's?Baathist party to power in 1963, and has continued to be among?the most loyal supporters of the Iraqi leader. But in mid-may,<the Iraqi regime arrested a group of officers for allegedlyBplotting to overthrow the government. Among them was a general of9the Dulaymi tribe. David Wurmser, an Iraqi expert at theAWashington institute for near east policy, explains what sparkedBthe uprising, which took place in Ramadi, just 80 kilometers from	Baghdad:A   "When the tribe asked Saddam in early May to release him (the>general), Saddam promised to the tribal leaders that he wouldArelease him to the tribe. And indeed he did release the general,=but he released him dead and mutilated, which was taken as a=tremendous slap to the tribe. At the same time, his chief ofBsecurity, Saddam's half-brother, humiliated the tribe publicly in@a series of talks, and that did it. It seems that's what reallygot (upset) the tribe."=   Mr. Wurmser says it's hard to access the number of peopleAinvolved in the Dulaymi rioting, or the number killed when Iraqi>troops intervened. But opposition reports say the fighting inRamadi left at least 200 dead:B   "Following these uprisings there was an attempt by the brotherBof the executed general to apparently seize the radio station, go?for the prison, release about 850 people who had been arrested<from the Dulaymi tribe following the riots and perhaps even@attack the presidential palace where Saddam was. In other words<it was a real coup attempt. Apparently by seizing the radio<station, it was supposed to give a signal to another tribe,@another Sunni tribe in Mosul north of Baghdad, to also initiate@hostilities against the regime. However, he failed to seize the?radio station and the whole thing fizzled and he had to commitAsuicide at the end of it in order not to compromise his contacts'under torture and so on and so forth."B   According to reports from the region, Baghdad has responded to;the uprising with further repression, including widespreadAarrests. Eventhough President Saddam may have been able to quell>the latest disturbances, David Wurmser believes the events doAhave political significance, especially the loss of support fromAthe Dulaymi tribe. Their permanent estrangement from the regime,7he says, would chip away at the regime's core support:?   "What's happening is the regime doesn't have a lot of money?anymore to bribe and pay officers upon which the regime relies=and the opposition now is able to bribe people, bring people@over, and I think it's generally creating a situation now where@even the higher level officer corps are feeling there's no real;benefit anymore to the regime. What's kept them from doing=anything is the fear that if the regime falls, there will beAreprisals against the Sunni heartland from the Shia south, which=suffered horribly recently under Saddam, and, of course, the@Kurdish north, which estimates now run at around 200,000 peopleAwere exterminated by Saddam in the late '80s. So what you've got=is the Sunni in the middle who had been basically afraid for$their existence had Saddam fallen."=   Mr. Wurmser says the turn of events inside Iraq does have3serious policy implications for the United States:@   "Specifically, this tribalism, this increased role of tribal?politics, is a force that we're going to have to come to terms@with after Saddam. How to play it? I don't know. But there will&be a considerable period of anarchy."@   Mr. Wurmser believes that the Sunni core in Iraq is the onlyAgroup with the potential to bring down Saddam Hussein. And Sunni=support for the regime is showing signs of corroding. But he@warns that if the president finds his back against the wall, he>may once again externalize his domestic problems, which could/have grave consequences for U.S. policymakers:?   "There've been some signs of that. He threatened Israel for>the first time since the Gulf War, pretty stridently as well,Athreatening to kill all the Jews in Israel and so forth. This isAthe sort of line that preceded the original Gulf War. The secondBthing is if he does do some move against Kuwait again like he did<in October, this is actually an opportunity to show the top;military leadership, which is probably very skiddish about?another war, that really they can go down and they can go down6badly if they don't do something now against Saddam."A   If Saddam Hussein should make further attempts to externalizeBhis problems, David Wurmser, of the Washington institute for near?east policy, says the United States should be ready to respondquickly and forcefully.   ---------------   ---------------5   PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ARRESTS TOP HAMAS OFFICIALS
   AL PESSIN
   JERUSALEM?   The Palestinian Autonomy Authority has arrested several top:officials of the militant group Hamas and dozens of their;followers, because of the group's involvement in a suicide@bombing near an Israeli settlement in the Gaza Strip on Sunday.<   A senior Palestinian official says Hamas leaders broke a@commitment not to carry out any attacks against Israelis in the<Gaza Strip, which is now governed by Palestinians but where8several thousand Jewish residents still live in guarded
settlements.;   The official, Nabil Shaath, told reporters in Gaza that6Palestinian authorities had to respond to the attack,?particularly because they are involved in intensive talks with<the Israelis aimed at reaching agreement by Saturday on the#expansion of Palestinian Autonomy:>   "We really saw it no more than an attack on our ability toAachieve for our people an extension of this peace process in theAproper direction. And therefore, the leaders of Hamas have to, I>think, receive a very clear message that this is something wewill not tolerate."?   An Israeli foreign ministry spokesman says Sunday's bombing?and a series of violent demonstrations in the West Bank during6the past few days will not de-rail the current talks.A   Sunday's attack killed only the suicide bomber. Three IsraeliAsoldiers nearby were slightly injured. Early reports said it had@been carried out by the Islamic Jihad organization. But members>of the bomber's family later confirmed he was affiliated withHamas.   ---------------   ---------------   BAHRAIN CABINET RESIGNATION   PEYMAN PEJMAN	   CAIRO;   After months of tension in the country, Bahrain's prime3minister offered his cabinet's resignation Sunday.8   The resignation of Prime Minister Khalifa Bin SalmanBAl-Khalifa's government opens the way for the first major cabinet(re-organization in bahrain in 20 years.<   Mr. Khalifa's government has been besiEged for months by>on-again, off-again demonstrations and rioting, mainly by the:country's largest minority, Shi'ite Muslims. But, also by+activists from the majority Sunni Muslims.<   The demonstrators' main demands included better economicAconditions and more political freedom in a country tightly ruledBby the Al-Khalifa family. Bahrain did not have a parliament until>after the Gulf War, and eight of the cabinet's 18 members areAfrom the ruling family. The prime minister is the brother of thecountry's ruler (amir).<   Although the cabinet's resignation had been expected forBweeks, the extent of the re-organization is believed to be higherthan anticipated.<   The prime minister and the ministers of defense, foreign?affairs, and interior are expected to maintain their jobs, butAmost others are likely to change. The prime minister is expected2to name his new cabinet within the next 24 hours.   ---------------   ---------------6   IRAQIS CONTINUE TO DENY ACCESS TO JAILED AMERICANS   STATE DEPARTMENT;   For more than two months, Ryszard Krystosik, the PolishAdiplomat who represents American interests in Iraq, has not beenAallowed to see two jailed Americans held in an Iraqi prison, theBState Deaprtment spokesman Nicholas Burns pointed out. "That is a?violation even of the stated Iraqi agreement, which we thought?was unreasonable, to only allow him periodic access to the twoAmericans.5   "Under normal diplomatic practices and also under;international law -- specifically the Vienna Convention on?Consular Relations -- Iraq has the responsibility to allow ourBrepresentative, Mr. Krystosik, assess to these two people," Burns
declared.9   David Daliberti and William Barloon were sentenced toBeight-year prison terms for illegally entering Iraq, but the U.S.?maintains they simply made an innocent mistake in crossing the=border from Kuwait while on their way to visit a friend at a(United Nations outpost near the border.>   Burns said the U.S. Interests Section in Baghdad regularly;delivers packages to the prison for Daliberti and Barloon.A"Unfortunately the messengers from the interests section are not?allowed to hand the packages over personally.  They are handedAover by prison guards.  We receive receipts supposedly signed by=Mr. Daliberti and Mr. Barloon," he said.  "We have no way of>knowing if the gentlemen have indeed received the packages in<full, or partially, or if at all.  It is a very frustrating<situation and Iraq is behaving in an uncivilized way and aninhumane way."   ---------------   ---------------@   LEBANESE CHRISTIAN LEADER SENTENCE TO LIFE ON MURDER CHARGES   PEYMAN PEJMAN	   CAIRO9   Lebanon's highest court Saturday sentenced one of the?country's most powerful Christian leaders to life in prison onmurder charges.=   The court found Samir Geagea, the leader of the Christian9faction known as the Lebanese Forces, guilty of the 1990>assassination of rival Christian leader Danny Chamoun and hisfamily.;   The court sentenced the 43-year-old Geagea to death but?commuted the sentence to life in prison at hard labor.  Geagea<can not appeal the sentence and it can only be changed by apresidential pardon.?   This is the first time a Lebanese factional leader has been@tried for crimes committed since Lebanon's civil war started inB1975. Geagea has repeatedly said he is innocent and claims he was?framed by the pro-Syrian Lebanese government, which has a long,history of animosity with Geagea's militia.A   Before the court pronounced sentence on Geagea, Lebanese armyAtroops fanned out throughout Lebanon's capital Beirut to prevent/any violence arising from Geagea's conviction.@   It is not clear if a second trial in which Geagea is accused=of masterminding a church bombing in February, 1994 will now,continue. Eleven people died in that blast.   ---------------   ----------------   RUSSIAN/U.S. OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT DEAL   ELIZABETH ARROTT
   MOSCOW<   Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin and U.S. vice>President Al gore have signed a major oil and gas developmentBdeal. Talks between the two officials failed to resolve a dispute;over a planned Russian sale of nuclear technology to Iran.B   The oil and gas deal will link a U.S. corporation, Exxon, with7two Russian companies, as well as with Japan's Sodeco.1   Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin called the@production-sharing project a source of many billions of dollars=of investment in Russia. Vice President Gore hailed it as an?example of the tremendous potential for both countries to reap(the benefits of commercial cooperation.@   The deal, reportedly worth 15 billion dollars, is to develop=gas and oil fields off Russia's far eastern Sakhalin Island.7Russia's state oil company, Rosneft, and a local firm,5Aakhalinmor-Neftegaz, will take part in the venture.A   The deal was the most spectacular result of two days of talks;between the two officials here in Moscow. It was the fifthBmeeting between them as part of the U.S. Russian joint commission+on economic and technological cooperation.@   However, not all matters went so smoothly as the oil and gasBdeal. Both Mr. Chernomyrdin and Mr. Gore apparently held to their:countries' positions on Russia's proposed sale of nucleartechnology to Iran.<   The United States objects to the sale of two light waterAreactors, saying they will help Iran develop nuclear weapons. AtBa news conference at the end of the talks, Mr. Chernomyrdin vowed4Iran would not be allowed to work toward that goal.B   Both sides did agree that further discussion on the subject is?needed. That means the deal will remain on hold, as Russia hasBpromised not to go ahead until the dispute with the United States
is resolved.@   Mr. Gore and Mr. Chernomyrdin were able to take a break from@their negotiations to enjoy another U.S. Russian joint venture.AThe two men sent congratulations via satellite to cosmonauts and?astronauts aboard the linked Russian Mir space station and theU.S. Space Shuttle Atlantis.   ---------------   ---------------   RUSSIAN NO-CONFIDENCE VOTE   ELIZABETH ARROTT
   MOSCOW@   The Russian government has survived a vote of no-confidence,Aaverting what could have been a major political crisis. The move;follows the dismissal of several key government officials.<   Lawmakers decided against what would have been a bindingAno-confidence motion, apparently satisfied with the dismissal ofthe controversial officials.@   On the eve of the vote, President Boris Yeltsin accepted theBresignations of his interior and nationalities ministers, as well>as his federal securities service chairman, three men harshly?criticized for their role in the Chechen conflict and a recent9hostage taking by the Chechen gunmen in southern Russia.A   The hostage crisis prompted a first non-binding no-confidence@vote. Had the lower house of parliament, or Duma, confirmed the<motion, the president would have been forced to replace his=government or dissolve parliament. Mr. Yeltsin made clear he?would stand by his government, but neither side appeared eagerfor a showdown.=   While the potential crisis is now apparently avoided, oneBsource or irritation remains. Lawmakers had specifically demanded@the resignation of Defense Minister Pavel grachev. Mr. Grachev,@the man most closely associated with the Chechen campaign and a3close Yeltsin ally, survived the cabinet shake-up.   ---------------   ---------------   CHECHEN TALKS   PETER COLLINS   CHECHNYAA   Chechen rebels and Russian officials have ended a seventh day@of peace talks with no reported progress. The pace of the talkshas slowed to a crawl.;   The Russian delegation in Grozny has for the first time9presented details of Russia's new plan for the future of
Chechnya.;   It involves new elections and the creation of a supreme@council consisting of equal numbers of Chechens and Russians toBexercise authority in this independence-minded republic. In other;words, Russia proposed power sharing, not exactly what theBChechens wanted when they declared their independence from Russia	in 1991.9   The head of the Russian delegation told reporters his:presentation of Russia's position had been conducted in a<businesslike, positive atmosphere. He refused to say if theBquestion of full independence for Chechnya had been discussed. HeAalso said it is too early to determine if Chechen leader DzhokarBDudayev will be allowed to take part in the proposed elections orthe supreme executive council.?   The head of the Chechen delegation said his side had merely?listened (Thursday) and would present its views when the talks<continue Friday. He made no comment about the makeup of theproposed council.@   But, he said such difficult political questions could not beAdecided until there is an atmosphere of peace and tranquility in@Chechnya, which does not now exist. He was referring to alleged;repeated violations of the 12-day ceasefire in Chechnya byRussian forces.?   European diplomats monitoring the talks say they may take a7very long time. The negotiations are to resume Friday.   ---------------   ---------------   LIFE IN CHECHNYA   PETER COLLINS
   GROZNY<   For four months after it was captured by Russian forces,@Chechnya's capital, Grozny, still lacks the basic essentials oflife.@   The center of Grozny is hard to describe. Perhaps it is bestto start with the heat.7   At midday, the temperature climbs into the thirties?centigrade. All the trees in central Grozny were blown away by<Russian artillery and rockets in the siege of the city thatBlasted two months until mid-February. All that remains along what@used to be a green, tree-lined boulevard are a few stumps, somebushes and weeds.;   In this treeless landscape stand the shattered hulks ofAbuildings, utterly lifeless now, shot through with artillery and@tank shells. Their gray, concrete sides are streaked black from@fires. Their metal skeletons rust in a fitful breeze that blows.little balls of dust up and down the streets.?   The shimmering heat magnifies the sense of desolation. But,Athere is life in Grozny. In fact, parts of the city vibrate with
activity.A   Russian armored personnel carriers rumble through the streetsAwith troops sprawled on top. The young soldiers behave as though?they have seen many "Rambo" movies. They dress in baggy combat:fatigues with flak vests over naked chests, topped off by@sunglasses and bandannas. They casually carry grenade-launchers@and automatic weapons, with ammunition magazines taped together
Rambo-style.A   Chechen civilians try to ignore the Russians. Before the war,AGrozny had a population of about 450,000 people. About one-thirdof those have returned.A   At least sixty percent of Grozny's housing stock is destroyed<or damaged, so many families share the remaining dwellings.BMillions of dollars in promised Russian reconstruction aid simplyhas not arrived.=   There is a shortage of food, no running water, no gas, no?electric power except in a handful of neighborhoods. There are<also no jobs, except cleaning up, repairing and rebuilding.>   The busiest place in Grozny is the central market. It is a=bare, open space set among shattered buildings on all sides.?Vendors , almost all of them women, have set up rows of littleAstalls. Each consists of a few sticks of wood as a frame covered?by a sheet of corrugated steel or grimy wallboard. Each vendor;has a specialty, be it soft drinks or fresh foods or razorblades.@   The market stocks an amazing variety of goods. Fresh bananas<from Costa Rica, powdered coffee from Brazil, locally grownBtomatoes, onions, carrots, and apricots, spaghetti and shoes from?Italy, cooking oil from Turkey, and tea from India. Prices are@thirty percent higher than in nearby Russian cities because the:supplies must be brought in to Chechnya through scores ofAmilitary and police checkpoints, each of which requires a bribe.=   Night time in Grozny is also lively. Dogs bark all night,Asometimes because they are excited by the deep popping sounds of>outgoing artillery rounds. Despite a cease fire, the Russians?continue to fire what the American military in Vietnam used to=call,"h and i." That stands for harassment and interdiction,=artillery fired at random hours at random locations that areBknown gathering places for the rebels, such as river crossings orAroad intersections. The idea is to keep the rebels on edge, keep>them from gathering to infiltrate Grozny, as they did brieflyover the weekend.A   The constant reminders of war, the heat, the shortages , keep@people on edge. Tempers are short. Fights sometimes breakout in=traffic jams at intersections where the lights are no longerAworking. It is also commonplace to see dazed people, their chins9held up by an elbow, staring vacantly into the distance.   ---------------   ---------------(   GENERAL LEBED AND THE PINOCHET MODEL
   ED WARNER   WASHINGTON:   General Alexander Lebed, who is considered a prominentBcandidate for president of Russia, claims Chilean General Augusto=Pinochet as a model. Nor is he the only leader emerging from?communist rule to look to the tough-minded general who brought>about successful economic change while suppressing democratic	dissent.;   The Chilean economy is the pride of Latin America. With@booming exports and an Annual growth rate of six point five per2cent, the country is awash with foreign exchange.@   This success, it is generally conceded, can be attributed toAthe policies of General Augusto Pinochet, who suppressed dissentAand imprisoned opponents while carrying out free market reforms.<When these were in place, democracy was gradually restored.@   Looking at the seeming chaos around them after the communist@collapse, some leaders openly admire the Pinochet model. One of=them is General Alexander Lebed, who was recently removed as@commander of the fourteenth army in Moldova and is now thinking$of running for president of Russia.>   But the Pinochet model is not quite what it appears to be,Asays Francis Bouchey, director of the Institute of International9Political Economy at Catholic University who has writtenextensively on Chile:?   "Pinochet has become shorthand for the Chilean economic and9political transformation. Pinochet was only part of thatBequation. The more important part was the political-economic teamBthat existed before Pinochet came on the scene but which Pinochet=energetically backed. When it comes to the economic program,?there was a group of younger economists who had studied at the=University of Chicago beginning in 1955. They had prepared a?systematic critique of what had been going wrong in pursuing a<faulty economic development model that was dominated by the4state, and people were ready to explore radical newalternatives."@   Mr. Bouchey says authoritarian rule alone is hardly a recipeAfor economic progress, as can be witnessed in much of the world.BChile, he adds, has a strong constitutional tradition and respect:for rule of law. Only a deeply divided country veering on(violence led to temporary dictatorship.=   There's no question, says Mr. Bouchey and others, that an;authoritarian government made it possible, for example, to>require all workers to put ten per cent of their wages into a=savings account managed by a private fund. With more than 20=billion dollars in the program today, Chile does not have to worry about foreign investment.=   Such a shift is more difficult under democracy, as Mexico>discovered when unions objected to its version of the pension=plan. Andronico Luksic, chairman of Banco O'Higgins, Chile'sAlargest bank, said of the Pinochet model: "It may be too much to/expect that level of sacrifice anywhere else."@   Mr. Bouchey has this advice for General Lebed or anyone elsewho wants to follow Pinochet:=   "The most important thing they can do is bring together a>Cohensive, unified team in terms of an economic and political<program. And they have to understand that it is a long term?program that has to be explained to the people and sold to theBpeople repeatedly. One of the problems that I have seen in RussiaAis that you have not had the ongoing policy communications that,@for instance, someone like President Havel has had in the Czech<republic in explaining to the people what they were doing."=   Mr. Bouchey says the Pinochet government provided such an@explanation and eventually won support for its policies. But he@cautions admirers that despite economic success, Chile is still=embroiled in a military-civilian dispute over punishment for/human rights abuses during the Pinochet years.   ---------------   ---------------    RUSSIAN POLITICAL INFIGHTING   ELIZABETH ARROTT
   MOSCOW>   Russia's parliament and government appear eager to avert a?showdown that could lead to the dissolution of one body or the>other. A vote Saturday calls on the parliament to confirm its@lack of confidence in the government. But what compromises each:side is willing to make avoid the confrontation are still?unclear. Also unclear is whether their efforts will remove theunderlying causes of tension.>   For Alexander Konovalov, the political crisis in Moscow is=largely a product of misdirected anger. Mr. Konovalov is the9director of the Military Policy Center at the Academy ofAScience's Institute of the United States and Canada. He says the@lower house of parliament was properly angry about the handlingAof the recent hostage crisis in Budennovsk. But he says the duma@chose the wrong target last week when it voted no-confidence inthe government:B   "It's an irony because they personally voted against the prime;minister, against the government as such. And this, at the?moment, the prime minister has demonstrated he is the only one?who saved the hostages and who appeared able to do so. But theAmoment was wrong for the Duma because during a couple of days he7(prime minister) Chernomyrdin became a national hero."B   Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin negotiated with the Chechen=hostage-takers and promised new peace talks in Chechnya. Mr.@Konovalov argues the prime minister won the the public's praise<for trying to do what the Duma wants done, end the military>quagmire in Chechnya and stop the threat of further terroristacts in Russia.B   In Mr. Konovalov's mind it is the so-called "power ministers",Aofficials in charge of military and security, who are really the;focus of the duma's wrath. However under the constitution,;lawmakers cannot dismiss them outright, only recommend thepresident do so.B   President Boris Yeltsin has indicated he may sacrifice some of?these officials, as the Duma wants. The Russian leader says he:will take action after meeting Thursday with his security	council.>   But Mr. Konovalov says it is doubtful the man most closely?associated with, and reviled for, Moscow's bungled handling ofAthe Chechen conflict will take the blame. Defense minister PavelAGrachev is far too close a confidante of the president, says Mr.BKonovalov, and moreover, has in the past successfully blackmailed+Mr. Yeltsin into letting him keep his job:B   "Defense Minister Grachev said that those who attack him right8now, these are the people who would like to dismiss theApresident, translated, it would mean the following: That Grachev@was not going to sink alone. He is not going to accept personal>responsibility for Chechnya. And if he has to sink, he is not<going to do it quietly. He is going to say he acted in good
company.";   But Mr. Konovalov argues, that even if the president isBunwilling or unable to give up Mr. Grachev, the Duma may still be?satisfied. For, as the analyst points out, parliament knows it>can push the government only so far. Mr. Yeltsin has said, if8forced by the constitutional demand of choosing between?parliament or government, he will dissolve parliament and call9new elections. Few lawmakers, no matter how strong their?opposition to the power ministers, appear eager to face votersright away.?   But Mr. Konovalov argues, for all the back-room maneuveringAand political manipulation, the present crisis is in many ways aAhealthy experience for post-Soviet Russia. The analyst points to>the last stand-off between Mr. Yeltsin and the predecessor to:this parliament. The October, 1993, crisis ended with the<president sending in tanks to quell lawmakers' rioting sup->porters. Since then, force has seemed to take precedence over?rule of law, says Mr. Konovalov, but, he adds, this case, with?lawmakers, the president and the government all turning to theAconstitution to decide their next move, is proving an exception:A   "There is a wrong connection in the public's mind between the@word democracy and the existing order in Russia. And maybe this=case will give the first positive example that even the most?complicated political disputes could be settled by means other,than tanks and armored personnel carriers."?   With peace talks in Chechnya producing initial results, Mr.?Konovalov says, Moscow's policy of use force first, follow the'constitution later, may begin to wane.   ---------------   ---------------   UKRAINE RIOT   ELIZABETH ARROTT
   MOSCOWB   At least two people were killed in Ukraine's crimean peninsula>overnight when hundreds of ethnic Tatars rioted to protest ofBpoor treatment. Ukrainian army and national guard units have been>called in to restore order after the most violent outburst by6Tatars since their return to the Black Sea peninsula.=   The riot began following the funeral of two ethnic Tatars=killed last week by racketeers. In apparent revenge, rioters>began attacking stores and restaurants the alleged racketeers,own, and took a local police chief hostage.B   Tatar representatives accuse authorities of failing to provide>adequate protection for their community and had vowed to takeAmatters into their own hands if the situation on Ukraine's blacksea peninsula did not improve.?   Special forces set up road blocks in the early hours of the<morning and negotiators began talks with Tatar leaders. The7crimean parliament plans to meet in emergency session.:   About 200,000 Tatars live in Crimea, a fraction of the@original population that was deported en masse by Soviet leader>Joseph Stalin in 1944. Many died en route to exile. RelationsAbetween the returned Tatars and crimea's majority ethnic Russian<citizens are poor, with Tatars claiming the ethnic Russians;discriminate against them. Tatars are also angry they haveAreceived little restitution for land and property confiscated atthe time of deportation.   ---------------   ---------------.   SPACE BUS LAUNCHES ITS EDUCATIONAL MISSION   ROBIN RUPLI   WASHINGTON>   A one-of-a kind classroom on wheels, space bus "Blake" wasAofficially launched on its nationwide educational mission (6/22)Ain Washington. The life-size replica of NASA's Space Shuttle and@international space station is actually a renovated marine corp>bus that lets students experience the feeling of space travelwithout leaving earth.8   Space bus "Blake" was the brainchild of Pennsylvania@elementary school teacher Robert Boehmer (bay-mer) who believed>that hands-on teaching could dramatically influence a child's:educational experience. For the last six years, scores of?volunteers working 30,000 hours and private donations totaling>3.1 million dollars have resulted in a learning facility that@will bring the wonders of space travel to students all over theBcountry. In coordination with NASA, space bus "Blake" accompanies@NASA's real-life version of its international space station, an;orbiting laboratory in space where astronauts will conductlong-term research.>   NASA public information specialist Cindy Abole (a-bole-ee)Bsays the mock space station aims to teach people about the unique3challenges astronauts face while working in space:?   "It will give them a good idea of what an environment would?look like where there is no gravity. Something like gravity isAtaken for granted. So it will give them an idea of how you wouldAhave to construct and build things and also to let them know the>basics of how processes have to be thought of, not just in anBenvironment that we're used to, but in other environments that doexist in our universe.":   Visitors to the mock space station can see what livingBquarters will be like for astronauts when the international spaceBstation is launched in 1997. The exhibit demonstrates how withoutBgravity, every inch of space is utilized, including the floor and?ceiling. Cindy Abole says students have enjoyed trying out thefacility for themselves:@   "A lot of people are just inquisitive. A lot of the kids areBjust curious about things and once they get comfortable and startAthinking about them, they can't wait to jump in the sleeping bagAor they can't wait to walk inside the shower or imagine how even<something simple like going to the bathroom would be like."?   In space bus Blake, students will be able to feel what it'sAlike to pilot a Space Shuttle through a simulator. Sophisticated:radio equipment will also enable them to communicate with3astronauts in space and with other space stations.A   NASA public affairs representative Cindy Abole says she hopes>the experience of boarding the shuttle and space station will;stimulate students' curiosity about new discoveries in the&universe that are yet to be explored:>   "If we could look at each child as an individual just likeB(Christopher) Columbus, if they have their own vision and be ableAto follow that through in their lives, then they too can be able$to make great discoveries as well."?   The real international space station is now taking shape in=laboratories in the United States and thirteen other nations>around the world. Once completed by 2,002, it will serve as a?permanent orbiting spacecraft where scientists from around theBworld will conduct research that cannot be done on earth but willbenefit all of us on earth   ---------------   ---------------0   MEXICAN SEA TURTLES RECREATE RARE "ARRIBADA"   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTON>   A campaign by the U.S. and Mexican governments to save theBkemp's ridley sea turtle from extinction appears to be paying offA[succeeding]. The ancient reptile has successfully recreated its-first mass nesting in more than two decades.B   The word "arribada" in Spanish means arrival, and for hundreds@of years, the peasants of northeastern Mexico used that word toAdescribe the waves of kemp's ridley sea turtles [scientific nameBin Latin:Lepidochelys kempii, in Spanish known locally as tortugaBlora], that traditionally came ashore to lay their eggs. In 1947,Aat least 40,000 turtles were filmed crawling over the beach, and=each other, in a single day in their yearly maternal ritual.@   Over the last several decades, however, the ancient reptiles;have been hunted nearly to extinction. Poachers killed theAturtles by the tens of thousands for their fine leather, used to9make shoes and wallets, or for their eggs, considered an@aphrodisiac by many Mexicans. Also, thousands of kemp's ridleysAdrowned each year when they became entangled in the nets of U.S.=and Mexican shrimp boats. Most experts feared the turtle was8headed the way of the dodo and the passenger pigeon, toextinction.;   However, a major conservation effort begun almost three@decades ago by the Mexican ministry of fisheries [a division ofAthe newly renamed Mexican ministry of natural resources, ecology>and fisheries] and later joined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife@Service and the U.S. national Marine Fisheries Service, appears@to be working. In a two-day period earlier this month, at leastB500 female kemp's ridley sea turtles made it back to the Mexico's=gulf coast to lay their eggs near the beach hamlet of RanchoBNuevo. It was something marine scientists had waited for 20 yearsto see.B   Jubilant U.S. and Mexican biologists and volunteers, described@as crazy with excitement, raced along the 120-kilometer stretch@of remote beach in Tamaulipas state, tagging and measuring each=turtle. Then they transplanted the precious eggs into one of>three protective "corrals" built to keep predators away them.B   Pat Burchfield, assistant director of the Gladys Porter Zoo in=Brownsville, Texas, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fieldBcoordinator for the recovery project, says this year's "arribada"?is one of the strongest indications yet that the kemp's ridley@rescue effort is working. He says the nesting was so large, the?Spanish term "arribada" should be changed slightly to describeit:6   "There's one more ending you can put on that word:?'arrivason', which means great arrival. And for kemp's ridley,>this really was a great arrival because it was the first timeAwe've seen anything approaching a real arribada. We've used that?term rather loosely to discuss the 30, 40, or 100 turtles thatAhave been coming in over the past few years for lack of a better@word. Perhaps we're beginning to see this turtle on the road toArecovery. But one big danger [in making such a pronouncement] in=that is we can't let down any, any less protection, any less?effort on our part and it could backslide very, very quickly."B   The turtle's decline reached a low point in 1985 when just 350?turtles laid eggs in approximately 700 nests during the entire<four-month nesting period, from April to July. According to@Richard Byles, sea turtle coordinator for the Fish And wildlife:Service, so far this year eggs from 1,664 nests have beenArelocated to the protective corrals. And with the nesting seasonAnot yet complete, the number could reach two-thousand. Officials=say that will mean a total of 140,000 baby turtles will have?hatched out and been steered across the Rancho Nuevo beach and4into the gulf of Mexico during this nesting season.>   However, the Fish and Wildlife Service's Mr. Byles notes aBgrim irony facing the kemp's ridley conservation project. Just asAit is showing evidence of real success, he says, it faces almost@certain budget cuts by the Republican-controlled U.S. Congress.?The Congress is also considering abolishing perhaps the single@most important legal weapon protecting animals, like the kemp's@ridley, threatened with extinction, the Endangered Species Act:=   "The real threats to sea turtles right now are not in the@oceans or on the beaches; they're on Capitol Hill. What we have>now, is one of the finest pieces of environmental legislation?ever passed in the world by any governing body, the Endangered=Species Act, under fire. And its under fire by short-sightedApeople. The problems that we cause as humans, to animals such asBsea turtles, are only indications of the greater problems that we?face in the environment. We cannot continue on, degrading that4environment, and expect to live in it ourselves..."@   Despite possible financial setbacks, Mexican and U.S. marine>scientists and their helpers, some of whom have worked on the6turtle project since 1968, are heartened by two other<developments. An aerial survey by Mr. Byles of the fish and>wildlife agency discovered two small, but previously unknown,?nesting beaches with at least 12 turtles each in Mexico's CeraACruz state, several hundred kilometers southeast of the historicTamaulipas nesting site.<   And, U.S. officials discovered four nests laid by kemp'sBridleys along the Texas coast, three on the padre island national@seashore and one on nearby mustang island, all of which are nowBprotected. That raises hopes that additional nesting sites may be?cultivated along protected U.S. beaches, further strengthening)the kemps ridley's chances for survival.   ---------------   ---------------   ICE CORES: CLUES TO CLIMATE   BRIAN CISLAK   WASHINGTON?   Dr. France Cordova, chief scientist of NASA, the U.S. Space
agency says:B   "The images we have gotten back from our shuttle missions show@clearly that climate and its change are a planetary phenomenon.=Life thrived in abundance without self-awareness for perhaps@three and a half billion years. Yet in our much briefer history=on the planet, we have transformed it. What is the impact on=climate of our own actions, and what is the interplay of ourdoings and that of nature?"@   She is looking at the climate history of the past 150 years,=beginning with the industrial revolution. To what degree has>industrial activity, particularly the emissions of combustion8products into the atmosphere, affected earth's climate?@   Carbon dioxide, the major product of combustion, is also the?key "greenhouse" gas, a gas responsible for maintaining globalAtemperatures by blocking some of the retransmission of the sun'sAheat back into space. Without CO-2, our planet would be a chilly:place, indeed. By maintaining habitable temperatures, the;"greenhouse effect" makes life on earth possible. But will?additional atmospheric CO-2, put there by human activity, make6global temperatures too warm? That's the controversy.@   One thing that's clearly beyond dispute is that we have been?loading up the atmosphere with carbon dioxide. So says MichaelAMcElroy, chairman of Harvard's Department of Earth and PlanetaryBSciences. He says records kept since 1958 at the observatory atopAMauna Loa in Hawaii show an inexorable rise in atmospheric CO-2,#from 315 to 355 parts per million:A   "It shows the rise (in CO-2), which in significant measure is@due to burning of fossil fuels, remember that the largest waste?product that we produce as an industrial society is invisible,?non toxic carbon dioxide globally we produce six billion tons,@more than a ton per person on the planet, of carbon in the form;of co-2. In the United States we produce 25 percent of the>world's product in co-2. It's our largest waste product as anBindustrial society. We dump it in the atmosphere and there it is.?   "We see the rise everywhere on the earth. You can see it atAthe South Pole. You can see it at the North Pole. You can see it;100-kilometers above the surface of the earth. The rise is
inexorable."<   And what is it they're seeing? A lot of it is bubbles of9carbon dioxide frozen in ice, along with other gases andBparticles that provide clues to temperatures and the state of the*atmosphere. According to Mosley-Thompson:?   "If we drill through ice caps and ice sheets, we get an ice?core.  The beauty of an ice core is it produces a multifacetedArecord. It's a cylinder. If we take a cut through there we get a<cross section. Then we can partition the samples and make avariety of measurements."@   Ellen Mosley-Thompson has had lots of experience digging out=ice cores. The Ohio State University professor is a research?scientist at the Byrd Polar Research Center; her work has also:taken her to Antarctic ice shelf, as well as to thick ice>deposits on the peaks of the Andes in Peru and on plateaus inTibet.;   Like looking at layers of sedimentary rock for fossils,?studying an ice core cut from hundreds of meters down into the?ice provides a stratified look into the past. As layers of iceBand snow are deposited year by year, they provide a frozen record=of each year's atmosphere, because snow contains frozen air.B   By thawing each layer and measuring its gases, researchers can>deduce the contents of the atmosphere for a given year in the?distant past. One gas in particular they measure is oxygen-18.BLevels of this rare isotope of oxygen in a given sample of air go?down as air gets colder, up as it gets warmer. So the ratio ofAo-18 to normal oxygen in an ice core provides a clue to what the?atmospheric temperature was at the time the ice core layer was-formed. According to Doctor Mosley-Thompson:@   "We can also measure atmospheric chemistry, the dustiness of?the atmosphere, vegetation changes, outside the polar regions;>volcanic history, and anthropogenic (man-made) emissions like+carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.>   "Ice cores also have the ability to provide us a long term@perspective. And this perspective is critical if we're going toAunderstand the natural variability of the climate system. And we:must understand the natural variability if we're going to0separate it from recent anthropogenic effects."@   By teasing out the anthropogenic, or man-made, components of:atmospheres frozen in time, researchers like Ellen Mosley@Thompson hope to superimpose these human-induced changes on the@temperature record for a given period of years, as shown in theice cores:B   "We run up against this all the time: How do you know the 20thBcentury is unusual? How do you know that the 1980's were unusual?@The only way you know is to look back through time and use thathistory as a measuring stick."=   Professor Thompson cites an impressive example of how ice9cores can help scientists reconstruct climate history by>identifying minute chemical changes in the frozen atmospheric?specimens. She explains that, when volcanoes erupt, they fling@sulfate particles into the air which reflect sunlight. If thereAare enough of them, they can promote worldwide cooling, which is=what happened in the early 19th century when a major volcanoerupted in Indonesia:@   "Tambora erupted in 1815, and it was credited with the 'yearBwithout a summer' in 1816. However if you go back and look at the<climate history, the temperature records, it was found that;actually the climate in that decade from 1810 to 1820, theBtemperatures were actually declining before Tambora erupted. This<was used as evidence against a volcano-temperature linkage.?However, with these ice cores, putting them together, we found:another eruption in 1809, virtually the same magnitude asATambora, a very outstanding event of the same magnitude in terms>of the sulfate it produced in the northern hemisphere but not;recorded historically, but well preserved in the ice core.B   "We speculate it was this eruption in 1809 that really set the>stage for the cooling of that decade. Then, of course, addingBinsult to injury with Tambora, we recorded during the decade 1810,to 1820 the lowest temperatures on record."?   One of the cores showing this record came from Quelcaya, anBice cap located five and a half kilometers, or 18,000 feet, aboveBsea level in the Peruvian Andes. It was one of the first ice coreAdrilling projects to be undertaken outside of the polar regions,6in the tropics! Ice at tropical latitudes seems a bit1contradictory until one factors in the altitude.;   Using solar panels to generate electric power for their;drills, Professor Mosley-Thompson and her team extracted a?139-meter ice core that showed lots of peru's climate history:@   "The Quelcaya provided a 1500 year record from this region,"?says Mosley-Thompson, "the first record of that length of thatBquality from the tropics. We extracted a history of the dustiness?of the atmosphere, the changes in precipitation and the oxygen=isotopic ratio (that) tells us something about temperature."=   One of the things the Quelcaya core showed was that SouthBAmerica experienced a cooling trend that also affected Europe for;four and a half centuries, ending in the late 18-hundreds:A   "This 'little ice age' period was essentially a cool phase in@the earth's climate history, from around 1450 to about 1880 ad,>in which it's estimated that temperatures were about a half a:degree cooler.. Also notice this decade that I've alreadyBmentioned, the coolest decade on record, 1810 to 1820, faithfully<recorded by this ice cap at 18,000 feet at 14 degrees south
(latitude)."?   One of the predominant features in peru's climate is the el>nino, a periodic change in weather patterns that brings aboutAdrought in the southern part of the country and floods along itsAcoastal regions. These conditions were duly reflected in the iceAcore samples. But el nino's effects also extend to Asia, through@trans-Pacific ocean currents and upper-atmospheric circulation.AIn 1987, professor Mosley-Thompson journeyed to Tibet, where she>and her team began drilling ice core samples from the Tibetan@plateau, one of the largest and highest features on the earth's=surface. The heating of the Tibetan plateau is a factor thatdrives the monsoons.?   One of the cores was from Guliya, an ice cap on the plateau;that rises over six-and-a-half kilometers above sea level.8Comparison between it and the Peruvian ice cores showed3connections between the monsoon cycle and el nino:@   "When we begin to put together a global array of records, we<begin to see large-scale teleconnections. The similarity is<striking. When you consider that the Guliya sits on the farBwestern edge of the Tibetan plateau at 35 degrees north; Quelcaya;sits 20,000 kilometers away across the Pacific Basin at 14degrees south in the Andes.;   "We know from current day observations that the el nino>southern oscillation dominates the Pacific Basin. And we also>know that its variability is tied intimately to the monsoonal:circulation system and the failure of the monsoons. We've<proposed that the earth actually has what we call 'mega' el@ninos, periods of time for hundreds of years in which the earth?operates in an el nino-like state. We know el ninos today lastAone or two years, although in the last decade it hasn't operated%quite the way we thought it should."=   One of the things that came through most clearly from the6Tibetan ice samples was an increase in global average@temperatures over the past half century. This was determined by=the ratios of oxygen isotopes in the annual ice layers. When?these are superimposed on atmospheric measurements of co-2 forBequivalent time periods, Professor Mosley-Thompson says it's hardBto escape the conclusion that human activities are warming up theatmosphere:?   "As you can see, the last 50 years have been the warmest in@the last 12,000. Climate models which we know are imprecise andAimperfect given all their warts, still suggest that the interior=high portions of large continents should be one of the first)places where we would see evidence of anBanthropogenically-induced warming. And that's what we see here at3over five thousand meters on the Tibetan plateau."?   Harvard University's Michael McElroy earlier pointed to the>rising CO-2 levels detected in the air above Hawaii since the>mid-1950's. He says these modern atmospheric measurements are?beginning to blend with the paleontological ice core data in a<way that may be predictive of human-induced global warming:B   "So the ice core data (is) merging with the modern record. And>the preindustrial volume of co-2 is down around 280 parts per@million, slowly rising... Today we're at 360 parts per million.<And I can say without any controversy that, within the next:several decades we're going to get close to 600 parts per@million, because frankly we're not going to change our relianceon fossil fuel.@   "This change that we have brought about since the industrial<revolution will be around for 100,000 years, let me repeat:@100,000 years, because CO-2, or carbon, is not destructible. It?will be here until it goes back into the deep ocean sediments,Band that process will take several hundred thousand years to take?place. So in some sense this is the first geologic change that(our species has wrought on our planet."B   For an indication of what could happen, professor McElroy goes;back 160 million years to the cretaceous period, back when@dinosaurs roamed the earth. Then, he says, atmospheric co-2 was>as high as 900 parts per million, and deep ocean temperatures;were a good 15-degrees (celsius) warmer than they are now:B   "There is a variety of paleo-evidence suggesting that this was>a time when the equator to temperate (zone) contrast was veryAsmall. It was a time when palm trees grew in the central regions>of Siberia. It was a time when you had alligators swimming in<rivers in Spitsbergen and you had warm-blooded creatures in>Alaska. This was a very different climate. Do you believe theAclimate is stable? Can it be changed? Yes, it can be changed. It7was different in the past, and the continents were not@particularly differently arranged. This is not geologically far?back. This is relatively recent in the history of our planet.">   A key difference between that last warming period and whatAProfessor McElroy views as the current one is that now there are3some five and a half billion people on the planet:A   "And they're not very mobile. There are geographic boundaries>that make it very difficult for them to move around. The last?time we had reasonably warm climate like the one we're heading<into, we might have had 100,000 people and they were pretty<mobile. They were hunters and gatherers and they moved whenthings got bad.>   "To pick just one country, how about one point two billion?people in China about to become one point six, optimistically,:with decreasing food production and decreasing land under<agricultural production? What if the rules of the dice game=changed there and if their food production capacity goes wayBdown? What are they going to do? They're a nuclear power. I think3the rules are different. This is a critical time."6   But as professors McElroy and Mosley-Thompson both>acknowledge, there is much that isn't known about the earth'sBclimate system and how it handles temperature. The role of clouds<is one example, is their overall effect to warm or to cool?ARegional variations in temperature change are another factor, as Ellen Mosley-Thompson explains:?   "We can think of a one degree rise in temperature, but then@you have to run through all the ramifications there in terms of8what that means from a vegetation point of view, from a<hydrologic point of view, from a pest point of view. If you>increase temperature, you're probably going to have increased@insect infestation. That feeds back on crops. So there are justBso many linkages that to say we could sustain a two degree global>warming, because a two degree global warming could mean eight@degrees in one region and minus two degrees in another and four8degrees in another. And you have to look at each region;separately in terms of the pressures that are in existencethere."?   And how do we get the answers that will fill in the gaps in@world climate models to make predictions more accurate? One way6is to go into space, with satellites that can monitor<cloud-induced heat exchanges, ocean currents and effects of>temperature on vegetation. The U.S. Space agency's mission toBplanet earth envisions a series of satellites and space platformsAproviding a comprehensive view of the earth and its environment.$NASA administrator Dan Goldin says:?   "Space gives us an ability to holistically look down on our?own planet and get a sense, not just about what's happening in@this spot or that spot. We get a broad holistic view of our own4planet and it touches everybody's life.  As we have@five-point-five billion strong on this planet, preparing for as=many as ten billion perhaps in 30 to 40 years from now, it'sBvery, very important that we understand the forces of nature, andBwe understand the forces of the human species. And right now mostAof the debate that takes place with regard to our environment is@based on passion and emotion and who can print the most and getBthe best press (coverage).  What we'd like to do is have rationalAdecisions about our environment, about our own planet and how we=manage those resources. That could only come with a holisticview.@   "So we are set out on a course and we only see maybe five or?ten years out on this course, but let me take you out 20 or 30<years to what I think we could have.  I think we could have=virtual coverage of our own planet that's active and passive@coverage, multispectral with an armada of small spacecraft that<will allow us to understand the stresses on our life forms,;stresses on our planet, so we could understand how to makerational decisions."   ---------------   ---------------5   INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: PROBLEMS AND PROMISE   BRIAN CISLAK   WASHINGTON@   As space watchers contemplate the (upcoming) linkup in orbit@between the American Space Shuttle Atlantis and the Russian MirBspace station, the economic and political challenges of increased@U.S.-Russian space cooperation have become a front-burner topic(key item of discussion).;   The Atlantis-Mir linkup, the first between American and=Russian space vehicles in 20 years, is the initial step in a7multi-year effort leading up to the construction of an:international space station, to be called alpha, in which?American astronauts and Russian cosmonauts will take part. The@station will also include contributions from the European SpaceAgency, Japan and Canada.@   International cooperation in space has long been a cherished@goal of researchers and others who see manned space exploration>as a long-term benefit to humanity. But there are other, moreBhard-headed, realistic motivations for the joint Russian-Americaneffort.?   Marcia Smith, an aerospace specialist for the CongressionalResearch Service, says:=   "I think that the decision to bring Russia into the space;station 'alpha' program was primarily motivated by foreignApolicy. The United States wanted, among other things, for Russia@to abide by the missile technology control regime, so that they8wouldn't be proliferating (spreading) ballistic missile@technology. As part of the deal for Space Station Alpha, Russia&signed and is abiding by the M.T.C.R.@   "We wanted them to cancel a contract they'd made with India.7They reformulated that contract. They said they'd lose<400-million dollars by doing that, and so we're paying themB400-million dollars. That certainly was one of the drivers in the>alpha proposal. It was also a way to provide Russia with hard:currency and a way to keep their scientists and engineers employed on peaceful projects."=   The Atlantis-Mir docking is the first of seven such joint?missions scheduled within a two-and-a-half-year period. MarciaASmith explains the purpose as helping American and Russian crews@to learn one-another's methods of operation as a prelude to the:big construction job in orbit, set to begin in late 1997:@   "It's an effort to do operations today, to get experience inAworking with the Russians on a very close, intimate basis beforeAwe actually start building alpha. Because when we start building?alpha, and you're actually having Russian modules docking withBAmerican modules and crews that are mixed Russians and Americans,Ayou're going to need to have a lot of these problems worked out.?   "There are always problems. There are cultural differences,Aboth socially among Russians and Americans, but also in terms of>a space culture and how you go about doing things. By gettingBthese missions 'under your belt,' you will have resolved a lot ofthose cultural issues.":   It was the end of the cold war that enabled two formerAadversaries to contemplate working together on a project of such=immense magnitude. But what happens if political winds shift?again and the two sides end up severing their plans to build a9space station together. As aerospace expert Marcia Smith8explains, it's a prospect that has not been overlooked:A   "NASA is developing contingency plans for what happens if, ifBRussia were to fall out of the program. And how much of an impact>it would have depends on when it would happen. If it happenedBtoday, there would be a minimal impact on the space station. NASA>would have to redesign some things and it would probably cost;more money to do. But if Russia suddenly pulled out of the@program in October of 1997, a month before the first launch, it7would have much more dramatic impacts on the program."?   But as Ms. Smith is quick to point out, a key incentive forBboth parties to continue the Space Station Alpha program is jobs.>With aerospace industries in both countries facing increasing>competition in tighter markets, the space station is just the0prescription for keeping the factories humming.   ---------------   --------------->   ASTRONOMERS MAKE FIRST CONFIRMED SIGHTING OF A BROWN DWARF   NANCY STEINBACH   WASHINGTON:   Astronomers in California say they have made the first>confirmed sighting of an object called a brown dwarf. A brown>dwarf is a space object that scientists think is not either aplanet or a star.B   People have been looking for brown dwarfs for a long time. ButAthe objects are small and lack bright light. And telescopes have=not been able to observe such dark objects. Several possible=brown dwarfs have been reported recently. But later researchproved them false.@   This time, the situation could be different. That is because@the object was studied by the new keck telescope in Hawaii. TheBkeck telescope can observe objects that are much less bright than those other telescopes can see.?   The astronomers from California Announced their brown dwarf>finding at a meeting of American astronomers. The meeting was6held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, earlier this month.@   The astronomers say the object is a brown dwarf because they?found the chemical element lithium in its light. They say this8shows that little if any hydrogen is burning inside it.>   Scientists know that a small amount of lithium was createdBalong with hydrogen and helium at the birth of the universe. They?also know that the three elements are part of all new stars as@they develop. Stars release bright light as they burn hydrogen.;The burning hydrogen quickly destroys all the lithium. TheBsmaller a star or other object, the cooler its center is, and the>longer it takes to destroy its lithium. In a brown dwarf, the,fire cools before its lithium is destroyed.B   Some astronomers say they still are not sure that the recentlyBfound object is a brown dwarf. They said it could be a small star=with low-burning hydrogen that had not yet destroyed all its>lithium. They say such a star would only become a brown dwarf@when its fire cooled, in about one-thousand-million years. More?proof is needed, they say, to show that brown dwarfs have been;discovered. This proof would come from finding other, even3cooler, space objects with lithium in their light.A   The California astronomers say this is the next step in theirBresearch. They say one or two new objects already have been seen,and are being studied.   ---------------   ---------------D   ASTRONOMERS USING HUBBLE DISCOVER COMETS AT EDGE OF SOLAR SYSTEM   MARILYN CHRISTIANO   WASHINGTONB   Astronomers using the Hubble space telescope have discovered aAnumber of comets at the edge of the solar system. The comets are@beyond the orbit of Neptune. Neptune is the planet which now is(the farthest out in space from the sun.@   Anita Cochran is an astronomer at the University of Texas at=Austin. She is the head of the space telescope's Kuiper BeltBsearch team. The team reported its findings at the meeting of theAmerican astronomical society.?   Ms. Cochran says the discovery proves that the solar systemAextends past the edge of the system of planets. It also provides=the first direct evidence of an area called the Kuiper Belt.A   The Kuiper Belt is named for Gerard Kuiper, an astronomer who?died in nineteen-seventy-three. He developed a theory that the?solar system does not end sharply at the edge of the system ofBplanets. Mister Kuiper said the solar system should be surroundedby a number of icy objects.>   In recent years, astronomers have found some evidence thatAMister Kuiper's theory is correct. Three years ago, they found a;hundred-kilometer wide object just beyond Neptune's orbit.BTwenty-three other large objects have been discovered since then.?But comets of that size do not leave the Kuiper Belt. The ones=that do are much smaller. The thirty comet-like objects just?discovered through the Hubble space telescope are about six totwelve kilometers across.B   The team estimates that there are at least two-hundred-million>objects in the Kuiper Belt. These objects have changed littleBsince the creation of the solar system. They are made of the same0material that smashed together to form planets.A   The smaller objects in the Kuiper Belt are moved out of their<orbits at times by the pull of gravity from the outer giant@planets. Then they travel through space as comets, circling the>sun in the same direction the planets do. The comets from theAKuiper belt take twenty-years or less to orbit the sun. They are?known as short period comets because their orbits take a shorttime to complete.A   Long period comets take two-hundred years or more to completeAtheir orbits through the solar system. They are believed to come)from an area far beyond the Kuiper Belt.   ---------------   ---------------   ORANGE WASTE FOR FUEL
   BOB BOWEN   WASHINGTON@   Some researchers say that in the future liquid fuel may come@from oranges. It is not such a strange idea. People already are?operating their cars on ethanol, a form of fuel made from cornAoil. Agricultural research chemist Karel Grohmann says that, for=the past two years, scientists have been making ethanol from5wastes of citrus fruits like oranges and grapefruit.A   Lamar Harris is the national program leader for energy in the?Department of Agriculture. He says that twenty-five years ago,?people were using very little ethanol in their cars. But, last=year, more than four-thousand-million liters of ethanol were@produced from corn. Mister Harris says ethanol made from orange;waste will help meet the increasing demand for cheaper andcleaner fuels.@   Most of the oranges grown in the United States come from the:state of Florida. Ninety percent of them are processed inBfactories before being used. The outside covering called the peelAis removed. The usable fruit is made into juice or used in fruitAsalad. The citrus juice industry in Florida produces millions ofkilograms of waste each year.@   Fifty years ago, such waste was left on top of the ground inAopen fields. It was either eaten by cows or worked back into theBsoil. Today, hundreds of millions of oranges are grown each year.@So too much waste is produced by the juice industry to treat itBthe old way. Some of the waste still is used to make animal feed,but the process is costly.A   Mister Grohmann and another government research chemist, BelaBBuslig, began looking for a new use for the waste. They wanted toBchange the sugars in orange peels into ethanol. At the same time,Bthey wanted a method that could be used to remove the rest of the.citrus waste without harming the environment.@   The two researchers turned the orange peel into liquid. Then>they removed the citrus oil from the liquid. They changed the>amount of acid the liquid contained, and mixed it with yeast.BThis broke down some of the sugars into ethanol. Three University<of Florida research scientists then developed a new kind of?bacteria for use in changing other citrus sugars into ethanol.A   Researchers now are investigating to learn if the process can*be used with others kinds of fruit waste.   ---------------   ---------------4   RESEARCHERS STUDY ICEBERG THE SIZE OF LUXEMBOURG   GAYLE SHIRAKI   WASHINGTON:   Earlier this year, a huge piece of ice from the frozen@continent of Antarctica fell into the south Atlantic Ocean. The@piece of ice is about the size of the country of Luxembourg. It*is about one-hundred-eighty meters thick.?   The iceberg broke away from what is known as the Larsen ice@shelf. The Larsen ice shelf is connected to the western side ofthe antarctic peninsula.A   Researchers are studying the area to learn more about changes=to the ice in Antarctica. Some experts say large ice shelves8naturally move toward the sea during a period of years.B   Ice shelves are made of ice that is connected to land. The iceBfloats near the surface of the ocean. Ice shelves can be hundreds?of meters thick. The ice shelf continues to stretch toward the@ocean until the ice is too heavy. When the ice shelf breaks, an@iceberg is formed. Icebergs from antarctica usually float north!to warmer water where they melt.?   Researchers reported recently that the Larsen ice shelf has?broken into small pieces near James Ross island. The island isBeast of the antarctic peninsula. They say that for the first time?in recorded history, it is possible to sail a boat around RossBisland. The researchers say the break in the Larsen ice shelf may@be the result of a recent change in weather over the antarcticapeninsula.A   In the last one-hundred years, the average world temperatures?have increased about one-half a degree celsius. But during the;past fifty years, the average temperature in the AntarcticBpeninsula has increased more than two degrees celsius. Plant life<in the area has developed rapidly as a result of the higher=temperatures. The peninsula is the most northern area of theAntarctic continent.5   Scientists disagree about the cause of the rising@temperatures. Some worry that the collection of carbon gases in8the atmosphere produced by industries is causing rising:temperatures. Other scientists are not sure if the higherAtemperatures are related to human activity. They say it may be anatural change.?   Observations show that the huge iceberg may not be the only@one to break away. The ice shelf reportedly has developed large?cracks running from north to south. So, another giant piece of'ice might float out to sea at anytime.   ---------------    "CLIP" NEWS SERVICE0    INEWS DAILY IS NOW AVAILABLE THROUGH E-MAIL    FREE TRIAL8    LOW COST ROYALTY FREE REPRODUCTION RIGHTS AVAILABLE;   International News E-Wire Service (INEWS) is an English<language daily, covering news of the world.  INEWS provides;up-to-date and accurate world news.  It also includes many@features and interviews covering such topics as current events,=politics, economics, science, medicine, history, technology,"agriculture, religion, and music.A   Low cost republication rights are available allowing articlesAto be used on BBSs, in newsletters, advertising, LANs, weeklies,@community newspapers, school newspapers, brochures, media kits,+presentations, church bulletins, and more.<   Every day, INEWS gathers reports filed by correspondentsBstationed at 26 news bureaus throughout the world.  INEWS relates=first-hand coverage of stories from news bureaus in Abidjan,=Bangkok, Beijing, Berlin, Bonn, Cairo, Chicago, Geneva, Hong?Kong, Islamabad, Jerusalem, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles,@Miami, Moscow, Nairobi, New Delhi, New York, Paris, Prague, Rio:de Janeiro, San Jose, Tokyo, Vienna, and Washington, D.C.A   Daily INEWS service is available for less than $4.00 a month.B   Delivered through E-mail in one of two versions, plain text or?a DOS/VGA version.  The DOS/VGA version is sent either through@E-mail, encoded, or through file transfer on America Online. If?used for reproduction it must be sent in plain text form.  The?encoded version is not available through FIDO Net. The size of<the files makes mailing to CompuServe users, who are on the<standard pricing plan, cost prohibitive to those CompuServeAusers. CompuServe members on the alternative pricing plan do not:pay to recieve Internet mail, other than connect charges.@   What is an encoded file?  Most electronic mail systems can't:handle binary files.  Binary files are word processor andAspreadsheet data files, and files with a .EXE or .COM extension.AUUENCODE is a file conversion standard.  It will change a binary@file into an ASCII file, that can be sent through E-mail.  OnceByou receive the encoded file(s) through E-mail, you can decode it,to return the file back to its binary form.;   UUXFER20 is the program we recommend for decoding INEWSAencoded files.  UUXFER20 is shareware, if you continue to use it<after the 30-day trial period you must register it with its?author.  Public domain and freeware UUENCODE encoding/decodingsoftware are available.>   INEWS Daily can be mailed to almost any E-mail address on:?Internet, AppleLink, America Online, AT&T Mail, AT&T EasyLink,7BITNET, CompuServe, Delphi, FIDO Net, GEnie, MCI Mail,)SprintMail, and many local BBS services.;   A free two week trial can be received by sending E-mail0containing E-mail address, name and address to:   INTERNET: INEWS@AOL.COM   AOL: INEWS:   No reproduction is allowed until a signed reproductionagreement is mailed in.A   Specification should be made as to which version, plain text,<self-running DOS/VGA via America Online, or encoded DOS/VGABversion by E-mail, should be sent. Subscribers who do not have anAAmerica Online account can receive a free America Online sign up:kit with software and 10 hours of free usage. If used for2reproduction the plain text version must be sent.A ****HOW TO SEND E-MAIL TO INEWS FROM VARIOUS ONLINE SERVICE****?   Below are the addresses to use to send E-mail to INEWS from>various on-line services.  If you are unsuccessful in getting@E-mail to us, or your service is not listed below, contact your/service's E-mail administrator for assistance.    From Internet: inews@aol.com,   From CompuServe: >INTERNET:inews@aol.com#   From GEnie: inews@aol.com@inet#+   From AppleLink: inews@aol.com@internet#*   From AT&T Mail: internet!aol.com!inews%   From BITNET: inews%aol.com@cunyvm   From CONNECT: inews@aol.com(   From DELPHI: internet"inews@aol.com";   Remember to put quotes around the address inews@aol.com   From PRODIGY: inews@aol.com>   From SprintMail: (s:internet, "rfc-822":<inews(a)aol.com>)@   Remember to put the parentheses around the full address, and:   the angle brackets around the inews(a)aol.com address.B ******HOW TO CONVERT ENCODED FILES INTO SELF-RUNNING FILES******@   What is an encoded file?  Most electronic mail systems can't:handle binary files.  Binary files are word processor andAspreadsheet data files, and files with a .EXE or .COM extension.AUUENCODE is a file conversion standard.  It will change a binary@file into an ASCII file, that can be sent through E-mail.  OnceByou receive the encoded file(s) through E-mail, you can decode it,to return the file back to its binary form.;   UUXFER20 is the program we recommend for decoding INEWSAencoded files.  UUXFER20 is shareware, if you continue to use it<after the 30-day trial period you must register it with its?author.  Public domain and freeware UUENCODE encoding/decodingsoftware are available.?UUXFER20.ZIP can be found at the following Internet ftp sites:address: ftp.clarkson.edu'path: /pub/simtel20-cdrom/msdos/filutladdress: pc.usl.edupath: /pub/msdos/usenetaddress: plaza.aarnet.edu.aupath: /micros/pc/oak/decodeaddress: pc.usl.edupath: /pub/msdos/usenetaddress: medusa.k12.ar.us path: /pub/simtel2/disc2/decode=   We recommend that you use the shareware program UUXFER20.+If you receive the following encoded file:  INWS1231.UUE>   At the command line of the directory containing the encode$files and UUXFER20 you should type:   UUXFER20 -D<FILENAME>@   The file name is always the encoded file with the, UUE or .1)extension. In this case you would enter:   UUXFER20 -DINWS1231.UUE6   This would convert the encoded files into the file>INWS1231.EXE, the self-running December 31st edition of INEWSDaily.,If you receive the following encoded files:   INWS1231.1   INWS1231.2   INWS1231.3   INWS1231.4   INWS1231.5>   At the command line of the directory containing the encode$files and UUXFER20 you should type:    UUXFER20 -M -D<FILENAME>8   The file name is always the encoded file with the .1)extension. In this case you would enter:    UUXFER20 -M -DINWS1231.16   This would convert the encoded files into the file>INWS1231.EXE, the self-running December 31st edition of INEWSDaily.4               *****TERMS FOR REPRODUCTION USE*****EYou may edit, use, and publish an unlimited number of INEWS articles:royalty free, for commercial or non-commercial use, under*the following conditions and limitations:9---You may only reproduce articles sent directly to you.?---You may only reproduce entire INEWS issues on a BBS or LAN.>---Articles may only be used in an "end" product. You may not5resell articles for further republication by others.3---Articles may not be resold in an archival form.?---Reproduced articles must include the name of its author, ifsupplied with the article.A---You must include an "(INEWS)" id, INEWS in capital letters inBparentheses without quotations, at either the beginning or end ofeach reproduced article.=---Reproduction rights granted only for the period of a paid"reproduction rights subscription.5---Reproduction rights granted are non-transferable. ---Articles are provided as is..                 *****SUBSCRIPTION RATES*****PERSONAL USE/NO REPRODUCTION:1 month   $7.503 months  $17.506 months  $27.0012 months $39.00FOR REPRODUCTION:1 year via E-mail $69.001 year by mail-weekly $129.001 year by mail-monthly $99.00$Sample current month by mail $19.95-                           ***END OF FILE***