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219ç9220¿F221╧T222║g223█q224¢ç225º┴226æ╠227αα228åε229|230┐231⌐'SUBINFO>89INTERNATIONAL NEWS E-WIRE SERVICE WEEKLY WEEK OF 7/29/959                INTERNATIONAL NEWS E-WIRE SERVICE WEEKLY-                              ISSN 1080-3149.                            DISTRIBUTE FREELY-                             WEEK OF 7/29/951INFO/GENERAL INFO ON INEWS DAILY - INEWS@AOL.COM5TO REACH EDITOR ------------------ INEWSEDIT@AOL.COM'CLICK THE \INDEX\\ BUTTON FOR THE MENUK\CLICK HERE FOR FREE TRIAL SUBSCRIPTION TO INEWS DAILY VIA E-MAIL\SUBINFO\.UNITED STATES,USA.LATIN AMERICA,LATIN AMERICA.EUROPE,EUROPE.RUSSIA  FORMER REPUBLICS,CIS.ASIA,ASIA.AFRICA,AFRICA.MIDDLE EAST,MIDDLE EAST .INEWS DAILY FREE TRIAL,SUBINFOUNITED STATES+        \FEATURES-CURRENT EVENTS\FEATURES\/        \FINANCIAL-ECONOMY-BUSINESS\FINANCIAL\        \MEDICINE\MEDICINE\        \POLITICS\POLITICS\%        \SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY\SCIENCE\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUFEATURES-CURRENT EVENTS   \AMERICAN DIGEST\40\   \KOREAN WAR MEMORIAL\41\6   \NEW YORK CITY ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME ENFORCEMENT\42\   \TO SUE OR NOT TO SUE\43\   \"HEIGH-HO MOZART"\44\#   \CAMERAS IN U.S. COURTROOMS\45\   \EXPANDING AQUACULTURE\46\   \COMPUTER DIGEST\47\   \MUSIC NOTES\48\6   \PILOBOLUS: A FUNGUS OR A MODERN DANCE COMPANY\49\   \1996 OLYMPICS PREVIEW\50\*   \ATLANTA PREPARES FOR THE OLYMPICS\51\*   \PAUL HARDCASTLE, "JAZZMASTERS II"\52\#   \CHICAGO MONET EXTRAVAGANZA\53\+   \SAN FRANCISCO: NAPA VALLEY TOURISM\54\-   \DANCE COMPANY EXPLORES THE HOLOCAUST\55\K   \STUDENT TURNS GRADUATION GIFT INTO SCHOLARSHIPS FOR NEEDY STUDENTS\56\$   \JESSE JAMES' REMAIN RESUMED\57\!   \KOREAN WAR RETROSPECTIVE\58\*   \1996 OLYMPIC INVITATIONS SENT OUT\59\4   \UNIVERSITY OFFERS REFUGE FOR BATTERED WOMEN\60\*   \INCREASING NUMBER OF WORKING POOR\61\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU2              \CLICK HERE FOR MORE SELECTIONS\M1\,   \UNIVERSITIES IN THE INFORMATION AGE\62\8   \NUMBER OF GANG MEMBERS IN MILITARY "VERY SMALL"\63\"   \SAN FRANCISCO'S CHINATOWN\64\*   \SAN FRANCISCO MAYOR: FRANK JORDAN\65\#   \SAN FRANCISCO'S OLDEST MAN\66\   \DISNEYLAND TURNS 40\67\D   \U.S. INSTITUTIONS HELP REBUILD BOSNIA'S LIBRARY COLLECTIONS\68\L   \U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: WHAT PLACE FOR RELIGION IN AMERICA?\69\@   \YOUNGSTERS REPORT THEY CAN EASILY GET MOST ANY NARCOTIC\70\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUFINANCIAL-ECONOMY-BUSINESS   \WAGE STAGNATION\111\C   \U.S., JAPAN AVERT SANCTIONS BY SETTLING AIR CARGO DISPUTE\112\C   \U.S. COTTON EXPORTS EXPECTED TO REACH NEARLY 70-YEAR HIGH\113\8   \POLICYMAKERS CONCERNED ABOUT U.S. SAVINGS RATE\114\>   \U.S., JAPAN SIGN NEW ACCORD TO FACILITATE INVESTMENT\115\;   \STUDY SAYS RECYCLING IS "CASHCOW" IN U.S., CANADA\116\5   \HOUSE VOTES TO BLOCK MEXICAN BAIL-OUT FUNDS\117\   \GLOBAL "FORTUNE" 500\118\!   \AFRICA TRADE INVESTMENT\119\   \FORD PROFITS SLUMP\120\>   \GREENSPAN OFFERS OPTIMISTIC OUTLOOK FOR U.S. ECONOMY\121\C   \CAPITOL HILL ENTREPRENEUR FINDS IT PAYS TO STAND AND WAIT\122\   \CHRYSLER EARNINGS\123\.   \IBM ANNOUNCES RECORD RECORD EARNINGS\124\!   \INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS\125\/   \WORLD BANK SETS UP MICRO-LOAN PROGRAM\126\8   \U.S. ON TRACK FOR RECORD TRADE DEFICIT IN 1995\127\3   \KIMBERLY-CLARK/SCOTT PAPER COMPANY MERGER\128\K   \ZENITH FALLS: LAST U.S. TV MANUFACTURER SOLD TO SOUTH KOREAN FIRM\129\A   \U.S.-CANADA DISPUTE OVER DAIRY, POULTRY MOVING TO NAFTA\130\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU	MEDICINE   \MEDICAL BRIEFS\201\.   \STRATEGY CHANGE IN MALARIA TREATMENT\202\   \OLD AGE/MEMORY LOSS\203\!   \NEW GENERATION FLU SHOT\204\9   \WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DISPEL VACCINE RUMORS\205\%   \TREATING SPINAL CORD INJURY\206\   \WOMEN AND SMOKING\207\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU	POLITICS?   \BILL AND HILLARY CLINTON QUESTIONED UNDER OATH BY STARR\1\H   \DOLE WARNS THAT CONGRESS CAN UNDERMINE RENEWED VIETNAM RELATIONS\2\   \CONGRESS WEEK IN REVIEW\3\   \UN WEEK-IN-REVIEW\4\%   \AFFIRMATIVE ACTION/CALIFORNIA\5\0   \CLOSEUP: BOSNIA-LIFTING THE ARMS EMBARGO\6\   \CHINA/U.S. RELATIONS\7\:   \CLINTON SAYS HE WILL SIGN SENATE SPENDING CUT BILL\8\(   \CONFERENCE OF STATES CONTROVERSY\9\@   \U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: NIGERIA'S SECRET TRIALS\10\=   \DOLE CRITICAL OF OUTCOME OF LONDON BOSNIA CONFERENCE\11\I   \SENATOR BOXER INCREASE PRESSURE TO MAKE PACKWOOD HEARINGS PUBLIC\12\%   \THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE\13\2   \WINSTON LORD ON U.S/NORTH KOREA RELATIONS\14\H   \CONGRESS HEARS DIFFERING VIEWS ON OIL SANCTIONS AGAINST NIGERIA\15\A   \EXPERTS SAY ECONOMIC SANCTIONS NO WAY TO INFLUENCE CHINA\16\F   \U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: CONGRESS AND THE WACO TRAGEDY\17\   \COPING WITH CHINA\18\1   \HARRY WU NOMINATED FOR NOBEL PEACE PRIZE\19\    \WHAT TO DO ABOUT BOSNIA\20\>   \AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL WARNS CONGRESS OF ABACHA ABUSES\21\E   \HOUSE PASSES APPROPRIATIONS BILL THAT WOULD LIMIT MEXICO AID\22\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU2              \CLICK HERE FOR MORE SELECTIONS\M2\=  \GINGRICH SAYS U.S. MUST CONTINUE ROLE AS WORLD LEADER\23\E   \CLINTON CALLS FOR SCRUTINY, FOCUSING OF "AFFIRMATIVE ACTION"\24\   \SENATE BOSNIA DEBATE\25\3   \REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK: CONGRESS' LONGEST DAY\26\   \REFORMING THE CIA\27\F   \FOREIGN MEDIA REACTION: BALKANS CRISIS:  U.S. BLAMED THE MOST\28\B   \SENATE APPROVES BILL TO EASE ADOPTION OF FOREIGN CHILDREN\29\-   \DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSMAN GOES ON TRIAL\30\E   \GINGRICH FOREIGN POLICY SPEECH BLENDS POLITICS AND ACADEMICS\31\,   \SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL LANDMINE CRISIS\32\#   \MILITARY OPTIONS IN BOSNIA\33\4   \UN PROTECTION FAILURES IN AFRICA AND BOSNIA\34\D   \CHINA IS WRONG HOST FOR WOMEN'S CONFERENCE, LEGISLATORS SAY\35\E   \NO PLANS TO CHANGE STATUS OF U.S. DIPLOMATIC POSTS IN ISRAEL\36\;   \U.S. TO CLOSE 19 DIPLOMATIC POSTS AROUND THE WORLD\37\!   \ALDRICH AMES AND THE CIA\38\   \RACIAL POLITICS, 1996\39\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUSCIENCE-TECHNOLOGYH   \RESEARCHERS WORK ON PROBLEMS WITH GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS\223\.   \THE RIO GRANDE: RUNNING OUT OF WATER\224\5   \INTERIOR SEAWAY ONCE FLOWED IN AMAZON BASIN\225\D   \WARMER CLIMATE COULD BE SLOWING GROWTH OF NORTHERN FORESTS\226\(   \ARCTIC EXPEDITION VIA INTERNET\227\:   \DNA EVIDENCES ENTER HOMO SAPIEN EVOLUTION DEBATE\228\B   \ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER CITES ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC LINK\229\C   \SCIENTISTS CONFIRM INDIA AND AUSTRALIA ARE DRIFTING APART\230\$   \NASA'S NEW MISSION CONTROL\231\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENULATIN AMERICA   \MEXICO TOURISM\183\"   \RIO MASSACRE ANNIVERSARY\184\0   \SON OF PINOCHET INVESTIGATED FOR FRAUD\185\:   \MEXICO'S RESPONSE TO HOUSE VOTE ON BAIL-OUT PLAN\186\F   \GROUP QUESTIONS WHETHER CHILE IS DEMOCRATIC ENOUGH FOR NAFTA\187\    \ARGENTINA UNEMPLOYMENT\188\>   \BRAZIL FARMERS PACK CAPITOL WITH TRACTORS IN PROTEST\189\5   \COAST GUARD INTERCEPTS 140 HAITIAN MIGRANTS\190\2   \SANDINISTA SOMOZA REVOLUTION CELEBRATION\191\3   \TABASCO ELECTION FRAUD ALLEGATION SCANDAL\192\9   \U.S./CUBA FAIL TO REACH NEW MIGRATION AGREEMENT\193\@   \COLOMBIA INCREASE ARMY PRESENCE ALONG VENEZUELA BORDER\194\%   \MEXICO STOCK MARKET REBOUND\195\8   \NICARAGUAN PLAN TO INCREASE FOREIGN INVESTMENT\196\3   \NICARAGUA TO BUY BACK ITS COMMERCIAL DEBT\197\<   \COLOMBIA DRUG CARTEL LEADER ESCAPES POLICE DRAGNET\198\#   \COSTA RICA TEACHER STRIKE\199\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUEUROPED   \ISLAMIC NATIONS SAY THEY WILL NOT OBEY BOSNIA ARMS EMBARGO\162\,   \BOSNIAN REACTION TO LONDON MEETING\163\:   \NATO PREPARES FOR POSSIBLE AIR STRIKES IN BOSNIA\164\<   \BELGRADE CONCERNED OVER BOSNIA FIGHTING ESCALATION\165\H   \BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT REACTS NEGATIVELY TO DEVELOPMENTS IN LONDON\166\"   \LONDON BOSNIA CONFERENCE\167\+   \CHIRAC ARRIVES IN THE IVORY COAST\168\,   \FRANCE TOUGHENS IMMIGRATION POLICY\169\K   \GERMANY DEPLOY FIGHTER PLANES TO ITALY FOR POSSIBLE USE IN BOSNIA\170\<   \GERMANY PLANS TO SEND BACK 40,000 VIETNAM REFUGEES\171\7   \ZEPA MAYOR HOLDS NEWS CONFERENCE BY HAM RADIO\172\6   \BANK OF ENGLAND'S REPORT ON BARINGS COLLAPSE\173\   \CROATIA TOURISM\174\   \CZECH ECONOMY\175\A   \CZECH SOVIET STYLE NUCLEAR REACTOR TO GO ONLINE IN 1997\176\I   \ITALY ROUNDS UP 300 MAFIA SUSPECTS LINKED TO 25 YEAR OLD MURDER\177\J   \GERMANY TRANSPORTS TROOPS TO N. ITALY FOR POSSIBLE USE IN BOSNIA\178\8   \GERMAN COURT SENTENCES MEN SMUGGLING PLUTONIUM\179\.   \POLISH PRIVATIZATION AUCTION LOTTERY\180\J   \CHIRAC COMPARE SERB ETHNIC CLEANSING TO NAZI PERSECUTION OF JEWS\181\;   \ARSON ATTACK ON BUILDING HOUSING TURKS IN GERMANY\182\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENURUSSIA/FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS*   \RUSSIA/CHECHNYA PEACE TALKS ENDS\214\   \RUSSIAN ECONOMY\215\E   \JOINT COMMISSION SEEKS REFORM FOR RUSSIAN TAXATION POLICIES\216\   \EXPORTING CASPIAN OIL\217\;   \FOREIGN PRESS:  'GEARING UP FOR POST-YELTSIN ERA'\218\H   \ACDA SCRUTINIZES RUSSIAN COMPLIANCE WITH ARMS CONTROL TREATIES\219\A   \RUSSIAN PROSECUTOR INVESTIGATES POLITICAL HUMOR TV SHOW\220\F   \ARMS PROBLEMS WITH RUSSIA UNDERLINE NEED FOR BINDING ACCORDS\221\0   \RUSSIAN NEWSPAPERS AND THE FREE MARKET\222\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUASIA3   \TAIWAN REPORTS CHINA TEST FIRED 4 MISSILES\89\%   \CHINA REACTION TO HOUSE BILL\90\)   \EAST ASIA-PACIFIC WEEK-IN-REVIEW\91\I   \KASHMIR REBELS SAY HOSTAGES INJURED IN BATTLE WITH INDIAN TROOPS\92\:   \REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK: AUNG SAN SUU KYI REFLECTIONS\93\D   \FOREIGN PRESS REACTION: BURMA'S RELEASE OF AUNG SAN SUU KYI\94\6   \JAPAN FORMALLY PROTEST FRENCH NUCLEAR TESTING\95\   \ONLY IN CHINA\96\D   \THAILAND NEW PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET TAKE OATH OF OFFICE\97\G   \ARMS CONTROL REPORT SAYS CHINA IS PRODUCING BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS\98\;   \CONGRESSIONAL HEARING ON CHINESE ABORTION POLICIES\99\9   \JAPAN OFFERS COMPENSATION TO WWII COMFORT WOMEN\101\F   \PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT WANTS IMPROVED RELATIONS WITH SINGAPORE\102\/   \THAILAND'S PRINCESS MOTHER DIES AT 94\103\>   \AFGHAN COMMANDER BLAMES PAKISTAN FOR AFGHAN CONFLICT\104\   \KASHMIR PRESS ABUSES\105\G   \SINGAPORE INVITES AMERICAN CRITICS TO COME DEBATE IT'S LEADER\106\E   \CHINA SAYS IT WANT U.S. TO TAKE ACTION TO IMPROVE RELATIONS\107\2   \UGANDA PURSUES RETURN OF ASIAN INVESTORS\108\4   \SRI LANKAN REBEL DIVERS BLOW UP NAVAL SHIP\109\G   \THAILAND COURT ORDER EXTRADITION OF PARLIAMENT MEMBER TO U.S.\110\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUAFRICA6   \45 PEOPLE EXECUTED BY FIRING SQUAD IN NIGERIA\71\?   \EGYPTIAN FOREIGN MINISTER BLASTS UN HANDLING OF BOSNIA\72\B   \SOUTH AFRICAN MUSLIMS PROTEST BOSNIA AT U.N./U.S. OFFICES\73\H   \SOUTH AFRICAN DEPUTY PRESIDENT MAKES UNEXPECTED TRIP TO NIGERIA\74\    \ZIMBABWE STUDENT UNREST\75\-   \BEATEN SUDANESE DIPLOMAT LEAVE EGYPT\76\:   \AIDDED RIVALS SAYS HE IS RECEIVING AID FROM LIBYA\77\)   \SUDANESE REBELS RELEASE HOSTAGES\78\-   \SUDAN GOVERNMENT ACCUSED OF GENOCIDE\79\5   \REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK: DEMOCRACY AFRICAN STYLE\80\8   \MANDELA SIGNS LAW TO ESTABLISH TRUTH COMMISSION\81\   \SIERRA LEONE FIGHTING\82\D   \ANTI-ABACHA FORCES PLAN STRATEGY, HIGHLIGHT NIGERIAN ABUSES\83\+   \EGYPT PROTESTS BOSNIA ARMS EMBARGO\84\$   \EGYPT/SUDAN CONFLICT UPDATE\85\>   \EGYPT'S CABINET ENDORSE BAN ON SATELLITE TV EQUIPMENT\86\6   \NEW KENYA OPPOSITION PARTY DENIED RECOGNITION\87\   \AFRICA'S DEVIL STRING\88\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENUMIDDLE EAST@   \PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ARREST LEADERS OF MILITANT GROUP\208\@   \IRAQ THREATENS TO END COOPERATION WITH U.N. INSPECTORS\209\F   \PERES SAYS UNDERSTANDING WERE REACHED AT PALESTINIAN MEETING\210\Q   \U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: ISRAEL AND THE PLO AND ANOTHER DEADLINE\211\   \LEBANON STRIKES\212\    \PALESTINIAN PRESS LAWS\213\.           CLICK TRACK TO RETURN TO THIS MENU   ---------------;   BILL AND HILLARY CLINTON QUESTIONED UNDER OATH BY STARR   VICTOR BEATTIE   WASHINGTON@   President and Mrs. Clinton have been interviewed again under;oath at the White House Saturday concerning the Whitewater;affair. The session comes as Congress continues its public@hearings into events surrounding the failed Arkansas Whitewaterland deal:9   The White House provided little information about theBinterviews other than to say the president and first lady HillaryARodham Clinton were questioned separately by independent counsel:Kenneth Starr. The sessions, which lasted about three and=one-half hours, also involved the Clinton's private attorney?David Kendall and members of the White House counsel's office.8There is no indication if additional interviews will beconducted.B   This is the second time in three months the Clintons have beenBinterviewed by Mr. Starr. The investigation is believed to centerAon the Clinton's land venture in which they say they lost money.They deny any wrongdoing.=   Mr. Starr is said to be looking into allegations of money<funnelled from banks with Whitewater funds to Mr. Clinton's?Arkansas gubernatorial campaign in 1984. Mr. Starr may also beBlooking into the 1993 death of White House deputy counsel Vincent@Foster and allegations of White House interference in a federalinvestigation of Whitewater.?   The congressional hearings, which opened in the Senate last?Tuesday, took testimony on how Whitewater documents taken from@the office of Mr. Foster by White House officials following his@death blocked an immediate police investigation. Those hearingsresume this Tuesday.   ---------------   ---------------D   DOLE WARNS THAT CONGRESS CAN UNDERMINE RENEWED VIETNAM RELATIONS   VICTOR BEATTIE   WASHINGTON?   Senate majority leader Robert Dole has warned that Congress;could undermine just-established diplomatic relations with=Vietnam. In other comments, Mr. Dole, who turns 72 years oldAtoday Saturday, insists he is in excellent shape as he heads the:field of Republican party presidential hopefuls in public	opinion:=   Senator Dole, in a speech to families of missing AmericanBservicemen from the Vietnam War, warns that Congress could refuse>to send an ambassador to Hanoi, pay for an embassy or approveVietnam's trade status.A   Despite the Clinton Administration's insistence that Hanoi isAcooperating fully since diplomatic relations were announced lastBweek, Senator Dole suggests otherwise. He says the administration7is, in his words, jeopardizing two decades of serious,<painstaking effort to find Americans still missing from the<Vietnam War. He says his commitment to the fullest possible&accounting remains as strong as ever.A   Mr. Dole, considered the Republican presidential front-runnerBfor 1996, is a year older today. The wounded World War II veteran9believes his experience and age are an asset these days:B   "(Experience is) sort of money in the bank. I mean it's there,=it's things you've learned because maybe you're a bit older.>You've had a lot of experiences in your lifetime (that) maybe&somebody in their 40's may not have."<   Mr. Dole has released his medical records to the public,@indicating that despite a bout with prostate cancer in 1991, he@is in excellent health. If elected, he would, at age 73, be the+oldest man in history to become president.   ---------------   ---------------   CONGRESS WEEK IN REVIEW   JIM MALONE
   SENATE?   U.S. lawmakers were busy this past week with debates on the>situation in Bosnia-Herzegovina and human rights in China, as@well as hearings on the Whitewater affair involving the Clinton@administration and the 1993 federal raid on the Branch Davidiancompound near Waco, Texas.A   The Senate began a debate on whether to lift the arms embargo:against Bosnia but then postponed a vote at the behest of>President Clinton to give the allies time to formulate a new,2more aggressive policy against the Bosnian Serbs.A   Democrat Joseph Lieberman is among those supporting a measure>directing the president to end U.S. participation in the arms	embargo:;   "It is time to change our policy. Give the Bosnians the@weapons they deserve. Stop denying them of their inherent right=to defend themselves, a right that we have as individuals, a+right that the Bosnians have as a nation."?   Senate Democratic leader Tom Daschle is among those warning<that unilateral U.S. action on the embargo could plunge theBUnited States into even deeper involvement in the conflict in theformer Yugoslavia:B   "We lift (the embargo), we are responsible. We lift, they (UN)Ago out, we have no other recourse but to fill the gap and do all/that is necessary to try and contain the war."A   In the House, the subject was China. House members rejected a;bid to overturn President Clinton's decision to renew most;favored nation trading status for China. However, they didBoverwhelmingly approve a measure calling on the administration toAmore closely monitor the human rights situation in China as well8Chinese actions on arms proliferation and other issues.?   Meanwhile, congressional hearings began on two issues whichAcould cause problems for the Clinton Administration. The Special@Senate Committee on the Whitewater Affair opened its probe intoAcharges that White House aides may have improperly tampered with?documents following the suicide of White House counsel VincentFoster in July of 1993.A   The Republican chairman of the committee, Senator Al D'Amato,(promised to keep politics to a minimum:B   "We must be fair, impartial and thorough. We must be committed@to the pursuit of truth. That is the American way. That is whatwe intend to do."<   In the House of Representatives, two subcommittees began@lengthy hearings into the administration's handling of the 1993<raid on the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas. Four?federal agents and more than 80 followers of cult leader David@Koresh died in the initial raid and subsequent fire which sweptthe compound.B   Republicans are hoping to show that the Clinton Administration:acted hastily in ordering the final assault on the branchDavidian compound.@   But that strategy ran into trouble almost immediately as theAfocus of the hearings became the testimony of a young girl namedAKiri Jewell who told lawmakers that cult leader David Koresh had,had sex with her when she was 10 years old:@   "I had known this would happen sometime so I just laid there:and stared at the ceiling. I did not know how to kiss himA(koresh) back. Anyway, I was still kind of freaked out (upset)."A   The Waco and Whitewater hearings continue next week while theAfull Senate is expected to resume its debate on lifting the armsembargo against Bosnia.   ---------------   ---------------   UN WEEK-IN-REVIEW   ELAINE JOHANSON   UNITED NATIONS?   The United Nations anticipates new directions on its Bosnia@policy; the general assembly approves additional funds for U.N.Apeacekeeping, as new figures show governments lagging far behind5in paying their dues; and, secretary-General Boutros@Boutros-Ghali recommends a six-month extension for peacekeepers7in Angola, noting the country's progress toward peace.>   The U.N. Security Council this past week found itself in a1holding pattern on the fast developing events inBBosnia-Herzegovina. It condemned the Serb attack on the U.N. safe;area of Zepa. But otherwise, diplomats stepped aside for a3high-level crisis meeting in London at week's end.=   The United States and its European allies agreed that any>attack on the U.N. protected enclave of Gorazde would evoke a?significant response, including the possible use of air power.@   U.N. officials indicate secretary-General Boutros-Ghali will:not simply accept new marching orders without reflection.?Spokesman Ahmad Fawzi told reporters the results of the London!meeting will have to be studied:<   "The secretary-general will wait for the outcome of this<meeting, the results of which he will have to consider veryAcarefully, will have to analyze very carefully. And if they pose:an unacceptable risk to peacekeepers on the ground and to<innocent civilians on the ground, he will have to go to the0Security Council and make his recommendations."A   It is not clear what will be expected of the Security Council@in the wake of London. The United States has emphasized that no>new resolution is required, that existing resolutions provide=ample authority. Russia wields veto power in the council and=might be expected to try to block new authorizations for airpower.B   In a related development, the United Nations announced what it?considers good news about the conflict in neighboring Croatia.?The Croatian government and rebel Krajina Serbs have agreed to?hold talks in Geneva at the beginning of August. The two sides@have not met since government forces stepped over U.N. lines in=may and re-took a small portion of rebel-occupied territory.   ===============>   The U.N. General Assembly this past week approved over one7point three billion dollars to continue financing U.N.;peacekeeping operations, from Bosnia and Angola to WesternASahara. The assembly makes such decisions upon recommendation ofits budget committee.6   The new expenditures, which are assessed to member@governments, come at a time when the U.N. is strapped for cash.?The U.N. auditing department has issued a new list of arrears,>with governments owing the United Nations over two and a half=billion dollars for peacekeeping and the regular budget. The'overwhelming debt is for peacekeeping.B   The United States, which pays the largest share of U.N. costs,3owes the most, followed by the Russian Federation.   ===============?   Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali has recommended a six-monthBextension of the U.N. peacekeeping mission in Angola. He says the7peace process in the African nation has entered a new,8encouraging phase and U.N. involvement has proven to be&beneficial to resolving the conflict.B   It was not always so. Too few peacekeepers could not prevent a>return to war in 1992, when UNITA rebels lost U.N. supervised=elections. The U.N. force, which numbered about 2,700 at the?beginning of July, is gradually being expanded to nearly eight
thousand.=   The Security Council will vote on the extension by August/eighth, when the current U.N. mandate expires.   ===============B   An exception was made this past week to a U.N. arms embargo on?Rwanda. The Security Council unanimously agreed the governmentBcould import explosives to clear land-mines. The United States isBexpected to donate a few tons and send military advisors to train*the Rwandans in mine-clearing procedures.=   Rwanda is believed to have tens of thousands of unclearedBmines laid mostly by the previous government as its soldiers wereretreating into Zaire.B   Rwanda's present Tutsi-led government wants the entire weaponsBban lifted, saying Hutu militias are arming across the border and&preparing to fight their way back in.   ---------------   ---------------!   AFFIRMATIVE ACTION/CALIFORNIA   ANDREW BAIRD   WASHINGTONB   Only one day after President Clinton reaffirmed the concept of?affirmative action, the governing regents at the University of4California have voted to end race-based admissions.?   Affirmative action, or race-based preference, appears to be>surging as a potential campaign issue for the 1996 elections.A   On Wednesday, President Clinton strongly defended affirmative@action, including the notion of quotas and set-asides in hiring?and in the awarding of contracts. But that position suffered a:blow Thursday when the University of California governing;regents, by a vote of 14-to-10, decided to stop university;officials from using race-based admission practices at thestate's nine campuses.:   The affirmative action program had allowed minorities,Aincluding blacks and Hispanics, to gain admission to the state's@universities with lower test scores and grades than their whiteand Asian counterparts.>   The regents' decision was supported by California Governor@Pete Wilson, a Republican who is seeking his party's nomination?to run against President Clinton in 1996. Mr. Wilson appointed:six of the 26 regents and spoke before them, arguing that=affirmative action was unfair and that admitting unqualified<students on the basis of race alone was wrong, if qualifiedapplicants were denied.>   The University of California network encompasses more thanA160,000 students and is one of the most demographically complex.BFifty two percent of its students are white; 23 percent Asian; 12@percent are Hispanic; and four percent black. The remainder areunidentified as to race.B   Before making their decision, the regents heard testimony from?more than 60 speakers. The debate cut across stereotypes, withBsome white males speaking for affirmative action, and some blacks@speaking against it. One supporter was Jesse Jackson, leader of<the Rainbow Coalition who is also considering a run for the:presidency. He said the promise of equality in America isBunfulfilled. Other supporters said simply that affirmative action+had been crucial to their success in life.?   The proposal to end race-based admissions was introduced byAWard Connerly, a black businessman appointed by Governor Wilson.<Mr. Connerly said racial preferences no longer served their9original purpose of righting old wrongs and had become a<"preoccupation." The president, and all vice-presidents and@chancellors of the university system countered that affirmative;action was producing a diverse student population and that0California's universities remained world-class.@   Separately, the U.S. Senate, by a 61-to-36 vote, defeated on@Thursday an amendment to an appropriations measure which called>for the elimination of set-asides for minorities and women inBfederal contracting. The amendment had been introduced by Senator?Phil Gramm, a Republican from Texas, yet another contender for+his party's nomination for the presidency.   ---------------   ---------------,   CLOSEUP: BOSNIA-LIFTING THE ARMS EMBARGO   PAMELA TAYLOR   WASHINGTON<   The very real possibility the U.S. Congress will force a8unilateral lifting of the arms embargo against Bosnia'sBMuslim-led government hung like a sword of damocles over Friday'sAtalks in London between U.S. and its European allies. Republican@leader Robert Dole agreed to postpone a Senate vote, giving the>U.S. administration another chance to urge the NATO allies to<take stronger action against the Bosnian Serbs to forestallBlifting the embargo and pulling the U.N. peacekeepers out. In the9end the London conferees issued a communique calling for?substantial and decisive action if the Serbs don't cease theirattack on Gorazde.=   Balkan analysts in the United States doubt the communique=issued at the end of the London conference will dissuade the@Bosnian Serbs from continuing their attacks. Nor do they expect<it will affect a vote in the U.S. Senate's to lift the arms9embargo. These analysts say it is only a matter of time,Bprobably days, before the Serbs once again call the international<community's bluff. If strong military action, including air@strikes, is not the response, they believe the U.S. Senate will>vote to lift the embargo, eventually clearing the way for the?Bosnian government to strengthen its army. Richard Haas of the,Council on Foreign Relations in Washington:B   "I don't think the Congress will wait long. If the fighting inABihac grows and Gorazde begins to come under concerted attack, IAthink the congressional desire to lift the embargo will probablyAbecome unbeatable. That said, the sort of language that Mr. Dole?and Mr. Lieberman and their colleagues are looking at does not@not end the embargo immediately. Certain things have to happen.?The most likely form of the legislation would be an end to the8embargo only in the context of a withdrawal of the U.N.?protection force and once the Bosnian government had made somekind of formal request."?   Mr. Haas says the notion that passing the Senate amendment,>sponsored by Republican leader Robert Dole, will trigger some%kind of immediate response is wrong:@   "There's still going to be a period of vulnerability between9the announcement of the end of the embargo or the actualAwithdrawal of U.N. forces, whether its one month or three months?or six months. There's going to be a gap and clearly the Serbs3are not going to wait for that gap to disappear. "B   Another analyst, John Lampe, director of East European studiesBat the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars in Washington, says theBU.S. senators must also consider another implication if they voteto lift the embargo:?   "I think that will trigger the announcement from London and@Paris that their forces in UNPROFOR are to be withdrawn as soon>as possible, that the American contribution is expected. I do?wonder if some senators considering their vote and considering<the general sentiment in the Congress, that American public?opinion does not want the American troops on the ground in any<circumstances, will perhaps weigh (take into consideration)that."A   Other analysts believe the senators may not be convinced that:lifting the embargo would necessarily lead to a long-termAcommitment of U.S. troops. Senator Dole has worded his amendment=so that the 25,000 troops Washington has promised for a U.N.:evacuation will be used only to help extract peacekeeping:personnel. American University professor Joshua Goldstein8[goldstine] says this could be done relatively quickly:?   "Almost all of the U.N. forces are now out of the Serb-held=areas of Bosnia and what's left are on government-controlled>areas of Bosnia. So the reason for sending all these American>troops won't be to fight against the aggressor or protect the?victim; it's actually to fight against the victims in order to@pull all the U.N. equipment out from government-held territory.?In other words, if the UN wanted to pull out very quickly theyBcould do so in a manner of weeks, speedily pulling the people out?of harms way but they'd have to leave the equipment behind and=that equipment would fall mostly in the hands of the Bosnian
government."<   Radha Kumar of the Institute for War & Peace at Columbia<University in New York believes the London conference was a@stalling tactic because the international community simply does;not have the will to do any more than it has already done:A   "If we look at any international decision, anytime a decisionBis made it's always taken a considerable amount of time, first to=make it and then to do anything about it, and the Serbs have>always used that time to go ahead and try and consolidate war@gains and that's what they're doing now. So, if the decision is@taken to lift the arms embargo then the Serbs have three months0in which to continue to step up their attacks.">   Ms. Kumar says three months is the least amount of time itAwill take to get the U.N. peacekeepers out, or to get sufficient>arms to the Bosnian army, or to fight before the onslaught ofBwinter. In any case, she says, whether the arms embargo is lifted?or whether the status quo is maintained, both favor the Serbs.BThe only option which does not, she says, is the kind of military9action the international community has consistently beenunwilling to take.   ---------------   ---------------   CHINA/U.S. RELATIONS   STEPHANIE HO   BEIJING?   The declining relations between the United States and China=have led many analysts to suspect Washington of deliberately@obstructing the expansion of Chinese power and influence in theregion.@   Chinese analysts cite a series of events in recent months as?examples of U.S. efforts to contain, or curb, the influence ofChina.;   One major incident is the unofficial visit of Taiwanese=president Lee Teng-Hui to the United States in June. ChineseAofficials strongly criticized the U.S. decision to grant Mr. Lee?a visa. Beijing accused Washington of trying to split China by>moving toward what it calls a two-China policy of recognizingChina and Taiwan separately.>   Speaking through an interpreter at a regular news briefing@last month (6/29), Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Chen Jian6warned the United States against adopting a policy of
containment:B   "Any attempt by the United States to threaten with containment?run against the trend of history and turns Sino/U.S. relations:into a relationship of confrontation. It is not only very+dangerous, but is also doomed to failure."A   Meanwhile, although China publicly welcomed the U.S. decision?earlier this month to re-establish formal diplomatic ties with@Vietnam, Beijing may be worried about comments made by American,politicians in explaining the Vietnam move.B   Burton Levin, the outgoing director of the Asia Society Center@in Hong Kong, says he has no doubt that the Chinese believe the=U.S. recognition of Vietnam is part of a containment policy:?   "The Chinese love to think in conspiratorial terms. You had=voices in the United States talking about the recognition of@Vietnam in terms of balancing off China. And I'm sure as far as?the administration is concerned, it was not unhelpful to avoid?political flak on recognition of Vietnam by having some people@put it in the context that, "well, it's helpful in our dealings
with China."@   However, Mr. Levin, who has previously served as U.S. consul;general in Hong Kong and U.S. ambassador to Burma, says heApersonally believes the U.S. decision has very little to do withChina:7   "Now, I don't believe that that is very much in theBadministration's thinking. I think the recognition of Vietnam was?impelled by considerations relating to Vietnam. It was time to@recognize Vietnam. The Vietnamese were being helpful on missing:in action and there were very strong reasons to recognize
Vietnam.">   Meanwhile, one serious obstacle to improving Sino-AmericanBrelations is the case of American human rights activist Harry Wu,>who was arrested in China last month and charged with spying.<   Ambassador Levin says that although China and the United@States have contradicting viewpoints as to Mr. Wu's activities,=both sides should avoid actions that could lead to a furtherdecline in relations:@   "I think there is at least a need right now to cool it for a>period of time. And then I would hope that the Chinese, and I@know it's gong to be difficult for them, but I think it is very@much in their interest for the Chinese to do whatever they wantBin the way of a formal adjudication. Do it quickly, and get Harry?Wu out of that country and get him back to the United States."B   A major bilateral relationship is at stake, says Mr. Levin. He@adds that he thinks neither side wants to see such an important?relationship completely flounder, just because of the Harry Wu
incident.   ---------------   ---------------6   CLINTON SAYS HE WILL SIGN SENATE SPENDING CUT BILL   DEBORAH TATE   WHITE HOUSE;   President Clinton says he will sign a spending cut billBapproved and sent to him by the U.S. Senate Friday. While cutting?some 16 billion dollars from the federal budget, the bill alsoAprovides seven billion of dollars in new funding for a number of+programs, including debt relief to Jordan.@   President Clinton, in a written statement, says he will signAthe bill that cuts 16 billion dollars from federal programs thisyear.>   The president rejected an earlier version of the bill last=month, opposing proposed cuts in education and environmental1protection, in the first veto of his presidency.>   White House spokesman Mike McCurry, in rare praise for the7Republican-led Congress, welcomed the compromise bill:;   "The rescission bill that the Senate has approved is an?example of how Congress and the president can work together to&get the business of the nation done.":   The bill, which also has been approved by the House ofBRepresentatives, includes 275 million dollars to forgive Jordan's:remaining U.S. debt. In addition, it includes funding forBincreased anti-terrorism efforts, disaster aid for California andBassistance for Oklahoma in the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing.   ---------------   ---------------$   CONFERENCE OF STATES CONTROVERSY   SUSAN CLARK   WASHINGTONA   The amount of power vested in the federal government has beenAdebated since the beginning of the United States. The discussion;has risen to new level with the hearings about a raid on aBreligious cult in Waco, Texas, and the investigation of a bombing?in Oklahoma City. Some citizens seek reduced central authorityAand others see a government that plots against its own citizens.@   During the last year, legislatures in 15 U.S. states adopted7resolutions reaffirming the 10th amendment to the U.S.@constitution. That part of the American Bill of Rights says allApowers not specifically granted to the federal government in the<constitution are reserved to the states and to individuals.@   In the years since the constitution was adopted, the federal=government has steadily enlarged its role and now some stateAgovernment officials are energetically trying to recover some ofthat power.A   One of them is the governor of Utah, Mike Leavitt. His deputy7for policy, Lavar Webb, explains the governor's goals:?   "It covers a broad cross-section of areas. Governor LeavittAcertainly believes that government is best when closest to home,9and that services and programs ought to be delivered andBcontrolled at the level closest to the people. And so he does notAthink that the centralized, one-size-fits-all, bureaucratic sort?of main-frame model of the federal government, dictating every@little thing to the states and local governments, is the properBcourse. And he believes that the government authority ought to beBdevolved, ought to be decentralized and put back at the state andlocal level."B   Governor Leavitt helped organize a conference of the states to=be held in Philadelphia in October. But after several states>agreed to participate groups of voters began to criticize the=conference plan, expressing uneasiness that things could getworse:<   "Many people on the far right, and some on the far left,Asomehow decided that the conference of states could somehow turn>into a constitutional convention. And there were all sorts of=fears thrown out that this group could somehow throw out the>constitution and replace it with some sort of new world orderBconstitution. And there were all sorts of fears and concerns. And?there were lots of groups who organized on a grass roots levelAand who began to oppose these resolutions that were being passed@by state legislatures, ultimately to the point where some state@legislatures were fearful of passing the resolutions because of@all the faxes and letters and opposition they had received. And:so not enough states passed the resolution to convene theconference of states."A   Mr. Webb says the new world order is a label some people gave?to their fear that there is an international plot to take overAthe United States, and that the federal government is a party to>the conspiracy. At least one legislature adopted a resolutionAdemanding a halt to such a global conspiracy. The New York Times<newspaper reported the state of Indiana replaced road signs?because its citizens expressed fears that maintenance codes on3them were coded instructions for an invading army.5   The conference of the states will not take place.@   One of its opponents, Charles Duke, sent some of the letters<and faxes that led to its cancellation. Mr. Duke is a state?senator in Colorado where he proposed a resolution reaffirmingAthe 10th amendment. But he said he became fearful the conference>was being captured, and he was especially concerned about the3participation by the Council of State Governments:;   "The Council of State Governments has a long history of>wanting to change the constitution, and I think they saw this?conference of the states as a way to dupe the American people,Aparticularly the legislatures, into calling a convention for theAconference of states, really the undercurrent that was under all9of this is, I believe, they really wanted to subvert theconstitution in time."@   Mr. Duke suggests conspiracy in the explosion at the federalBoffice building in Oklahoma City. He says the federal government,@through the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF), had,the opportunity, the means, and the motive:>   "I can explain the motive pretty easily. The motive is the>crime bill. The terrorist bill that was in committee the week>before the Oklahoma incident was dead in the water. It wasn'tBgoing anywhere. It is such a flagrant violation of constitutional@rights of American citizens it did not have a prayer. Secondly,@b-ATF was in danger of being dissolved, and their operations in8danger of being folded into the FBI. There were serious?discussions because of the enormous abuse that this agency hasAbeen guilty of, not once but many times. And so, now, here comes@Oklahoma City, miracle of miracles, you know. Now the terrorismAbill not only got out of committee, it managed to get out of theBSenate, and further, B-ATF, instead of being dissolved and folded=into the FBI, now has 100-million dollar increase in budget.?Miracle of miracles, the darkest days are over, happy days are here again. That's the motive."?   The B-ATF, or Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, hasAbeen a central issue in congressional hearings about the raid on-the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas.?   Meanwhile, the steering conference of the conference of the@states is working on holding a smaller meeting in the fall, oneAwhich will address some of the same issues but which, they hope,&will not attract as much controversy.   ---------------   ---------------;   U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: NIGERIA'S SECRET TRIALS   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTONB   The military dictatorship in Nigeria is concluding a series of:secret trials of several alleged coup plotters, including;military personnel and civilians, a legal maneuver that is1drawing outrage from several major U.S. dailies.:   The trials are only the latest in a number of moves by:Nigeria's military leader, General Sani Abacha, to stifle>dissent, and suppress growing opposition to his regime, whichAtook power after annulling results of national elections in 1993"won by businessman Mosood Abiola.A   Without exception, the American newspapers are condemning the:trials, where no press or public was allowed, and GeneralAAbacha's continuing hardline tactics. We begin our sampling with"The Boston Globe":@   "The curtain is about to fall on the latest act in Nigeria's>long-running parody of human rights. Unless the internationalBcommunity inspires in them a change of heart, the dictators there?will soon rid themselves, by bullets or jailhouse bars, of two@men who symbolize the possibilities of African democracy. Those?men are General Olusegun Obasanjo and Major General Ahehu Musa<Yar'adua. They and 38 others have been convicted on various;questionable charges related to a dubious 'coup plot'. The?charges provide a pretext for General Sani Abacha to crush theBfew remaining symbols of opposition to his morally desolate rule.<The western democracies do not have to sit idle. [Generals]:Obasanjo and Yar'adua, not to mention [previously-electedApresident Mosood] Abiola, are Nigeria's avatars of democracy. To>let their lives be wasted, by a firing squad or by a lifetime?behind bars, would be to let any hope for pluralism in today'sNigeria perish with them."?   Another Boston paper, the nationally-distributed "Christian=Science Monitor," also is outraged at the secretive judicial@proceedings, put in the larger context of Nigeria's position inAfrica:@   "If Nelson Mandela's South Africa is the shining star of theBcontinent, General Sani Abacha's Nigeria is bidding for the title@of Africa's darkest black hole. not that human suffering on the@scale of Rwanda has taken place there yet. But keep these factsAin mind: One out of every four sub-Saharan Africans is Nigerian.;Its 90 million people make it the largest African country.@Tensions between ethnic groups in Nigeria are longstanding. And;General Abacha's corrupt and oppressive military regime is@exacerbating them. Human-rights monitors and governments around?the world are watching carefully for the results of the secret<trials of those accused of plotting a military coup against=[General] Abacha last March. The trials appear to be part of<[General] "Abacha's strategy to maintain indefinite rule inBNigeria. [He] is marching his country backward, against the windsBof democracy that are blowing throughout Africa and the world. It@will take the concerted efforts of governments and individuals,4inside and outside of Nigeria, to turn him around."@   "The New York Times" has this to say in its editorial column#about what is going on in Nigeria:@   "The present military regime, which seized power in NovemberA1993, a few months after its predecessor had annulled democratic?elections, is one of the worst Nigeria has known. Dominated by?General Sani Abacha, it has crushed elected governments at allBlevels, arbitrarily jailed political opponents, waged war against>the Ogoni minority and driven the Nobel laureate Wole SoyinkaBinto exile. Even after almost two years of systematic repression,;General Abacha sees enemies everywhere. Last week a secret9military tribunal announced the conviction of 40 people,@sentences [that] have sparked international criticism and calls=for clemency from the Clinton administration, U.N. secretary@General Boutros-Ghali and pope John Paul the second. In a world=increasingly inured to abusive governments, General Abacha'sAactions have aroused a remarkably broad consensus of concern. He=would be foolish to ignore it and deepen Nigeria's tragedy."@   Lastly, in "The Washington Post," these additional comments:<   "It would take a government as far below the mark and as<contemptuous of international opinion as Nigeria's military?dictatorship to stage the kind of star chamber proceeding just;held in that country.  Charges against the defendants wereBshrouded in secrecy as was the trial itself. In addition to being<denied fair and open trials, General Obasanjo and the otherBdefendants were deprived of their own legal counsel and the right?to appeal their sentences.  The just-concluded inquisition was<staged, and its arbitrary judgments were rendered, over the:objections of liberty-loving Nigerians, the internationalAcommunity, including the United States, and human rights groups.AThe world needs to get Nigeria's attention. General Abacha needs;to know that Nigeria has much more to lose politically and<economically if this travesty continues. he and his council=colleagues can bring this to a halt. They should immediately!order commutations and pardons."   ---------------   ---------------8   DOLE CRITICAL OF OUTCOME OF LONDON BOSNIA CONFERENCE   JIM MALONE
   SENATEB   U.S. Senate majority leader Bob Dole and other Republicans are9already critical of the outcome of the London meeting on;Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Senate is now poised to vote for aBunilateral breaking of the arms embargo against Bosnia next week.B   In a speech on the Senate floor late Friday, Senator Dole said?the United Nations mission in Bosnia is a failure and he added=that the Bosnian Serbs are growing more defiant by the hour.:   He also described the meeting of allies in London as adisappointment:@   "Another dazzling display of ducking the problem. Instead of=clarity and decisiveness, once again we have ambiguity and a%lowest common denominator approach."B   Senator Dole says more meetings are not the answer to Bosnia's>problems. He says lifting the arms embargo is the only viableoption at the moment:A   "It is hard for me to imagine that anyone still believes thatBthe U.N. mission is viable in Bosnia, that what we are witnessing5is anything but a colossal, collective catastrophe.">   The Senate is expected to vote next week on Senator Dole's6proposal to lift the arms embargo, a move the Clinton$administration continues to oppose.   ---------------   ---------------D   SENATOR BOXER INCREASE PRESSURE TO MAKE PACKWOOD HEARINGS PUBLIC   JIM MALONE
   SENATE@   U.S. Senator Barbara Boxer is threatening to force a vote in@the Senate on her demand for public hearings in the ethics case@against Republican Bob Packwood, who stands accused of sexually?harassing several women over a 20-year span. So far the ethics(committee is resisting public hearings.A   Senator Boxer says she will offer legislation next week which?would force the Senate to hold public hearings on the Packwoodmatter.8   The ethics committee says it has found what it calls>substantial, credible evidence that Senator Packwood may have<violated Senate rules by making unwanted sexual advances toBseveral different women on 18 occasions between the time he first'entered the Senate, in 1969, and 1990.;   Senator Boxer says the Ethics Committee has held public=hearings in the past and should not make an exception in thePackwood case:@   "I think this is very, very serious. The charges are seriousBagainst the senator. But equally important is that the precedents1of this United States Senate not be cast aside."B   Republicans on the Ethics Committee reportedly were angered by@Senator Boxer's call and some have hinted at retaliatory ethics>hearings against some Democrats. But so far there has been no;decision on whether to hold hearings in the Packwood case.   ---------------   ---------------    THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE   ERICA BENIS   WASHINGTON>   Throughout the western alliance, defense budgets have been@falling for several years and will continue to fall for several>more. According to the Stockholm International Peace ResearchBInstitute (SIPRI), since communism collapsed in Eastern Europe in@1989, NATO's general military spending plunged from 370-billion@to 322-billion dollars. Arms purchasing dropped from 83-billionto 60-billion dollars.>   A direct effect of these cuts has been a surge in sales ofweapons abroad.>   With a projected defense budget for 1997 almost 40 percent;smaller than the 1985 budget, the United States is now theAworld's largest conventional arms supplier: It claims 75 percent@of the current market, with the remainder divided among Russia,$China, France, Britain, and others.A   According to experts, the U.S. is well-positioned to remain a@leading weapons supplier far into the future. By the early 21stBcentury, the United States is expected to be the sole producer of1the world's most advanced conventional weaponry.B   Falling demand within the domestic market has forced America's?top arms companies to concentrate harder on exports. U.S. armsAsales to developing countries have doubled since the fall of the
Berlin Wall.=   Third world buyers generally prefer American-made weapons<because of superior performance and lower prices. They alsoBwelcome the political and military ties to the United States that0come with agreements to purchase American arms.B   Domestically, the U.S. approach to arms exports has been awash@in controversy. U.S. officials insist that conventional weapons@are perfectly legitimate for national self-defense, and exportsAof such weapons should not be restricted. Critics say arms salesfuel conflicts.<   William Hartung is an arms control expert with the World=Policy Institute. He has recently compiled a U.S. arms sales;report using government figures. His assessment shows that>American weapons are at the center of many devastating ethnicconflicts:?   "Are we really looking carefully at the consequences of ourAweapons trading activities? Or are we treating that as, 'this is7just another export,' just like selling sides of beef,@refrigerators, personal computers? It seems to me it's too much=emphasis on the fact that these are 'exports' and not enoughAemphasis on the fact that they are dangerous weapons of war, andBthat they're being used for purposes of warfare, not for prestige@value, or deterrence. They're actually being used to kill human	beings."<   Numerous examples, says Mr. Hartung, illustrate how U.S.>weapons are used for what he considers illegitimate purposes:;   "The recent Turkish incursion into northern Iraq, in myBopinion, was not in keeping with international law. Because they,>among other things, bombed and burned down some Iraqi Kurdish<villages. It was clearly not just a surgical strike against:terrorism, as they claimed. Our clients, like Morocco and:Indonesia, have for more than 20 years illegally occupied>adjacent territories: Morocco in Western Sahara, Indonesia in@East Timor. We have also seen the weaponry and training that we<supplied to Afghanistan come back to haunt us as people whoBtrained over there at the cost of U.S. taxpayers, in Afghan rebel?camps, have been implicated in everything from the World Trade<Center bombing to suspicion that some of them may have beenAinvolved in the murders of U.S. personnel in Karachi, Pakistan.">   What is more, arms control expert William Hartung says, an@indiscriminate transfer of arms often has a 'boomerang' effect:?   "It seems like everywhere we turn in Somalia, in Panama, in@Iraq, it ends up that our troops often face forces on the otherAside that have either weapons that we gave them or sold them, orBthat were built with equipment that we supplied to them. I reallyAthink that that's just the most extreme example of why we've got<to rethink this whole arms policy. Unfortunately, President!Clinton decided not to do that."=   In 1995, the Clinton Administration adopted an arms-salesBpolicy free of ideological restraint associated with the cold war:era. The policy puts commercial considerations first. The?administration has also approved the sales of fighter jets andAother sophisticated offensive weapons to 10 countries in centraland Eastern Europe.>   Critics contend that the policy is designed to enhance the;Clinton Administration's goal of maintaining the country'sBoverwhelming dominance of the international arms market. They sayAthe new policy formalizes the use of U.S. embassies and agencies&to market American military hardware.=   Aaron Karp is a professor of international studies at Old@Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, and an expert on armsAtrade issues and proliferation. He says U.S. laws governing arms=exports are among the most restrictive in the western world:B   "On the other hand you have industries that are very importantAeconomically. They are important to the national health. And you?have to encourage exports. Exports sales for the United StatesAgenerally have been fairly consistent. They've gone a little bit=down over the past ten years, but not down nearly as much as@everyone else's. So American arms exports now lead the world byAfar, not because America's exports have gone up. Everyone else's!have gone down so dramatically."@   As defense budgets are shrinking in the developed countries,@Professor Karp says that governments must find ways to maintainBtheir defense industries. But the fact is that defense industries>are a big drain on national economies. And states try hard to'minimize these unpopular expenditures:>   "It's much more convenient if you can find someone else to;finance them for you. And that's what arms exports are allabout."A   According to the Clinton Administration, arms exports provide8a partial offset to the severe cutbacks in U.S. defense@procurement, and a means of keeping the U.S. defense industrialbase from eroding too rapidly.7   Professor Karp says modern weapons are so advanced,@technologies are so complicated, and the design skills requiredAto develop them are so unusual that maintaining production is ofparamount importance:>   "Czechoslovakia, to use a prominent example, had a fighterBaircraft industry through the 1950s until the early 1960s when it>was stopped for political reasons. There's no chance that the>Czech Republic today could start a fighter (plane) productionAagain. Same thing in Poland, where, again for political reasons,?fighter aircraft production stopped. It will never start again9there. And, of course, what western European nations are@especially afraid of is that the same thing will happen to them<for economic reasons. If they stop producing these weapons,?they'll lose the capability; the designers will disappear; theAcompanies will go out of business and their own security will bepermanently compromised."@   Professor Karp says the end of the east-west rivalry and theAglobal recession of the early 1990s have forced many traditional>purchasers of major weapons from the United States, aircraft,>ships, tanks, and missiles, to scale back their acquisitions.BU.S. exports of such arms declined from 50-billion dollars a year8in the mid-1980s to less than half that amount in 1994:?   "So the market has gone down dramatically. In effect, peace@has broken out. While ethnic warfare is a huge problem, warfare?between countries is very rare, and the sales of major weapons=are down. Export opportunities are few and the firms have to#fight for them very aggressively."=   The major marketplace for weapons since 1989 has been theAMiddle East. It accounted for 56 percent of all sales agreementsBfrom 1990 to 1993. The world's leading suppliers, the big five as>they are called, the United States, Britain, Germany, France,=Russia, compete vigorously for weapons' sales to the region.@   In mid-March, the United Arab Emirates hosted an arms bazaarBin Abu Dhabi. Some 600 companies from nearly 50 nations exhibited9a dazzling array of military technology, including naval?gunships, attack helicopters, and ground-to-air and sea-to-air
missiles.?   Charles Wolf is an arms expert with the Rand Corporation inSanta Monica, California.B   He says the U.S. dual containment policy against Iran and Iraq?resulted in limited U.S. weapons sales to these two countries.=That has sparked fierce competition between France, Germany,:Russia and China, all waiting in line for major contracts?whenever the embargoes against the two Persian Gulf states arelifted:>   "The incentives are very strong. The Russians need foreign<exchange and one of the few things that they are reasonably;competitive in internationally is weapons. The Chinese areBcompetitive not so much in quality as in price. They need foreign;exchange as well. The plain fact of the matter is that the<overwhelmingly dominant seller in the international weapons"market now is the United States."B   Following the 1979 peace accord between Egypt and Israel, U.S.@military aid to both countries increased significantly. Jordan,Btoo, is in line to receive U.S. weapons as part of its reward for>concluding a peace accord with Israel. Diplomats and analystsBpredict that a peace accord between Israel and Syria will produce?a similar result. But the others in the big five group are not>far behind. The scrapping, last year, of the European Union's@arms embargo against Syria, for example, has opened the way for>the French and other European Union countries to re-enter theSyrian market.9   As the sole supplier of weaponry to Japan, and with a@substantial share of the marketplace in South Korea and Taiwan,Bthe United States has long been dominant in East Asia. Right now,4says Mr. Wolf, arms sales are booming in East Asia:B   "There's a lot of money in Taiwan, which has something like 90@billion dollars of foreign exchange reserves, and in Singapore,Aand in Malaysia, and in Indonesia. Those countries have actively?entered the Abu Dhabi arms bazaar and the world weapons market@generally, and are buying advanced weapons from us and from theBFrench and from the Russians and the British as well. One can say?what is the threat they're concerned about? The threat they're9concerned about is a stronger and more assertive China."<   As a practical matter, says Charles Wolf, the arms trade<cannot be stopped. But it can be selectively controlled. InBrecent years the United States has tied arms sales to improvementBof human rights, non-aggression, controls on technology transfer,and other long-term goals.:   The Rand Corporation has recently conducted a study onBprospective controls, focusing on so-called high-leverage weapons@systems, missiles, advanced munitions, submarines, advanced sea#and land mines. According to Wolf:A   "What we've tried to do is segment the market: Distinguishing6(that is) between weapons systems that we refer to as>'high-leverage' systems, that would destabilize regional armsAbalances, and to focus the controls by the big five suppliers on<those systems, allowing the large volume and the high value;exports of tanks, artillery, ammunition, surface ships and!aircraft platforms to continue."@   Rand Corporation arms expert Charles Wolf says high-leverageAsystems constitute only 10 percent of the global weapons market.=Prohibiting the selling of those systems would impose only a?modest financial loss on the big five arms suppliers. However,<developing such a selective control, he says, would require9agreement among the big five to establish a joint marketmechanism:?   "The point is to focus controls on those particular systems9whose export to the Middle East or to East Asia would be6particularly hazardous or destabilizing; and would be=particularly difficult for NATO or U.S. forces to counter if<there were a need for external intervention. A presidential;advisory board on arms proliferation that was appointed by:President Clinton about six months ago is working on this@problem. So it's possible that some selective controls might befeasible."B   But as religious and ethnic hatreds supplant cold-war tensions>as a major source of international instability, concerns have?been raised about unrestrained trade in "light" weapons. TheseArange from pistols, rifles, and machineguns to grenades, mortars@and small missiles. They are easy to transport and conceal, andAthey are cheap, reliable, and widely available. They make up the<arsenals of new armies and the muscle behind warring ethnicgroups.:   In 1994, according to the United Nations Institute for;Disarmament Research, almost 300 companies in more than 50?countries were making small arms and related equipment. China,<with at least 16 factories, is believed to have the world's<largest small-arms industry. The United States ranks fifth.B   Before he joined Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia,AAaron Karp worked for the Stockholm International Peace ResearchBInstitute, where he studied light and small arms proliferation inBthe post-cold war era. Professor Karp says the United States doesnot sell a lot of light arms:=   "Right now there's a prohibition on exporting land mines,?which are seen as excessively injurious, inhumane weapons. TheAUnited States doesn't sell a lot of dual-use technology that can;be used to produce nuclear weapons or chemical weapons, orAanything like that. It's major weapons systems that are the core!of the American defense market."?   hOw many light arms are traded annually in the world? That,.Professor Karp says, is difficult to discern:B   "The arms trade research is all about government-to-government=sales, selling F-16s or t-72s. No one has put much work into?sales of small arms and weapons that actually matter in ethnic/conflicts, weapons that actually kill people."=   The transfer of light arms is usually handled by dealers.=Professor Karp says that arms dealers come in all shapes andforms:@   "It's a huge spectrum that starts with very serious business>people you can find in the phone book, who will take you veryBseriously and will insist on fully legal channels on licenses, on=all the approvals. And it runs the gamut to various kinds of:illegal dealers whom you have to find through costly time>consuming means. The spectrum ends with an enormous number of<dreamers and skimmers who will tell you they can do amazing8things, but really all they can do is take your money."A   Purchasing weapons requires careful planning, but buyers seem1to know what it takes to close a deal says Karp:@   "Say I was leading a small guerrilla group and we were goingAto liberate fredonia. I would probably begin by going to a major<capital who is friendly and there I would simply open up anBoffice. And I would let it be known what I wanted and I would seeAwho came. And through a friend of a friend of a friend, channelsAwill develop. In particular, if I had money to spend, and I tell=people what it is I want to buy, eventually people will comeBoffering. Now some may not have anything. A lot of them will give@you fancy brochures and paper. A few of them however, will haveweapons to sell."@   The best way to acquire good quality weapons, Professor KarpAsays, is to cultivate a relationship with a friendly government:B   "This is the way the Afghan guerrillas in the 1980's got their?weapons, for example. They didn't go to the black market. They<went to the United States government. And the United States>government made arrangements for them. They were dealing in aAfully legal market, and then they got as much as they wanted forvery fair market prices."%   Do light arms come with trainers?B   "Ideally they need to. But training can come in a lot of ways.BMost ethnic groups start out with small numbers of renegades fromBa national army, people who have been trained. If you look at all>of the conflicts on the periphery of the former Soviet Union,@going all the way from Moldova to the caucuses and Central Asia;what you find is that ethnic insurgencies start with small(numbers of men trained in the Red Army"<   Some light weapons are in greater demand these days thanothers.;   "The weapon that makes the most difference, politicallyAespecially, is the shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missile. This is?the high tech weapon for the low tech end of the battle field.BYou may not be able to shoot down very many aircraft. It's a very?difficult weapon to use, but you don't have to shoot down very@many (airplanes) to get tremendous political recognition. These;weapons are coveted, they're hard to get, they're not thatBnumerous, they're expensive, but there's no substitute for them."<   Aaron Karp says rifles, blade weapons, and anti-aircraft;missiles are the most decisive military instruments in theBpost-cold war battle fields. In his view, small arms, not fighter@bombers or tanks, determine whether new states will be created,=whether old ones will be divided, whether whole peoples willsurvive or not.B   The trade in light weapons, many of which are sold on the grayA(semi-legal) and black (illegal) markets, is not only impossible=to control, it is impossible to survey. Because of a lack of9basic information and the secretive nature of small armsBtransfers, year-by-year, country-by-country statistical summaries1of light weapons trafficking cannot be produced.;   Only now is the international community, especially the=developed countries, beginning to address the sales of light>arms: That is limiting sales of rifles; stopping the sales of@land mines; and strictly regulating the sales of shoulder-firedanti-aircraft missiles.   ---------------   ----------------   WINSTON LORD ON U.S/NORTH KOREA RELATIONS   JOHN PITMAN   WASHINGTON:   Assistant U.S. secretary of state Winston Lord told an:audience at the Asia society in Washington Friday that heAbelieves relations between the United States and North Korea areAentering a "new era." Mr. Lord said the agreement signed in June?with North Korea to supply Pyongyang with u-s-made light waterAnuclear reactors was a positive step forward. Mr. Lord also said@that relations between the two countries cannot improve further@until North Korea agrees to hold direct talks with South Korea.B   Mr. Lord said the agreement in June to supply North Korea with>light water reactors laid the foundation for better relations=with North Korea. But he emphasized that Pyongyang must take:steps to open a dialogue with South Korea before any realimprovements can be made.A   As an example, he said requests by North Korea to renegotiate=the 1953 armistice that ended the Korean War could only take?place when Pyongyang agrees to talk directly with South Korea:A   "We genuinely will seek a better relationship with the north.B(But) we will never do that at the expense of the south. We'll do>it in a way that will enhance South Korea's security and only>that way. And the north knows unmistakeably that our progress<with the north can only take place if there's good parallel+progress between the south and the north."?   Mr. Lord said he hopes talks between Seoul and Pyongyang on>emergency rice shipments to the north from South Korea can be,expanded, perhaps to cover security issues.   ---------------   ---------------C   CONGRESS HEARS DIFFERING VIEWS ON OIL SANCTIONS AGAINST NIGERIA   JIM FISHER-THOMPSON   WASHINGTON=   Congress heard differing views July 20 on the efficacy of7economic sanctions, such as an oil embargo, which someApro-democracy groups want the United States to mount against the=Nigerian regime of General Sani Abacha, which has dallied in-making a promised transfer to civilian rule.5   Speaking before the Senate Foreign Affairs Africa?Subcommittee, Professor Peter Lewis, an assistant professor of?international relations at the American University, said, "The;issue of sanctions on petroleum exports has been mentioned<frequently as a possible response to the current crisis" in	Nigeria.:   But he added, "I do not believe that oil sanctions are?currently an expedient or effective option." Lewis gave as his@reason the reality of "the fungibility [ease of sale] of oil ininternational markets."=   Lewis was joined on the panel of experts looking into the=crisis in Nigeria by Randall Robinson, executive director of>TransAfrica, an advocacy group of African-Americans concernedBwith development on the continent. Robinson, who achieved fame in@the 1980s for spearheading public opinion that led to sanctions>legislation against the apartheid regime of South Africa, has=taken on the cause of pro-democracy advocates in Nigeria and<recommended that the United States consider imposing an oil)embargo against General Abacha's regime.B   Robinson told the Africa Subcommittee that "any strategy to beAeffective, fashioned by the United States and the United Nations?Security Council, must include as a feature some variant of anAoil sanction and asset seizure program. To do less would have us0dawdle as Nigeria [in]exorably self-destructs."A   Lewis, who just returned from a visit to Nigeria, told AfricaASubcommittee Chairman Nancy Kassebaum that "unilateral sanctionsAby the United States entail modest costs for ourselves, but they;are also likely to have little impact on the government inAbuja."A   On the multilateral level, he added, "concerted actions among@the G-7 are unlikely without United Nations authorization, or a?serious escalation of instability and violence within Nigeria.:Consequently, sanctions by the U.S. alone would be mainlysymbolic."<   In November 1994 the General Accounting Office (GAO), an;investigative and auditing agency responsible to Congress,Bprepared a report entitled "Issues Regarding Imposition of an OilAEmbargo Against Nigeria." It stated that "with respect to a U.S.>unilateral embargo on Nigerian oil, such an effort would have>almost no impact on Nigeria's oil exports and economy, or theworld oil market."@   Nigeria, the report explained, "because the world oil market@is highly integrated,...could quickly adjust to a disruption in>the usual patterns of supply caused by a unilateral embargo."B   On the other hand, the GAO report continued, "a comprehensive,@effectively enforced multilateral embargo on Nigerian oil wouldBhave a devastating effect on Nigeria's economy because 96 percent?of its projected 1994 foreign exchange earnings is expected tocome from oil exports."8   However, the study added that such an embargo "couldApotentially reduce world oil supplies by 1.6 million barrels per@day if there were no increase in production from other sources.:Such a reduction in supplies could rapidly increase worldBpetroleum prices by as much as $2 to $5 per barrel, or by about 5>to 12 cents per gallon of gasoline at the pump. U.S. gasoline-prices could experience a similar increase.";   The GAO report adds that "Department of Energy analysts>believe that any shortfall resulting from an embargo would beBoffset by other nations' increased oil production, and thus there-would be little or no effect on oil prices."B   On the political level, the study says, "it appears that there9is little international political support for imposing aAmultilateral oil embargo, according to U.S. government officialsAwe interviewed. This lack of support reflects the fact that mostAnations do not view Nigeria as a major threat to world peace andsecurity."A   Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs George MooseBtold the Africa Subcommittee that the U.S. government has already;imposed a number of sanctions against Abacha's government,Aincluding the immediate cancellation of $11 million of aid after?Abacha annulled the results of the June 12, 1993, presidential>election, led by Chief M.K.O. Abiola. Abiola was subsequently;arrested by the military regime and is still being held indetention in Abuja.A   Without directly addressing the issue of oil sanctions, Moose;told the subcommittee: "While we will maintain the currentAsanctions, we are prepared to offer incentives to the governmentBof Nigeria if we see real movement toward democratization. But we7are prepared to impose additional measures if there isretrogression.":   Commenting on U.S. government actions against Nigeria,@Professor Lewis noted that "for much of the past two years, the<United States has been a global leader in urging successive8Nigerian governments to implement a rapid transition todemocratic rule."@   He added that "official policy has sometimes been complacentAand slow to react, but we have maintained a consistent stance in<support of human rights and an early exit by the military."=   Human Rights Watch/Africa Executive Director Kenneth Roth?agreed with Lewis about U.S. government actions toward Nigeria@and told the subcommittee that "since the annulment of the JuneA1993 election, the Clinton administration has made strong publicAdeclarations condemning the Abacha government and has undertaken:policy initiatives intended to facilitate a transition to3democracy in Nigeria and to promote human rights."7   But such actions are too few and slow, according to?TransAfrica's Robinson, who told the subcommittee that "buying:time is losing time" in Nigeria. Unless stronger economic=sanctions were brought against Abacha's regime, the activist<said, he feared the nation was sliding into armed conflict.=   Referring to the recent secret trial and conviction of 40@alleged coup plotters by a military tribunal in Lagos, Robinson>said that "as a consequence of such conditions of generalized>repression, Nigeria today verges at best on de facto nationalAdisintegration, at worst on all-out civil war -- either of which=outcome would likely destabilize much of West Africa, derail6Africa's general progress, and pose dire problems for7oil-importing countries, including the United States."?   Africa Subcommittee Chairman Kassebaum also referred to the=treason trials, saying: "I am personally concerned about the<secret trials of the so-called coup plotters that have been>taking place in Nigeria.... Clearly, the overall picture is a=disturbing one. Yet, Nigeria is a country of great human andBeconomic potential. In my years as chairman and ranking member of?the Africa Subcommittee, I have gotten to know and admire manyBNigerians. They are an immensely resourceful and energetic people?with leadership abilities that are essential for the future of>Africa. For this reason, the continued political and economic'decline is particularly discouraging."   ---------------   ---------------<   EXPERTS SAY ECONOMIC SANCTIONS NO WAY TO INFLUENCE CHINA   PEGGY HU   WASHINGTON?   Three experts on U.S.-China relations advised against using@economic sanctions to influence Beijing's behavior at a July 20Bhearing of the House International Relations Committee's Asia andthe Pacific Subcommittee.?   "With Deng Xiaoping gravely ill and near death, the contestAfor power in the post-Deng regime dominates Chinese domestic andBforeign policymaking," Susan Shirk, Director of the University ofACalifornia Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, said inprepared testimony.>   Shirk advised U.S. diplomats to broaden ties with central,Bprovincial, and military officials through informal exchanges and?dialogues. "If the officials in the electorate have a stake in<good relations with the United States, they will not back a8leader who might jeopardize these relations," she said.A   If, on the other hand, the United States uses tactics such as?threatening economic sanctions, Chinese leaders may try to win9domestic support by "digging in their heels against U.S.pressure," she said.@   Former U.S. Ambassador to China James Lilley cited a Chinese@perception of encirclement and containment by the United StatesBand relations between Taiwan and China as two factors influencingSino-American relations.=   "We hear about President Lee Teng-hui's visa, and we hear?about missile tests off the north of Taiwan, and we hear aboutAthe threatening language that pours out of China ... but we loseAtrack of certain very fundamental trends that will influence the@future of Asia, and that is the relationship between Taiwan andChina," he said.>   Lilley, who is now with the American Enterprise Institute,@said that the way in which the U.S. handled the recent visit ofATaiwan President Lee Teng-hui was "a casebook history of how notto deal with China."<   Like Shirk, Lilley argued against trying to use economicBsanctions or most-favored-nation (MFN) trading status as tools to7influence China. Instead, he suggested working through?international fora such as the United Nations and the upcomingWomen's Conference in Beijing.A   Michel Oksenberg of the Asia-Pacific Research Center said the8United States is "at an important juncture that demands>engagement, activism, presence, and influence" and emphasized=that neither the United States nor China can enjoy peace and9prosperity without constructive Sino-American relations.@   "The United States cannot afford to have China as an enemy,"?he said. "China is too big. The rest of Asia will not join the?United States in an anti-Beijing crusade .... Similarly, China=needs America: our markets, our technology, our capital, our8military strength to balance its potential adversaries.?   "China policy cannot be dictated by single-issue interests:Bhuman rights, anti-abortionists; environmentalists; pro-Taiwan orApro-Tibet lobbies; business interests," Oksenberg said. "Rather,@an integrated, multi-faceted and multilateral strategy, pursuedBin cooperation with our Asia allies and China itself, is the onlyAway to ensure the continued stability and prosperity of the Asia@Pacific region and the peaceful inclusion of China in the worldcommunity."   ---------------   ---------------A   U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: CONGRESS AND THE WACO TRAGEDY   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTON@   The U.S. Senate has begun an extensive investigative hearingBinto the federal siege and fatal fire two years ago at the BranchBDavidian religious compound in Waco, Texas. Scores of people were7killed. U.S. newspapers are full of comments about the7well-publicized hearings that began earlier this week.@   The Branch Davidian compound outside Waco, Texas, was raidedAby agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms and the?Federal Bureau of Investigation after a long standoff in AprilA1993. It was known that the religious group had large numbers of?automatic weapons and ammunition, and had fortified their farm:buildings in the belief that the federal government wouldeventually attack.<   Several people, both religious group members and federal@agents, were killed in an initial raid in February, and after aBstandoff of more than 50 days the FBI stormed the compound with a@tank and teargas. Somehow the buildings caught on fire and more@than 80 Branch Davidian members died, including about two dozen
children.A   There has been speculation the Waco tragedy and another fatalAshooting incident in Ruby Ridge, Idaho, involving federal agents@might have inspired the anti-government hatred that led to this>year's bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City. Thatnotion led theB   Congress to schedule hearings into the conduct of both ATF and@FBI agents involved in both the Texas and Idaho incidents. ManyBdaily papers are commenting on the hearings, and "The Los AngelesTimes" is among them:B   "It should be beneficial for Congress to revisit the issue for=purposes of reform, but there are ominous signs that the gunBlobby is using the congressional investigation to advance its ownAnarrow agenda. Evenhandedness, devoid of political machinations,<will be essential. A recent [Los Angeles] Times study found@'serious discrepancies, misstatements and exaggerations' in the7government's versions of events at Waco. That may showAincompetence and lack of accountability but does not support theAconspiracy theorists and extreme gun rights advocates who assert@that FBI agents intentionally started the inferno that consumed>the Davidians' wood-frame compound.  It is clear that federal@agents bear a measure of blame for the debacle at Waco, but the?aim should be to prevent similar incidents, not bow to the gunlobby."@   In the south, "The Atlanta Constitution" says both incidentsbear a closer look:A   "Federal law-enforcement machinery went terribly awry in both=incidents. Subsequent Justice Department and treasury probes@clearly haven't resolved nagging questions that suggest federalAagents bent or broke the law. Too much suspicion, even paranoia,Alingers throughout the land, tying these cases, for instance, to:the horror in Oklahoma City. If the FBI and the Bureau of>Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms are to function with widespreadApublic support, they must be perceived as willing to acknowledge8mistakes and take steps to prevent them in the future."@   "USA Today" is also worried about other influences intrudinginto the fact-finding process:=   "The public should know the facts, whether federal agents<acted properly, who was responsible and how to prevent such?tragedies. The challenge is to separate the facts from so manyself-serving agendas."9   "The New York Times" says there is ample reason for aAreexamination of both the Waco and Ruby Ridge, Idaho, incidents,?in part because of how the Clinton administration handled themwhen they took place:=   "Waco, like Ruby Ridge and the Whitewater affair, must beArelived because the Clinton Administration has failed to deliver@the full story and hold itself accountable. Yet there is danger@that zealous House Republicans will carry the judgment too far.ACommittee members have already made a serious error by involving?the National Rifle Association in its staff investigation. TheBNRA, with its tireless rearguard actions against gun controls andAits dangerous denunciations of federal law-enforcement officers,@is part of the problem, not a respectable part of the solution.BAttorney General Janet Reno has much to answer for. Though hailed?as a take-charge law officer, she has yet to render a coherent:account of her leadership in the Waco crisis. The NRA gunAlobbyists who have penetrated committee staffs seek the bureau's>destruction, but Congress needs to take a wiser course. These9hearings can produce information that would be useful in@reorganizing the ATF and possibly moving it out of the Treasury
Department."=   "The Washington Times" says accusations that the NationalBRifle Association's connection with the investigation has somehow"damaged its integrity, are false:A   "The committee [investigating Waco] reached an agreement with@an engineering firm to conduct tests on firearms recovered from@the ruins of the Branch Davidian compound near Waco to find outAwhether the weapons were really illegally converted machineguns.AThe firm, it turns out, had been paid 25,000 dollars by the NRA,<and that fact is being used by some to try to discredit the@objectivity of the hearing.  Second, an investigator named FranAHaga went out to interview a social worker, Joyce Sparks who had>looked into the compound and had alleged that sexual abuse ofAchildren was occurring there Miss Sparks says Miss Haga left the@distinct impression that she worked for the committee but later=acknowledged that she really worked for an NRA investigating@team. as a result of [these] rather vague links between the NRA7and the House investigation, people who don't want any:investigation at all have reared up to denounce the wholeBbusiness.  The NRA connection with the hearings is a tempest in a>teapot, a deliberate and unconvincing effort by the hearing's,enemies to discredit the whole proceeding."=   Finally, from Maine, "The Portland Press Herald" laments:?   "The searing images of an isolated yellow compound standingAstark against the Texas sky return to haunt the nation today. So;do images that followed, as the compound, under governmentBattack, erupted in flames, bullets and death for 81 people, 25 of@them children. This time, let the images lead us to truth aboutBwhat federal agents did right, and what they did wrong, in the 515days at the Branch Davidian headquarters near Waco."   ---------------   ---------------   COPING WITH CHINA
   ED WARNER   WASHINGTON?   Despite growing rancor between the United States and China,<speakers at a congressional hearing in Washington this weekBwarned against exaggerating the conflicts. They pointed out areasBof agreement and emphasized that enmity is not in the interest ofeither nation.A   A genuine political and economic reform movement is under wayBin China, said James Lilley of the American Enterprise Institute.>Appearing before a congressional committee in Washington, Mr.>Lilley, a former U.S. ambassador to China, said the reformers8have a struggle ahead, but he thinks they will prevail:>   "There are certain individuals that are clearly identifiedBwith this mood and trend in China. They are not very strong right>now, but we can see their manifestations throughout China andBoutside of China. This takes the form of a very old argument: TheBlegalists versus the confucionists, whether you are going to haveBa rule of law or a rule of man. China has been run by the rule of>man and the rule of party. There are people who are saying inBChina today that that does not work, in the future, that you must8substitute a rule of law that stands above man, party.":   Ambassador Lilley told the committee the reformers are?promoting legislation to strengthen the legal system and bringBgovernment closer to the Chinese people. An international meeting=is currently being held in China to make improvements in theelectoral process.:   By focusing on disputes between China and Taiwan, said4Ambassador Lilley, we miss more fundamental trends:@   "The trade between these two is absolutely exploding. Taiwan?is now the fourth largest trading partner of China. Trade grewB30-point-two per cent in 1994. Indirect trade is shooting throughAthe roof. Taiwan is dealing with the most intractable problem in7China; that is, feeding its population. There are over>one-thousand, 526 agricultural projects in China supported byBTaiwan at a cost of over 723 million dollars. This is helping theAChinese agricultural situation perhaps more than Peking itself.">   Ambassador Lilley noted a number of normalizing agreementsAbetween the two countries on the treatment of relatives, illegal@immigration, fisheries, hijacking. There is no reason, he said,:why China, Taiwan and the United States cannot cool their?rhetoric and reach a workable relationship to the advantage ofall.<   Michel Oksenberg, a scholar at the Asia-Pacific Research?Center of Stanford University, made much the same point at the@hearing. If the United States and China want to enjoy peace and@prosperity, he said, they had better get along with each other:B   "We are not fated to be enemies. The interests our two nations>share far outweigh the interests that divide us. The time has?come to reestablish high level dialogue between the leaders of;the two countries. Without an overarching architecture andAdiscussion between the two leaders, it becomes very difficult toAaddress each of the separate specific issues that indeed need to@be addressed, need to be addressed vigorously and in very tough?fashion. Balance is required, neither myopia about the Chinese/market nor hysteria about the Chinese threat."<   Chinese foreign policy cannot be understood if we do notAunderstand Chinese domestic politics, said Susan Shirk, director;of the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation at the%University of California, San Diego.=   She told the committee China is now undergoing an intense=succession struggle, in which foreign policy is involved. In@China, she said, politicians appeal not to an electorate, as in<western democracies, but to what she calls a "selectorate,":comprising several hundred government, party and military;officials along with a sprinkling of revolutionary elders:?   "When political struggle is waged between the leaders, each<aspiring leader heads up a network of officials who are his:clients. He extends patronage to them. These networks areAcommonly known as factions. Now when the factions are contendingBfor power and the leaders are competing with one another, foreign;policy takes on a symbolic function. Factions signal their>strength to the elite, and one of the ways they do this is byAtaking bold actions internationally. The specific content of the@action is less important than the impression that the leader isstrong enough to take action."?   So foreign policy, said professor Shirk, is held hostage toBdomestic politics. That's not easy for the west to deal with, but>then not every belligerent Chinese gesture has to be taken at>face value. There should be far fewer provocations, she said,(when the succession is finally decided.   ---------------   ---------------,   HARRY WU NOMINATED FOR NOBEL PEACE PRIZE   LAURI NEFF   WASHINGTON@   A member of the U.S. Congress has nominated Chinese-American=human rights activist Harry Wu for a Nobel peace prize.  The<action comes one month after Mr. Wu was detained by Chinese"authorities on espionage charges.?   Congressman Pete stark says he is nominating Mr. Wu for the>1996 Nobel Prize because of Mr. Wu's documentation of alleged?human rights abuses in Chinese prisons. Mr. Stark, a member of:the Democratic Party, also Praises Mr. Wu for effectively@promoting his cause. The congressman says that the human rights.activist often did so at great personal risk.>   Before becoming a naturalized U.S. citizen Mr. Wu spent 19@years in Chinese prisons. He was detained at the Chinese/Kazakh?border on June 19th, apparently on another mission to documentBalleged abuses in Chinese prisons. He has since been charged with
or death.B   Mr. Stark, who, as a U.S. Congressman, is eligible to nominate=an individual for a Nobel Peace Prize, calls Mr. Wu a "human>rights crusader" in the same league as Nobel laureates Nelson/Mandela, Aung San Suu Kyi and Andrei Sakharov.   ---------------   ---------------   WHAT TO DO ABOUT BOSNIA
   ED WARNER   WASHINGTON9   Reports of Serbian ethnic cleansing and other acts of>brutality against the Muslims in Bosnia have led to pleas forBmore decisive U.S. action. The question is what kind of action is;possible and would it be supported by the American people?B   Clarity, above all, is needed, says Ralph Ostrich, a long timeAconsultant to the U.S. Defense Department. The United States and@its allies must know what they want to do, he insists, whateverAit may be. If there is no good policy at hand, still one must be	adopted:;   "In Korea, we have a policy. The policy is that the DMZA(demilitarized zone) along the 38th parallel is to be maintainedAunder all costs. And this has been an American policy since 1950?or thereabouts. We've gone to war, lost lives on it. The North?Koreans know that. I don't think that the folks down in BosniaAand Serbia that are fighting have really any idea or notion what;our policy, U.S. policy is. That has not been enunciated."@   Some maintain that the United States has quietly fashioned aApolicy; namely containment. About 500 American troops are now inBMacedonia with the implied warning to the Serbs not to spread theBwar into that Balkan country. Mr. Ostrich doubts that Serbia will#challenge the United States there.7   But what if it did? Asks Steve Larrabee of the RandCorporation in California:@   "Would we do anything? If we wouldn't do anything in Bosnia,?would we do anything in Macedonia? The same arguments could beAmade for Macedonia: Well, it was never really a state. It's very7unstable. It's all a part of the breakup of the former?Yugoslavia. If you won't defend the same principles in Bosnia,@why will you necessarily do it in Macedonia? One argument would?be we have troops there already. But we had troops in Somalia,>and if 18 Americans are killed, will we withdraw those troops%immediately from Macedonia as well?"B   A war spreading beyond Bosnia alarms William Lynd, who hosts a;weekly television program on military affairs for the Free9Congress Foundation. He fears the greater powers getting<entangled in a misguided campaign against Christian Serbia:@   "The first lesson that anyone who has studied the diplomaticAhistory of the last century would understand from the Balkans isBthat above all, you want to keep the great powers out of whatever?is happening locally. There is an old saying about the Balkans?that their problem is that they produce more history than theyBcan consume locally. When Europe has been wise, when a Balkan warAhas erupted, the powers have primarily concerned themselves withBmaking sure that none of them get involved in it. Instead we have.done our utmost to involve the powers in it."B   Ralph Ostrich says the United States must be mindful of Russia;in any action it takes in Bosnia. As a traditional ally of@Serbia, Russia should not be alienated when more crucial issuesBare at stake, its democratic progress, for instance, and reducingits nuclear weapons.A   But Steve Larrabee says the greater danger is the collapse ofcollective security in Europe:B   "I think the consequences will be, in fact, very dramatic. AndAit cannot help but have a very damaging impact on perceptions of@the United Nations, of NATO, and the general security situation5in Europe is bound to deteriorate. The prospect of a>renationalization of defense in Europe cannot be excluded. In>fact, there are already some signs that this is going to take?place. So I think we will pay an extremely high price over theAlong term for the failure to deal with this situation early on."@   Mr. Larrabee says by forsaking the Bosnian Muslims, the west@will have no credibility in stopping further aggression when it>comes. We are looking out for our own national interests, say?westerners. That is our job. Have you no other interests? AsksMr. Larrabee.   ---------------   ---------------9   AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL WARNS CONGRESS OF ABACHA ABUSES   JIM FISHER-THOMPSON   WASHINGTON?   Continued political and human rights abuses by the Nigerian@regime of General Sani Abacha have the potential to destroy the?country even before a return to democracy has a chance to save2it, Amnesty International (AI) has told Congress.>   A statement AI's Africa Department submitted to the AfricaBSubcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, holding a?hearing into the crisis in Nigeria July 20, warned that "whileAmany of the issues and challenges facing the country predate theBannulled 1993 presidential elections, Nigeria's declining ability:to deal with these problems and its continuing slide into@political and economic chaos are directly linked to that event,@and the actions of the military regime that subsequently seizedpower."<   Testifying before the Africa Subcommittee were Assistant?Secretary of State for African Affairs George Moose, Assistant7Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law8Enforcement Affairs Robert Gelbard, American UniversityBComparative and Regional Studies Assistant Professor Peter Lewis,8Human Rights Watch Executive Director Kenneth Roth, and1TransAfrica Executive Director Randall Robinson.B   "When one adds the growing potential for violent conflict in a=country with an estimated population of 100 million," the AI<statement continues, "the urgent need for preemptive actionbecomes dramatically evident.>   "While Amnesty International does not take any position onAwhat form of government a country has," the statement notes, "itBdoes focus on a government's performance regarding respecting andAprotecting the rights of its citizens as well as how accountableit is to the law."A   And to date, the Abacha regime, the statement continues, "hasBhad a miserable record in this regard and it offers scant promisefor change in the future."B   Recommendations to counter Abacha's regime that AI made to the$Senate Africa Subcommittee include:;   -- "Increased diplomatic pressure [should] be placed on<Nigeria in all international fora, using both bilateral andmultilateral channels;A   -- U.S. government officials at the highest levels, includingBPresident Clinton and Secretary of State Christopher, should callAfor the immediate release of all prisoners of conscience and the?start of transparent, fair, legal proceedings, in keeping with6international standards, against political prisoners;>   -- U.S. Embassy staff in Nigeria must take up a supporting>role in supporting civil society, in particular the press and'human rights and environmental groups;B   -- the U.S. government should publicly encourage its allies to?review any military exchange programs with Nigeria and ask for7proof and guarantees that programs or supplies are not<contributing to, or involved with, human rights abuses. AllBproposed military sales should also be reviewed on a case-by-casebasis;@   -- the United States should lead or support the call for the<appointment of a special U.N. rapporteur to investigate the2conflict and human rights abuses in Rivers State;B   -- the United States should call for a public investigation of@Internal Security Task Force activities in Ogoniland as well as=the opening of Ogoniland to Nigerian and international humanrights monitoring groups; and:   -- the U.S. should apply pressure to multinational oil@companies operating in Nigeria to: monitor the use of force and:denounce the use of unjustified or excessive force by the;Nigerian military in the oil-producing areas [and] protest=Abacha's repressive treatment of the leaders of oil workers'	unions."@   On the same day as the hearing, an article by Thomas Lippman@in The Washington Post revealed that the Clinton administration=had sent former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Donald<McHenry on a number of missions to Nigeria in an attempt to4improve relations between it and the United States.A   According to Lippman, "the efforts by McHenry...have produced?no results -- relations between the United States and Africa's?most populous country have continued to deteriorate -- and the:administration is reviewing whether to continue McHenry's
mission."=   Randall Robinson, who has begun a campaign of pushing for9stronger sanctions against the Abacha regime by the U.S.?government, said in a statement submitted to the Senate Africa@Subcommittee that "of the remaining significant security crises>besetting Africa, Nigeria's compounding disintegration is themost alarming.";   The African-American activist, who was arrested earlier?protesting the Abacha regime outside the Nigerian Embassy hereBand who comes up for trial shortly, told the lawmakers that "as aBconsequence of such conditions of generalized repression, Nigeria=today verges at best on de facto national disintegration, atAworst on all-out civil war, either of which outcome would likely9destabilize much of West Africa, derail Africa's general>progress, and pose dire problems for oil-importing countries,including the United States."B   Robinson concluded by saying that "the motive for the military@regime's tyranny is fairly straightforward. Ninety-five percent9of Nigeria's export earnings are the result of oil salesBproducing ten and a half billion dollars [$10,500 million] a year;in export revenues. Much if not most of these earnings are>siphoned off into the dedicated accounts of military officers	abroad.":   And he recommended that "any strategy to be effective,?fashioned by the United States and the United Nations Security:Council, must include as a feature some variant of an oil=sanction and asset seizure program. To do less would have us,dawdle as Nigeria exorably self-destructs."   ---------------   ---------------@   HOUSE PASSES APPROPRIATIONS BILL THAT WOULD LIMIT MEXICO AID   HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESB   The House of Representatives, by a vote of 216 to 211, July 19?approved a $23,300 million fiscal 1996 Treasury-Postal ServiceAppropriations bill.?   The measure (HR 2020) would finance the Treasury DepartmentAand a number of smaller agencies in 1996; it also would fund theBoperations of the White House and the government's portion of thePost Office budget.=   In a surprise move, the House voted 245-183 to approve an@amendment by Independent Congressman Bernard Sanders that would>block billions of dollars in additional U.S. loans from being<used to bail out the Mexican economy. The measure would not-affect the $12,500 million dispensed so far.@   Passage of the Sanders' amendment culminates seven months of>effort by House opponents of the Mexico peso bailout who haveAargued that it was wrong, and probably unconstitutional, for theBpresident to have circumvented Congress and unilaterally provided8$20,000 million in loans and loan guarantees to Mexico.@   The amendment would "prevent the exchange stabilization fundBfrom being used for any future bailout of the Mexican peso or any>other foreign currency without the approval of the Congress,"Sanders said.B   The fund was used by the Clinton administration to finance the%U.S. portion of the Mexican bailout.A   In other action, members rejected an attempt to allow federal>employees to purchase health insurance that includes abortion
coverage.6   The legislation now goes to the Senate for action.   ---------------   ---------------9   GINGRICH SAYS U.S. MUST CONTINUE ROLE AS WORLD LEADER   WASHINGTON   EXCERPTS/Q&AB   House Speaker Newt Gingrich says the United States must create?a new foreign policy as bold and unifying as that which guidedBthe nation to defeat the Axis powers in World War Two and win the
Cold War.A   In a wide-ranging foreign policy speech July 18 at the Center?for Strategic and International Studies, and in a question andAanswer period that followed, the speaker said that if the United8States does not take a leadership role there will be "a?continuing decay into anarchy and violence" around the planet.?   The United States government and its people, he said, "mustBwork with our allies everywhere to extend freedom, prosperity and;safety and to oppose and minimize barbarism, dictatorship,;poverty and threats to safety, both domestic and foreign."9   The speaker emphasized that House Republicans are not@neo-isolationist as some have alleged. "We are in no way trying<to be isolationist; we are trying to apply a sophisticated,Ainformation-age, world market model to rethink America's role in?the world," he said in answer to a question from the audience.A   "I think that's far from isolationism, and I don't think that5defending a romantic illusion as the only version of7internationalism that counts is a very helpful model.">   On Bosnia, the speaker said the notion of "a small band of<barbarians directly taking on the civilized democracies and@winning is a threat to the entire survival of stability on thisAplanet." He said "we should respond to it with whatever level of?coercion is ultimately required to communicate that in fact weare a serious people."B   Gingrich said "we need a lot of hard thinking about the UnitedBNations. I am for the United Nations. I agree with Churchill that>'jaw, jaw, jaw is better than war, war, war,' but we have now?romanticized the United Nations into a fictional institution."?   He said the United Nations military force model "is a total7disaster," and military forces should not be used in aA"constabulary role. It demoralizes and undermines the military."?   In his speech he endorsed expanding the North American Free:Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to Chile, called for the eventual@expansion of free trade to Western and Central Europe, and said=he would be willing "to begin to explore with the Japanese agenuine free trade zone.")   Following are excerpts of his speech:@   If we don't lead the world I think that we have a continuingBdecay into anarchy, I think we have more and more violence around;the planet, and I think it is highly unlikely anybody will5replace us in leadership roles in the next 30 years.;   The model of leadership I am describing is a democratic>consensual model in which you lead by listening, learning andBhelping. You don't lead by just dictating, you don't lead by just>bullying. And it's, a far more sophisticated model than we're#currently capable of dealing with.;   We haven't really said to ourselves: How does diplomacy?change? How does the structure of the State Department change?AHow does the structure of the White House or the Congress changeBwhen you have real time money flows, when you have virtually real>time people flows, when you have real time information flows?A   I go on Larry King (a nightly talk show on CNN) and they tellBme they're in 208 countries and territories. What does that mean?>How do you rethink USIA (the U.S. Information Agency) and the<whole process of reaching out to the planet if in fact CNN,AC-SPAN and Internet are already planetary? And how do you really3try to restructure how we're focusing and working??   We're also faced, I think, with the notion of the fact that@it's a multipolar system, that what we do or don't do in BosniaAhas an impact in Beijing, because people watch everybody all the	time....A   Every time you look at a problem, you've got to look at a lot@of other things. The bombing of the World Trade Center had tiesBto Egypt and potentially to Iran. There's no place any more where9you can turn and say, "Let's deal with (just) that one."@   In a sense we're now married to the world. We keep acting as>though we're on a big date. I mean, you know, we can't escape@each other....I was recently told by some of my closest friends=that I really need to study the Chinese more, and I said I'm6willing but then they need to agree to study us more.A   I think we've got to learn a new multiple-level relationship.=I'm prepared to argue with the Chinese about their political>structure and trade with them simultaneously. I'm prepared toAsustain the nuclear umbrella for Japan and try to be the closestBally Japan has, and argue about terms of entry into their market,?simultaneously, so that nothing becomes let's call the divorce"lawyer or let's shoot each other.@   We've got to learn to manage tension together and to realize@that in a lot of places around the planet simultaneously we mayAbe having a meeting where on the first three items of the agenda>we're in big arguments, on the next four items we're in total>agreement, and on the last two items we're trying to sort out>what does it mean and do we care? And we're doing it together<with appreciative understanding -- with us listening to our'allies and our allies listening to us.B   Now, my vision, I guess, would be that the American people andAtheir government -- you notice I start with the American people,Anot government -- must work with our allies everywhere to extend:freedom, prosperity and safety and to oppose and minimize=barbarism, dictatorship, poverty and threats to safety, bothdomestic and foreign.<   In attempting to extend these core values, we have to be<cheerfully persistent. We have to be prepared to say to theAChinese on a regular basis, every morning, "Human rights matter,@and we're going to talk to you about them again and again," andBnot worry about it. We have to say to the Japanese every morning,?your market has to be more open. And just cheerfully re-engageAconstantly. At the same time, frankly, and this is the one thing@that concerns me about Bosnia, when directly challenged we mustbe victorious.=   I think the notion of a small band of barbarians directly?taking on the civilized democracies and winning is a threat to?the entire survival of stability on this planet, and we should<respond to it with whatever level of coercion is ultimately>required to communicate that in fact we are a serious people.@   I think we should be very careful to avoid putting ourselves@at risk. I don't think we should pick fights, I think we should@be extraordinarily patient, but I do think there are lines that
get crossed.@   You need today's defense budget to lead the world. If you'reAprepared to give up leading the world we can have a much smaller9defense system....I think the result will be an absolute?disaster, and I'm totally opposed to it. But until somebody is=prepared to say, you need a big defense system in the UnitedAStates because we're going to lead the planet, there is no other2good justification for this scale defense system.A   And that means we all ought to always stay at the high end ofAthe technology, the high end of the capital investment, we oughtBto bring to the table the greatest range of assets of any countryBon the planet and we ought to say to people -- you want to be our?allies? Here's the intelligence capability you get. Here's theBcommunications capability you get. Here's the real-time targeting<you get. You don't want be our ally? You get none of those.;   I think we need a lot of hard thinking about the UnitedBNations. I am for the United Nations. I agree with Churchill that>"jaw, jaw, jaw is better than war, war, war." But we have nowAromanticized the United Nations into a fictional institution. It<is a collection of a wide range of countries with a bizarre<voting pattern which makes no sense in real power. It has a@Security Council with a veto model which you could argue shouldAhave more countries on it, and you could argue should be entered<into very carefully, and we probably ought to veto a lot of=things, or at least make sure they never come up, because we<should be much more careful about ever tying our own hands.B   It has a military force model which is a total disaster. And I;want to say this as clearly and unequivocally as I can: No:military forces should be used in a constabulary role. It:demoralizes and undermines the military. The purpose of a=military is to impose your will by violence if necessary, by?guile and stealth if possible. The purpose of your military isAnever to sit around and be a political tool to be manipulated by)diplomats in totally unmilitary matters.<   If we are going to make the U.N. a useful institution, I?believe we have to dramatically rethink from the ground up its?entire structure. Now, when the entire world's honor is ruined>because a group of people deliberately, willfully violate theAlaw, stand down the forces of peace and civilization in order to>kill and rape, and behave like barbarians, we ought to decideAwhether or not we're prepared to tolerate the steady increase inbarbarism.=   I think, frankly, that we need to be working right now on=expanding the North American free trade area to include, for?example, Chile. I think we want to, as rapidly as we can, moveBsouth and encourage an integration of Latin American markets into<the United States. I think that we want to reach across the;Atlantic and propose a North Atlantic free trade zone that<includes all of NATO, plus the Common Market countries thatBaren't part of NATO, and begin to move into an integrated system.;   I frankly would be willing to begin to explore with the?Japanese a genuine free trade zone. I'm not very worried about@Japanese competition in the U.S., and I'd be very interested toAsee how worried they'd be about total U.S. competition in Japan.;   I think that we ought to be rethinking how manned spaceAoccurs. We ought to be back on the moon, we ought to be on Mars,>and we ought to do it with all the free nations of the planet=participating, so that we build a momentum of the human race0working together to reach out beyond the Earth.@   I think we ought to have a much, much more sophisticated and9resource-enhanced anti-terrorism approach, and basicallyAestablish a theater-level campaign against terrorism with a CINCB(commander-in-chief) that is functional rather than geographic. IAthink we should have a similar kind of effort on drugs. The drugBcartels are threats to all the civilized nations, and we ought to=have a serious, all-out effort to break the back of the drugtrade and the drug culture.B   I think, frankly, we're going to have to find a way to replace>the ABM treaty, and I think in the long run the Russians will8conclude it's in their interest to have everybody who's8sophisticated, capable of building some kind of limited8anti-satellite capability that can stop a 10-missile or!12-missile or 15-missile attack.@   Without some kind of serious anti-ballistic missile defense,@we are literally naked to blackmail or risk losing two or three@of our cities. That's how big that problem's going to be within10 or 15 years.:   Q: With reference particularly to your enjoinder aboutBstrengthening internally if we're going to do well abroad, do you?see any major difficulties in decentralizing power in domestic<affairs while still maintaining a cohesive, engaged foreignpolicy.A   GINGRICH: No. I don't think so. I think they're two radicallyAdifferent things. I believe in a very strong central government.=I just believe that -- I mean the Constitution is not a weak>document, and I think if you go back through most of American8history, you can have a very strong but limited federal=government with tremendous creativity at the state and localBlevel and in the private, voluntary sector. And frankly, in terms@of political leadership in Washington, if we could pay about 40Bpercent less attention to daily details in terms of trying to runBthe country domestically and take that 40 percent and transfer itBto try and understand how to lead the world, I think we'd be -- I@think we'd be a better leader for the world and we'd have a lot#more real creativity here at home.?   Q: Do we have a foreign policy? If so, where is it leading??And second, are you concerned that the U.S. will become -- may=become isolationist by virtue of the budget process? And how would you protect against that?@   A: We have a broadly inherited, general foreign policy, and,;again, speaking as a historian, I would not exaggerate the@day-to-day perturbations of a particular administration. And weBhave a broad, vague, general foreign policy of holding together aAworld-wide alliance, trying to increase democracy and stability,>trying to open up markets and trying to minimize the level ofBviolence on the planet while preaching human rights and trying to>push them as hard as we can without causing too big a crisis.B   The second part of what you said I think is equally important.BIn the first place, if you assume that national defense in a partAof our internationalism, we are stronger than the administration@by a significant margin. If you assume that free enterprise and@free society activities -- as I said earlier, C-SPAN, Internet,<CNN -- are part of our global outreach, I mean, we are very>internationalist. We happen to not believe that government toBgovernment, bureaucracy-to-bureaucracy socialism is the idealized@form of improvement, and we think if it had worked, sub-SaharanCAfrica would look at lot different than it does. So we are in factBnot very committed to the more traditional form of foreign aid asthe measure of involvement.;   We (Republicans in Congress) are in no way trying to be6isolationist; we are trying to apply a sophisticated,Ainformation-age, world market model to rethink America's role in=the world. I think that's far from isolationism, and I don't@think that defending a romantic illusion as the only version of6internationalism that counts is a very helpful model.?   Q: In your view, is the American Congress willing to extend6the nuclear umbrella beyond the German-Polish border??   A: I think that there are circumstance under which we wouldBagree to protect countries far beyond the current bounds of NATO.BBut I think it also has to be done very carefully, and we have to8understand that we ought to be cautious about who we'reprotecting against.3   And I want to point out in terms of this recentBneo-isolationist nonsense, that some people talked about (that) IAwas not only with Bob Michel (former House Minority Leader), theAteam leader in passing NAFTA, the co-leader in passing GATT, but:Michel and I went with Richard Gephardt (the former HouseAMajority Leader, now Minority Leader) on two trips to Russia andAhave actively and consistently up through two weeks ago defendedaid to Russia.>   I mean, I think that one of the great, correct experimentsAthat we're engaged in is trying to help the Russian people leaveBbehind autocracy and totalitarianism and gradually work their way=toward freedom and democracy, and I would want to handle the?transition. I would want to protect Poland, but do so in a way;that doesn't force Russia back into a kind of a xenophobic
nationalism.=   Q: How do we convince new members of Congress that global;economic engagement is vital to domestic economic renewal?>   A: You have exporters in their district walk in and inviteAthem to come and meet the workers whose jobs -- my wife's phraseAwas, you create American jobs through world sales. To the degreeAwe can get people to understand, these are American jobs sellingAall across the planet. And I've suggested both to the (Business)=Roundtable and the Chamber (of Commerce) and to CSIS that we;ought to have an ongoing project in every district in this>country of having successful exporting companies invite theirBmember of Congress to come visit to understand how deeply tied we@are to prosperity through the world market. It is impossible toAachieve prosperity by withdrawing from the world market, period.+You can't figure out a model that does it.A   Q: Do you support a transatlantic free trade area to buttress?the Atlantic alliance, or even just on its own economic terms?BAnd how much free movement of capital, farm goods and labor would
you aim for??   A: First of all, it would be very healthy, as I said awhile9ago, for us to drive south, to start by including Chile,=hopefully as early as this year. Second, to reach across the=Atlantic to all of the NATO countries plus the Common MarketBcountries that don't belong to NATO. But I also think we ought to?say to the Japanese that we think in the long run, let's startAtalking now about genuinely having a true free trade zone. We'revery happy to compete.=   And by the way, I should also say, all of this assumes we@reform litigation, taxation, regulation, education, welfare and@the structure of bureaucracy so we're capable of competing. AndAI've asked Senator (Connie) Mack and Congressman (James) Saxton,@the chairman and vice chairman of the Joint Economic Committee,Bto contact every major multinational and every major exporter and@get from them information on what changes we need to be able to,be totally competitive in the world market.=   Those of us who believe in a world market have to be veryAintense about, for example, dramatically reforming our education?system and overhauling our litigation system if we're going totruly be competitive.A   Q: Taking you to Asia. In light of the Harry Wu situation, as@well as other strains in U.S.-China relations, will you comment?on the emerging situation between the three countries, that is=the U.S., China and Taiwan. Where are the U.S. and Taiwan in@relation to formal recognition? And on that, just to amplify on>the latter, your proposal of recognizing Taiwan has generatedBvery strong opinions not only in the United States but across the<Taiwan Straits. When you say "recognizing Taiwan" does that@automatically mean that you will dismiss the "one-China policy"'or do you have something else in mind?A   A: Well let me say first of all I think that my first goal inAsaying that on "Face the Nation" was to say to the leadership in?Beijing that while it's very useful for us to understand them,?it's also very useful for them to understand us, and that they<should not presume that our only strategic alternatives arewhining and complaining.=   I don't recommend it, but you can design a strategy which?contains China, and you can design a strategy which just says,B"Grow up." And then they deal with us or they don't deal with us.?And people can say, "Well, they're going to cut off all of ourAtrade." They have a net $30 billion advantage in trading with us>right now. Now they'll then say, "Well, but they will ship it?through some other country." Yes, and that's why you've got toBmodernize your customs services. But the idea that we are so slowBand we are so stupid that we can't figure out a way to go nose to>nose and win, I think, is first of all bad because you shouldAnever enter a negotiation where you assume the other side has towin.<   And all I was trying to say the other day to the Beijing@government was, I, of course, would like to have good relationsAwith China. I have supported Most Favored Nation (trade) status.?I believe in the House we're going to pass Most Favored Nation;status. I don't think that justifies arresting an American=citizen and suggesting the potential of giving him the death	penalty.>   I mean, if they want to get rid of Harry Wu, kick him out.BDump him back across the border again and say, next time he comes?back in, we'll kick him out again. We're not going to complainAvery heatedly if they decide this particular American citizen is<persona non grata, but because we are a romantic people and9because ever since Tiananmen Square there's been a large?organization in the United States deeply concerned about humanBrights in China, to suggest that he might be subject to the deathApenalty struck me as a sign that the Chinese don't study us well4enough and that they are risking us getting into an@uncontrollable environment where there would be so much popularBoutrage you couldn't manage the problem. So I want to establish aboundary of negotiation.=   My understanding is that the Taiwanese themselves are notBparticularly certain yet they want to be recognized, that this is@all a very strange area, that the Chinese government itself has@suggested that Taiwan might well have its own foreign ministry,?its own armed services, and while it wouldn't be sovereign, itwouldn't be non-sovereign.B   And so I'm perfectly happy to talk; I just want the talking toAbe both ways. And we had the distinct impression the last couple@(of) weeks that the Chinese government had decided basically to@pout and close down the door and then to say to us, "Now you've=got to pass Most Favored Nation anyway, and you just have to>allow us to be who we are." I think it is a disservice to the<Chinese to assume that they are too immature or somehow tooAprecious to collide with in a blunt kind of way and then to chat@about it. And I wanted a set of bigger boundaries than the oneswe normally negotiate from.=   Q: Closer to home, what is your view of the importance of<institutions like the Export-Import Bank and OPIC (Overseas<Private Investment Corporation)? Should they continue to beAsupported by U.S. government dollars, should they be turned over@to the private sector completely, should they have the implicit?support of the U.S. government like Fannie Mae but be owned bythe private sector?>   A: I prefer they be as private as possible, but I think we<have to be ruthlessly honest about the need to offset other>countries' financial export -- I mean financial subsidies. No7conservative I know believes in unilaterally disarming;militarily, but many will argue for unilaterally disarming7economically. And I think we have to be prepared to go6nose-to-nose with other countries, and where they areAdeliberately subsidizing, we have to be capable of matching them;until we can negotiate and convince them to quit doing it.8Otherwise you frankly just destroy your own industries.A   Q: All right, back to the generic. In the history of American#diplomacy, who is your role model?@   A: There isn't one....You have to really think in terms of aAmuch bolder and broader offensive for freedom, but one that uses5every American and every company and every nonprofitBinstitution...as opposed to a system which is narrowly defined as=the government of the United States. I think that's the true&internationalism of the 21st century.@   I think we have to have one more big launch, a launch that's?as big as defeating the Axis powers, a launch that's as big as9containment of the Soviet empire, and this one has to beoffensive.B   It has to say we want to extend free markets, the rule of law,?the right to freedom to the whole planet. We know that will beAhard, we know it will be painful. We know we're not going to get>it done any given day. And it's not going to be American. Our=goal here is not to create a "pax Americana." Our goal is toAcreate a human peace where humans govern themselves. And I think<if we can find a way to rouse ourselves to that, we will beAastonished at how many friends we have across the planet and howBmuch energy they contribute and what an extraordinarily differentplanet we are by 2010 or 2020.   ---------------   ---------------@   CLINTON CALLS FOR SCRUTINY, FOCUSING OF "AFFIRMATIVE ACTION"   ALEXANDER M. SULLIVAN   WASHINGTON<   President Clinton directed his administration July 19 to>examine "affirmative action" programs to ensure that they are>serving their intended goals, and he proposed setting aside a@percentage of government procurement funds for entrepreneurs inpoverty-ridden areas.<   The president's directives follow a four-month review of?programs designed to provide educational and job opportunitiesAfor women and racial minorities. The review, in turn, followed aBSupreme Court decision narrowing legitimate ways of setting aside/government contracts for minority-owned firms.<   "This review," Clinton said in a speech delivered at the:National Archives -- depository for the nation's founding@documents, the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence@-- "concluded that affirmative action remains a useful tool for>widening economic and educational opportunity....The law doesArequire fairness for everyone, and we are determined to see that(that is exactly what the law delivers."B   Many white Americans, he noted, mistakenly believe affirmative6action programs lessen economic opportunity for them.B   The president said he will propose legislation setting aside a>portion of the $200,000 million a year in government contract:spending for areas of high unemployment or great poverty.>Eligibility for the set-asides would be based on location andBpoverty, not race or gender. Clinton named Vice President Gore to@design such a program for submission to Congress, including the;amount to be set aside and the criteria for determining anAeconomically-distressed region. The program would be similar to,;but separate from, the nine empowerment zones currently in?operation, which provide federal help to businesses which hiredisadvantaged workers.9   George Stephanopoulos, a top Clinton lieutenant, told=reporters previous federal set-aside programs have worked toAincrease opportunities for women and blacks, but he acknowledgedA"they have been subject to abuse," including the use of minority=individuals to put a black face on a white-owned enterprise.;Clinton, he added, "still believes that when you can prove=discrimination, and when you can narrowly tailor the remedy,set-asides are appropriate."A   The program to be designed by Gore will set aside procurementBcontracts for firms that either locate in economically-distressed@areas or hire substantial numbers of workers from such an area.@   In his directive to the administration, Clinton said cabinet?secretaries and agency heads should examine affirmative action<programs now in place and eliminate those that create rigid?quotas, permit preferences for unqualified individuals, createAreverse discrimination, or continue in place after the perceived inequality has been eliminated.A   The president pointed out the climate opposing discrimination<has prospered in the last generation "because we opened ourAhearts and minds and changed our ways" with the help of pressurefrom Congress and the courts.B   The nation has learned, he said, that "when we allow people to?pit us against one another or spend energy denying opportunityBbased on our differences, everyone is held back. But when we give?all Americans a chance to develop and use their talents, to beAfull partners in our common enterprise, then everybody is pushed
forward."   ---------------   ---------------   SENATE BOSNIA DEBATE   JIM MALONE
   SENATE<   The U.S. Senate continued debate Wednesday on a proposal8directing President Clinton to lift the arms embargo onABosnia-Herzegovina. He resolution is expected to pass the Senate@but President Clinton and some Democrats are urging the vote beAdelayed until after Friday's discussion among the western alliesabout Bosnia.A   The proposal to lift the embargo enjoys bipartisan support inAthe Senate. The two main sponsors are Senate majority leader Bob<Dole and Democrat Joseph Lieberman. According to Lieberman:=   "This is what we have been crying out for more than three>years and it is time to stop finding excuses for not at least;giving these people the opportunity to defend themselves."=   The Dole proposal would require the president to lift the>embargo once the Bosnian government requests the departure of=United Nations forces or when U.N. forces decide to leave ontheir own.A   During Wednesday's debate, one senator after another spoke onAthe Senate floor, urging their colleagues to support lifting theBembargo as the best alternative to what many lawmakers now see as@a failed U.S. policy in the Balkans. Republican senator OlympiaSnowesaid:B   "It will not erase three years of Serb genocidal atrocities in?this war which the Serbs call ethnic cleansing. What this bill@would do, however, is to return to a country and a people under?siege their god-given right to defend themselves against naked
aggression.";   Opponents may be in the minority but they did speak out@forcefully against breaking the embargo. Democrat Jim Exon saysBU.S. action to lift the embargo raises a series of new challenges=such as whether U.S. troops will be needed to extract United?Nations forces and whether the United States will have to help)arm and train Bosnian government forces:B   "It not only has the United States light the firecracker under6our allies and run off. It has us look the other way,Aconveniently as well. We do not want to know the consequences ofBour actions or deal with the details. We want a shot of cortisone:to allay our guilt complex in the pretense of leadership.%Cortisone is not a cure for cancer."@   Senator Dole says he is confident of winning enough votes toApass his proposal on the embargo by the end of this week, but he?is unsure if there will be enough votes to override a promisedpresidential veto.A   Several Democrats who met with President Clinton at the WhiteAHouse late Wednesday are urging the Senate vote be put off until@after Friday's meeting among western allies on Bosnia's future.B   The House overwhelmingly approved a measure calling for a lift of the arms embargo last month.   ---------------   ---------------.   REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK: CONGRESS' LONGEST DAY   PAULA WOLFSON   WASHINGTON<   It was the day the House never really came to order, the>longest day in the annals of the 104th Congress of the UnitedStates.B   No one thought it would turn out that way. We expected to workAinto the evening, not past the dawn. But as one hour melted into>another it became clear that something was wrong, very wrong.<The House seemed to be working in slow motion, a noisy slowAmotion, but slow motion just the same. It was a puzzlement.  The@bill on the floor was the foreign aid budget, one of those rare;pieces of legislation that comes to the House chamber with@approval, albeit begrudging approval, from both Republicans and'Democrats. How could it be in trouble?B   A few phone calls, a little standing around in the gilded area;off the House floor called the Speaker's Lobby, one of the=easiest spots in the Capitol to catch a congressman or womanBscurrying to or from a vote, and the truth came out. The bill was@being held hostage. Hostage to a dispute over a congressman who@switched parties, from Democrat to Republican, and was rewardedAwith a seat on one of the most powerful committees. I noticed an>almost surrealistic tone to the debate as lawmakers created a<link between equity in foreign aid, and equity in committee
assignments.A   The sun set over the Capitol dome as the debate turned nasty,@the primary debate on foreign aid colored by a secondary debate>on the fate of one Greg Laughlin, a Democrat, no, make that aRepublican, from Texas.?   All the rhetoric over Laughlin came a moment when they wereAreally talking about was putting conditions on aid to Haiti. HatBis when tensions really flared. An amendment that was supposed to?take a few minutes took hours., with the rhetoric falling justshort of name-calling.7   "All this little nation is asking of us is a little?opportunity to restore democracy, that is all they are asking,7said Representative Hastings, "and here we come with a@superimposed notion, dictating our form of democracy within theAframework of a year. It is absurd that we find ourselves in thisAposition, where democracy has to be according to our dictates in@order for us to do business with even the most feeble of us. WeBhave a habit in this body of addressing on the domestic front the=most vulnerable among us and now we move today on a national"front and continue that pattern."A   "This amendment says no to U.S. assistance for any new regime;in Haiti that comes to power via anything but a democratic8process. If building democracy isn't about that kind of>commitment what is it about?", commented Representative Goss.?   "I take umbrage to the fact that you have singled out HaitiBand used a standard just for Haiti", Representative Meek said. "IBhave never heard on the floor that any funds were limited because7of an election in any country since I have been here."@   And then came the dare from Republican leader Richard Armey:<   "I am prepared to remain here all through tonight....Allthrough tomorrow."B   "I double-dare ya'!" Was the response from the top Democrat onthe floor, David Bonior.;   "I would say to my distinguished friend from Texas, the=majority leader, that we are prepared to make the coffee andAprovide the no-doze tablets for you this evening....(Cheers) and.tomorrow evening and the evening after that."?   It was about nine in the evening when it became clear. TheyBwere going to have a "slumber party" on Capitol Hill. Somehow, it@reminded me a bit of those all night study sessions in college,?the ones where you pour over books and notes until the letters<blur and you just are too tired to pronounce a word that atAanother time might come easily.  Like the member who had to stopAfour times before she could say "Azerbaijan." In the back of theAHouse Chamber, lawmakers tried to keep up with the debate on theFfloor, ties loosened on the men, coffee cups at the ready.      ThoseAof us who rely on the various restaurants in the capitol complex7for a caffeine fix were out of luck. They were closed.>   As I walked the Capitol corridors, searching in vain for aAvending machine, I noticed something I had never detected before?in the halls of the Capitol. For the first time, I was able toBhear my own footsteps. It was quiet, an awesome quiet the kind of<quiet where you swear you can hear the faint echoes of past<debates. The hallways were empty, clear of the tourists who?always seem to fill the working museum we laughingly call "The@Office."  At this hour, somewhere around midnight, there was noAone left but the night security guards and a few cleaning crews.>Oh, and of course, 435 lawmakers in the chamber talking aboutassistance to Armenia.B   "We look at the suffering people...that is all I care about! A:refugee is a refugee is a refugee..", argued Chris Smith.;   Despite the late hour, the proceedings were still beingBbroadcast live on cable television stations through C-SPAN around?the country. And while I would imagine the only viewers were aAbunch of die hard insomniacs, the members did their best to look>good for the cameras. You always knew when one of the men wasAheaded for a speech, he would sneak off to an adjoining room forAa quick shave. But ultimately, vanity gave way to the reality of@the hour. By 2 AM the contact lenses were out, the glasses wereon.A   I wondered how after all those hours, members were still able?to go to the podium and speak in coherent sentences. And while;the voices were sometimes raspy, the words sometimes a bit@slurred from exhaustion, the arguments seemed sound to those of@us watching in the press gallery. And by us, I mean a dwindlingBnumber. Most of the reporters left by nine or ten in the evening.=In the space reserved for print reporters, a few lonely wire=service folk toiled away. Never, in my wildest dreams, did IBthink that I would be reporting on the foreign aid bill, live, at2 AM.A   If it was 2 AM it was Azerbaijan. If it was 4 AM, the subject;was Turkey.  By five in the morning, I had joined the wise;members of the United States House of Representatives. The?contact lenses came out, and with no glasses at the ready, theBHouse Chamber was just a big blur. I watched, or rather listened,7to the final hours of debate in one of the press seats<overlooking the House floor. Eric Leblanc, one of the press@gallery staff members, sat next to me trying to take notes on a=laptop computer, notes for use by reporters who would arrive;after dawn. As he typed, I found myself trying to identifyBmembers by their voices, I couldn't make out their faces anymore.BAnother quick trip to the speaker's lobby. A few congressmen were:trying to catch a quick nap in the plush upholstered, one>actually stretched out on a table like a cadaver at a morgue.A   And inside the chamber, the debate went on, and on, and on as@Democrats proposed more amendments and used every parliamentary>trick in the book to drag out consideration of the bill. They?called for one vote after another, procedural votes that maybe?the parliamentarians understood, but most of the rest of us doBnot.  They were voting when the sun rose, when the first tourists:lined up at the Capitol doors waiting for a chance to see@democracy in action, and when the day shift turned up for work.>And then, 24 hours after they went into session, at 10 AM the>members of the United States House of Representatives decided>they had had enough. They weren't even sure which day it was.>   "Today is still yesterday and if this unanimous consent is@agreed to then we will adjourn and we will come back in an hourBand a half when today will be tomorrow, and we will reconvene theHouse," said Armey.=   After staying up all night, they decided to put off finalApassage of the foreign aid bill, a decision, I should note, thatAbrought a few shrieks from those of us who had been up all night;waiting for that last roll call.  It was time to write yet/another round of stories explaining the delay.@   Members of the House were given an hour or so to get cleaned;up and report back to the capitol to work on the budget. I@finally got the go-ahead to go home and get some sleep. The sky@was overcast when I finally walked out of the capitol, about 30?hours after I had arrived,  and the air had all the refreshing>qualities of a steam bath. Home, a cool shower, a few minutes<sitting before the air conditioner, and at last, some rest.   ---------------   ---------------   REFORMING THE CIA!   FRANCIS RONALDS/ADAM PHILLIPS   WASHINGTON=   The Central Intelligence Agency has become the focus of aBmajor controversy in the United States. What role, if any, shouldAa centralized American foreign intelligence organization play in@the post-cold war world? What have been the CIA's successes andBfailures in the past? If the agency is to be retained, what goals0will it pursue, and how will it be reorganized?A   This debate was fueled by the case of Aldrich Ames, a top CIABofficial who worked for many years for the KGB, the secret police@organization of the former Soviet Union. But much more than the.Ames case is involved in current discussions.A   In February of last year, the Federal Bureau of investigationBarrested Aldrich, "Rick", Ames, on charges of spying on behalf of?Moscow and the KGB for almost a decade. Aldrich Ames is one ofBthe very few American intelligence agents ever to have turned his=back on his country in this way. Tim Weiner of "The New York>Times" is a co-author of highly acclaimed book about the Ames9case, called "Betrayal". He says the Ames affair has had9far-reaching effects on the Central Intelligence Agency:?   "Rick Ames' betrayal essentially destroyed the CIA's spyingAoperations abroad. It completely destroyed its spying operationsBagainst the former Soviet Union. There is a second kind of damageBthat has been sustained, though. When this case became public, it?did a great deal of damage to the morale of good men and women8who work at the CIA. The CIA was publicly ridiculed and5humiliated, and some of that damage may be lasting."A   The agency has 20,000 employees. Ninety-five percent of theirAwork goes to collecting and analyzing information from a variety@of sources, of which secret information from spies is only one.:The total amount of money spent by the U.S. government onBintelligence is reliably estimated at 28-billion dollars, most of@which is spent by the Defense Department, with relatively smallBamounts accounted for by the State Department and other agencies.:However, the CIA is, theoretically at least, in charge ofBdirecting and coordinating the gathering and analysis of all thatAinformation. It will not be easy, Tim Weiner says, to reorganize&the sprawling intelligence community:9   "It is very hard to change the culture of an enormous:bureaucracy, which is what the United States intelligence=community is. It is an organization that employs hundreds ofBthousands of people, and the CIA is sort of the sun at the center>of this solar system. To change the culture of the place will@take years. But I think there is a general recognition that the@cold war CIA is over, and that the Ames case was the end of all3that. It finished the old game of spy versus spy.">   A number of politicians and specialists have even proposed<that the CIA be abolished. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan,@Democrat of New York, who has served on the Senate Intelligence:Committee, believes that its mistakes have outweighed itsusefulness.B   Angelo Cordevilla, a senior fellow with the Hoover InstitutionBat Stanford University, agrees. Mr. Cordevilla is the author of a>book on intelligence gathering called "Informing Statecraft":?   "The 1947 National Security Act, which established the CIA,<put intelligence into the hands of the Central Intelligence@Agency which is under the president. The judgment of the peopleAwho framed the 1947 act that this would give the operating parts;of the government unbiased intelligence, that this lack of?connection, on the CIA's part, to policy, would produce better@intelligence. Well, this was a judgment they made and it turnedBout to be wrong. In fact, the CIA has given us intelligence which?is just as biased as any that had been formed by the operating?departments of government but which was less responsible, less"formed to concrete policy needs."A   Many knowledgeable persons go along with this assessment, butAadd the CIA has had enjoyed great successes with its technology,Bquite apart from its specific geopolitical or espionage concerns.?They point to the CIA's U2 spy planes, for example, which were=able to take pictures of small objects on the ground from an8altitude of over 30 kilometers. And CIA satellites were;eventually responsible for monitoring military and missile$development activities in the USSR.?   Even with this awesome technical power, however, there is a?consensus that the CIA consistently overestimated the size and@stability of the Soviet economy, while underestimating the size@of the military-industrial complex and the percentage of SovietAeconomic resources that went into the country's military effort.@   Political interference is a second major problem for the CIA>and all intelligence services, according to Harvard professor@Richard Pipes, who has written many books on Russian and Soviet;history, and served on the National Security Council underPresident Reagan.@   Mr. Pipes believes that an intelligence organization can and<should examine the evidence objectively, without regard for<policy considerations, even though he concedes that this is@difficult in practice. He cites the detente policy of President;Richard Nixon and secretary of state Henry Kissinger as an	example:>   "When Nixon decided on arms limitation agreements with theASoviet Union, the agency expressed grave doubts whether it would>be able to monitor these agreements. And pressure was brought@upon it to agree that such surveillance and such monitoring canAin fact be quite successfully carried out. Similarly, during theBKorean war, doubts raised by the intelligence community about the=feasibility of winning this kind of war were also silenced."@   Now that the cold war, most observers agree that the size of>America's overall intelligence effort could be cut back. John:Deutch, who was deputy secretary of defense before he wasBappointed director of the CIA, says that the agency must and will>change, but that the challenges it must meet today is no less2daunting than those it faced during the cold war:B   "The demands on intelligence are going to be even greater, the@demands on human, clandestine intelligence, in a world which is>fractionated, than in a world that characterized the bi-polarAcompetition. We have very new demands on us at a time when there9is growing international terrorism, international drugs,international crime...."=   John Deutch says that he looks confidently to the future:?   "I am convinced that the people in the Central IntelligenceBAgency are enormously talented. They know that there are problemsBthere. They are eager to take part in a process for change. And IAhope that the new team that I have brought in there can catalyzeBthat change. So I do believe that we will see a different Central?Intelligence Agency several years from now, maybe even severalmonths from now."?   Just how much the CIA will alter its image of its practices>remains to be seen. But most observers expect that the agency)will survive well into the 21st century.   ---------------   ---------------A   FOREIGN MEDIA REACTION: BALKANS CRISIS:  U.S. BLAMED THE MOSTB   With Serbian forces advancing on the beleaguered UN safe haven<of Zepa and in the absence of a unified Western strategy, aBprodigious outpouring of commentary from all corners of the globe=expressed alarm at the deteriorating situation in the former?Yugoslavia.  The perceived inability of the West to respond to:the worsening crisis sparked an outpouring of outrage and<recriminations against the West and its institutions.  This<contempt for Western leadership rose in volume along with a=growing expression of personal shame among analysts that theAcivilized world had made promises to the Bosnian Muslims that it@then failed to keep.  Significantly enough, there were numerous<references and comparisons to the horrors of Nazi times, to@"genocide" and to "ethnic cleansing."  There was much at stake,?according to critics, in this first such test of the post-Cold?War era, including the credibility of the UN, NATO and Westernleadership.B   Again there was no consensus on what course of action the WestBshould take.  However, the option that seemed to command the mostAsupport was continued UNPROFOR presence in a strengthened state,Balthough many in the media feared that a full-scale UN retreat is?a distinct possibility.  Numerous opinionmakers urged the U.S..and Europe to cooperate and act determinedly.<   Although Europe and the UN were also criticized, pundits>blamed the U.S. more than any single European country for the?Balkan debacle, contending that the U.S.--as a superpower--had9failed in its global leadership role.  Some writers were@convinced that President Clinton was at a loss as to what to do?in Bosnia, and that his actions would be solely guided by U.S.>domestic opinion and next year's U.S. presidential elections.<France's Europe One Radio, noting French President Chirac's=appeal to the large Western democracies for limited military?actions to protect the other UN safe havens, held, "Should the>permanent [UN] withdrawal become unavoidable, at least France>will have gained by having tried hard.  The United States, inBcontrast, will bear the responsibility."  Implicit in all of this8was the sense that, in the post-Cold War's geopolitical@landscape, Europe needs and seeks U.S. engagement.  At the sameBtime, there was much concern that America is leaning toward a new8isolationism.  Several editorialists pointed fingers at>Republican Senator Robert Dole and Congress for adding to the3bickering in the U.S. over the Balkan issue.  Many3journalists--with the exception of those in Muslim@countries--still warned against Senator Dole's proposal to lift>the arms embargo against the Bosnian Muslims.  They said thatBsuch a move would precipitate the pull-out of UNPROFOR troops and6lead the way to a broader war.  Only one editor--from;Beirut--focused on Russia's responsibility in the Balkans.<   Editorials in the Muslim world were rife with invectives>against the West, charging that the great powers' inaction in<Bosnia merely reveals a Western "conspiracy against Islam."=These writers--along with some in Europe--warned that MuslimBresentment would grow, further marring the chances for a peacefulEurope.?   This survey is based on 165 reports from 43 countries, July13-19.   FORMER YUGOSLAVIA@   SERBIA MONTENEGRO:  "West Must Decide, Or Go Home Disgraced"?   Independent weekly Vreme remarked (7/17), "The safe area of?Srebrenica was defended by a single UN resolution.  The UnitedBNations and the rest of the so-called international community now<face a dilemma:  Admit that Radovan Karadzic can do to them>whatever he wants to--or do something.  So far they have been>very successsful at avoiding having to choose....  The UN and=NATO together, and the great powers especially, will have to?redefine their strategy in the Balkans.  The time has come for>them to define a common political aim--or go home disgraced."2   "Clinton Guided Solely By U.S. Public Opinion"A   Branko Milanovic wrote in independent Nasa Borba (7/16), "One>should look closely at President Clinton's situation.  In hisBdomestic policy, Clinton has proven to be a president without anyApolitical principles.  He takes stands only if it is politically>profitable to do so at the given time.  He has proven to be a@total opportunist, or as the old Greeks would say, a demagogue.AThis means that his only guidance is 'what the people want.'  UpAto now, the Americans have not been preoccupied with Bosnia, butBif this tendency changes under the influence of the media, or theABosnian Serb victories and ethnic cleansing, President Clinton's=attitude might change, as well.  Moreover, President Clinton?might do what no U.S. president has ever done so far, he might@start with military actions right before the elections, i.e. inone year's time."+   "Withdrawal Means A More Distant Peace"B   Foreign editor Drgoslav Rancic wrote in independent weekly NIN?(7/13), "Whatever the U.S. intentions are, it is clear that if=the UN forces left, the arms embargo would be lifted for the?Muslims.  Peace would be even more distant than it is now, andBthere would be no hope for a new peace mission at all.  There are;prognoses that in that case the war would last for a whole!decade, until total exhaustion."D   SLOVENIA:  "Yugoslav Army, Encouraged By Big Powers' Passivity?"?   Mirko Lorenci declared in left-of-center, independent Vecer@(7/18), "Encouraged by the (big powers') silent bystanding, theAsuccessors of the famous Yugoslav army...will occupy Zepa, which:will be followed by Gorazde and perhaps Bihac and Tuzla.":   "Bloody Future For Europe, Marked By Muslim Extremism"A   Right-of-center Slovenec of (7/15) charged in a commentary by@Marjeta Simunic, "The unjustified fear of a Muslim state in the?heart of Europe and the irresponsible playing with the fate ofAthe Bosnian Muslims...have already spurred their flirtation with<Islamic extremism....  Anyone even slightly acquainted withAevents in the Middle East can predict for Europe a bloody future>marked by the aroused violence of Bosnian Muslim extremists."
   EUROPE6   BRITAIN:  "Washington, Like Europe, Is Not United"A   Covering the British foreign secretary's talks in Washington,?BBC-TV's Breakfast News aired this by Washington correspondent>Bridget Kendall (7/19), "Mr. Rifkind may well hear complaints;from the Americans that it is hard to do business with theAEuropeans over Bosnia as they cannot agree with each other.  ButBWashington is hardly united, and his visit comes just as Congress=is trying to force President Clinton to lift the...embargo."   "Legacy Of A Disaster"A   Columnist Ian Davidson commented in the independent Financial=Times (7/19), "It is difficult to overstate the depth of theBdisaster now in the making in Bosnia.  Short of some uncovenanted>miracle, it can only be a matter of time, and probably a veryBshort time at that, before it is decided that the UN peacekeeping@force must be withdrawn....  To make matters worse, the processBof the disintegration of the UN peacekeeping mission in Bosnia is?inflicting deep and perhaps irreparable damage on the Atlantic
Alliance....=   "The UN mission in Bosnia is clearly in tatters.  But theBfundamental reason is that Europe and the United States have fromBthe start had diametrically opposed aims in relation to the worst<war in Europe in 50 years.  It is difficult to discount the>thought that this is a symptom of an underlying disengagement@between Europe and the United States, and that we may be in the:early phase of the unravelling of the Atlantic Alliance."   "Soundbite Surrender">   Former editor Simon Jenkins said in the conservative TimesA(7/19), "Not for the first time, Europe is waiting on America toBhaul it from the brink, and America appears ready to oblige. WithAluck, Congress will today defy the president and try to turn the@only key that seems to work in Bosnia.  It will try to lift theB'arms embargo' on the Bosnian Muslims, who have not been short of?weapons since the last ceasefire.  This symblic gesture would,Aideally, precipitate a UN and NATO withdrawal.  The civil war in;former Yugoslavia could then begin its agonizing endgame."7   "West Should Recognize Failure, And Fold Its Tents"A   An editorial in the conservative Daily Telegraph (7/18) said,B"Matters may now be taken out of the hands of European leaders by@the U.S. Congress....  With or without Congress, logic suggestsBthat the West should recognize the failure--indeed, the farce--ofBthe UN mission, and fold its tents, opening the way to the arming?of Bosnian government forces....  The UN has shot its bolt and;unless the West suddenly discovers the stomach for all-out@military commitment, it should cease to make gestures and raise0hopes which it has no intention of fulfilling."    "Utter Disarray Within NATO";   In the view of the liberal Guardian (7/18), "The Allied=attempt to agree on joint armed intervention to halt further;Bosnian Serb attacks on UN safe havens was on the verge ofAcollapse last night.  France described the key military talks asBa failure as it emerged that President Clinton had given CongressBthe right to veto limited but crucial U.S. involvement, includingAa plan to use U.S. helicopters to lift British and French troops@into Gorazde....  'Things are moving in a very discreet fashion8against very evident difficulties in reaching an agreedAposition,' a senior Western source in Washington said.  In plain'English:  Utter disarray within NATO."   "Simple Equation For NATO"B   Conservative Sunday Telegraph (7/16) fulminated against Allied=inaction, stressing, "For President Clinton, the equation isBsimple.  Withdrawal means deploying U.S. troops in Bosnia...which<means U.S. casualties in the runup to the next presidentialBelection which means Clinton loses the election.  But refusing toAdeploy U.S. troops to help with the evacuation could precipitate3the end of NATO, another surefire election loser."7   "Bosnians Lost Their Lives; We Have Lost Our Honor">   Columnist Christopher Booker wrote in the Sunday Telegraph;(7/17), "The scenes after the fall of Srebrenica last week>constitute one of the worst crimes against humanity in EuropeBsince Auschwitz....  The Bosnians have lost their lives.  We have@lost our honor.  And the most terrifying thing about this weak,?smiling, appeasing vacuum of leadership is that is it only too>characteristic of the entire political system we live under."?   FRANCE:  "Europe Handicapped By British, U.S. Isolationism"B   Catholic La Croix (7/19) lamented in a piece by Bruno Frappat,?"Srebrenica fell....  The next dominos:  Gorazde and Sarajevo.@Which shall we defend, for honor?  Europe displays its tactical>divisions facing barbarism.  It is handicapped by British andAmerican isolationism."?   "A Final Choice, Under Threat Of U.S. Lifting Of Sanctions"B   Alain Duhamel opined on Europe One Radio (7/18), "There is oneBthing that is clear--it may be the only one--and that is that the@Westerners will have to make a final choice within the next few@days....  The fact that the American Congress will vote to lift?the embargo and will do it with such a majority that President9Clinton will not be able to veto it, is a very importantAfactor.....  If there is a withdrawal of the Blue Helmets, there7will be a series of slaughters everywhere, in horribleAconditions, and we know it.  And also, there is a real danger of?contagion to both the former Yugoslavia and the closest allied
regions."#   "U.S. Will Bear Responsibility"A   Europe One Radio aired this by Claude Imbert (7/18):  "ShouldBthe permanent withdrawal become unavoidable, at least France will=have gained by having tried hard.  The United States, on the)contrary, will bear the responsibility."   "Chirac Rise To Power"B   According to Marc Ullman on RTL Radio (7/18), "Chirac's recent@rise to power gives him the option of using a sort of blackmail?over the Americans and the British....  Chirac is therefore in5the position to tell Clinton:  'Make up your mind.'"   "Little Hitlers?"@   Jules Clauwaert wrote in regional Nord Eclair (7/18), "It isBtrue that Karadzic and Milosevic are not Hitler, and that they do?not aim at dominating Europe.  But their methods are the same:@They depend on the weakness of the Western democracies to carry=out their campaign to eliminate minorities who opppose theirdream of a Great Serbia."   "France On Front Line"A   Charles Lambroschini opined in conservative Le Figaro (7/17),>"In Bosnia, the only choice is between plague and cholera....AFor the Europeans and the Americans, the reconquest of Bosnia isAnot a matter of erasing three years of errors, but of preservingAthe future....  The Anglo-Saxons accuse Jacques Chirac of makingBa show.  But the Americans and the British are protected from Old<Europe's madness by the sea.  France is on the front line."+   GERMANY:  "Propelling NATO Into Crisis"A   Guenter Nonnenmacher noted in an editorial in right-of-center@Frankfurter Allgemeine (7/19), "While the humanitarian disaster>in Bosnia is running its course, the Western institutions are>getting deeper into a crisis.  This can currently be observed@with NATO....  Politicians are spreading insinuations about oneBanother and distrust is settling in the Alliance.  It is becoming?increasingly clear how artificial the plans of a new 'security@structure' after the end of the Cold War were.  If the nationalAleaders do not give themselves a push and discover the principle?of integration again--in the EU and in NATO--the political and+military renationalization will continue."&   "Nothing Is Possible Without U.S."A   Lothar Loewe argued in mass-circulation, right-of-center BildBZeitung (7/19) of Hamburg, "When push comes to shove...nothing is7possible without the U.S. global power.  The crisis in<ex-Yugoslavia shows that when the Americans leave it to the@Europeans to terminate this war, it does not seem to work out."#   "What European Foreign Policy?"5   Wolfgang Nette remarked on regional radio stationBWestdeutscher Rundfunk of Cologne (7/17), "The empty words of theBtop politicians of the Western community of nations can no longer<be taken seriously.  French President Chirac is flexing his>muscles...but he forgets to add that the mission of the Rapid7Reaction Force is not possible without U.S. helicopter8assistance.  But, for the time being, the government inAWashington does not think of supporting the French....  Why does>no state leader clearly say that Western spheres of power andinfluence are not touched?:   "It is a joke to speak against this background about a<European foreign policy....  Europe's foreign diplomacy hasshrunk to non-existence."6   "The Current (French) Move Has A Nasty Aftertaste"B   Regional radio station Suedwestfunk of Baden-Baden remarked onB(7/14), "The nuclear power of France no longer wants war criminal;Karadzic to make a fool of it.  This view does not deserveBrespect.  The public could have shown due respect to France if it@had defended human rights in Bosnia years ago and had not givenAin to injustice.  Thus the current move has a nasty aftertaste."&   "The Moral Bankruptcy Is Complete"=   Centrist Sueddeutsche Zeitung (7/15) of Munich commented,A"Somebody wants to do something.  His name if Jacques Chirac....ABut this statement is not as courageous as it looks.  The FrenchBpresident knows very well that neither Clinton nor Major nor Kohl>will offer his military support.  Chirac's appeal was a moralBgesture that does not change anything in this tragedy.  The Serbs@know that they will have no resistance on their way to Zepa and
Gorazde."   "Just Like Nazi Times"=   Joachim Holtz commented on national ZDF-TV (7/14), "It is>shocking to see how the Blue Helmet fighters courteously keptBopen the doors of buses to help the victims of the Serbs get into?the buses.  Scenes like during Nazi times....  Injustice pays;.this is at least something we know for sure."   "Lift The Embargo"A   Right-of-center Augsburger Allgemeine (7/14) determined that,?"In the current situation, the arms embargo on the Bosnians is
mockery."   "Withdraw"=   Rudolf Stiege held in right-of-center Berliner MorgenpostA(7/14), "A risky withdrawal...is indeed the only Western way out)of the morass of lies and helplessness."7   ITALY:  "U.S. Lack Of Leadership, Lack Of Interest">   Centrist, top-circulation Corriere della Sera said (7/19),A"The lack of interest, the lack of leadership and the continuous@change of position on the part of the United States has further@reduced the ambitions of the UN's 'humanitarian' intervention.""Leave Bosnia"@   Alberto Jacoviello commented in left/liberal, influential La@Repubblica (7/19), "Reality tells us that, at this point, there@is nothing we can do except leave Bosnia.  Certainly that would<be a shame for Europe, most of all, but also for the entire?democratic world.  The only alternative would be a large-scale@military intervention, of which we need to examine all possible:consequences, including the escalation of the war and thereaction of Russia."   "We Have To Intervene"B   A commentary by Enrico Deaglio in PDS (former Communist Party)<organ L'Unita (7/19) declared, "I...know that if the United<States does not intervene (or at least does not support theBintervention), Europe will not do anything.  And I also know thatBClinton has already lost the elections.  But the fact that we are@talking about Munich again shows that we have realized what theAproblem is.  We have realized that it is necessary to intervene,!even though it is too late now."   "The Weapon Of Reason"<   Bernardo Valli commented in left/liberal, influential LaARepubblica (7/18), "Europe, divided and without means, is not in?a position to intervene and the United States does not want toBbecome involved in a 'European drama' which no longer concerns it8so closely after the end of the Cold War.  Paralyzed byBisolationist Republicans who dominate Congress, President ClintonBdoes not know what to do in the last phase of his mandate.  Which=images will be more dangerous for his candidacy?  Those of a@risky intervention or those of a shameful withdrawal?  European:lack of determination and American doubts....  With their>torments and their sufferings, the Bosnians have given us the>possibility of realizing our societies' impotence and lack ofApreparation, due to their nature and to the fact that for half a@century we have delegated to the United States the guarantee ofour defense."/   "None Of The Allies Wants To Follow Chirac"=   Alberto Pasolini Zanelli observed in rightist Il Giornale@(7/14), "The conquest of Srebrenica and, in the near future, of>Zepa and other UN-protected areas...represents the successful?completion of the Serbs' military and political strategy...oneBconquers the territory first, then eliminates the defeated peopleAby dispersing them....  The voice of Europe cannot be heard, or,Abetter, can only be heard stammering.  The only one to talk like<a statesman, like a man, is Jacques Chirac....  None of theBallies seems ready to follow him:  Our public opinion is too busy<criticizing France for the seizure of the Greenpeace boat."+   RUSSIA:  "UN's Failure--NATO Takeover?"=   Vladimir Simonov filed from London for reformist Segodnya?(7/19), "Never before in its half-a-century history has the UNBlooked so discredited and demoralized as these days.  Its Bosnian@mission, it seems, has failed in every respect....  Few people,@however, wonder about why it has been a fiasco.  The reason may9lie in the fact that the think tank of the operation hasBunnwittingly been transferred from the UN highrise in New York toANATO headquarters in Brussels." "U.S. Goal:  Russia's Ruination"A   Neo-Communist Pravda (7/19) contended in a piece by AlexanderBYakhontov, chairman of the Russian-Serb friendship society in theAUnited States:  "The most important reason behind the tough U.S.Apolicy toward the Serbs is that it is a preparatory stage on the@road to the final goal, that of bringing Russia to utter misery>and political ruination and of making it into a colony of the=West....  In the former Yugoslavia...(Russia) let the United>States, right from the outset, dictate an unjust anti-Serbian7policy, with the UN action used as a formal cover-up."   "On The Brink Of Disaster"?   Vladimir Pakhomov held in centrist trade union Trud (7/18),@"Events show that the UN peace mission in the former Yugoslavia@is on the brink of disaster.  There have been more calls in the@United States urging the lifting of an embargo on arms supplies>for the Bosnian (Muslim) government.  Should that happen, the>situation in Bosnia and the rest of ex-Yugoslavia will becomecompletely unpredictable.",   "Paris's Call Falls On Deaf Allies Ears"8   Andre Smirnov judged in reformist, business-orientedAKommersant-Daily (7/15), "Paris's call for a tough stance toward8the Serbs will hardly be heard by its NATO partners....BWashington's position is directly opposite.  The United States is<trying hard to distance itself from what is going on in the?Balkans....  The best outcome for the United States, it seems,9would be...lifting the arms embargo on Bosnia...as this,@according to Clinton, would help avoid the 'Americanization' ofthe conflict."6   BELGIUM:  "Shame Of Bosnia Has Lasted Long Enough"B   Chief editorialist Leo Marynissen opined in labor Catholic Het@Volk (7/19), "A large-scale war must be avoided and, therefore,<the UN troops should stay in Bosnia.  However, this is only=possible if the paper protection of the Muslim population is?converted into genuine protection.  Therefore, it is essentialBthat Europe and the United States reach an agreement this week on4the reinforcement of the UN armed force in Bosnia."   "Western Man Paralyzed"?   Lou de Clerck opined in independent Catholic Het Nieuwsblad?(7/18), "Has Western man become so paralyzed by materialistic,Aegoistic and cynical feelings that he can no longer be mobilized<to express his contempt and exasperation in public?  Public@pressure must be increased to attempt to end this bloody war assoon as possible."<   "U.S. Has A Better Policy, It Just Won't Allocate Means"@   Diplomatic correspondent Mia Doornaert filed for independent@Catholic De Standaard (7/14), "Boldly spoken, the United States@has a better policy toward the former Yugoslavia but it refuses5to allocate the necessary means to it.  The European@countries--it is true--sent peace troops to Bosnia but they did9so without a decent political plan.   "What is the prime@political difference?  (It is) that the United States genuinely<refers to a 'war,' points to the aggressor [the Serbs] and,=consequently, says that it is not fair to be neutral between=aggressor and victim.  However, most European nations--GreatABritain, in particular--speak about a 'civil war' in Bosnia...inBwhich the outside world should not take sides and where it should=limit its interference to feeding the hungry and healing the
wounded."C   CANADA:  "UN's Only Choice:  Stand And Fight Or Accept Anarchy"B   Gordon Barthos held in the liberal Toronto Star (7/14), "Stand?and fight.  That's what the UN should do in Bosnia....  BeforeAthrowing in the towel, the UN should at least try to back up itsBtoo many words with some deeds.  This is not simply a tussle overBsome godforsaken bit of Balkan turf.  What's being lost in BosniaBis more than a country.  What's being lost is the world's will toprevail over anarchy."/   HUNGARY:  "NATO Sharing In Bosnia Setbacks"A   Second-largest Nepszava judged (7/19), "It seems that NATO is@sharing in the setbacks that have been characteristic of the UNBin recent years....  After the first tongue lashings, it has been@shown that the West is not going to do more than it has already@done....  They are now helplessly watching the ethnic cleansingBof hundreds of Bosnians, getting a certificate, that would not beAput on the bright pages of the history books.  The West seems to8tolerate this disgraceful behavior of the Serbs.  It is+preferable to drowning in the Balkan mud."!   IRELAND:  "Still Time For UN"@   The left-of-center Irish Times (7/19) opined, "It would be aBmistake to let the parallel and justified outrage felt in Ireland7about French nuclear testing disguise the constructiveAcontribution President Chirac has made over Bosnia.  It deservesIrish support in the EU."    THE NETHERLANDS:  "A Muddle"B   Liberal-left De Volkskrant commented (7/18), "Muddling through>in the current way, in which the Bosnian Serbs set the rules,9makes no sense at all.  French President Chirac is to be;applauded for his immediate assessment of the disaster....?Chirac made a dramatic appeal to the large Western democracies9for limited, but strong, military actions to protect the?enclaves....  The reactions from Washington and London weren't?very enthusiastic. The Hague stayed out of it....  In order to>rescue the UN mission, Paris, London and Washington should at?least agree on quick and sufficient protection for Goradze and;Sarajevo.  The Rapid Reaction Force, NATO air support, and@American fighter helicopters can play a role in achieving this.BIf this scenario can be worked out this week, then there is stillAbe hope for UNPROFOR.  If not, then the only alternative will beBto lift the arms embargo, withdraw the UN and provide the Bosnian muslims with military support."5   NORWAY:  "At Stake:  Credibility Of UN, NATO, EU">   Leading conservative Aftenposten observed (7/17), "What isBlacking is political leadership and determination to act.... What=the West should do now is safeguard a credible defense, with9their own or with Muslim weapons, of the remaining 'safeAareas.'...  This is a dangerous road to follow, but an even moreAdangerous road is to demonstrate compliance in a way that cannot@avoid undermining the credibility and the unity of the UN, NATO<and the EU in a massive way.  This would give us a far more-dangerous Europe in a more dangerous world.".   POLAND:  "Encouraging Serbs To Take Zepa?"B   Top-circulation, center-left Gazeta Wyborcza (7/17) held, "The@Serbian attack on Srebrenica hasn't been met by any reaction ofAthe international community.  Leading politicians instead turnedAtheir hostility toward France, which wanted to try to free it by>force....  The UN wanted the defeat of the enclaves...becauseAthis would make a peace treaty on Serbian conditions, as well as9the withdrawal of UN forces, possible.  With the hope of>extricating the world from the Balkan nightmare, the blood of:Bosnia is losing its color....  Karadzic is right when he	laughs."5   PORTUGAL:  "End This War Before There Are Others"A   Joao Carlos Espada opined in influential Publico (7/17), "The:West is sending to the whole world an unequivocal sign of<weakness and hesitation which can only produce the worst ofBresults:  to increase astronomically incentives for and to reduceBdrastically constraints against violent and disorderly actions onAthe planet.  When things reach such limits, 'sensible' argumentsBby realistic people lose direction....  According to the argument<of those realistic people themselves, one cannot avoid this>conclusion:  If a civil war remains unresolved, several civil;wars will be even harder to resolve; therefore, we have to:resolve this one in order to avoid having to resolve many	others."   SPAIN:  "Old Lesson"A   Centrist El Mundo commented (7/13), "The old lesson which can@be learned once more from the former Yugoslavia's drama is thatBthe strategy of containment is not operative when confronted withAenemies such as Karadzic and Milosevic, who despise the rules of;international fair play.  A prompt and resolute diplomatic=action--based on a limited, but firm utilization of the hugeAmilitary superiority of both the United States and Europe--could;have avoided the humiliation that the democratic community?suffered in Srebrenica and the human tragedy of Bosnia and thewhole of former Yugoslavia."(   SWEDEN:  "World's Lack Of Composure"9   Liberal Dagens Nyheter commented (7/18), "The lack of<composure before the crisis is depressing.  If one tried to=consider the reactions of the international community from a=Bosnian-Serb point of view, it is easy to have a fear of theAdark.  From the forces striving for peace, the wrong signals are8constantly sent, which only seems to tell desperate andAaggressive leaders to grab the opportunity to fortify their grip8on their prey in order to have a new military situation7established before the next round of negotiations.....=   "Criticism of the French policy may be justified, but the>Bosnian Serbs' inclination to attack might increase when they?notice the difficulty of the newly elected French President toBestablish a moral leadership....  For the moment, the priority is=to assist the banished ones.  And considering how little the<Bosnian Serbs dread the international community, one really>should be very concerned over the fate of those young men andwomen whom they have seized."3   SWITZERLAND:  "U.S. At A Loss In Bosnia Crisis"@   Center-right Neue Zuercher Zeitung front-paged the following:report by Washington correspondent Reinhard Meier (7/14),A"Following the Bosnian Serbs' capture of the so-called safe area@of Srebrenica, the Clinton administration is showing no sign ofBtaking the lead politically to resolve the Bosnian crisis.... The?more painful the administration's looker-on role in Srebrenica6becomes, the more Congress leans toward demanding the:long-discussed lifting of the arms embargo on the Bosnian;army....  If the arms embargo is ended only after completeBwithdrawal of UN troops, differences between the Congress and the:Clinton administration will disappear.  Two years ago the?administration proposed a 'lift and strike' strategy--lift the<embargo on arms for the Bosnian army and mount surgical air?strikes at Serb positions, but dropped the idea when Europeans1expressed fears for their troops on the ground."5   TURKEY:  "Bosnia Proved U.S. Is Not World Leader"@   Fahmi Koru asserted on page one of pro-Islamic Zaman (7/19),<"The Turkish public is well aware...that Boutros-Ghali as aBperson, and the UN as an organization, are guilty.  And PresidentAClinton is responsible for this guilt, because he is the man who@manipulates Ghali....  The four-year-old Bosnian tragedy proved@that the United States is not capable of being a world leader."    "West's Anti-Muslim Crusade"1   A page-one editorial by Sabahattin Onkibar inAconservative-religious Turkiye (7/19) maintained, "The Serbs are@nothing without European support.  When you look at the Serbian<massacres carefully, you will see the traces of a 'crusade'Bmentality which aims at clearing Muslims and Turks out of Europe.9The whole West, including the United States, favors thismentality."   MIDDLE EAST/   EGYPT:  "Bosnia's Curse:  NATO's Collapse?"@   Correspondent Maha Abdel Fattah maintained in pro-government=Al-Akhbar (7/19), "The Western Alliance is about to collapse@because Washington, France and Britain are each trying to place)blame and responsibility on the others."'   "European Conspiracy Against Islam"6   Columnist Kamel Zohairy declared in pro-governmentAAl-Gomhouriya (7/19), "The conspiracy is now clear, the European@countries have had different interests...but they agreed on the>goal...to stop the establishment of an Islamic country in theheart of Europe."*   ISRAEL:  "The Capitulation Of America"?   Liberal Haaretz (7/18) editorialized, "The worst atrocitiesBEurope has known in the second half of the 20th century are being?perpetrated in Bosnia....  The civilized world's reaction says?more about the country that presumes to be a world leader than$about the criminals themselves.....=   "In the domestic American dispute between those who would9build a 'New World Order' and those who refuse to invest6financial and human resources in such a task, the new?isolationists have clearly carried the day.  President Clinton@has come a long way since his 1992 inauguration speech, when he;promised to uphold the cause of democracy and human rightsBthroughout the world.  It is a tragic irony that precisely as the=world is ripe for an American-led new order, Clinton is busy@competing with Republican Majority Leader Bob Dole on who would-do more to reduce U.S. foreign involvement."2   JORDAN:  "No One Can Believe U.S. Is Helpless"1   According to Ibrahim Absi in top-circulation,Apro-establishment Al-Ray (7/19), "The fall of the safe havens in>Bosnia before the very eyes of the world signals not only the?downfall of UN respect and credibility, but also the demise of=the West's claim to democracy, human rights, freedom and the@right of people to self-determination....  When we speak of the?West...we are referring to the United States specifically.  No;one can believe that the United States...is helpless about8protecting the Muslims in their safe havens in Bosnia."&   "Tragedy For Third World, Muslims"?   Center-left Al-Dustur commented (7/16), "The tragedy of the>Muslims of Bosnia is the tragedy of the Third World....  When=will the Western world, which is obsessed with hostility forAIslam, stop portraying the victim (Islam) as the monster and the@wanted criminal?  The situations in Bosnia, Kashmir, Palestine,;Jerusalem and Chechnya confirm that there is an unholy war<against Islam and Muslims and that the Muslims are the mosthelpless."%   KUWAIT:  "Criminal European Plan"B   Top-circulation, opposition Al-Qabas contended (7/17), "We areAwitnessing a criminal European plan with international blessings-to exterminate a Muslim presence in Europe."   "Muslim Humiliation";   Al-Qabas also held (7/17), "What a shame.  Where is the@Organization of Islamic Conference in all this?  Why doesn't it=call for an emergency summit to discuss and try to stop thisBslaughter....  We Muslims are not equipped to defend our honor or9our religion...or else we would not reach this degree ofhumiliation."   "Defeat For UN">   In the view of leading, independent Al-Watan (7/15), "What@happened in Srebrenica is not a defeat for Muslims as much as a-defeat for the UN's international legality.">   LEBANON:  "Bosnians Becoming The New Palestinian Refugees"<   Muhammad Mashmushi remarked in Arab nationalist As-Safir=(7/18), "No doubt, the great countries dominating the UN areBcommitting in Bosnia the crime they were supposed to prohibit!...@None of the world leaders will be able to wash his hands of the=blood: Clinton, Major and Boutros-Ghali are all responsible.2However, Yeltsin carries the greatest part of the?responsibility....  It is a great pity that Bosnians are being>transformed into Palestinian refugees, just because the world:cannot imagine a Muslim country in the middle of Europe."9   MOROCCO:  "How Can We Explain UN's Failure To React?"9   An editorial yesterday in opposition, left-of-center,@French-language Al Bayane (7/14) lamented, "The Bosnian tragedy;has now gone to a new level, cruelly bringing to light theBresignation of the international community facing the fascist andAcriminal arrogance of the Serbs.  How can we explain that the UN?has yet to react while the embargo continues to be implemented;against Bosnians?  It's a pity that the Islamic Conference>Organization has not exerted any more influence on this issueBthan the world.  It's the UN credibility here which is at stake."6   SAUDI ARABIA:  "Cowards In Luxurious Oval Offices"=   Huda Al-Husseini, in internationally circulated, moderateBAl-Sharq al-Awsat (7/19), said, "The United States, the leader of?the free world, the upholder of human rights, was supposed to,@with its leadership, stop the injustice....  That country which>clamors that it is the sole superpower in the world, is but a?flabby (bloated) country weighted down by its cowards in their@luxurious Oval Offices studying ways on how to continue to dishBout to you (the Bosnian people) the lies and fictitious (elusive)>hopes and then to clarify that they are not ready to have any)American die in a land that is not his."%   "Clinton Anxious To Do...Nothing"?   An editorial in the English-language Arab News (7/16) held,A"Clinton is anxious to do anything, other than taking any action(that would save the unarmed civilians."3   TUNISIA:  "Passive Resignation Of Great Powers";   H'Mida Ben Romdhane wrote in government-owned La Presse@(7/15), "Never has the United Nations been, since its creation,Ahandled so roughly and been so humiliated.  Every passing day in=Bosnia imperils its credibility....  All those who yesterday?praised the United Nations for its feat in driving Iraq out ofAKuwait today are (taking shots it) in obvious bad faith...  WhatAis questionable is the (passive) resignation of the great powers>which have, deliberately or not, left the Bosnian conflict to5deteriorate even further over the past three years."   SOUTH ASIA1   BANGLADESH:  "Withdraw UN, Lift Arms Embargo">   An editorial in conservative, Bangla-language Ittefaq heldB(7/19), "It is now clear that the United Nations will not be ableAto perform any acceptable and effective role in Bosnia.  So a UN?withdrawal is desirable.  At the same time the arms embargo onAthe Bosnians should be lifted in order to enable them to protect,themselves." "Encouraging Muslim Militants"@   The independent, English-languege Morning Sun (7/19) pointedAout that Washington is overlooking "that a hostile policy toward>Bosnia will only strengthen the men it fears most--the Muslim
extremists."   "Critical Turn In Bosnia"@   The independent Daily Star (7/16) noted, "What the Serbs are?doing now has a close similarity with Hitler's persecution and#banishment of innocent civilians."   INDIA:  "Unending Tragedy">   According to an editorial in the independent Hindu (7/18),<"There is no getting away for the UN, Europe and the UnitedAStates from having to come to grips with the worsening situation@in Bosnia because of the colossal problems which they are bound?to face from an eventual refugee influx.  NATO and the UN will<have to accept the responsibility for putting an end to theAfighting and the restoration of the enclaves to those to whom it=belonged, irrespective of the odds involved in taking on theSerbs."   IRAN:  "Lift Arms Embargo"=   The official IRNA news service said (7/15), "Now that the;Security Council and the UN acted deceitfully and left theBBosnian Muslims alone before the Serbs, the world of Islam should<strongly take measures to lift the Bosnian arms embargo and<immediately dispatch its forces as a sign of support and to$defend helpless Muslims of Bosnia.")   PAKISTAN:  "Only Hope:  Lift Embargo"@   An editorial in Islamabad's center-right Nation (7/19) said,B"The only faint ray of hope for the Bosnian Muslims at present is?the move in the U.S. Congress to force a unilateral lifting of1the arms embargo if Europe refuses to go along."8   "West's Complicity And Inaction By Muslim Countries"?   The centrist News maintained (7/16), "An independent Muslim:state in Central Europe would be an anachronism which the>Christian West will not accept easily.  The Serbs, therefore,Acould be receiving tacit support by the West's inaction....  The9last twist of the tragedy is the strange role of the OIC=(Organization of Islamic Conference) and the affluent Muslim<countries in helping the Bosnian Muslims.  Except for a fewBresolutions and some food and medical aid, the total contribution@of the Islamic world to help the Bosnians has been almost nil."   EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC.   JAPAN:  "Negotiated Settlement Called For"A   Liberal Asahi (7/19) contended, "Dole's proposal that Bosnian@government troops be better-armed to fight Serb troops 'fairly'Ahas drawn some support in the United States.   "Both the Clinton=administration and the Republican Party have no intention ofBsending ground combat troops into Bosnia and risking the lives of?U.S. troops.  Little has been said expressing concern over the8safety and well-being of Muslim residents in Bosnia.  AAsettlement through negotiations of the ethnic conflict has neverAbeen more important than at the present, but at the same time it@is still important that disciplinary measures and punishment be#taken against the Serb offenders."'   AUSTRALIA:  "The Bullies Of Bosnia"<   The liberal Sydney Morning Herald held (7/18), "The onlyAanswer is more UN troops on the ground and a greater willingnessAto use their actual firepower.  The comparison now being made is9with the long U.S. military occupation of Korea.  Such aBlong-term operation--this time with mainly European troops--couldAemerge as the most practical way to keep the peace between Serbs$and Muslims in Bosnia-Herzegovina."<   CHINA:  "Clinton Administration Beset With Difficulties"A   The official Beijing Daily (7/18) observed, "The intention of=France and Britain to withdraw troops from Bosnia puts great>pressure on the Clinton administration.  If the allies really?withdraw, it would be difficult for the United States to shirk<the political responsibility for the UN peacekeeping forces?ending in failure in Bosnia.  At home, the administration also5finds its actions constrained by the U.S. Congress."2   INDONESIA:  "Now What Will UN, U.S., NATO Do?"A   Surabaya's independent Jawa Pos (7/15) commented editorially,9"In addition to UN humanitarian attempts to mitigate theAsuffering of Bosnian Muslims, we hope that efforts will continueAto devise a political solution.  NATO military action to control$Serb expansion must also continue.",   SOUTH KOREA:  "Bosnian Quagmire Deepens"@   Conservative Chosun Ilbo noted (7/14), "We do not expect theAUnited States to do much, except to try to keep the situation inBthe current state.  In fact, there seems to be no way to help theBosnian situation."
   AFRICA#   KENYA:  "Lift The Arms Embargo"?   In an editorial, the independent Standard (7/19) concluded,?"Nothing short of lifting the arms embargo against the Bosnian8Muslims will suffice, given the current helplessness or<disinterest, or both, by the Western powers who should have@contained the brutality.  Or just how much longer can the worldappease the war criminals?"<   NIGERIA:  "UN Should Intervene, Or Hand The Job To NATO">   Port Harcourt's independent Daily Sunray (7/19) said, "TheAfirst rational option is to push for a UN declaration of Bosnian@Serbs as the aggressors.  The UN can then intervene on the side?of the Bosnians....   "That was how the world body treated theAconflict between Iraq and Kuwait and got Western armies lined upAagainst Iraq.  The second option would be for the UN to get out,Awithdraw UNPROFOR and allow NATO, which was set up primarily for=the defense of Europe, to assume full responsibility for theconflict."(   SOUTH AFRICA:  "UN Weakness Exposed"?   The black, independent Sowetan remarked (7/18), "The terror;unleashed...in Bosnia...exposes the United Nations for its?weakness and indecisiveness.  UN peacekeeping forces have kept>everything but peace....  It was chilling to see TV scenes ofArefugee groups of women and children.  No men....  France, whichBmade a lot of enemies over nuclear testing...makes a lot of sense?today when it calls for gunboats to go in and stop the Serbs."   LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN8   ARGENTINA:  "The Price Of The Latest Serbian Strike"A   Leading Clarin suggested (7/17), "One has to ask seriously if:the Bosnian Serbs savagely reached their own geopoliticalAobjectives or if they simply completed the dirty task that...the>West dreams of in silence because of its uncontestable racial<essence:  to avoid the existence of an Islamic state in theEuropean geographic space."    BRAZIL:  "West Jabbers Away"A   Center-right O Estado de Sao Paulo held (7/18), "Protected byBa vast ocean, the United States is rediscovering its isolationistAtraits in the face of the almost ridiculous 'tribal' conflict in@Central Europe....  There are enough reasons to be pessimistic.@However, a small flame of hope appears in the growing darkness:?The spectacle of the European leaders is so degrading, and the7urgency such, that it is difficult to see how, despite5everything, the free world will not 'do something.'"&   JAMAICA:  "U.S. Takes A Back Seat"?   The independent Gleaner remarked (7/15), "The United StatesAhas taken a back seat in all this....  All this dithering occurs<with neither Democrats nor Republicans anxious to have U.S.@soldiers engage the Serbs in a shooting war, and with President?Clinton compelled to watch his personal popularity in light of@his re-election bid due in November next year.  A few weeks ago@the UN celebrated 50 years of existence.  The Serbs continue to<treat it as a toothless tiger.  The question may soon arise4whether the UN any longer justifies its existence."   PERU:  "New Genocide"?   Center-right, second in elite influence Expreso said of the>"new genocide" (7/19), "Totalitarianism is an infection.  Yet?nothing is being done in the luxurious circus of the UN in theAface of this latest epidemic of horror and cynicism.  UniversityBof Illinois professor Francis Boyle said it best, 'The UN will go@the way of the League of Nations, and the same applies to NATO.What good are they?'"   ---------------   ---------------=   SENATE APPROVES BILL TO EASE ADOPTION OF FOREIGN CHILDREN
   SENATEA   The Senate July 17 by voice vote approved a bill to amend the@U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act to make it easier for U.S.=citizens to adopt foreign children born outside of marriage.?   Under current immigration law, Americans can adopt children4born abroad only if they are orphans or if they areB"illegitimate" and the mother agrees to an overseas adoption. But?many other countries have stopped using the word illegitimate.?The Immigration and Naturalization Service has ruled that such>children are not eligible for adoption by U.S. parents unless%both biological parents agree to it.=   The new bill, sponsored by Democratic Senator Paul Simon,:would change the terminology of U.S. immigration law from?"legitimate" and "illegitimate" to "born in wedlock" and "born?out of wedlock" to conform to descriptions of other countries.A   Simon said that ruling has hindered hundreds of international@adoptions even in cases where it is clear the biological father!abandoned the child in question.=   Identical legislation has been introduced in the House by@Representative Howard Berman and has been referred to the HouseJudiciary Committee.   ---------------   ---------------(   DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSMAN GOES ON TRIAL   PAUL FRANCUCH   CHICAGO?   A Democratic-party congressman representing a district from>Chicago goes on trial Wednesday on charges of criminal sexualAassault and obstruction of justice. The case is one that carriesvarious political overtones.B   Second-term Democratic Congressman Mel Reynolds from Chicago's=far South Side was once considered a promising up-and-comingAyoung member of his political party and a sought-after spokesman$for the African-American community.?   In 1992, after two bitter campaigns, the 43-year-old former@college professor and Rhodes scholar defeated long-time ChicagoBcongressman Gus Savage, a rebellious legislator whom many accused?of bigotry, campaign irregularities, and other transgressions.>   Mr. Reynolds represented the opposite image of Mr. Savage,=refined, educated and genteel, but last August came damaging@allegations which marred that image. Mr. Reynolds is accused ofAsexual relations with a former campaign worker who was under the2age of consent at the time of the alleged affair.?   Mr. Reynolds has steadfastly denied wrongdoing, but he willBhave to confront some potentially-damning evidence. At his trial,Aprosecutors intend to play recordings of telephone conversations@between Congressman Reynolds and his accuser, Beverly Heard, in>which the illegal sexual act was discussed. If convicted, Mr.5Reynolds could be sentenced to four-years in prison.@   The case has taken some bizarre twists. After Ms. Heard madeBher accusations, Congressman Reynolds denounced her as a sick andBdisturbed person who resorted to practices such as devil worship.@Several months later Ms. Heard recanted her charges, saying she@was pressured into making the accusations by a local Republican9prosecuting attorney whom many believe aspires to higher<political office. That was followed by charges Mr. Reynolds<helped Ms. Heard produce documents in which she recants the	charges.=   Adding to Congressman Reynolds's troubles were additionalAcharges by another young woman who said he had sex with her whenAshe was a minor. She also alleged the congressman tried to bribe>her to change her story. Mr. Reynolds answered the charges by$saying he has done nothing illegal.@   Congressman Reynolds is also under federal investigation for>bank fraud and possibly creating unregistered quasi-political?organizations through which contributions were used by him for=personal matters. Mr. Reynolds admits he is having financial9problems. He says due largely to mounting legal expensesAconnected with his upcoming trial, but he says he has not broken=any laws. That question will also soon be put before a jury.   ---------------   ---------------@   GINGRICH FOREIGN POLICY SPEECH BLENDS POLITICS AND ACADEMICS   PAULA WOLFSON   CONGRESS:   The speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Newt<Gingrich, is a former history professor. And sometimes, his=speeches seem better suited to a university classroom than aApolitical stage. An address on foreign policy became a lesson on?past cultures, ancient philosophy, and modern economic theory.<   Newt Gingrich is a man who is comfortable in the role of@politician and the role of teacher. Sometimes, he mixes the two
together.B   An invitation to address a policy research center connected toBa major university was irresistible. It was a perfect venue for a#look at the world, Gingrich-style.@   His comments were wide-ranging, sprinkled with references to=Edwardian England, the Roman empire, and the latest computer?technology. For the better part of an hour, he talked in broad@terms about the challenges now facing the United States and theworld.:   "We need to rethink our role," he told his audience of9academics and policy experts. And he offered an example,0America's relationship with the United Nations:=   "If we are going to make the U.N. a useful institution, I?believe we have to dramatically rethink from the ground up its9entire structure, we have to cut out all of the romantic?illusions that we currently hold. Would any of you voluntarilyAallow your neighborhood to be defended by the U.N.? Would any of@you trust a U.N. commitment that you would be in a safe haven?"=   Those words brought a few chuckles from his audience. His@subsequent remarks brought nods of agreement as he talked about3the atrocities committed in the former Yugoslavia:>   "People who deliberately, willfully violate the law, stand?down the forces of peace and civilization in order to kill andBrape, are barbarians. They behave like barbarians and we ought to=decide whether or not we are prepared to tolerate the steadyincrease in barbarism."@   From Bosnia, the speaker went on to talk about trade looselyAjoining one topic to another. He said the United States tends to<think small, instead of focusing on, what he called, "largeprojects":A   "I think frankly we need to be working right now on expanding<the North American free trade area to include, for example,>Chile. I think we want to as rapidly as we can move south and<encourage an integration of Latin American markets into the@United States. I think we want to reach across the Atlantic and>propose a North Atlantic free trade zone that includes all ofANATO plus the common market countries that are not part of NATO,@and begin to move into an integrated system. I frankly would beBwilling to explore with the Japanese a genuine free trade zone. IBam not worried about Japanese competition in the U.S. and I would@be very interested to see how worried they would be about totalU.S. competition in Japan."<   But the speaker hastened to add that in order to compete<abroad, the United States is going to have to make a lot of>changes at home, changes like less government regulation, tax6reform, financial incentives for research and product;development, and other items on the Republican legislativeagenda.   ---------------   ---------------'   SOLUTIONS TO GLOBAL LANDMINE CRISIS   MERCEDES SPROUSE   NEW YORK<   The United Nations estimates that more than one-thousand;people are injured by landmines each month in more than 60=countries. An American doctor offered Tuesday what he called+"solutions to the global landmine crisis."<   A new book edited by Dr. Kevin Cahill indicates that the<experts generally agree the solution to the landmine crisis<depends on technological advances to remove the devices and.medical advances to rehabilitate the victims.B   More importantly, says Dr. Cahill, the international community=must ban the use, transfer and stockpiling of landmines. Dr.BCahill adds that all the technological advances in the world willAnot succeed in resolving the landmine crisis without the help of$the military in affected countries:?   "If we are to begin to use almost "star wars" (futuristic)-?type technology to de-mine (get rid of mines in) vast areas of?countries such as Afghanistan, Cambodia and Somalia, [then] weBare going to have to use the approach that only the military have;both the money and the skills (to carry out the project)."B   Dr. Cahill says his experience in Somalia and Nicaragua showed?that successfully removing mines and treating victims does not2require outside training or expertise. He cites a@Mozambican-owned and operated company which has been successfulin removing mines.=   As senior medical consultant to the United Nations health>service, Dr. Cahill adds the international community needs to?rethink the way it treats landmine victims. As a result of the>devices, he says one out of every 230 Cambodians has only oneAleg. And he says experts are divided over how to replace missinglimbs:B   "There is a school of thought that says in Cambodia you should?use bamboo and in Afghanistan you should use hard wood and you@should set up manufacturing plants and make your own prosthesesA(or artificial limbs), and this makes people independent. I haveAnever believed in this. I think you have to look at the world as?a market and buy wherever you can get it cheaper, and get yourAprogram started. Certainly, in Somalia, if you tried to set up a?manufacturing plant it would have been looted the first day.."A   Dr. Cahill notes that landmines bought for three dollars cost?up to one thousand dollars to defuse. Speaking to the Carnegie@council, he called on the international community to contributeAmore effort and money to the global eradication of landmines. He@dismissed past U.S. proposals to alleviate hazards by improvingthe technology of landmines.   ---------------   ---------------   MILITARY OPTIONS IN BOSNIA   ERICA BENIS   WASHINGTON?   The fall of one United Nations-protected enclave to Bosnian=Serb forces, and the imminent fall of another, have prompted:feverish deliberations on both sides of the Atlantic. TheBdiscussions center on how to protect United Nations troops on theBground, and how to defend the remaining so-called safe areas from(the onslaught of the Bosnian Serb army.?   About 30,000 peacekeepers are on the ground in Bosnia. TheyBare members of the U.N. protective force, or UNPROFOR. The UnitedBStates has no ground forces committed to this effort, but assistswith air capability.B   Robert Gaskin is a former Pentagon official and vice president?of Business Executives for National Security. He says there isAagreement between the United States and its European allies that>the status quo in Bosnia is unacceptable, and that either the>U.N. protection force is strengthened, or it should be pulledout.A   But reaching a consensus on what military option to follow isAnot an easy matter. In order to strengthen the U.N. forces, says@Mr. Gaskin, the U.S. will give equipment and airlift capabilityAto a newly- created rapid reaction force of about 12,000 troops,!most of them British and French:A   "If the United States provides it with helicopters, gunships,@perhaps some artillery support, perhaps some other fixed-winged>aircraft, and perhaps using other things that we can provide,?such as space-based reconnaissance assets to make this thing a?success, that would be fine. But bear in mind, compared to the?overall Serb strength, this force itself is severely outmannedand outgunned."@   Charles Barry is a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army and a@research analyst for European security affairs at the Institute<for National Strategic Studies. He says the planners in theAvarious military services, who created the rapid reaction force,.made sure that the mission matches the force:>   "The idea, as I understand it, is to bolster the defensiveAmission of UNPROFOR around the provision of humanitarian aid and@around the safe havens, and to defend the force itself. But not?to offensively attack any party. I think, there's a reasonableAanalysis that says they can be successful in doing these things.?It's much easier to defend. You have interior lines connectingByour force's positions and you also have the advantage of pickingAthe ground which you're going to defend. A given safe haven, forAexample. Then you can bring to bear such things as artillery and/air power particularly to defend these areas."?   However, allied officials, who six weeks ago hoped that the?rapid reaction force will be sufficient to hold off the Serbs,>are beginning to have some doubts. Many believe that only the>combination of the 12,000 fighters and a vigorous use of NATO=airpower will provide a sufficient deterrent to further SerbBaggression. But the last time punitive airstrikes were used, more?than 300 peacekeepers were taken hostage by the Bosnian Serbs.>Robert Gaskin says that a lot will depend on whether the west<shows enough resolve to defend the four remaining U.N. safeareas:>   "To do that you're going to do two things in the very near;term: New rules for employment of U.N. personnel that give@greater military flexibility to commanders on the ground, and a<reconfiguration of the force that would allow it to rapidly@respond to military action and engage quickly. If that happens,<at least things will be stabilized for the near term. If it'doesn't, then we're into the pullout.";   The Pentagon has developed a plan, code-named operationBdetermined effort, to evacuate the United Nations peacekeepers in<Bosnia. The plan calls for using up to 25 thousand American>troops in a 60 thousand-troop multinational force. Its roots,9says Mr. Gaskin, are in another reaction force: The NATOquick-reaction corps:B   "It's headed by British lieutenant General Michael g-d walker.>The U.S. Army division in Germany is an official part of this@corps. And plans call for this force to deploy into the Bosnian?theater and provide the kinds of cover that would be needed to=pull the U.N. forces out. The driver for the pullout are theAlarge numbers of armored vehicles, trucks and tanks owned by the7U.N. forces. Around 1,500 armored vehicles and another<five-thousand combination of lightly armored (vehicles) andtrucks are in theatre."B   The Serbs forces have only a few hundred tanks. The Muslim-led>Bosnian army has even less. U.N. commanders in Bosnia want to@make sure that all UNPROFOR military equipment is pulled out soBthat it does not fall into the hands of the opposing armies. U.S.Aofficials worry about hostile action from both Serbs and MuslimsBthat could pin down the rescue force on the ground for as long as>six months. Charles Barry says if there is not opportunity toBwithdraw the U.N. equipment, the alternative is to destroy it andrescue the peacekeepers:A   "You can disable equipment, make it unusable. And then simply;withdraw the people by helicopter, and leave their armoredBpersonnel carriers and other equipment behind. But if you have to@take out the armored personnel carriers you can only do this by>road. If you go by road, there's the possibility of the roads>being impassible, because of weather depending on the time ofAyear; or bridges might be destroyed, tunnels collapsed. Or thereBmight be hostile actions, such as the use of ambushes, artillery,@missiles, all kinds of ways to stop a convoy. And then there isAthe possibility of refugees. All these things will slow down the;withdrawal and make the force more vulnerable to attacks.":   The U.N. withdrawal would be the largest U.S. military?operation in Europe since World War II. American officials say@the choices are either to retreat or escalate into a deeper andBprotracted military intervention. Leading Republicans in Congress?favor a policy of leaving Bosnia and lifting the arms embargo.@With the Senate poised to vote as early as this week on liftingAthe arms embargo unilaterally, withdrawing could become the onlymilitary option.   ---------------   ---------------/   UN PROTECTION FAILURES IN AFRICA AND BOSNIA   WILLIAM EAGLE   WASHINGTON;   Serb forces have attacked the Muslim enclave of Zepa in9eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina. Last week, they over-ran the>so-called safe zone of Srebrenica [pron: Shreh-bre-nee-tsah].:Some critics say the United Nations has failed to protect>civilians in Bosnia, just as it failed in Somalia and Rwanda.=   Mogadishu, Kigali, Srebrenica, Zepa, critics say they all?represent humiliation for the United Nations peacekeeping, and@peace-making, efforts. Alex De Waal [deh-vaal] is a co-director@for Africa Rights Monitoring Group in London. He says political@uncertainty has affected the outcome of U.N. efforts around theworld:A   "In many ways, we've already seen the effects long before the4U.N. got involved in Bosnia and began to reveal the@contradictions between its various mandates and aspirations. We?saw those same failures starkly in Ethiopia, Sudan, Angola and@most recently in Rwanda. What is now becoming evident in Bosnia?comes as no surprise to Africans who have seen the U.N. on the<ground, both in its humanitarian and military peace keepingroles."<   U.N. bashing has not always been the rule of the day (or9routinely done). After the fall of the Berlin Wall, many?commentators predicted a new era of humanitarian intervention.<The United Nations intervened successfully to end famine inASomalia, only to be driven out by Somali militias opposed to the5U.N.'s political agenda.  Critics say in Angola, the9international body pushed ahead with the organization of?multi-party elections in 1992, but was ill-prepared to enforce@the results when one side disputed the outcome. In Rwanda, U.N.Asoldiers were accused of standing by as hundreds of thousands of9moderate Hutu and minority Tutsi were massacred in 1994.9   Mr. De Vaal blames part of the problem on the lack ofApolitical support from the global powers. But he also blames the7U.N. itself. He says U.N. incompetence, corruption, or.self-interest has prevented effective action:B   "I think what is tragic, even criminal, is that these debacles:continue one after the other and no one is ever called to?account; no one is ever dismissed, never forced to resign from<the U.N. because they failed to do their job. If there is a>famine, or debacle, then it means individuals within the U.N.@system in positions of power have failed. They should be called<upon to explain themselves. Those who have done well can be@promoted, others, disciplined. This never happens; promotion in<the U.N. is awarded according to favoritism and longevity.":   Alex de Waal says a public commission of inquiry or anBombudsman should be appointed to investigate the U.N.'s failings.@   In a telephone interview from Freetown, Sierra Leone, former?U.N. undersecretary general for political affairs, James Jonah#rejected Mr. De Waal's criticisms::   "Whenever you have a major disaster, people will blame?somebody. The U.N. has always been a convenient target. As for>the bureaucratic [mismanagement]...Sometimes, in humanitarian@missions you may have rivalry between agencies. They are trying<to do the best they can do. But the reasons for failure areAdeeper. People must not confuse the institution with the lack of@political will of governments. It is governments that drive theU.N.."?   He blames the problem on the inability of the U.N. security<council to reach consensus, thereby crippling peace-keeping@efforts. In addition, he says the United Nations cannot be used;effectively without the full support of the United States:@   "When I left the U.N. in 1993 or '94, the U.S. came out withAits major policy on peace-keeping. It was based on the principleBthat the U.S. can only intervene in situations where its national?interests are at stake. Secondly, American blood and money canAonly be put where national interests are. This is a policy risk:BIf every nation in the U.N. says they can only get involved where?national interest is at stake you'll have problems. We have todefine national interests."A   Mr. Jonah says American officials need to explain to the U.S.?Congress and the American public the importance of the U.N. toAmerican foreign policy.:   James Jonah points with pride to U.N. successes, which>included arranging elections in Angola and Mozambique and the*effect of U.N. sanctions on South Africa.   ---------------   ---------------?   CHINA IS WRONG HOST FOR WOMEN'S CONFERENCE, LEGISLATORS SAY   RALPH DANNHEISSER   WASHINGTONB   Members of Congress broadly agree that an abysmal human rights8record makes China the wrong venue for an upcoming U.N.?conference on women, but they disagree over whether the United=States should attend anyway or boycott if the site cannot be	changed.B   They outlined their views July 18 at a hearing of the House ofBRepresentatives Subcommittee on International Relations and Human=Rights, whose chairman, Representative Christopher Smith, is>pushing legislation to bar official U.S. participation in theconference.@   Smith stated his view directly in opening remarks, declaring?that "going to Beijing in 1995 is analogous to going to Hitler0Germany in 1939 for a human rights conference."@   The site for the Fourth World Conference on Women, scheduled@for September, was chosen by the United Nations and approved by?the United States during the administration of President Bush.;The Clinton administration has continued planning for U.S.participation.:   Smith was supported by Representative Benjamin Gilman,<chairman of the full International Relations Committee, whoAcalled on officials to "find an alternate site" for the meeting.B   Representative Tom Lantos, the subcommittee's senior Democrat,?stressed his own abhorrence of China's human rights record but@argued that the threat of a U.S. withdrawal now could undermineBthe worthy objectives of the conference. "This is not the time to>deal with location. The location has been determined," Lantossaid.@   He was joined in that position by Democrat Nancy Pelosi, whoBtestified before the panel in her role as a leading congressionaladvocate of human rights.?   "China's appalling human rights record, and its practice of@female infanticide, forced abortion, and the abortion of femaleAfetuses, make a mockery of the honor of hosting an international1conference on the status of women," Pelosi said.B   Still, she said, "the fact is that the conference will be heldAin Beijing" and, that being the case, "an official U.S. presence.is warranted" by the importance of the event.B   But Pelosi urged careful attention be given to the appropriateBlevel of U.S. representation, especially in light of two factors:Bthe recent arrest by the Chinese of Harry Wu, an American citizen?and rights activist charged with stealing state secrets, and a round-up of Chinese dissidents.6   Attendance by First Lady Hillary Clinton under theAcircumstances "would send the wrong message to China's leaders,"=she said. Instead, the U.S. contingent should be led by U.N.BAmbassador Madeleine Albright, whose presence would be in keeping@with her official duties and so "would confer no special statuson China's government."<   Witnesses whom Smith assembled for the hearing generallyBdetailed Chinese rights violations and opposed U.S. participation0in the conference unless it is moved elsewhere.;   Carl Anderson, a member of the U.S. Commission on Civil;Rights, quoted from a statement unanimously adopted by theAcommission July 14 declaring that "the participation of the U.S.Bdelegation in the Beijing conference should be conditional on the?release of Mr. Wu and on credible assurance that the religious0rights of Americans in China will be respected.A   "If the government of China rejects these conditions, we urge;the administration to withdraw its delegation, and we urge=Congress to cancel funding for American participation in the&conference," the statement continued.B   Some women's groups not invited to testify came to the hearing9to distribute statements that took a different approach.6   Eleanor Smeal, president of the Feminist Majority,;characterized the hearings as a "fraud" and a "vehicle forBright-wing Republicans to further an anti-women's rights agenda."@   The group's statement accused Smith of "trying to derail the@women's conference because of his virulent anti-abortion stanceAlong before the arrest of Harry Wu," adding that the congressman6"is exploiting a tragedy to pursue his anti-abortion,anti-women's rights agenda."   ---------------   ---------------@   NO PLANS TO CHANGE STATUS OF U.S. DIPLOMATIC POSTS IN ISRAEL   STATE DEPARTMENT>   The United States is opposed "to any move of the embassy,"AState Department spokesman Nicholas Burns said when he was asked;about possible consideration of moving the U.S. Embassy toJerusalem.<   "The issue of Jerusalem is a final status issue that the?parties themselves must decide," he said. "It certainly is notAthe position of this government that we should decide that issue@for them or that we should take any steps that would anticipateBthat discussion." On that particular question, he added, "we have8a very clear and very firm policy. It has not changed."9   However on the general issue of "how we relate to the@Palestinian Authority, which of course has offices in both GazaACity and throughout Gaza and Jericho," he added, the U.S. consul6general in Jerusalem is "taking a lead in forming our?relationships with the Palestinian leaders and in working withthem on a daily basis.";   The U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv, he noted, "does have some@responsibility for our assistance programs in Gaza, whereas theAconsulate general works on assistance programs in the West Bank.BSo that is the way it's been for a very long time....Right now weAhave two diplomatic posts in the area. We have an embassy in TelAAviv. We have a consulate general in Jerusalem. We have no plans@to change the configuration of either or the status of either."   ---------------   ---------------6   U.S. TO CLOSE 19 DIPLOMATIC POSTS AROUND THE WORLD   WASHINGTONA   The State Department announced July 18 that the United States@will close 19 diplomatic posts in Africa, East Asia, Europe and@Latin America during the fiscal year that will begin October 1.?   Secretary of State Christopher decided to take this action,Bdepartment spokesman Nicholas Burns said in a prepared statement,9because "the participation of every government agency in?attacking the (federal) budget deficit problem is critical" to$strengthening the national economy.@   Burns told reporters Christopher also has asked "some of our@very large embassy staffs in Europe" to downsize, and has givenA"our ambassadors, our chiefs of mission, discretion on what type@of actions they take...as long as they do make a genuine effortB-- and we think all of them are -- to comply with the secretary's@request that we...find a way to conduct American diplomacy on a;less costly basis. And we believe that is possible withoutAcompromising a very important principle, which is universality."<   The United States, he added, "generally would like to beB(represented) in every country in the world...which recognizes us>and which we recognize. And for the most part, we're going tomaintain universality."   The posts are::   Africa: Lubumbashi (Zaire), Embassy Malabo (Equatorial,Guinea), and Embassy Victoria (Seychelles);B   East Asia: Embassy Apia (Western Samoa), Brisbane (Australia),=Cebu (Philippines), Medan (Indonesia), and Udorn (Thailand);>   Europe: Bilbao (Spain), Bordeaux (France), Edinburgh (UK),<Florence (Italy), Poznan (Poland), Stuttgart (Germany), andZurich (Switzerland).A   Latin America: Curacao (Netherlands Antilles), Hermosillo and/Matamoros (Mexico), and Porto Alegre (Brazil);   ---------------   ---------------   ALDRICH AMES AND THE CIA   FRANCIS RONALDS   WASHINGTON=   The Central Intelligence Agency has become the focus of a7major controversy in the United States. The debate wasAprecipitated by the case of Aldrich Ames, a top CIA official whoBworked for many years for the KGB, the secret police organization?of the former Soviet union. In the wake of the Ames scandal, a9new CIA director, John Deutch, has been appointed by the>president and confirmed by the Senate. But much more than theAAmes case is involved in current discussions. What role, if any,@should a centralized American foreign intelligence organization:play in the post-cold war world? What have been the CIA's;successes and failures in the past? If the agency is to be8retained, what goals will it pursue, and how will it be
reorganized?A   In February of last year, the Federal Bureau of investigationBarrested Aldrich, "Rick", Ames, on charges of spying on behalf ofAMoscow and the KGB for almost a decade. Over the past few weeks,@four books have appeared about Aldrich Ames, who had been a topBCIA official and one of the very few American intelligence agents;ever to have turned against his country. Together with two<colleagues from the New York times, Tim Weiner (y'-ner) has?authored a book on Ames, entitled "Betrayal," and described in=some reviews as the best account of a spy case ever written:?   "Rick Ames' betrayal essentially destroyed the CIA's spying>operations abroad," says Weiner. "It completely destroyed its@spying operations against the former Soviet Union. Ames was the=chief of the counter-intelligence branch of the CIA's Soviet@division ten years ago, when he gathered up six pounds of paper>and delivered those papers, which contained the identities of<every Russian secretly working for the Central Intelligence8Agency, to the other side. In exchange, he was promised@two-million dollars. Very quickly, the KGB, the spy service forAthe former Soviet Union, tried and executed ten of those people.ASo the damage was immense. There is a second kind of damage thatAhas been sustained, though. When this case became public, it did?a great deal of damage to the morale of good men and women who@work at the CIA. The CIA was publicly ridiculed and humiliated,)and some of that damage may be lasting.">   Very little of the CIA's estimated budget of three-billion?dollars is spent on spying in the usual sense of the word. The?agency has 20,000 employees. Ninety-five percent of their work?goes to collecting and analyzing information from a variety of>sources, of which secret information from spies, known in theBtrade as "humint" or "human intelligence", is only one. The total@amount of money spent by the U.S. government on intelligence isAreliably estimated at 28-billion dollars, most of which is spent9by the Defense Department, with relatively small amounts:accounted for by the State Department and other agencies.:However, the CIA is, theoretically at least, in charge ofBdirecting and coordinating the gathering and analysis of all thatAinformation. It will not be easy, Tim Weiner says, to reorganizethe9   "It is very hard to change the culture of an enormous:bureaucracy, which is what the United States intelligenceBcommunity is. It is a bureaucracy that spends 28-billion dollars,?that is, 28,000 million dollars, a year. It is an organizationBthat employs hundreds of thousands of people, and the CIA is sort=of the sun at the center of this solar system. To change the=culture of the place will take years. But I think there is a@general recognition that the cold war CIA is over, and the Ames>case was the end of all that. It finished the old game of spy>versus spy. It finished off the CIA's old guard, many of whom<have retired or been asked to retire in the weeks since Mr.Deutch took over."B   A number of politicians and specialists have proposed that the?CIA be abolished. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Democrat of?New York, who has served on the Senate Intelligence Committee,;believes that its mistakes have outweighed its usefulness.B   Angelo Cordevilla, a senior fellow with the hoover institutionAat Stanford University, agrees. Mr. Codevilla is the author of a>book on intelligence gathering called "Informing Statecraft":?   "The 1947 National Security Act, which established the CIA,<put intelligence into the hands of the Central Intelligence@Agency which is under the president. The judgment of the peopleAwho framed the 1947 act that this would give the operating parts;of the government unbiased intelligence, that this lack of?connection, on the CIA's part, to policy, would produce better@intelligence. Well, this was a judgment they made and it turnedBout to be wrong. In fact, the CIA has given us intelligence which?is just as biased as any that had been formed by the operating<departments of government but which was less responsible to=concrete policy needs. The agency as it now exists should be?abolished and its functions taken over by the state departmentand the Defense Department."@   Mr. Codevilla also says that Aldrich Ames turned over to theAKGB the names of up to 100 Russians who were spying for the CIA.>The ones who were not executed, he says, were used to provide+American intelligence with disinformation.A   William Colby, who served as director of the CIA in the early@1970s, grants that Ames' betrayal was a disaster. Nevertheless,Bhe thinks that the CIA's success in setting up a network of spies=in such a closed society as the Soviet Union was in itself a@proof that the organization had been highly effective, at least9prior to the mid-1980s. Mr. Colby worked for the wartime@predecessor of the CIA, the office of strategic services, which@in 1944 parachuted him behind German lines in France to aid the;French underground. He is the author of a book on the CIA,%"honorable men". According to Colby:>   "The CIA has had three people go over to work for the KGB.@Three over the past 45 years. That's not a bad number. Hundreds<have come over from the KGB. Dozens have gone over from the=British, and the French, and the Germans; all sorts of other@countries. The Ames case was a disaster, and there's no defense?possible for it. We missed a lot of indications that we shouldBhave picked up. But one of the interesting parts of the Ames case@was the fact that it was revealed that he turned over the names?of ten agents in the Soviet system, to the Soviets. I know how>hard it was to get Soviet agents, and I was rather, in a way,>pleased that we had gotten ten. That must have meant that the=people in the CIA had been doing a good job over the years."@   Many knowledgeable persons agree, at least in part, with Mr.@Colby. James Lilley, after working for the CIA, served as a top>official in the Defense Department and as ambassador to China?under President George Bush. He says that the CIA's success inApenetrating Soviet intelligence was very impressive, although he@notes that its operatives in several countries were turned into=double agents to feed back disinformation. Ambassador LilleyBcurrently a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute inWashington, says:@   "We knew what the Russians were doing, and this was a lot of>hard and dangerous work. And the CIA was very good at that. I?think where they have failed is in places like Cuba, Iran,East>Germany, where the operations were doubled back against them.BAnd, of course, there's the Aldrich Ames failure, where the whole/security apparatus seems to have broken down."=   Ambassador Lilley believes that the greatest successes of=American intelligence have come in the sphere of technology.@First, there were the famous U-2 spy planes, which were able to7take pictures of small objects on the ground, and even?underground, from an altitude of over 30 kilometers. The SR-71Aflew even higher and faster. Satellites eventually took over the;job of monitoring military-related activities in the USSR,>including progress in missile development. Sigint, or signals?intelligence, is now capable of providing such information via@satellite almost instantaneously, and James Lilley says much ofthe credit goes to the CIA:<   "The most incredible successes have been achieved in the8technology sphere, where CIA took the lead on the first;satellites, on the U2, on the SR-71, which were tremendousBbreakthroughs in collecting military intelligence. It changed theBwhole picture of military intelligence. And the CIA largely drove>these projects. Sigint, the technical aspects, have been moreBsuccessful than the human aspects. But in human intelligence, one@breakthrough can make an enormous difference. I think where the?failures have taken place, have been in analysis. I think thathas been the biggest failure."<   There is now general agreement that the CIA consistentlyBoverestimated the size and stability of the Soviet economy, while@underestimating the size of the military-industrial complex and?the percentage of Soviet economic resources that went into the@country's military effort. Harvard professor Richard Pipes, who@has written many books on Russian and Soviet history, served on@the National Security Council under President Ronald Reagan. He?was also put in charge of "Team B," a group of outside expertsAbrought in to evaluate the CIA's estimates of the Soviet economy-and its military industrial complex in 1976.>   Largely as a result of the work of "Team B," the burden of?Soviet military expenditures on the Soviet economy was revised<from six to seven-point-five percent of the country's grossAnational product to twice that amount. After the collapse of theBSoviet Union in 1991, the Russians themselves admitted that their@defense expenditures were far greater, approaching one-third of@GNP. The cia's mistake, professor Pipes says, was based on what?he calls "mirror-imaging", that is, believing that a potentialAenemy thinks the same way you think. This was also reflected, he<says, in the CIA's belief that the Soviets regarded nuclear#weapons the same way Americans do:A   "Examples of mirror imaging would be, for example, the one in>which I was most directly involved, was the conviction of ourBintelligence community in the 60s and 70s, that the Russians lookAon the utility of nuclear weapons the way we do, which was, thatBthey have no other utility than to serve as a deterrent. In otherBwords, that they cannot be used in an offensive fashion. That wasAan unwarranted conclusion or premise, because there is plenty of@evidence that the Soviet high command regarded nuclear weapons,>nuclear missiles, as being ordinary weapons. That is, of much<greater magnitude than any we have had heretofore but still?ordinary weapons. They acted on the premise that inventions in<technology do not affect in any way the basic principles of8warfare. So this was a very fatal flaw in perceptions."9   A second basic problem for all intelligence services,@professor Pipes says, is that of political interference. Unlike@Angelo Codevilla, he believes that an intelligence organization@can and should examine the evidence objectively, without regard?for policy considerations, although he agrees that this may be<very difficult in practice. As an example, he describes theAdetente policy of President Richard Nixon and Secretary of StateHenry Kissinger:@   "When Nixon decided on an arms limitation agreement with theASoviet Union, the agency expressed grave doubts whether it would>be able to monitor these agreements. And pressure was broughtAupon it to agree that such surveyance and such monitoring can in>fact be quite successfully carried out. Similarly, during theBKorean war, doubts raised by the intelligence community about the>feasibility of winning this kind of war were also silenced. I?understand that when President Bush decided on coming to termsBwith Saddam Hussein in Iraq, before the Gulf War, on the premise,Bapparently intuitively arrived at, that he could be turned aroundAand brought into the fold, the intelligence community apparently:did not agree with it, but then again it fell into line."=   Compared to the intelligence services of other countries,6Professor Pipes says, the CIA's record is not so bad:?   "The vaunted English intelligence services, before the war,@quite misled the British government in its analysis of what theAGermans were up to; consistently did so. The German intelligence;service also misled the Nazi government. For example, they6advised Hitler that when the terms of the Nazi-SovietBnon-aggression pact of August, 1939, became public knowledge, the@British would pull out the guarantees they had given to Poland,=and the Germans could attack Poland with impunity. They were>wrong on that. The Russian intelligence service, it's hard to?know, because information is coming out all the time which may>contradict this, but it seems that the Russians were also not=quite aware of Nazi intentions to attack the Soviet Union in>1941, neither the intention to attack, nor the size and forceAwith which they would attack. the Japanese, for example, assured@the Japanese high command that they can strike Pearl Harbor and>destroy the American Pacific fleet with impunity, because theAAmericans, being businessmen, are not going to wage hopeless war>in the Pacific, but will come to terms. so if you look at theBhistory of intelligence services, it's not a very bright picture,Band the CIA should not be singled out, although I don't think any8country has ever devoted so much money and personnel tointelligence as we have."B   Professor Pipes believes that the American intelligence effort=needs centralized direction, and should be as independent as@possible in its judgments. Ambassador James Lilley emphaticallyagrees:=   "Political interference has twisted estimates, has caused>people to, as we say, please their superiors by bringing 'theBright' message. That kind of thing goes on, and I think we've got@to get away from that and be very independent. Transferring the>intelligence function to the State Department and the defense?department and abolishing CIA would be the wrong move, and for<this reason, the State Department intelligence apparatus isBalways influenced by policy, as is the defense establishment. And1you've got to divorce intelligence from policy."?   In the aftermath of the cold war, most observers agree that>the size of the American intelligence effort can be cut back.>Ambassador Lilley says that this is true of the CIA, and even>more true of the Defense Department, which spends far more onintelligence:B   "The featherbedding (overstaffing) in military intelligence is<very, very large. It's one of the biggest problems we have.AYou've got to get rid of the duplication in these people writing7military estimates, and doing the same thing. It's not)competitive analysis. It's duplication."<   In ambassador Lilley's view, John Deutch, who was deputyBsecretary of defense before he was appointed director of the CIA,=is ideally suited to deal with the task before him. A former>professor of chemistry and administrator at the MassachusettsBInstitute of Technology, Mr. Deutch says that the agency must and?will change, but the challenges facing it are no less daunting@than they were during the cold war. Gathering information which=will help to limit the spread of weapons of mass destruction;remains a top priority, but Mr. Deutch says there are manyothers:B   "The demands on intelligence are going to be even greater, the@demands on human, clandestine intelligence, in a world which is>fractionated, than in a world that characterized the bi-polarAcompetition. We have very new demands on us at a time when there9is growing international terrorism, international drugs,international crime.">   Well aware of the importance of maintaining good relations@with Congress, Mr. Deutch has named a deputy, George Tenet, who;was formerly the staff director at the Senate Intelligence@Committee. Aware that many women employees at the CIA have felt<their careers thwarted by the so-called "old boys' network"9within the agency, he has appointed Nora Slatkin, former?assistant secretary of the navy, to the third ranking positionBthere, that of executive director. John Deutch says that he looksconfidently to the future:?   "I am convinced that the people in the Central IntelligenceBAgency are enormously talented. They know that there are problemsBthere. They are eager to take part in a process for change. And IAhope that the new team that I have brought in there can catalyzeBthat change. So I do believe that we will see a different Central?Intelligence Agency several years from now, maybe even severalmonths from now."B   Just how much the CIA will change remains to be seen. But mostBobservers expect that it will survive well into the 21st century.   ---------------   ---------------   RACIAL POLITICS, 1996   DAVID BORGIDA   WHITE HOUSE?   After a five-month review, President Clinton this Wednesday?announced his support for government programs aimed at helpingAminorities and women attain equal opportunity. At the same time,=to those concerned some of the programs have created reverseAdiscrimination against white males, he called for reform of some=those programs which have proven to be ineffective. It was a@high-profile policy declaration with clear political overtones.:   "Let be me clear: Affirmative action has been good for
America."A   With those words, President Clinton drew the political battle4lines over race for the 1996 presidential campaign.?   Despite moving toward the political center in recent monthsBwith other domestic policy decisions, President Clinton, who grew@up in a segregated American south, decided he could not abandon>the politically-liberal wing of his party, which includes key&players in the civil rights movement.B   His pronouncement on affirmative action immediately drew sharp?criticism from Republican presidential aspirants embracing the;politically conservative ground, Texas Senator Phil Gramm,7California Governor Pete wilson, and Patrick Buchanan.?   The frontrunner for the Republican party nomination, Senate,majority leader Bob Dole, reacted this way:9   "The president has chosen confusion. He has chosen toAcomplicate an uncomplicated issue with an avalanche of words andAfine distinctions. This is not a difficult issue: Discrimination8is wrong. And preferential treatment is wrong, too. Our?government in Washington should unite the American people, notdivide us."A   Senator Dole, who does not want to see government endorsement?of any preferential treatment, also focused in on what criticsBsay is one of the president's political liabilities, a propensityBto try to please many different constituencies. In a statement toBthe Senate, Senator Dole said, in his words, "leadership is aboutAstaking out a clear and crisp principle and holding firm to it."4   Anticipating this, Clinton senior adviser George<Stephanopoulos, who led the adminstration's reassessment of<affirmative action, took just the opposite view, saying the@president's announcement will help in his 1996 re-election bid:A   "I think what people will be impressed by was the president's=commitment to his principles, to his personal history and to<moving forward. And I think that can't help but create some	energy."8   Civil rights activists were in fact energized by theApresident's announcement. But Clinton political advisers such as@Mr. Stephanopoulos are keeping their eyes on one in particular,Athe reverend Jesse Jackson. He has threatened a presidential bid=himself, and while he has little real chance of attracting aBwinning coalition, a Jackson campaign would take African-Americanvotes away from Bill Clinton.=   The Reverend Jackson was quoted as saying the president'sAaffirmative action announcement was, in his words, "presidentialAin the best sense of the word." But was it sufficient to prevent?him from running? That, he said shrewdly, "will take more than
one speech."@   All this proves that for President Clinton, a successful run>to re-election means looking in all directions for obstacles,.ahead and back, to the right and to the left.   ---------------   ---------------   AMERICAN DIGEST
   DAN NOBLE   WASHINGTONB   A museum specializing in bad art, a new olympic sport, and, an$   advocate for respiratory rights.   BAD ARTB   The West Roxberry section of Boston, Massachusetts is the home=of an establishment that celebrates artistic failure." JerryAWilson, curator of the Museum of Bad Art, or MOBA, says that "we:wanted to find things that are truly inspired attempts at5creating something but that just go horribly wrong."?   Mr. Wilson, who works full-time as an antiques dealer, told@The Wall Street Journal, that "about 75% of the works submitted?are rejected for showing too much technical skill." So far the%collection consists of 80-paintings.A   There are some standards. According to the curator "we wantedAto separate ourselves from people who collect dogs playing poker>or velvet Elvises," a reference to paintings of the late rockstar on black velvet.9   Visitors come by appointment, or to attend occasional8exhibitions "which attract as many as 130 aficionados."A   The museum puts out a weekly newsletter on the Internet where=Jerry Wilson and his partner, Jerry Reilly answer questions.>There is even a friends of Moba group which has approximately880-members. Louise Sacco, one of the patrons, says that="sometimes you're in a big museum and you say, 'how did thatBpicture get there? Am I missing something'? But in this case, you&know how it got there. It's bad art."   MOUNTAIN BIKES>   A popular sport will make its Olympic debut next year. The?Christian Science Monitor reports that "about a quarter of the>100 million bikes sold globally each year are mountain bikes,Awhich have earned a reputation as being fun and comfortable." In:fact, in the United States, the National Off-Road Bicycle.Association sanctions more than 1,000 events.:   In America, the sport thrives in California, the rocky?mountain region, and New England. And, Wendy Day, the Off-RoadBbike Association's communications director, told the monitor thatA"mountain biking is not exclusive to mountainous regions." It isAgaining popularity in the southeastern and Midwestern regions of
the country.:   Mountain bikes have fat, nubby tires to grip dirt, andBsometimes muddy, trails. Ned Overend, who the newspaper describes=as "one of the deans of mountain-biking professionals," saysAthat," this sport makes you feel like a kid." He also notes that>marathon-length cross-country races, which are his specialityB"combine the fitness of nordic skiing with the thrill of downhill@skiing." Mr. Overend, who is 39, is in contention at designated,races to make the 1996 U.S. olympic squad..   RESPIRATORY RIGHTS:   David Pugh, of Hamilton, Maryland, is described by theABaltimore Sun as a respiratory rights activist. Mr. Pugh, who is;sensitive to smells, says that he feels "like a bloodhound;sometimes, picking up scents that aren't offensive to most6people. But," he adds, "I have every right to breathefragrance-free air.";   Alan Hirsch, neurological director of the Smell & TasteBTreatment and Research Foundation in Chicago, Illinois, says that<"smells may stir such strong feelings because of the way we<perceive them. Once inside the body, a scent is immediately;picked up by the limbic system, the center for emotion and?memory." But Dr. Hirsch suggests that "the current controversy?over odor may be related to psychology as much as biology. The?problems a worker has with a colleague's cologne, he says, may0mask a deeper conflict about office relations.">   However, the Sun reports that "empowered by the victory ofAnonsmokers in reclaiming their airspace, sneezers and chemically:sensitive (people) alike are lobbying to limit secondhand	scents."A   Already there are some results. The University of Minnesota's<school of social work, asks students, faculty and staff "to@refrain from wearing any scented products in the building." And9Maryland's stony run friends meeting house "now offers a@scent-free service on Sunday mornings to accommodate worshiperswho can't tolerate Cologne."   ---------------   ---------------   KOREAN WAR MEMORIAL   TED LANDPHAIR   WASHINGTONB   This Thursday, presidents Clinton of the United States and Kim=of the republic of Korea will dedicate a new memorial on the=Washington Mall. It's a large complex made up of a series ofBmonuments to the men and women who served, and those who died, inAthe Korean War of the early 1950s. Most Korean War veterans feel?the memorial is long overdue, but now that it's finished, they@are impressed with both its realism and the way it symbolically represents the Korean conflict.B   The Korean War has been called "the forgotten war," because it@took place so far away, and it fell between the joy that markedBthe end of World War II and the bitterness of the war in Vietnam.@   In the 1970s, some of the stark realities of the Korean War,=in which 54,000 American troops and more than half a millionASouth Koreans and other United Nations forces died, were brought?home by the American television show "MASH" ["mash"], which is.still being seen in replays around the world.@   But veterans of the Korean War had quietly slipped back into:American life without fanfare. As Jack Murray of Abington:[abb-ing-ton], Massachusetts, who served as an army staffsergeant in the war, puts it:?   "We didn't expect any big parades. 'the silent generation,'9the fifties were called. You didn't blow your own horn."B   Even though widespread American involvement in the Vietnam WarAhad come along a decade after troops came home from Korea, thoseBwho died in Vietnam were memorialized first, in Maya Lin's movingAVietnam memorial wall. The success of the wall listing the names>of Vietnam casualties helped spur Congress to do something toBremember Korean War vets, and in 1986, it authorized the creationof a memorial to honor them.>   Ironically, it would take three times longer to design and=build the memorial than the Korean War itself took to fight.<   The Korean War Veterans Memorial was completed under the=direction of Washington, DC, architects Kent Cooper and Bill<Lecky, the same men who had supervised the Vietnam VeteransAMemorial project. More than 500 individuals and firms had bid on?the original design. The winning team later resigned as review7agencies began to tinker with their abstract concepts.B   The memorial has several components. Since Korea is remembered@as the "last foot soldier's war," the first element is a series=of nineteen stainless steel troopers, each a little over twoBmeters high, emerging from a grove and advancing up a hill toward?a huge American flag. Architect Kent Cooper,  who directed the;project, says each figure carries authentic military gear,0partially concealed under a poncho [rain cape]:A   "The poncho [rain cape] did several things. It gave a tone of>weather-beatenness, of adverse weather conditions such as our?troops faced in Korea. It gave us a sense of covering a lot of>hardware. It gave us a sense of movement, because the ponchos?[rain capes] are moving and blowing, and you can sense as theyAare dragged back or forward that a body has moved under them. So$we began to get a kinetic quality.">   The original idea for the memorial called for 38 troops inAmotion, symbolizing the 38th parallel that divided Korea and theA38 months of the war. Space would not allow so many figures, but@the image is achieved through the reflection of the 19 soldiers@on a polished granite wall. Etched into that wall are the faces6of 2,400 other support personnel, taken from archival@photographs. This is the work of graphic designer Louis Nelson,:who calls the wall the "nation's mantelpiece," because it@displays the photographs of its sons and daughters away at war.>   The third element of the memorial is a circular reflecting=pool on which the grim totals of more than two million dead,Bwounded, captured, and missing American and United Nations forcesare listed.>   Just two messages are inscribed in the Korean War Veterans<Memorial. The first, carved in the sidewalk in front of theadvancing soldiers, reads:   "Our nation honors%   "Her uniformed sons and daughters&   "Who answered their country's call*   "To defend a country they did not know&   "And a people they had never met."?   The memorial's simplest and most powerful message is carved0into the 50-meter-long wall of faces. It reads:   "Freedom is not free."B   Korean War veterans who have seen the memorial have been movedBby it. Norb Reiner [rine-er], Junior, of Johnstown, Pennsylvania,(served in a military-intelligence unit:>   "Those faces, you probably even see yourself in there. YouBrecognize people, although it's really not you, but it looks like@you. It looks like someone you know, living or dead. And behind<you are the statues, those stainless-steel statues. And youappear to become part of it."@   Robert Hansen, who is the executive director of the militaryAadvisory board that approved the final design, says the memorial(is a magnificent work of art, and more:=   "I venture to say, no memorial in the country, if not theBworld, truly gives honor to the veteran and his dedication to the@cause of freedom in the way this memorial does. I really feel a>veteran can visit this memorial ten different times, and he'sBgoing to see something different, something meaningful, something>special to him. To me, that's a definition of a great work of'art. It has so many dimensions to it.">   The Korean War Veterans Memorial cost just over 18-million@dollars. No tax money was involved. Every penny was raised from@donations from veterans, the sale of a special one-dollar coin,=and contributions from corporations, especially South Korean1companies that do business in the United States.   ---------------   ---------------1   NEW YORK CITY ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME ENFORCEMENT   MERCEDES SPROUSE   NEW YORK:   With crime down in New York City, police in a Brooklyn@precinct have announced a campaign to combat crimes against the
environment.B   Residents in Brooklyn's 90th precinct had complained to police=for years about men carrying barrels of waste into abandoned@buildings or factory chimneys spewing green smoke. There are 33=solid-waste transfer stations in the area and 12 plants that$churn toxic emissions into the air.?   With major crime down by nearly 25 percent, police say they@are able to divert about 40 officers to attend seminars on what>constitutes an environmental violation then enforce the laws.A   Officers will be on the lookout for polluting cars or people.?Those who open fire hydrants for relief on a hot summer day orBset fires on a cold winter night may face a citation. And, policeAplan to investigate complaints of mysterious odors or reports of(toxic chemicals being dumped illegally.?   The commanding officer of the 90th precinct, Captain Albert=Girimonte, considers the environment part of the community's
problems:;   "As police officers we always had the power but we just;directed our energies and resources to the crime problem.">   Local officers would alert state and federal environmental@protection agencies of alleged crimes and enforcement progress.=If successful, Captain Girimonte believes the program may be:expanded into other city neighborhoods with environmental
problems.B   Officials of the Environmental Protection Agency in WashingtonBsay they welcome enforcement help from any local authorities. TheAnews from Brooklyn comes at a time when congressional critics ofBthe environment agency want to to cut its funding and examine the6services it provides as well as the laws it enforces.   ---------------   ---------------   TO SUE OR NOT TO SUE   MERCEDES SPROUSE   NEW YORK<   Americans increasingly take each other to court and some<critics say it is the consumers who eventually pay and U.S.<liability laws should be reformed. Defenders of the present/system contend the problem is being overblown.B   In 1987, a man in San Antonio, Texas, claimed injuries when he?was thrown several meters by the force of a wind-whipped flag.=The man sued the flag manufacturer, claiming the flag was anBunreasonably dangerous product, defective because it contained no@warning label. He also argued the flagpole was constructed in a/way which allowed a person to become airborne.@   The flag company owner, Pete Van De Putte, found the charges?ludicrous. His company sold the flag and its pole, but did not<make them. Against Mr. Van De Putte's wishes, his insurance=company paid the man six thousand dollars in what Mr. Van De#Putte considers a frivolous claim:?   "I think the that the real danger of not just this personal@lawsuit but the whole climate is the fact that we (our company)@find ourselves making decisions every day, not based on what isBnecessarily best for our customers and our employees, but what is,going to give us the least legal exposure."=   Other critics argue excessive monetary damages awarded to9frivolous lawsuits cost society millions of dollars when*companies raise prices to pay for claims.@   Maggie Gallagher, a New Jersey-based columnist on social and?liability issues, further argues excessive lawsuits inevitably?deprive women of advanced health care. As an example, she says>the manufacturers of the abortion pill, RU-4-86, are avoiding>marketing it in the United States because of legal threats byanti-abortion activists::   "A system which is set up to discourage innovation, to?discourage new products is not a system which benefits women."A   The U.S. Senate and House of Representatives have each passed<bills to limit civil damage suits. But critics want further@reform to restrict the number of lawsuits filed on a particular9claim or the amount of money lawyers can earn in a case.@   But Yale law professor George Priest argues caps on punitive0damages only treat the symptoms of the problem:B   "The heart of the matter is that courts have expanded theoriesAof liability and grounds upon which people can bring suits. As a@consequence, more suits have been brought. My recommendation isBfor courts to scale back the standards of liability so that thereBare fewer lawsuits altogether. That will have, in turn, an effect!on the total number of damages."A   New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani notes the city paid more than@268 million dollars in liability claims last year. He says thatBcould have covered the salaries of 5,800 police officers or 7,400new school teachers.B   A Harvard University study indicates that more than 80 percent@of the time, liability laws accomplish what they set out to do:8Force companies to produce better products or services.A   A spokeswoman for the association of trial lawyers in AmericaBsays lawyers see very few cases which ask for millions of dollars>to settle a claim. Still, the prospect for an overhaul of the!civil justice system is growing.?   To combat the change, trial lawyers re-directed strategy atBtheir recent annual convention in New York. They seemed intent on;convincing reform-minded Republicans that too much federalBinvolvement in civil lawsuits will take away from states' rights.AOther trial lawyers turned their money and attention to consumer)groups which support the present system.   ---------------   ---------------   "HEIGH-HO MOZART"   MARY MORNINGSTAR   WASHINGTON?   The Delos record company, based in California has developedAseveral projects in recent years to introduce classical music toAyoung people. The American label's latest effort is a collection)of 16 classically-arranged Disney songs.A   How do you make classical music more accessible and appealingBto new audiences? Delos Records' product manager Al Lutz pondered@that question for years and came up with the idea of presenting?famous Disney melodies in the style of mozart, Tchaikovsky and=other classical composers. Although the collection is geared9toward young listeners, Lutz feels adults will enjoy thearrangements as well:?   "In a way, we're appealing to the parents because this is a>pretty sophisticated record in some ways. The melodies may beBsimple, but the arrangements are very clever and there's a lot of<composers who aren't the immediately familiar ones. I thinkBpeople would know who beethoven is, they would know who mozart isA(but) they don't know who Bartok is or Dvorak. This record, in a4very easy way, allows people to hear these things."@   British arranger Donald Frasier was responsible for matching;each of the 16 songs on "Heigh-Ho! Mozart" to a particular<composer's style. Some examples include "With a Smile and a?Song," from "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," in the style ofBChopin; "Can You Feel The Love Tonight," from "The Lion King," in@the style of Tchaikovsky; and, "Beauty and the Beast," arrangedin the style of Rachmaninoff.=   Another children's favorite is Donald Frasier's classical>arrangement of "Colors of the Wind" from the new Disney film,"Pocohontas."?   With these instantly recognizable melodies Al Lutz explainsBhis desire to reach a younger generation of classical music fans:?   "What I'm hoping for, and I think this is the goal, is that?when they hear an album like this and they play it a couple of@times and they like it, the next time they're tuning across theB(radio) dial for a station to listen to, they won't automatically=skip over the classical station. They'll stay there and say,B'i've heard this kind of music before and I like it. What else is:there for me to hear?' we're just trying to broaden their
horizon.";   Featured artists on "Heigh-Ho! Mozart" include renowned=pianist Carol Rosenberger, flutist Eugenia Zukerman, the Los>Angeles Guitar Quartet, the English Chamber Orchestra and the<Shanghai String Quartet. Carol Rosenberger also acted as an;executive producer on the collection. Head of the artist &=repertoire department at Delos, she has long been passionate3about introducing young people to classical music:>   "I just hope that in some way or other we can find ways to>open the door. Because I think once they experience it and if@they experience it early when the hearing is so sensitive, whenBthe ear is so sensitive and when one is so impressionable, then I@think that experience will speak for itself and it will develop=on its own. If you take a familiar tune and you hear it in a?different setting, then what's going to stand out is what that@particular setting contributes to your experience of a familiartune."B   During classical music month in September, Delos Records plans9to distribute a school study guide, which links the song=arrangements to the classical sources that inspired them. In@addition, several of the featured artists will perform selected>concert dates later this year before embarking on a full pops8orchestra tour in 1996. Inspired by Johann Strauss II's?"Pizzicato Polka," the English chamber orchestra performs thisAnew arrangement of the children's favorite, "who's afraid of thebig bad wolf."   ---------------   ---------------   CAMERAS IN U.S. COURTROOMS   MARILYN SILVEY   WASHINGTON?   The massive publicity surrounding the murder trial of famed=athlete OJ Simpson has renewed a debate in the United States>about the role of the media in courtrooms. Some observers areAsaying the Simpson trial would be over by now if it were not forthe television cameras.=   It actually goes back to the U.S. constitution. The firstBamendment to the constitution protects the freedom of the press -Awhile the sixth amendment protects accused criminals and ensures@them of "the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartialAjury." So the question becomes, can the constitutional rights to+a free press and a fair trial be balanced??   Research analyst John Killian of the Congressional Research8Service believes that in most cases, the answer is yes:@   "To some extent, the two rights reinforce each other, in theAcontext of what it is a public trial is supposed to demonstrate.<It's supposed to demonstrate to the public that the justice@system is functioning well, that justice is being administered,Bthat fairness is being administered, that laws are being executed3and that wrongdoers are being brought to justice.";   Trials have always been open, and Americans have always?attended them, points out Georgetown Law School professor PaulRothstein:B   "People always, from the beginning of our country, always wentAto trials, attended trials. Courtrooms were built to accommodateBthe public. Cameras in the courtroom is just an extension of thatidea."A   Newspaper coverage of trials in the United States has existed=since the early days of the nation. The first major trial to@receive electronic media coverage was the famous "monkey trial"?in Tennessee in 1925, when schoolteacher John Scopes was tried#for teaching evolution in schools.A   The first televised trials occurred in the 1950s, and camerasAentered American courtrooms in a big way in the 1970s, beginning@in the state of Florida, where the Florida Supreme Court agreed@to allow the media to videotape all trials. Now 47 states allow?news media cameras and microphones in courtrooms - with judges@often having broad discretion over what can be covered, or if a@trial can be covered at all. Cameras are not allowed in federalcourts.>   What difference does having cameras in the courtroom make??Many lawyers say cameras are unobtrusive and, by now, routine,9and have no effect on any of the participants. ProfessorRothstein isn't so sure:=   "The attorneys sometimes do tend to play for the cameras,9there is some grandstanding (showing off), witnesses are;sometimes intimidated by the cameras, jurors may also feel?somewhat intimidated by the cameras - although in most trials,,we're very careful not to show the jurors."?   Usually, a judge can also bar a witness from being shown on=camera - for instance, a young child, or anyone who might be8intimidated outside the courtroom. It is considered theAresponsibility of a trial judge to keep order and administer theAcourtroom so that no one's rights are impaired. John Killian, of=the Congressional Research Service, believes that, in the OJASimpson trial, the attorneys are indeed guilty of performing for8the television cameras. He says Judge Lance Ito has not$maintained order as he should have:?   "The great difficulty with televising trials is revealed inBthe Simpson trial, where, until recently, Judge Ito has exercised7practically no governance over the lawyers, either the:prosecution or the defense, where the questioning and theAgrandstanding has gone on for a long time. If this trial had notAbeen televised, it would have ended a long time ago; it's simply<that the lawyers have attempted to wring out of the time onAtelevision every possible advantage that could be gained, and it7demonstrates a breakdown of the trial judge system for>maintaining order and maintaining the proper functioning of acourtroom."<   Media coverage of trials generally does not seem to work:against defendants. Over the years, the great majority of?defendants in the most highly publicized U.S. trials have beenacquitted by juries.@   Professor Paul Rothstein, of Georgetown law School, believes;the American people gain a great deal by being able to see2televised gavel-to-gavel coverage of court cases:A   "I think it's important that people understand in some detailAhow the courts work, so that, for example, they're not afraid ofAcourts, and courts become something that's kind of part of their>life, so that when they do have disputes, they use the courts*rather than fight it out in the streets."A   Professor Rothstein also believes the OJ Simpson murder trial*is having a unifying effect on Americans:=   "It's good for the nation to live through this experienceBtogether, this o-j Simpson case. Living through experiences makes;a nation one nation, especially when you have all kinds of<diverse people living under one roof. Living through commonBexperiences, even if people are hollering at each other about it,Bis something that makes a nation, a nation. Everybody, everywhere;is talking about this trial; it's a common experience that-everybody in the nation is having together."B   And, of course, that could not be happening if it were not forthe extensive media coverage.   ---------------   ---------------   EXPANDING AQUACULTURE   MARTIN SECREST   WASHINGTON>   Have you bought any fresh fish lately? If so, you may have?noticed that prices have gone up, due to the increasing demand@and dwindling supplies, overharvesting has pushed about half of>the world's major fisheries into serious decline. Experts say=that within a generation, nearly half the fish consumed will>likely come not from boats on the ocean, but from aquaculture@farms, inland and coastal fish "ranches." These ranches will beBnecessary to support production of the world's fifth largest farmcommodity.?   Aquaculture, or "fish farming," is a relatively new form ofBfood production. China was the first country to practice it a few6thousand years ago and continues to lead the world inBaquaculture, but today, other countries, such as India, Thailand,BJapan, and the United States are also raising significant numbers7of fish in artificial ponds. But even though worldwideBaquaculture production is expanding by more than nine percent per<year, this expansion still may not be enough to meet futureAdemand. That's the view of at least one prominent marine expert,:John Bardach [pr. "Bar'-dock"] of the east-west center inAHonolulu, Hawaii. According to Mr. Bardach, seafood now accounts?for one-fourth of the world's animal flesh consumption, and he=says that demand for seafood will increase along with globalpopulation:<   "We know that the commercial fisheries of the world haveAreached their economic and ecologic limits, that the fish 'take'>in the world is limited by natural conditions, so if there is:going to be an increase in demand in high quality aquatic<proteins, then one would look to aquaculture to make up theBshortfall. But the shortfall, based on population forecasts, will*be such that aquaculture cannot fill it."B   While Mr. Bardach has doubts about the capacity of aquacultureBto meet the future demand for fish, he says that great strides in?the technology are being made. He says aquaculture farmers are:learning how to produce healthier fish in much less time:8   "Now, we are getting at fish breeding in a much moreBintensified manner, and during the next 10 or 15 years or so, you@can look forward to tremendous advances in the varieties and inBthe breeding of fish to give you a much greater advantage, better<food conversion, better growth, etc. This is already takingplace."?   Currently, milkfish, mullet, carp and catfish are among the?most commonly farmed species of fish around the world. A hardyBfish from Africa nicknamed the "super talapia" is being touted as@a good tasting, high-yield species that will soon become common>in the marketplace. Among the countries active in aquaculture4today, John Bardach says China still leads the way:@   "The main reason that China is so advanced is that there's aBlong, long tradition, it's over a thousand years old, aquaculture7in China. Thailand is beginning to figure very much in=aquaculture also, but mainly for export, for shrimp. Several;states in India are beginning to look to aquaculture as an@interesting possibility, because in the east, in countries with@low GNP, aquaculture contributes much more to protein nutritionthan in the west."A   Even as techniques for aquaculture improve, John Bardach says@these improvements will not come soon enough to halt the risingprice of fish:?   "Fish have become more expensive, on the average, than meat@now. That didn't used to be so when I was a boy. We control theAproduction of meat; we don't control the production of fish yet.@Only with aquaculture do we control the production of fish, but<that will take 50 to 100 years to accomplish, to completelyAcontrol that production. So I predict that fish will become moreexpensive still."@   John Bardach is an accomplished aquatic scientist and senior@fellow emeritus at the east-west center in Honolulu, Hawaii. He9recently chaired an international symposium in Hawaii on?sustainable aquaculture. Although aquaculture will continue to?develop rapidly in the near future, he says, there are still aAnumber of problems to be overcome, such as disease control, feedBwaste management and environmental safety, and solutions to these#problems will come only with time.   ---------------   ---------------   COMPUTER DIGEST
   DAN NOBLE   WASHINGTON?   Growing numbers of Americans are on-line, consumer problems=purchasing high-tech equipment, a rating system for computer?networks, and, a computer manufacturer takes a new look at theconsumer market.   ON-LINE?   The Christian Science Monitor reports that "about 7 million@households in the United States subscribe to a consumer on-line;service." The newspaper says that the industry leaders are?Compuserve, America Online, and Prodigy. These three companiesA"are among those who share consumer on-line revenues, which wereAbetween $800 million and $900 million last year and are expected#to exceed $1.2 billion this year."
   BUYING?   According to the USA Today newspaper "next to a house and a?car, a computer purchase could be the most complex transactionAyou are likely to encounter. Adding to the pressure are constant<innovations that can make today's purchases seem positively;quaint in a few months." But, Jim Barry of the electronics=industry association, says that "as a practical matter, very?little becomes obsolete. Most people," he adds, "buy computers9for some specific application, and you can still do that5application even if there are faster ways to do it."   RATINGS>   A group of more than 50-companies, "including the nation'sBleading hardware and software concerns, is planning to change the?Internet's most popular software, making it possible to create@rating systems similar to those used in the movie and videogame>business to warn of violent or sexual material." The New YorkBTimes says that "the new software feature, to be added later this>summer to the Internet's popular world wide web service, will?allow parents, schools and other organizations to use a rating>system to screen categories of material from children or from@anyone who might find it objectionable." Eric Schmidt, chairmanBof the Internet society, told the newspaper that "this is another@good example of how the Internet adapts to the situation aroundit."   IBMA   In 1994, iBM sold 700,000 home personal computers. During the@same period, Packard Bell, the market leader sold more than two<million. Business week magazine reports that ibm, which hasAtraditionally marketed its computers for schools and offices, isAnow creating a new consumer division. The plan, according to theAmagazine is to have the consumer-oriented unit "feed fresh ideasAto the company's researchers, who will develop products that hitAthe next consumer trend at just the right time." Vadim Zlotnikov?an analyst with Sanford C. Bernstein & Company says that "theyAhave to prove that they have the ability to deliver that productat the right price."   ---------------   ---------------   MUSIC NOTES   MARY MORNINGSTAR   WASHINGTON   POP NUMBER ONE HITS:H   1955 - Bill Haley & His Comets "(We're Gonna) Rock Around the clock"=   1965 - The Rolling Stones "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"!   1975 - Van McCoy "The Hustle"-   1985 - Paul Young "Everytime You Go Away"   1995- TLC "Waterfalls"   MUSIC NEWS:@   32-year-old British pop star George Michael and Sony RecordsBhave finally reached an agreement in their three-year contractual?dispute. Dreamworks/SKG Records, his new North American recordAdistributor, and Virgin Records, Michael's overseas distributor,@reportedly paid more than $30 million to free him from his Sony@contract. Michael is currently working on a new album, which isBtentatively scheduled for release early next year. Dreamworks SKG<plans to release its first single, "Like Jesus to a Child,"=   On July 25th, controversial rap act Public Enemy will sayAtheir goodbyes at a farewell concert at London's Hackney Empire.>The BBC and MTV are in negotiations to videotape the show for2broadcast in Europe and the U.S. at a later date.;   Guitar legend Les Paul was forced to cancel a NashvilleAperformance after collapsing at his New Jersey home. Despite the@cancellation, some scheduled events continued in celebration ofPaul's 80th birthday.:   Atlanta-based Intersound Records will release KC & The?Sunshine Band's new live album, "Get Down Live," on July 25th.<The collection contains remixed versions of some of the pop>group's biggest hits, including "That's The Way (I Like It),"B"Get Down Tonight" and "Please Don't Go," as well as new versionsof several 1970's classics.   NEW ALBUM RELEASES:>   New albums scheduled for release on July 25th include: "E.@1999 Eternal" by Bone Thugs N' Harmony on Ruthless Records; the=soundtracks to "Postcards from America" and "Kids" on London>Records; the self-titled debut collection by 311 on Capricorn>Records; "Love Daddy" by Prince Markie Dee on Motown Records;;"Old friends" by Chris Anderson on Relativity Records; theBsoundtrack to "Empire" on A&M Records; "A Who Dat?" By MystidiousAMisfits on Sony 550 Records; the self-titled debut album by BoysAof Paradise on Rhythm Safari/Priority Records; "Lyrical Gangsta"Bby Ini Kamoze on Eastwest Records; and, "Hurt City" by Stacy DeanCampbell on Columbia Records.&   MUSICAL EVENTS/FESTIVALS/BENEFITS:>   On July 24-26, Linda Ronstadt, Michael Feinstein, Rosemary?Clooney and others will perform at New York's Carnegie Hall in?honor of Frank Sinatra's 80th birthday and his contribution toAAmerican music. The event will kick off the city's summer series>"American Popular Music Celebration," which will showcase the)work of legendary artists and composers.;   On July 29th, newport, Rhode Island will host the first:Newport Rhythm & Blues Festival at Fort Adams State Park.8Proceeds from the event will benefit the Rhythm & Blues>Foundation. Among the artists scheduled to perform are Bonnie1Raitt, Sam Moore, Don Henley, and Solomon Burke.   BIRTHDAYS THIS WEEK:?   Singer-songwriter Pam Tillis will turn 38 on July 24th. TheAdaughter of country veteran Mel Tillis, Pam performed pop, rock,>jazz, and even disco music before recording her first country@album in 1990. Her songs have been recorded by Dan Seals, Juice>Newton, rhythm-and-blues vocalist Chaka Khan and disco singerBGloria Gaynor. Pam's country hits include "Maybe It Was Memphis,"<"Shake the Sugar Tree" and "Let That Pony Run." Her current<album, "Sweetheart's Dance," has sold more than one millionBcopies and has spawned four chart singles, including Pam's latesthit, "In Between Dances."?   On July 26th, the Rolling Stones' lead vocalist Mick JaggerAwill celebrate his 52nd birthday. Jagger helped form the Rolling@Stones in 1963. Over the next three decades, the group recordedAsuch hits as "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction," "Honky Tonk Women"Band "Miss You." Jagger has also recorded several solo albums, andAin 1985, he and David Bowie reached the top ten with "Dancing in@the Street," a song they performed at London's Live Aid benefit?concert. The Rolling Stones will wrap up their current "VoodooBLounge" tour on August 19th in Hockenheim, Germany. The year-long@concert tour has grossed over $250 million and has been seen by3more than six-and-a-half million people worldwide.?   Singer Maureen McGovern will turn 46 on July 27th. In 1973,>McGovern recorded the million-selling number one single, "The@Morning After." In addition to her successful recording career,>she has appeared in motion pictures and starred in Broadway's"Pirates of Penzance."?   On July 29th, Canadian rock singer Geddy Lee will celebrate@his 42nd birthday. In the late 1960's, Lee formed Rush, a group?best-known for such rock classics as "Closer to the Heart" and"Tom Sawyer."!   AWARDS PRESENTATIONS/WINNERS:=   Singer Vince Gill will host the 29th annual Country MusicBAssociation Awards, which will be handed out at Nashville's Grand>Ole Opry on October 4th. Gill is the reigning entertainer andAmale vocalist of the year and has won a record-breaking fourteen=CMA Awards. This year's nominees will be announced on August15th.=   For the first time ever, New York City will host the 1995BBillboard music awards. The ceremony, which honors the number one?artists and songs of the year, will be held on December 6th atAthe Coliseum. During the awards show, Joni Mitchell will receive0Billboard's highest honor, the "Century Award."   TOUR DATES/INFORMATION:?   On July 26th, British rock performer Alan parsons will kick@off his first concert tour of the U.S. In Sante Fe, New Mexico.<Parsons is launching the 15-city tour in support of his newalbum, "The Very Best Live."   FACTS FROM THE PAST:=   7/23/51 - Rosemary Clooney's "Come On-a My House" reached=number one on Billboard's pop single's chart. With this hit,@"Rosie" achieved national fame and went on to appear in severalfilm and television roles.>   7/24/76 - Elton John scored his first major hit in England?with "Don't Go Breaking My Heart." Prior to its release, Elton@made several appearances at the top of the American charts withBsongs such as "Crocodile Rock," "Bennie and the Jets" and "IslandGirl."B   7/25/69 - Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young gave their first live>performance which was held at New York's famous Fillmore East=nightclub. The California-based group's biggest hits include/"Woodstock," "Teach Your Children" and "Ohio.":   7/26/92 - Motown singer Mary Wells died in Los Angeles<following a two-year battle with throat cancer. She was 49.<Wells' biggest hit was the 1964 number one single "My Guy."8   7/27/84 - Prince's film "Purple Rain" premiered. The<soundtrack to the motion picture sold 17 million copies andAproduced five chart hits, including the number one singles "When:Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy." Prince now prefers to beBidentified with a gender-blending symbol and is often referred to1as the artist formerly known as Prince (TAFKAP).A   7/28/73 - 600,000 people converged at Watkins Glenn RacetrackAin New York for "Summer Jam." The event featured performances by5the Grateful Dead, the band and the Allman Brothers.;   7/29/59 - The Isley Brothers recorded their first chart?single, "Shout." The group's follow-up hits included "This Old9Heart of Mine," "It's Your Thing" and "Fight the Power."   ---------------   ---------------1   PILOBOLUS: A FUNGUS OR A MODERN DANCE COMPANY   KEMING KUO&   DURHAM, N.CAROLINA & COLUMBIA, MD.7   Perhaps only biologists would recognize "pilobolus"B[pih-lah-bo-lus] as a type of fungus. For everyone else, the name>pilobolus represents a unique style of modern dance: A little@athleticism, a little humor, a lot of artistic creativity. Now,?on the eve of its 25th anniversary season, the Pilobolus Dance9Theater continues to delight audiences around the world,Bincluding those at the Joyce Theater in New York City, where they+will be in residence through early August.:   A recent [7/18] review in The New York Times newspaper:described a performance by the Pilobolus Dance Theater as5"exhilarating" and "intriguing." Indeed for nearly a=quarter-century, audiences continue to find the synchronizedAmovements of the dancers' bodies, crawling, falling, leaping and;balancing, exhilarating. And Pilobolus fans are constantlyAintrigued by the humor, joy and insight of the company's dances.BThe group's four men and two women may wear skin-tight dancewear,=elaborate period costumes, or almost nothing at all. Just as<diverse is Pilobolus' music accompaniment, ranging from theAclassical, orchestral sounds of Dmitri Shostakovich to the jazzyAsaxophone of Jane Ira Bloom, heard with one of Pilobolus' newestdances, "Sextet.":>   Pilobolus was formed in 1971 when two university students,;Moses Pendleton and Jonathan Wolken, took a dance class at6Dartmouth College and were assigned to choreograph an=improvisational dance. A teacher was so impressed with their;unique style of movement that Mr. Pendleton and Mr. Walker@decided to form a new dance company. They named it after a kind=of fungus, pilobolus, and invited two other dancers to join, Alison Chase and Robby Barnett.B   Mr. Barnett recalls the preparation for their first "Big Time"<performance in New York City  a program of dance and music.>   "We went up to moses' farm in Lyndonville, Vermont. And we?choreographed a quartet in a squash court. When we went to NewBYork a month and a half later, the dance component was Pilobolus:?A trio, a solo that I did, and our squash court quartet called>'walk Lyndon', a piece we're still performing 25 years later.BThen we had the musical component, Jonathan playing his banjo. WeAhad some grain barrels and we banged on the bottom of those, andBwe had a Congo drum and played it. When the review came out, they?said the dance was good, but the music was kind of lame. So weAthought, we'll go with the dance thing. if we had gotten support/on our music, maybe we'd be rock stars today."?   Of the original four dancers, all but Moses Pendleton still@serve as artistic directors of Pilobolus. Another early companyBmember, Michael Tracy, is also a current artistic director. And a@sixth, original Pilobolus dancer, Martha Clarke, has gone on to;form her own troupe. As the years have passed, new companyBperformers have replaced the original dancers. One of the currentAPilobolus dancers, Adam Battelstein, says he's proud to continue;the unique movement style created by the original company:A   "All the directors, the original members of the company, were>athletes of one sort or another and were not trained dancers.@they never went on to become highly-skilled, technical dancers:;They never studied a lot of ballet, or even modern [dance]Btechnique. What they had was wonderful instinct for movement. I'mAalways amazed when they get up on the floor and start showing us<things, because they're all great movers. I think what they?brought was a sense of childlike play, humor, athleticism, all:those things that dance really had never seen in that way	before.":   Mr. Battelstein, who talked about Pilobolus during its?residency last month at the American Dance Festival in Durham,:North Carolina, described the company's universal appeal:A   "People have accused us of being the modern dance company for?people who don't like modern dance. But we're [also] a company?that people who love modern dance, love. We kind of cut across>all borders. There may be some people who feel that we're not;abstract enough to really qualify as high art. I find that-Pilobolus has an amazingly broad following.":   The Pilobolus Dance Theater has performed in dozens of:countries, and company member Adam Battlestein says he is6fascinated by the different reactions from audiences:?   The Germans are surprisingly enthusiastic and vocal. People<don't think of German people as being that way. But they're>incredibly enthusiastic and great people to perform for.  TheBAsians are very polite; they try not to make any noise during the>entire show until the end. It's a little disconcerting for usAbecause a lot of our work is funny and we're listening carefullyBto the audience, to hear for laughs. We're 'judging' the audienceAand trying to [assess] them by their response. Often that's very3difficult in Korea, Taiwan, and especially Japan."<   Artistic director Robby Barnett recently spent a week in9Columbia, Maryland, leading dance classes as part of the="Pilobolus Institute." He says company members were at first)reluctant to teach their movement style:@   "People used to ask us to teach 'Pilobolus technique,' which?we kind of laughed at. I think to some degree the tradition ofBthe dance priests and priestesses to take their own idiosyncraticBways of moving, and codify that into some kind of technique, just@didn't seem applicable to us. But we began finally to feel thatAmaybe Pilobolus technique was more of a choreographic process, aBway of eliciting from ourselves and our dancers, movement that is<really natural to that. And we began to think maybe this isBsomething that's teachable. we humorously said, 'all right, we'llBstart the Pilobolus Institute.' this will be the umbrella for allour educational activities."A   The Pilobolus Institute now includes teacher training, school<events, and public lecture-demonstrations, as well as danceBclasses. Robby Barnett says he hopes to continue both performanceBand educational outreach as part of Pilobolus' activities, as the)company starts its next quarter century.   ---------------   ---------------   1996 OLYMPICS PREVIEW   CHRIS SIMKINS   NEW YORKB   One year from now the United States will play host to the 1996?olympic games in (the southern U.S. city of) Atlanta, Georgia.AOrganizers of the Atlanta Olympics were in New York Wednesday to=preview what people can expect from the international games.A   After five years of building up and gearing up, only one yearBremains until 10,000 athletes from nearly 200 countries gather in8Atlanta, Georgia, for the 1996 olympic games. At a newsBconference in New York, members of the Atlanta olympic organizing?committee gave reporters a preview of the coming Olympics, the&world's largest sporting competition.=   So far, organizers say preparations for the games, taking=place on the 100th anniversary of the modern Olympics, is onAschedule and within budget. They say the games will cost one and@one half billion dollars, with most of the money raised throughcorporate sponsorship.B   The organizing committee says one of its biggest priorities inBplanning the olympic games is security. Four thousand police will@protect the athletes and the two million spectators expected toattend.@   Promoters say they are concerned about price gouging, peopleBcharging excessively high prices to attend the games. Bill Crane,@director of marketing for the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, said?people should beware of companies such as travel agencies that>offer high priced hotel packages and tickets to the Olympics:A   "If someone were to try and sell you today here in New York a@ticket to the opening ceremonies for two thousand dollars and a;hotel room is included, then they do not have the ticket."9   The Olympic Committee says 11 million tickets will be>available for the Olympics, with the largest block for soccer=matches. Scott Mall, communications director for the Atlanta;Organizing Committee, said officials were surprised by the8results of their first U.S. mail order ticket campaign:A   "We are over-subscribed, meaning there are more ticket orders>than there are seats for a great many of our sports including<things like archery, fencing, judo, weightlifting and beach=volleyball, sports that you would think mainstream Americans;would have less interest in. I think one of the lessons we>learned out of that is that there is a great demand to see an?olympic event, almost no matter what it is because you will be@seeing world class athletes, whether they are fencers, archers,cyclists or whatever."<   Olympic organizers say olympic tickets for international=spectators will be available next February. Promoters of the=Olympics says they should be able to meet most of the demand?because there will be more tickets and seats available for the;1996 Olympics than there were during the games held in Los?Angeles and Barcelona combined. They say the people who cannot7purchase tickets will be able to watch the Olympics on@television. World-wide viewership is expected to top 35 millionpeople.   ---------------   ---------------%   ATLANTA PREPARES FOR THE OLYMPICS
   DAN NOBLE   WASHINGTONB   Next year the southern city of Atlanta, Georgia, will host theB1996 summer olympic games. The opening ceremonies will take placeBon July 19th and the athletic competition will end on August 4th.9   According to news reports, "sales of licensed olympic?merchandise already have surpassed $250 million, which exceeds?the total sales figure for the 1984 Los Angeles games." Ticketorders have also been high.>   According to Spurgeon Richardson, is the head of Atlanta's Convention and Visitors Bureau:A   "We've got a total of 11-million tickets and we have an awful@lot of tickets we can sell. We've got more than Los Angeles andABarcelona combined. So everybody will have an opportunity to see<an awful lot of olympic events when they come to this city.B   "We have a total of 80,000 hotel rooms within a two hour driveBof this city. We've got other options. We've got private housing.@We've got dormitories and a lot of the people, about 20-percent>of the people, will be staying with friends and neighbors andrelatives."B   A new olympic stadium, seating 85,000 people is being built to=accommodate track and field events. Nearby, olympic baseball@competition will take place at Atlanta's Fulton County Stadium,9which seats 52,000. For gymnastics, Georgia dome will be:re-configured to hold 32,000 spectators. And Georgia Tech<University will host swimming events at its newly completedBaquatics center. Bill Moss, managing director of construction for<the Olympic Organizing Committee says that the city will beready:?   "Actually, we are in pretty good shape. We're on a schedule@that we developed about three years ago that puts us in getting?construction completed in 1995 with everything but the olympic@stadium and just leaving adaptation work to do to get ready forthe games in 1996."<   One of the people responsibility for bringing the summer;olympic games to Atlanta is Andrew Young, former member of>Congress an ex-ambassador to the United Nations, and a former=mayor of the city. Mr. Young, now co-chairman of the AtlantaOrganizing Committee, says:A   "It means that Atlanta and the American south will finally beBrecognized around the world as we think 'the real usa'. You know,@when we went around people didn't know much about Atlanta. TheyAhad an image of 'gone with the wind' or the turmoil of the civilArights movement. But we created a brave and beautiful city here,@in fact there are special things happening in this region, from<Virginia all around to Texas, that nobody yet knows about."B   Mister Young says that his city has already benefited by beingchosen to host the Olympics:8   "For us, three corporations made Atlanta their world=headquarters the morning after we won the games. We've had aBsteady increase in investment and job growth. In fact Georgia has=led the nation in job growth in the last five years. That is"largely because of the Olympics."@   Next year, at this time, the 1996 summer Olympics will beginBin Atlanta, Georgia. Andrew young and the rest of the citizens of7Atlanta say they will be ready before the games begin.   ---------------   ---------------%   PAUL HARDCASTLE, "JAZZMASTERS II"   DOUG LEVINE   WASHINGTON, D.C.6   After more than eighteen months on the charts with?"Jazzmasters I," Paul Hardcastle returns with his long-awaited@sequel. "Jazzmasters II" includes more of the breezy, pulsating9instrumentals that he's known for, plus six vocal tracks@featuring longtime collaborator Helen Rogers. At 37, Hardcastle7says lyrics have become an integral part of his sound:A   "The first 'Jazzmasters' album, the first track we did, was a?track called 'Last Summer.' it was just an instrumental track.?Then we did about three more instrumentals, and I just thoughtAthere could be another dimension added to it. And I remember howBhelen's voice was, and I thought it would be a really nice way of?just really enhancing the whole sound. But what I did, I stillBused the sax or the piano or something to do the main melody, andBhave the vocal just doing the chorus refrain which seemed to workreally nicely."?   Paul Hardcastle was always fascinated by tape recorders and>synthesizers. In 1980, while working as a stereo salesman, he?bought a synthesizer and joined the British dance bands Direct>Drive and First lIght. His first American single "Rainforest"=went to number one on the rhythm-and-blues and dance charts,@followed by his controversial club hit "19." Hardcastle says he>never intended to write a protest song about the Vietnam War:B   "The thing is, the record wasn't saying what was right or what>was wrong about it. I didn't know. I wasn't in Vietnam. All IBknow was that I watched a tv program, and all I did was basically>took some of the statements that were on that program and putthem to music."A   Paul Hardcastle soared to new heights in the late 1980's. HisBsolo albums earned him hits on both sides of the Atlantic, and at>the same time, he began a second career as a producer, recordAlabel owner and film and television composer. Hardcastle says heBcomposes all of his music on a state-of-the-art instrument calleda synclavier:@   "It's really just a keyboard but it's a recording studio all?in one. All the vocals, all the saxophone, the guitar all goesB(into) what's called 'direct-to-disc.' that means hard discs like<you get in a computer. I have banks of them and they're allAlinked together, and they record the sound. That's why the soundis quite clear.">   For many years, Paul Hardcastle shied away from performingAlive, but he hopes to launch his first major tour in early 1996.@In addition to keyboards, bass and drum programming, Hardcastle@plays acoustic guitar on "Walkin' to Freedom," the debut single"from his new CD "Jazzmasters II."   ---------------   ---------------   CHICAGO MONET EXTRAVAGANZA   PAUL FRANCUCH   CHICAGO<   The largest exhibition ever assembled of works by French@artist Claude Monet opens Saturday July 22 at the Art Institute@of Chicago. The show gathers together some of the best examples%from every period of Monet's career.;   Five years in the making, the exhibition "Claude Monet:A1840-1926" brings together 159 works in a stunning display which;fills several galleries of Chicago's Art Institute. MuseumAPresident James Wood says it is a fitting tribute to an artisticgiant:B   "Monet lived longer and practiced longer than almost any other:artist in the 19th or 20th century. The sheer time he was@painting, from these early, very precocious masterpieces he was>creating at the age of 25 in the mid-1860s, to the late water?lily series, which he was literally working on almost till the?day he died in 1926, this is a major part of both the 19th and>the 20th century where this man was, everyday, getting up andpainting.">   The exhibition includes many works which Monet regarded as=personal favorites, arranged chronologically, so the visitor*views the how the artist's works evolved.>   "He loved to paint. He also was never content with staying8where he was. And I would hope as one goes through this@exhibition, one will get a feeling for the unbelievable abilityBof this man to reinvent himself, to constantly challenge himself.?He no sooner creates a way of painting, which I think we wouldBsay is remarkably satisfying, then he abandons it and moves on tosomething else."@   Art Institute of Chicago President James Wood says the MonetBexhibition culminates with a series of some 31 paintings from theartist's water lily gardens:>   "This is a man who began as a young man going out all over>France, picking often the most wild elements of nature. As he;became older, he more and more created his own nature, his=garden, his water lily pond, and ironically as the paintings?became bigger, he focused on smaller and smaller subjects. But@the subject he picked was a plane of water, the surface of that4pond, and in that pond was reflected the universe."9   Sixty-six museums and galleries along with 37 private<collectors from around the world lent their Monets for this@stunning exhibition in Chicago. Curator Charles Stuckey says he=was impressed by how cooperative and generous collectors and<institutions were in temporarily parting with their Monets,>paintings which in many cases are the highlight of particular
collections:=   "Many museums that have a Monet find that it's their most@popular painting and the one they're most reluctant to lend. So=as impressive as the loan of seven or eight paintings from aBlarge museum might be, in many cases some small museums that lent)their Monet made a more serious effort."?   Chicago may be viewed as an appropriate venue for the Monet>exhibition, in part because of the Art Institute's historical$ties with the famous impressionist.B   "The first museum exhibition, ever, of Monet was here on theseBpremises exactly 100 years ago, 1895, which is probably the first;time any museum in the world ever had an exhibition of anyimpressionist."9   And Mr. Stuckey believes the art Institute of Chicago>recognized Monet's brilliance by becoming one of his earliest	patrons:@   "We were the first American museum ever to buy a painting by?Monet. And the group of works that were donated to this museumBover the years has always ranked as one of the three or four most6impressive and largest groups of his works anywhere."@   "Claude Monet: 1840-1926" will show only in Chicago. It is a>ticketed event which can be booked in advance. The exhibitionruns through November 26th.   ---------------   ---------------&   SAN FRANCISCO: NAPA VALLEY TOURISM   GREG FLAKUS   ST. HELENA, CAA   Visitors to the San Francisco area often travel a little over@an hour north of the city to the verdant Napa Valley, the heartAof California's wine country There is great wine, great food andmore in the Napa region.?   The main reason people come to the Napa Valley is to sampleAlocal wines. And there is plenty to sip with over 240 registeredBwineries in the area. But, along with wine, comes good food and a:degree of cultural sophistication. Bill Dyer, who studied<philosophy before becoming a Napa Valley winemaker, says he<misses very little by living in this basically agriculturalregion:B   "Even though it is a rural, agricultural area, we do get a lotAof art and a lot of music. It makes it a very wonderful place toBlive and it is only an hour and 20 minutes from San Francisco, soBwhen we need our fix of a big city, we can easily get down to SanFrancisco.":   John Thoreen has a job many people would envy, he is aBprofessional wine tutor. It is his duty to taste and keep current<on all varieties of wine so that he can be of assistance to;visitors at the 102-hectare meadowood resort in St Helena::   "I am a kind of the interpreter of the Napa Valley forAMeadowood's guests. They have seen enough of California wines toBat least be honestly curious and I am the guy who opens the doorsto them. "<   Mr. Thoreen gives regular presentations at Meadowood for8visitors from all over the world. He says Europeans, asBtraditional wine consumers, are naturally interested in the area,=but that the Napa Valley is also attracting more people from$Japan, Latin America and elsewhere.B   But there is more to do in the Napa Valley than taste wine, at>Meadowood, many guests spend much of their time on the smooth;green lawns playing croquet, under the guidance of croquetprofessional Jerry Stark.@   Mr sTark says that although croquet is often associated withBEuropean aristocrats, it is actually a game that can be played byBanyone and works well as a social event to bring people together:B   "Here at a resort like Meadowood, it is a social game. You canBplay as seriously as you want or at a more social level. I have aAlot of meetings and conferences and everyone can play. You bringBout your glass of wine and drink while you play. Even at a socialAlevel, though, croquet brings out the competitiveness in people,so it is fun in that way."A   In addition to croquet, Napa Valley offers a variety of other<recreational activities. guests at Meadowood can hike, playBtennis, swim, work out in a fully-equipped exercise room, or play>golf on a lush green course, which has a story of its own, asBMeadowood representative Blaise Simpson explains from the seat ofher electric golf cart:B   "As we go by here, some of these old stone fences that you see@around the property were built by Chinese immigrants. They were>some of the first non-indian residents of the Napa Valley andAthey actually stayed in this little valley that is now MeadowoodAand they grew rice where our golf course is now and they built a>wonderful aqueduct system. Even during the flooding here lastAwinter, we had no problem here at Meadowood because the aqueduct=system they built was so good that it just flushes the waterright out of here."@   Blaise Simpson says there are many such items of interest in@Napa Valley's local history and a great deal for the visitor to	explore:=   "We have a lot of wonderful Indian history here and also,?people like Robert Louis Stevenson, the great author, lived inAthe Napa Valley for a time and he wrote a book called 'SilveradoBSquatters' and you can go visit the house he lived in when he was>writing that book. Up in Calistoga, which is the next town upAfrom St Helena, there is a museum that gives you some background?on the area and there are also some natural geyser hot springsBand mud baths that people like to do. It is wonderful, it is likea European spa."B   Another valley attraction, Calistoga Spa hot springs, consists@of a hotel, several mineral water pools and a complete mud bath>facility. Jan Thomas, assistant manager of the Calistoga Spa,<says the mud and mineral baths have been popular with older?European visitors for a long time, but that the facilities now attract younger people as well:?   "It has been in the last 15 years or so that we have gainedAmore popularity and each year you see more and more young people:coming and using the spa facilities and having massages."@   A session at the Calistoga Spa includes a deep relaxing bathAin warm mud from nearby geothermal sources. Next, the visitor isBtreated to a stimulating whirlpool bath of mineral water, a steam=room, a towel wrap and a swim. Jan Thomas says the five-step:process leaves people feeling refreshed and even younger:@   "The mud bath open your pores; it will cleanse you; the heatAwill relax you and soothe you. All of the processes basically doBthe same thing. The mineral jacuzzi is very relaxing. The mineral'water is supposed to be rejuvenating.";   Hot springs and relaxing spas, great wine, good food, a6pleasant climate, all that and more await visitors toCalifornia's Napa Valley.   ---------------   ---------------(   DANCE COMPANY EXPLORES THE HOLOCAUST   MADELEINE SHAPIRO   NEW YORK=   A multi-racial American dance company, "Shapiro and Smith?Dance", has taken a close and very personal examination of the=Holocaust, the killing of millions of Jews and others by theNazis during World War II.>   "If they came in the middle of the night and told you 'you'have 15 minutes' what would you take?"<   This, and similar questions, are what Danial Shapiro and@Joanie Smith asked members of their dance company, "Shapiro and<Smith Dance," in preparation for the premiere of a new workAcalled "Falling Into Light." "Falling Into Light" is a half hour@work dealing with images of the Holocaust. The husband and wifeAteam of Shapiro and Smith conceived of the work after a visit to>the Holocaust Museum in Washington D.C. According to Shapiro:B   "What really prompted it was a visit the two of us, Joanie, myAwife, and I made to the Holocaust Museum down in D.C. Which is a;very affecting experience. In fact, our heads were focused?completely in another direction, to do a comedy, a piece about@romance, and that was over by the time we finished visiting the	museum."A   In Mr. Shapiro's words, the new work is a 'survivor's tale, a?retelling." In his case, the survivor's tale is a particularly@personal one. Mr. Shapiro's great-grand parents were two of the>very few prisoners to be freed from the Nazi's Theresienstadt?concentration camp in Czechoslovakia during World War II. TheyAwon their freedom in a lottery, in exchange for German prisonersAof war. The yellow stars that they wore identifying them as Jews(are now in Danial Shapiro's possession.A   In creating "falling into light" Danial Shapiro, Joanie Smith7and the five other members of the dance group tried to<personalize the Holocaust. Their goal was to understand the;"process of dehumanization and transformation," or, as Mr.?Shapiro says, "how different do you have to make an individual3until you can just start to be incredibly cruel?":?   "We cannot, particularly in dance, talk about what happenedBexactly and in some way do some sort of historical narrative. You?can't. It almost belittles the experience. What we are dealing=with then are our reactions. What have we learned? How do we?respond to it? In that way we find a way to understand it (the;Holocaust) and understand what these people went through."B   "Falling into Light" is presented in two parts. The first part?is concerned with life in the Polish ghetto of Lodz during theByears 1941-44, when the Nazis forced thousands of Jews to live inAsegregated communities. The dance deals with the day to day life@in the ghetto, "issues of family and caretaking and surviving.">The second part examines survival in a concentration camp and+looks at questions of mortality and death.?   Danial Shapiro and Joanie Smith worked with their long-time;musical collaborator, composer Scott Killian, who wrote anAoriginal musical score for the work. They have also collaboratedBwith playwright David Greenspan who wrote monologues for the workand performs with the company.@   "You can only be so specific in movement, says Shapiro, "you@can only get so close to an idea, it's like trying to pick up aAdime with rubber gloves, you can't get ahold of it. David allows<us to get closer. He's working with monologues that have anBobsessive edge and that toss out words that really locate us much:more tightly. You hear these ideas go by, but they're not+completed as statements, it's not a play."<   Danial Shapiro and Joanie Smith first danced together as?members of the well known Murray Louis dance company. In 1985,<they left that company to form "Shapiro and Smith dance," a?company of seven dancers from a wide range of backgrounds. For:the past 10 years they have been creating works that have=combined an acrobatic physicality with wit and psychological@insight. Critics have called their work "Marvelously Slippery,"B"Effective, Acid satire," and "Beautiful to Behold and ProfoundlyADisturbing." The team is interested in creating larger metaphors@for life's daily events, and in examining psychological issues.BOne audience favorite says Shapiro is "George and Betty's House"::   "I like that we made something up in 1985 dealing with?something we were going through and all our friends were going@through. They were all having kids, or considering having kids,Aand just terrified of it. And so we made up this piece with thisAmonstrous, horrible child who just beats the heck out of mom andBdad and tyrannizes them and people still love it. Their kids love7it. And it's just the nastiest, most sarcastic look atconventional domesticity."B   Danial Shapiro and Joanie Smith are not afraid to look closely:at human behavior. Though "Falling into Light" deals with;horrific subjects, they believe that given the violence in?today's world, it is a story that must be told. Danial Shapiro?thinks "the best you can hope for is to open your heart to it.<That's what we're trying to do with this string of images."   ---------------   ---------------F   STUDENT TURNS GRADUATION GIFT INTO SCHOLARSHIPS FOR NEEDY STUDENTS   ZLATICA HOKE   WASHINGTON@   This year a teenager from a low-income immigrant family willAgo to college thanks to an act of generosity by a more fortunate?student. A Virginia student gave up her high school graduation>gift from her parents in order to start a college scholarshipBfund for needy Hispanic students. The first recipient of her fund2is a 17-year old boy who was born in El Salvador.A   This fall Geovani Corvera will attend business courses at the?Northern Virginia Community College, something he could not doBwithout financial help. The 17-year old boy from El Salvador willAbe the first in his family to attend college, and it's thanks to,the generosity of a more fortunate student.@   Sarah Pollack's parents had promised to buy her a car if she@got good grades and won a college scholarship. But when she did@that, the high school senior from Fairfax, Virginia, decided to?give up the car and use the money to set up a scholarship fund3for needy Hispanic students she had met at school:?   "I was in a Spanish for native speakers class and I had the@opportunity to help teach the students and decided that I would=like to spend money I had won for a scholarship, to set up a?scholarship for some other students in that class, some of theSpanish speaking students."A   Sarah Pollack made 15 thousand dollars available for Hispanic<students to attend two years at northern Virginia communityBcollege. They can then apply to go on to a four-year college. She?says she was especially interested in helping out bright young?people who couldn't get the best grades or obtain scholarships-because their English was not fluent enough.@   Geovani Corvera says his father has always encouraged him to:study hard, but does not make enough money to send him to	college:B   "Well, I always wanted to go to college, but after high school@I thought maybe that I would like to stop for a year, like work>for about a year, and save some money and then go to college.:   As it turned out, Geovani will be able to continue hisBeducation, first at Northern Virginia Community College and maybelater in a four-year college.B   Sarah pOllack's grant has made a difference in the life of theByoung immigrant from El Salvador. But Sarah, who is now a studentBat Earlham College in Indiana, says it has also made a differenceAin her life. She says it has made her more aware of the problems?some people face in the United States and it helped her chooseher career:B   "I am going to be going on a program to Mexico next year, next=summer actually, and I will have the opportunity to teach in>Mexico some of the Mexican students, and I would like to take?that experience and bring it back to the United States and see?what I can do. I am very interested in bi-lingual education soAthat students can learn to perfect their own native language andAlearn their native language as well as learning English. Because<I think being bi-lingual is a great asset in this country."?   The scholarship fund was expected to last about four years,?until Sarah graduates from college. Although she was initiallyBembarrassed by the publicity, Sarah now thinks it might help sendBmore students to college. Having heard about her magnanimous act,@other people have also contributed to her fund. Geovani Corvera?says sarah's generosity has inspired him to help others in hiscommunity:B   "Not many people do something like this, like give up a car or7something to help others to go to college. It's really@surprising. But in the future I would like to do something like=that to help my community, you know, kids that want to go to?college, but don't have the money for college, I could help, Iwant to help too."A   Sarah Pollack says she thinks all of this was worth giving upa new car.   ---------------   ---------------   JESSE JAMES' REMAIN RESUMED   MIKE ROGERS   KEARNEYB   Scientists in Kearney, Missouri, are packing up and moving out@today after spending three days digging up what they believe to.be the grave of legendary outlaw Jesse james.@   Jesse James was one of America's most notorious 19th century?outlaws. He is today considered the most famous bank and train?robber in the history of the United States. It is said that he-robbed 25 banks and killed scores of people.A   Reportedly Jesse James died in 1882 by a gunshot wound to theBhead but some believe that James survived the shooting and simply.disappeared, living a long life in seclusion.?   Now scientists are searching for answers, digging with back@hoses and hand shovels, they've recovered pieces of a skull, 14=teeth and several bones from what's thought to be his grave.B   Researchers like Derrick Reggensberger will now take the bones?to three universities to make DNA comparisons with Jesse James
descendants:@   "We'll take blood from two of those realitives who are still@currently living and then do the DNA test on the blood. Thats a@pretty simple process. The bones from Jesse James however we'llBhave to extract the DNA from those bones and then we will be able to do the comparison that way."@   Jesse James family members asked for the exhumation with theBhopes of resolving long standing controversies. Is it Jesse JamesBwho is buried here, or is it someone else? How did he really die?'Was he shot and if so, how many times??   Jesse James great great nephew, Robert Jackson says he willAcontinue investigation even if the body recovered is not that ofhis ancestor:A   "My grandmother always talked about her family tree and every@time somebody showed up and said they were Jesse james, it made@her angry because she said they were imposters. So you know, if>it turns out it's not Jesse James here then we'll go down andAgive our DNA blood samples in Grandbury, Texas I think, is where9they say the other Jesse is buried. He died at age 107."@   Scientists say it will take three months to complete the DNA	testing.   ---------------   ---------------   KOREAN WAR RETROSPECTIVE   TED LANDPHAIR   WASHINGTON?   Thursday, July 27, the Korean War Veterans Memorial will be"dedicated on the Washington Mall.@   As many as 100,000 graying men and women, their steps slowed?by age, are expected to gather on the Mall in Washington. TheyBare veterans of the Korean War, which ended 42 years ago. They're<in town to see the brand new memorial to their service. TheBKorean War veterans memorial, which is directly across the Mall's?reflecting pool from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, will honorBthe more than 54,000 Americans who fell in that conflict, and the:more than half a million U.S. combat soldiers and support?personnel who served and survived. It will also pay tribute to@the estimated two-million South Korean and other United Nations>troops killed, wounded, captured, or missing in the conflict.<   War was never actually declared in Korea. But the brutalBfighting on the Korean Peninsula from 1950 through 1953 certainly<felt like a war. It was the last foot soldier's war, with a>swarming enemy attacking in force, bayonet to bayonet. It saw9war's last trenches, the final foxholes. It was the last=black-and-white war. Television had not yet colorized war or(brought it into America's living rooms.A   William Weber of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, was an army captain in@Kentucky when the Korean War broke out. Soon, as he puts it, he?was "jumping out of airplanes" into fierce firefights with the9North Korean army, which had invaded South Korea and was>threatening to drive the small fighting force of American and$South Korean soldiers into the sea.A   Captain Weber lost a leg, part of his right arm, and sight in=one eye after a hand grenade exploded as he and his men wereBstruggling to take one of Korea's many hills. Because Korean mapsAwere crude, U.N. forces gave those hills numbers, but the scenes?of the bloodiest fighting earned names like Pork Chop Hill and<Heartbreak Ridge that Korean War vets remember to this day.;   "It was presented as a limited police action of seemingAinsignificance," says Weber, "as far as the safety and heartlandBof our own country was concerned. It is not until now that we canAreally realize that the Korean War was a major event in the 20thBcentury, if you will, the catalyst that began the chain of eventsBthat led to the downfall of communism. And I might point out, oneAof the finer moments in our own people's story, that is, we went:to war in Korea for principle, not because our nation was
threatened."=   When the Korean War broke out five years after the end ofAWorld War II, Americans were busy getting back to the good life.9Rationing had ended, the massive armed forces were being:dismantled, assembly lines had converted back to buildingAautomobiles and refrigerators instead of tanks and fighters, and#people were moving into new homes.A   In 1950, few Americans gave a thought to far-off Korea, whichAhad been subjugated by the Japanese from 1910 through the alliedAvictory over Japan in World War II. After that, Korea was cut in@two. The Soviet Union occupied the north, the United States theAsouth. Free elections were supposed be held, Soviet and American>troops would go home, and Korea would finally be a united andAfree nation. But the Soviets had other ideas. They strung barbed?wire along the 38th parallel of latitude, stopped all movement:across it, and set up a puppet North Korean dictatorship.@   American forces departed anyway, leaving Seoul with a poorly>trained army and 500 U.S. military advisers. It was a sitting=duck for attack by North Korean forces, battle-hardened from>fighting alongside Chinese communists against the nationalist	Chinese.;   At dawn June 25th, 19-50, North Koreans poured over theBborder, and American troops were rushed back from Japan under the>flag of the United Nations. What was left of the South KoreanBarmy, plus limited forces from 21 other countries, also responded)to the U.N. call to end this aggression.?   Later, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur, who was commander of>the U.N. Forces in Korea, would explain why the United States.decided not to abandon South Korea after all:A   "The communist threat is a global one. Its successful advance?in one sector threatens the destruction of every other sector.?You cannot appease or otherwise surrender to communism in Asia;without simultaneously undermining our efforts to halt itsadvance in Europe."B   MacArthur ordered a surprise landing behind North Korean lines?at the port of Inchon. Soon U.N. forces were pushing the NorthAKoreans back above the 38th parallel, all the way to the ChineseAManchurian border. Washington worried that China might interveneBin the war, but MacArthur said Peking would never dare risk world4war three. America, after all, had the atomic bomb.A   The night of November 25th and 26th, 1950, the Chinese provedAhim wrong. Hundreds of thousands of "volunteers", as the ChineseBcalled them, surged over the border and slammed into U.N. troops.9   Cleveland Moffett, Junior, of Washington, DC., was an;infantryman who faced the Chinese hordes later in the war:?   "The Chinese attacked, pushing civilians ahead of them with?sticks so we couldn't fire on them. And then we had to fire to@keep them off of us. This bugle. They got this bugle. They blewBit, and they tried to run us over, but they didn't make it on up."B   Al Ortiz [orr-teese] of El Paso, Texas, a master sergeant with?the 45th "Thunderbird Division," remembers the Chinese tacticswell::   "There was never, ever enough ammunition, which alwaysAresulted in hand-to-hand combat. The Chinese would do everything=they could do to exhaust our ammunition. They would send men9charging up a hill without anything, without any weapons:whatsoever. The sole purpose was to get us to exhaust our<ammunition. The second wave would come along, they had some?weapons. Then the last batch would always make it to the top."B   When Douglas MacArthur continued to disobey direct orders from<President Truman and persisted in calling for bombing raids inside China, Truman fired him.@   Shipped back home, where he told Congress that "old soldiersAnever die; they just fade away," MacArthur would repeat that the=United States must not settle for anything less than all-out	victory:>   "Once war is forced upon us, there is no other alternative@than to apply every available means to bring it to a swift end.9War's very object is victory, not prolonged indecision."<   On the peninsula, MacArthur's successor, General Matthew>Ridgway, ordered his men to stand and fight the Chinese. They>did, at terrible cost, then pushed the invaders back over the?38th parallel. The conflict settled into static trench warfare:reminiscent of World War I. And for two straight winters,?sub-zero winds from Siberia blew over the battlefield, furtherhampering the fighting.?   The Soviet Union proposed peace talks. Skirmishes continued@for more than two years as talks started, stalled, then started?again, as Americans back home prepared to choose a new leader.?   Dwight Eisenhower, the hero of D-Day in Europe in World War7II, made a promise that helped win him the presidency:B   "Now where will a new administration begin? It will begin with@its president taking a firm, simple resolution. That resolutionBwill be to forgo the diversions of politics and to concentrate on?the job of ending the Korean War. That job requires a personalAtrip to Korea (applause) only in that way could I learn how bestBto serve the American people in the cause of peace. I shall go toKorea.";   And go he did, carrying an implied threat of the use of@American nuclear weapons to end the war. Finally, on July 27th,B1953, in Panmunjom [pan-moon-jom] along the line between fightingAforces, an armistice was reached. Analysts of the day called the@agreement "peace without honor." It left Korea divided, and for@that reason South Korean President Syngman Rhee refused to signit.?   U.S. soldiers who survived the cruel conflict came home and?quietly slipped back into the workforce. There would be no "VK@Day" mass celebrations in the streets. But the more than 54,0008Americans who lost their lives standing up to communist@aggression in Korea, and the tens of thousands of other men andAwomen in uniform who fought alongside them and supported them in@the field, are getting a salute from their nation at last, with8the dedication of the new Korean War Veterans Memorial.   ---------------   ---------------%   1996 OLYMPIC INVITATIONS SENT OUT   KENDRA MAYFIELD   WASHINGTON@   The International Olympic Committee has sent out invitations?across the world to attend next year's summer olympic games in<Atlanta, Georgia. The event was marked by a ceremony at the6Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland on Wednesday.B   Exactly one year before the opening of the olympic games to be@held in Atlanta, Georgia, the world anticipates what is sure to=be one of the most extravagant events since the first modern=Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, 100 years ago. The new>invitees for next year's olympic games in Atlanta include theBformer Soviet republics, Palestine, and Cambodia. The co-chairmanAof the olympic organizing committee, Andrew Young, described the)significance of the invitation ceremony:;   "We sent out the invitations to 197 countries' national?olympic committees. That's more than have ever participated in?the olympic games. We'll have more athletes than Barcelona and@Los Angeles. It will be the largest event of the 20th century."8   Seven of the invitations were symbolically signed by8International Olympic Committee president, Juan AntonioASamaranch, including Greece, recognized as the birthplace of theolympic games.@   The United States was honored as the 1996 host, and Spain asBthe 1992 host of the Barcelona games. He also recognized Japan asAthe host of the 1998 winter Olympics in Nagano, Australia as the@host the 2000 summer games in Sydney, Guinea-Bissau as the most@recently recognized national committee, and Switzerland as host0country of the international olympic committee.>   Andrew Young described his favorite experience in watching=some of the world's best athletes compete at the 1992 summer
Olympics:B   "I went to see the (U.S.basketball) dream team in Barcelona. I?saw magic Johnson lead a fast break with Michael Jordan on one@side and Larry bird on the other. It was classic basketball. It@didn't matter really that it was against Angola and they won by@30 points. They beat everybody by 30 points. The point is I saw)the best in the world playing together."=   The city of Atlanta, Georgia, has been working on new and<remodeled stadiums and facilities for the past six years inBpreparation for the games. The city will provide several thousand8buses in its own transportation system for athletes and=observers. Construction should be finished by March, and the;games will be ready by the starting date, July 19th, 1996.A   Tickets are selling fast in the United States for the Atlanta@games, but are still available. Those outside the United States?who want to attend can begin purchasing tickets next February.   ---------------   ---------------/   UNIVERSITY OFFERS REFUGE FOR BATTERED WOMEN   JUDITH LATHAM   WASHINGTON?   Each year university officials throughout the United States=see evidence of domestic and dating violence. Women students>often drop out of school or transfer to get away from abusive@boyfriends. Students are stalked by the high school sweetheartsBthey left behind. And, some international women who've come to an@American campus with their husbands suffer beatings rather than>risk having to return to their home countries. Michigan State?University, a campus with 40,000 students in lansing, Michigan@has opened the first on-campus refuge for battered women in theBUnited States. The idea was created by the wife of the universitypresident and, asA   Joanne McPherson and her husband Peter became concerned aboutAdomestic and dating violence on the lansing campus after talking8with members of the university police force and medical>community. Mrs. McPherson decided that something needed to beBdone to protect students, staff, or faculty who were victims. She<says that's how "Safe Place," the Michigan State University3refuge for battered women, got started a year ago:=   "We have such a large campus. Now, they have a shelter inAlansing, but it is not easy for the students to get to. We foundAthat the shelter had been contacted by our students. I think the>shelter in lansing turned away 200 women because they did not>have room. And that was really one of the deciding factors inBdoing this on campus because there really was no place to go that1was convenient and accessible for the students."9   Mrs. McPherson brought together community leaders andBuniversity personnel to establish the on-campus shelter. Michigan=State University psychologist Cris Sullivan says that almost?every aspect of the MSU community is now a part of the effort:8   "Residence life is involved in training our residentAassistants and graduate assistants. We've got our local MSU foodBbank involved to provide food, our laundry services are involved.AThe counselling clinic is involved, the psychology department isAinvolved, the president's office is involved, the Michigan State?University police are involved. The women's resource center is5involved, the women's studies program is involved.."@   And even with all that involvement, the issue of privacy has>been maintained. Professor Sullivan says university officials?won't disclose the location of Safe Place to anyone except the9women it serves. The shelter can be reached by a 24-hourBtelephone hot line, and staff members are on call 24 hours a day.AHolly Rosen, the director of Safe Place, had 13 years experience@working with the shelter in the city of lansing. She says, once@it's been determined that a woman needs help, a staff member or@the police will meet her at a neutral spot and bring her to theSafe Place shelter on campus:A   "We have provided shelter for women who have been married and;living with the husband who has been abusive. We have also>provided shelter for just as many women who have lived in the>residence halls, or perhaps they live off-campus, but they're@just dating somebody and they do not live with him. And we also:have provided shelter for women who have lived with theirAassailant, but are not married. About half of them have childrenand half don't."=   Holly Rosen says that national studies show that about 30?percent of the college age population in the United States has>experienced domestic or dating violence at some point. And 95=percent of all reported cases involve a man who is abusing aBwoman. In addition to providing an immediate safe haven for women?who have been physically, emotionally, or sexually abused, the<Safe Place staff provides food vouchers, clothing, personalBarticles, transportation, and counselling. The university enables;students to transfer to other living arrangements that are8secure, and it facilitates changing class schedules, if?necessary. Legal referrals can also be arranged, and the women'are encouraged to join support groups.?   Katie, a pre-med student at Michigan State University, says<she contacted the shelter when she was abused by her formerboyfriend:;   "The most helpful part of Safe Place to me was just theBtremendous amount of relief when I was actually in the apartment.@It was amazing, just to feel like there was a place for me thatAwas really a safe haven. I was protected. It was so nice to come?home to a Safe Place at night. And the other thing I'd like to;stress is the amount of support we got from the Safe Placestaff."B   Katie is now living with friends and looking forward to a more=tranquil life. The director of residence housing at Michigan8State University is Mary Haas [hahz]. She is most often6responsible for helping students improve their living;arrangements. Ms. Haas says the Safe Place shelter project?reflects a university awareness that she is proud to be a partof:@   "Michigan state's program is a three-part program. One pieceAis having the facility and resources available so a client feels<safe. But, ultimately, where we think we're going to make a>broader impact, is in the area of education and prevention. I>think this campus has been visionary in saying that there are?problems that persist everywhere in society, and the campus is;not isolated from the rest of society. Our goal here is to=provide a campus environment that is healthy and safe and to>teach people skills that help them be good citizens when theyAleave. I think that's an excellent model for exactly what highereducation should be doing."9   Mary Haas and her staff also arrange presentations in9residence halls, for sorority and fraternity groups, forBinternational student clubs, and for groups of faculty and staff.9She says that U.S. Universities from coast to coast have>contacted Michigan state about setting up similar programs to6address the problems of domestic and dating violence.   ---------------   ---------------%   INCREASING NUMBER OF WORKING POOR   ART CHIMES   WASHINGTON?   A new report from the U.S. Labor Department says increasing;numbers of Americans are among the so-called working poor,<families whose income puts them below the poverty line evenBthough at least one family member is in the workforce. A top U.S.;official says the increasing ranks of the working poor areBcontributing to a growing disparity in which the rich are getting(richer and the poor are getting poorer.?   Labor Secretary Robert Reich says workers at the low end of:the wage scale are not sharing in the prosperity that has!resulted from a growing economy:B   "We are bringing jobs back. The great American jobs machine is<humming again. I think that's great news. But the long-termBchallenge of lifting wages is still with us. And we have more and.more Americans who are falling into poverty."<   The most recent statistics are for 1993, and they show a>poverty rate of seven-and-a-half percent of American families?that have at least one member in the workforce. That's up more>than a full percentage point in just three years. The poverty=rate for black and Hispanic workers is almost twice as high.=   Labor Secretary Robert Reich says the increase in poverty@reflects the widening gap between the rich and poor in American@society. In previous years prosperity meant everyone benefited.BBut since 1979, he says, the richest 40-percent of the populationAhas gotten richer, while poorer and working class Americans have8fallen behind. Mr. Reich says that's a dangerous trend:A   "The surge toward inequality that we are experiencing in thisBcountry is ultimately going to hurt the prosperity of America andAeven the stability of this country if we do nothing about it. We?are now the most unequal of all advanced industrial nations in@terms of distribution of income. And we are surging toward more>inequality at the fastest rate of any industrialized nation."8   The Labor Department report cites education as a key?determinant of poverty status. Workers with more education areBless likely to be poor. That's one reason Mr. Reich is urging the>Republican-controlled Congress not to cut federal funding for9education and training programs. A Republican plan would@eliminate about one billion dollars from the current 13-billion?dollar program. The Clinton Administration wants to spend more*money on education and training programs.   ---------------   ---------------'   UNIVERSITIES IN THE INFORMATION AGE
   DAN NOBLE   WASHINGTON<   The computer-driven information age is already providingAcolleges and universities with a wide range of new opportunities@to educate their students. It is a phenomenon that, in fact, is;linking institutions of higher education around the world.:   Communications technology is freeing universities fromAconstraints of space and time. The use of high-tech devices also@poses an important question: Is it possible to integrate modern@technology with traditional teaching? Stanley Chodorow, provostBof the University of Pennsylvania, says that students come to his>institution "with far more sophistication about technological&devices and issues than ever before":@   "They do, in fact, expect us to be using all this technologyAwhich they have been using, either for games or for learning, or>in a variety of venues and, in fact, many of them have playedBwith that technology. They play computer in ways in which earlier5students might have played piano. They are extremely:sophisticated in their use and expectations of the use of@technology and, I think, in many respects, faculty are catchingAup with their students in the use and appreciation of the use of
technology."5   Gregory Farrington, the dean of the University of?Pennsylvania's School of Engineering, says that, in his words,>"technology's role is to enrich the ways in which faculty and?students interact in teaching, learning, and creating: To make8learning a more, not less, human and personal process":9   "Technology, the information revolution, the computer>revolution, has now provided us a whole new set of tools with>which to store information, retrieve information, communicateBwith each other, talk to each other over long distances, and that9these tools will have a major impact on how we educate.";   For example, professor Charles Pugh of the university'sBdepartment of veterinary medicine, uses multi-media, computerized5pictures and digitialized audio, as a teaching tool:B   "Hopefully, by developing this multimedia approach to teaching@the principles of radiology to our beginning students, it takes?the beginning information which is technical and physics-basedBand tries to add a little vitality to it, to try to stimulate the:student's interests. This allows me to really charge thisBmaterial up and add a new vitality to it and it also allows me to7show them an aspect that I can't do in any other way.":   Robert Whitelock, another veterinarian professor, uses4computers to teach students how to examine animals:>   "I think that one of the lights that came on, if you will,Aduring this program is to the tremendous diversity of input thatBthe software programs could do. One of mine was "how to examine a@cow." One of the things that you do is you put your stethoscope:on the side of the cow and try to detect sounds. When the?students came to that part of the examination, their eyes just@lit up because there they were, with a stethoscope, on the sideof the cow. Up it came."@   Jane Barnsteiner, of the University of Pennsyvania's nursing>school, says that computer technology helps her in her job as)editor of an electronic nursing journal:;   "We are setting up systems to be able to have immediateBcommentary, having an exchange and a dialogue with clinicians. We@will be able to reach folks in health care, around the world so@that institutions that aren't able to afford some subscriptions;to journals, or where it may take six to nine months for aAjournal to reach them, will be able to have access as soon as anarticle is brought on line."=   According to computer experts, technology will not make a<professor obsolete or replace the classroom and laboratory.6However, as the University of Pennsylvania, and other@institutions are finding out, the greatest challenge technology;presents "is that of integrating these tools into coherent%educational and scholarly programs."   ---------------   ---------------3   NUMBER OF GANG MEMBERS IN MILITARY "VERY SMALL"   DEFENSE DEPARTMENTA   Responding to a Newsweek magazine story about gangs operatingAwithin the U.S. military, Defense Department spokesman Ken BaconBsaid there are no firm or uniform statistics, but he believes thenumber to be "very small."B   The spokesman said he does not believe that the report on gangBviolence in the military indicates a trend, but he noted that the@composition of the military and associated problems reflect the'problems in American society at large.B   Bacon suggested that the Newsweek examples were overstated andBthat defense officials do not consider the subject to be "a major6problem in the military." He said there is nothing to<substantiate the Newsweek report that gangs have staked out;"turf" on some naval ships, including an aircraft carrier.   ---------------   ---------------   SAN FRANCISCO'S CHINATOWN   GREG FLAKUS   SAN FRANCISCOA   There is probably no neighborhood as popular with tourists in>San Francisco as Chinatown, a place many Asian-Americans call<home and a place known for its colorful markets and Chinese
restaurants.A   The streets of Chinatown resemble the streets of Hong Kong or?Taipei, there are people speaking Chinese at every turn, there@are vendors selling fish, vegetables, tea and products imported?from all over Asia. No one knows her away around these crowded@and colorful streets better than Shirley Fong-Torres, author of8three books about Chinese cooking as well as a guide toChinatown.;   She also knows all the shops and restaurants, where she8breezes in greeting people in both English and Chinese.:   Although most people in Chinatown speak perfectly goodBEnglish, an ability to speak Chinese, especially Cantonese, comesBin handy. Shirley Fong-Torres says most traditional families keepAthe language alive by speaking it exclusively at home, which sheAknows can be difficult for children, but in the end, worthwhile:>   "I resented having to speak Chinese only at home, but now,=looking back, I am glad. So, I think traditional parents are>stronger about encouraging their children to keep up with theAlanguage and with the culture and folklore. I try to Foster that3in my daughter, too, but I do not force it on her.:   "Would you say that the Chinese are more successful at:maintaining their culture and language with their younger)generations than other immigrant groups?B   "It is hard to say, because it depends on the families. I have@been doing this tour for about ten years now and I see a lot ofAyoungsters and I do hear them speaking Chinese, so that tells meAthat it probably is a little bit stronger than other cultures. IBknow, in my case, I do not speak Chinese so much outside of beingin Chinatown and with my mom.";   The ability to speak Chinese, combined with an outgoing9personality, has helped shirley Fong-Torres make friends?throughout Chinatown. Along with her husband, she operates theB"Wok Wiz" Chinatown tours and brings tourists through the crowded7streets and back alleys of this distinct San Francisco@neighborhood.  On her own or with friends, Ms Fong-Torres often@breezes into the kitchens of local restaurants to chat with the+cooks and managers and to sample the food.A   With her expertise on Chinese cooking, Shirley Fong-Torres is1full of tips on what to look for in a good meal:8   "I think the secret to Chinese food when you go to aBrestaurant I to see that the less grease, the better, whether you;order something fried or not, or something stir-fried. ForBinstance, we just duck mun yee and when it came to our table, the@first thing I noticed was that there was a lack of oil. That isAvery important to me, because that means that they did not use a?lot of oil in the cooking. Another thing, is that when you eatAChinese food, I know my mother would really frown on me drinking@a beer, like I have, because she feels that to strike a balance?in your body and in your life, we talk about ying-yang. If youAare eating hot food, not spicy but warm, you should drink tea orBsoup, you should not drink coca cola or seven-up or beer. We just"won't tell mom we ate! (Laughs)."B   For tourists and San Francisco residents alike, Chinatown is a<special place, full of colorful markets and shops, and mostAimportant of all, delicious food, served up in authentic Chinesestyle.   ---------------   ---------------%   SAN FRANCISCO MAYOR: FRANK JORDAN   GREG FLAKUS   SAN FRANCISCOA   The city of San Francisco began as a Spanish military outpostAin the 18th century, the gateway to the California in the 1850'sAand the main port for west coast commerce thereafter. Today, the@city is known throughout the world as a tourist destination and<as an important financial and business center. Managing the;city's international connections as well as its day-to-day9functions is the job of mayor Frank Jordan, a native San?Franciscan who is generally described as a political moderate.B   San Francisco is not a large city. The population is just over9700,000 and its total area is only about 18 and one halfBhectares, but it is the hub of the bay area, which comprises nineBcounties with a population of over six million people. Because ofAthis, San Francisco has an importance in international trade and$commerce that goes beyond its size.B   San Francisco's mayor, Frank Jordan, says his city's worldwide=reputation is such that he is generally received by heads ofstate wherever he goes:B   "I have found out, when I go, not because of me personally but:because of the longstanding friendships built up with SanBFrancisco, that the city of San Francisco is almost regarded as aAcountry, an individual country.  I go to China and I have access@to the president there and meet him. I go to Japan and meet the<president of Japan as well as the emperor and emperoress of>Japan. I go to Korea and meet the president of Korea. I go to>Hong Kong and meet the governor of Hong Kong. There is just a?natural sense of special relationships over many years for San?Francisco and that brings in the joint ventures, the business,-the trade, tourism. It is wonderful to see.";   Of course, mayor Jordan gets plenty of opportunities to?practice foreign diplomacy right at home. San Francisco has an@ethnically diverse population speaking over 100 languages. Yet,Bmayor Jordan says all communities look to the city government for=the same services and support and it is his job to keep themsatisfied:;   "When I look at all the diversity and all the different?nationalities and lifestyles, there are overriding issues that8all of them want to be concerned about and see as theirBpriorities. One, obviously, is public safety. No matter where you:are, everyone wants to feel safe and comfortable in their=neighborhoods and shopping centers. Another one is that they>always need jobs. They look at the employment rates and (ask)=what are we doing economically in regard to the situation of=construction and new businesses and making sure that we have!incentives to create more jobs."<   Transportation represents one of san Francisco's biggestAchallenges. The city rests on 43 hills on the tip of a peninsula?and is connected to nearby areas by the land connection to theBsouth and by five bridges, including the world famous golden gateAbridge to the north. It is a contained city, where a visitor can?easily walk from one neighborhood to another, but Frank Jordan@says it can be a difficult place in which to own an automobile:@   "We have about 265 thousand more registered vehicles than we@have legal on-street parking places. So, if we had everybody inBtheir cars at the same time, we would have a wall-to-wall parking>lot in the city. That is why we are very conscious of trafficAflow and parking meters with a two-hour limit and what we can do0for neighborhood residential parking permits. "?   San Francisco faces many of the other problems that any big@U.S. city faces, including crime, urban decay and the plight ofAthe homeless. A local group, calling itself "food not bombs" hasBclashed with the mayor over the issue of food distribution to the=homeless. Police have arrested some activists for giving out>food, in what critics describe as an effort to discourage the'homeless from coming to San Francisco.;   Mayor Jordan, however, says he is concerned with publichealth:@   "I have no problem with them serving food, provided they getBthe right permits and provided they have the sanitation issues inBplace and we have said this and we have even put it in writing toAthem, many times. So, I have no problem with serving food to the;hungry and we spend about 73 million dollars a year in SanAFrancisco taking care of people who need assistance, but, at the<same time, we also have to take a look at public safety and@health codes and sanitation. Those are all just as important to#those who are receiving the food.":   On the other hand, downtown business leaders sometimesBcomplain that the city seems to have attracted more than its fairAshare of the homeless, many of whom sleep on the streets and beg=for change from passersby even in some of the most important@tourist areas. Liberal city policies may have attracted some of:these people, but mayor Jordan says he has taken steps to,eliminate programs that were open to abuse:A   "For some time before I became mayor, we were just giving outAmonthly checks to people without even asking questions about who?they were and where they came from and they received the checkAwithin two days. They would go out on the streets and use it for>alcohol or drugs or misplace it someplace or lose it, then go@back to social services and get another check and there were no?questions asked at all. Now we are doing things through ballotBmeasures to make sure that the 73 million dollars we use is goingBto people who need it and to make sure that the check does not goAto someone who can use it for drugs or alcohol and the taxpayers#are then subsidizing their habit."A   Another problem San Francisco has had to confront in the past?four or five years has been the downsizing of the U.S. defense:sector, which has included the closing of nearby militaryBfacilities that contributed to the local economy. The latest such@closing was that of the Presidio, which began as a Spanish fort>and was taken over and operated by the U.S. Army until it was=closed and turned over to the National Park Service in June.A   Mayor Jordan says he sees the 560-hectare waterfront property'as a potential gold mine for the city:@   "What we are going to do is come up with a team that will go?out and look at how we market this Presidio so we can raise 25@million dollars a year and sustain it. There is an 18-hole golfAcourse, for example, on the grounds that we can certainly marketAbetter and find revenue there. We have 400 buildings and some of=them are magnificent structures. We could have international@conferences come to the Presidio. Mikhail Gorbachev, the former:leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev came to San@Francisco and said he would like to do a world peace foundationAon the Presidio, which is the oldest military base in the United@States, so who would have believed that five years ago, how the8dynamics are turning now. I encourage it, I think it iswonderful."B   Mayor Frank Jordan says San Francisco, already one of the mostBpopular tourist destinations in the United States, will have evenAmore to offer as plans go forth to develop the full potential of(what is now the Presidio National Park.   ---------------   ---------------   SAN FRANCISCO'S OLDEST MAN   GREG FLAKUS   SAN FRANCISCOB   In the city of San Francisco, there are many fine restaurants,8but few can compete with the rather simple, diner-styleBrestaurant near Union Square called "Sears Fine Food Restaurant."BThe food is good and the atmosphere friendly, but what draws many=people to Sears, at least three times every week is maitre'd@Sidney Amber. What fascinates people about Mr Amber is not just8his charm and wit, but the fact that he is still alive.A   One hundred and nine years-old. Sidney Amber was a child whenBthe western U.S. frontier was still being settled. He was alreadyBan adolescent at the time of the Spanish-American war in 1898 and<he was rolled out of bed, at the age of 22, by the 1906 SanFrancisco earthquake.@   There are quite a few people these days who make it past theBage of 100, but very few of them are still working. Sidney Amber,>however, may still be alive today because he does work. ThreeAdays a week, the oldest man in San Francisco and most likely the@whole state of California, spends the morning here at the Sears>Fine Food restaurant, greeting people at the doorway, helpingAthem find a table and generally charming and enchanting everyone
he meets.@   Many people from out of town come to Sears because they haveAseen Sidney Amber on national television shows or read about him@in newspapers, but there are also plenty of people from the San@Francisco Bay area who come on a regular basis just to see thisgraceful elderly gentleman.>   Mack Tatarsky comes in from Mill Valley, just north of thecity (about 12 kilometers):A   "About once a month I try to get in just to see sidney and to<talk to people and finding out that he is the oldest man inACalifornia, it is really a pleasure to see people like that work>and people like that are excited as they go through the olderyears."9   Sidney Amber has outlived two wives and has held many@different jobs. He continues to work today even though most menB30 or 40 years younger than he have already retired. He maintains*that it is the work that keeps him going:A   "I would have retired, but I would fall apart. I have to keep?it up. I intend to keep it up. I am only here for three hours,Athree days a week and then I leave. It can be too much for me. I>feel it and then I quit. There is no secret to longevity. The=lord keeps me here. He is watching over me, that is the onlything I know that is sure."   ---------------   ---------------   DISNEYLAND TURNS 40   ALAN SILVERMAN   LOS ANGELES6   One of America's most popular tourist attractions,B"Disneyland" at Anaheim [anna'-hime], California, first opened 40years ago this week>   Walt Disney took a big gamble in 1955. A Hollywood success=thanks to such animated creations as Mickey mouse and Donald?duck, he risked everything on this new venture: A "theme park"Awhere families could play among settings and characters inspiredby his films:?   Company archivist and historian Dave Smith says opening day)did not go exactly as Walt disney hoped:B   "There were a lot of problems. They poured the asphalt for the?street just the day before and women's high heels were sinking<into the street. The plumbers here in Orange County went on@strike just before the park was finished and Walt had to make a;decision about whether it could have bathrooms or drinkingAfountains. He opted for the rest rooms, of course  so there were>complaints on opening day that Walt was forcing people to buyBCola-Cola because there weren't enough drinking fountains around.>That really wasn't the reason; it was because of the strike."7   Some rides were not finished and others broke down;;restaurants ran out of food; along with the 30,000 invited<guests, thousands more with counterfeit tickets crashed the@party, creating long lines and newspaper headlines like "Walt'sADream a Nightmare." But the problems were soon ironed [smoothed]Aout and "Disneyland" won international fame.  Even former Soviet<premier Nikita Khrushchev wanted to see the "Magic Kingdom">during his 1959 American tour, but was kept away for security	reasons.B   Walt Disney died in 1966 before he could see the next phase of<his dream completed in Florida: The much-larger Walt DisneyBworld, the number one tourist destination on the U.S. east coast.@The company's first international theme park opened at Tokyo in;1983. Euro-Disney near Paris followed; though plagued withAproblems, the European theme park has survived a rough financialrestructuring.8   The original "Disneyland" continues to grow with new;attractions such as the "Indiana Jones" adventure ride and?parades featuring characters from "The Lion kIng," "Beauty andthe Beast" and "Aladdin."B   The cost of visiting has also grown; today, admission is about?30-dollars; in 1955, it cost one dollar although now the rides=are included in the admission price. In 1955 visitors had toApurchase separate ride tickets which were rated from "A" for the?tamest "kiddie" attractions to "E" for the most exciting; ever8since, a thrill has become known as an "E-ticket ride:"=   "Walt Disney promised that "Disneyland" was a place which@would never be complete as long as there is imagination left in@the world,"says Roy Disney. "I think Walt would be very pleasedAwith the fact that his promise has been kept for 40 years so farBand still counting. And he would be proud, too, that "Disneyland"?remains what he intended it to be from the very beginning: Thehappiest place on earth.">   Since it opened in 1955, Disneyland has welcomed more than350-million visitors.   ---------------   ---------------?   U.S. INSTITUTIONS HELP REBUILD BOSNIA'S LIBRARY COLLECTIONS   JUDITH LATHAM   WASHINGTON@   During the siege of Sarajevo three summers ago, Bosnian Serb7forces targeted the National and University Library of@Bosnia-Herzegovina, setting it ablaze and destroying 90 percentBof its contents. The main repository of Bosnia's recorded historyAand culture, the library occupied a 19th-century moorish revival7building in Sarajevo's historic center. Rare books and?manuscripts, maps and recordings, periodicals and books in the@languages of the many cultures that have influenced Bosnia wentBup in flames. The library, with its three million items, was home@to the University of Sarajevo's collections as well as Bosnia's8national archives. Scholars in the United States and at?university libraries around the world are beginning to rebuildBosnia's collections.<   "The biggest book burning in modern history", that's howAhistorian Andras Riedlmayer [ahn-drash ree-del-my-er] of Harvard9University describes the destruction of the National and University Library in Sarajevo:@   "The most famous book fire is, of course, the burning of the@library of alexandria [egypt] in classical antiquity. There was@also a Chinese emperor in the ninth century who ordered all the:Buddhist manuscripts in the empire burned. But, in modern;history, there has been no single instance of a deliberate@destruction of a library that has been anywhere on this scale."<   But modern technology, Andras Riedlmayer says, is makingBpossible what no one could have dreamed of before, rebuilding the:library in Sarajevo by reconstituting its collections. As9bibliographer of Islamic art and architecture at Harvard@University's fine arts library in Massachusetts, Mr. Riedlmayer=is a key player among U.S. academics who are helping rebuild?Bosnia's foremost library. He says the library in Sarajevo hadBjust begun to convert its card catalogues to electronic form when?the fighting broke out, so most of the records perished in the@fire along with the original documents. Bosnian librarians have8asked foreign libraries to survey their collections forBBosnia-related materials so a master bibliography can be compiled;from the data. Andras Riedlmayer says Harvard University's+library is playing key role in the effort:B   "So, the first thing we're doing is that people in our systemsBoffice are searching through our computer records to pull out all>the material that has a Bosnian connection. It is not an easyBthing to do because of the ways in which books were classified in>the past. But we're hoping to assemble a fairly large body of@bibliographical data, which we will then donate to the nationalAlibrary rebuilding project. on a wider level, we are cooperating?with OCLC, which is a utility used by several hundred AmericanBlibraries, it's based in Dublin, Ohio, and they are trying to get;participating institutions to collaborate in the project."@   Some of the other American libraries helping with the job ofAreconstituting Bosnia's collections are the the sterling library@at Yale University in Connecticut, the New York public library,Bthe Library of Congress in Washington, and the Center for Russian?and East European Studies at the University of Michigan. DonnaAParmelee [par-mah-lee], a Balkan specialist at the University ofBMichigan, arranged for the director of the Sarajevo library, EnesAKujundzic [koo-yund-zitch], to tour the United States and confer<with his American counterparts. And, Ms. Parmelee says, the>University of Michigan has committed its resources in severalother ways:@   "One of those commitments was to bring one of his colleagues:to the University of Michigan for training in library and7information management and archival management. Due toAcircumstances in the region at this point, the librarian who was=planning to come was unable to get out of Sarajevo, so we're=postponing this visit until the fall. A second commitment we;made, but again have really had to postpone, was to send aBUniversity of Michigan graduate student to Sarajevo to assist Dr.7Kujundzic in some of the work that needs to be done to>reconstitute the collections of the library. We have a fairlyAextensive collection on Bosnia, and we hope to engage one of our>students this coming academic year, '95 to '96, to really putAtogether a list of our materials, again to feed into this larger,process of reconstituting the collections."A   Donna Parmelee says that the head of the slavic department at<Yale University's sterling library also invited the head of@cataloguing from Bosnia's National and University Library for athree-month internship.B   In addition to inventorying documents that were saved from theBfire and keeping track of new publications since the beginning of=the war, staff members at the national library are trying toBserve the 4,500 students who are still studying at the University
of Sarajevo.8   William Hunt is professor of history at St. Lawrence:University in New York state. He coordinates a network of9American academics who are committed to supporting their+colleagues in Sarajevo. According to Hunt:@   "During the terrible winters that the Sarajevans have had to@endure, when there was often very little fuel, a lot of private>libraries were burned for fuel. This was very difficult for aAbook-loving and very civilized population to do, but better thatAthan than freezing to death. So, the students, for example, have5no books, and in addition to trying to help with the@reconstitution of the library, one of the things I'm personallyAdoing is collecting books from students in America to keep theirEnglish department going."9   Professor William Hunt says his major effort, as with>reconstituting the collections of the national and UniversityALibrary, is not just sending books to Bosnia but on indentifying@what is needed. Rebuilding the library, he says, means locatingBduplicate copies in other libraries, making facsimile copies fromAmicrofilm or microfiche, or making copies of documents that haveBdigitally scanned. Although UNESCO plans to rebuild the structure8that once housed the national and University Library of?Bosnia-Herzegovina, reconstituting the actual collections is a>labor that depends largely on computer technology, electronic;mail, and the Internet. In this way, much of the record of1Bosnia's multicultural society can be preserved.   ---------------   ---------------G   U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: WHAT PLACE FOR RELIGION IN AMERICA?   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTONB   President Clinton last week went to a suburban Virginia school@to talk about how some school officials are misconstruing legal?rulings on the separation of church and state to ban legal andBacceptable religious activity. The president's comments increased;the intensity of the active national debate over prayer in<schools and other forms of personal religious activity. TheBpresident's remarks also generated a flurry of editorial comment.>   President Clinton said that many people have misunderstood?Supreme Court decisions on official school prayer to mean thatBstudents may not pray individually during school. To help end the@confusion, the president ordered the department of education to=send out guidelines on permitted religious activity to everysingle school in the nation.8   The United States is a secular country with a strong?constitutional prohibition against any kind of state-sponsored?religious activity. Americans are predominantly Christian, but>there is a growing diversity of religions across the country.B   However, religion in the schools is a very sensitive matter toAmillions of people, and the president's comments caused a flurry>of newspaper editorials. In the Midwest, one of that region's=oldest and best-known dailies, "The St. Louis Post-Dispatch"writes:>   "The reaction to President Clinton's thoughtful and timely=discourse on the proper place for religion in public schoolsBshows once again how politically charged the marketplace of ideas;has become. By enumerating the many ways that students can=express their faith in a voluntary, non-coercive manner, Mr.9Clinton made a valuable contribution to an often-hostile@dialogue. For his trouble, he received skepticism and criticism2from the very same people whose views he echoed."?   Meanwhile, in New England, "The Christian Science Monitor,"@which was founded by a religious group, the Church of ChristianScience, had this to say:;   "Much of what President Clinton said about the right of@students to practice their religions, whether in school or out,@is correct, even axiomatic. These things seem obvious, but theyAneed affirmation because, as the president observed, the climate?in public schools these days is often distinctly chilly toward=religion. That chilliness is less a matter of antipathy than@extreme caution, born out of hard experience and concerns aboutAlawsuits. School officials, not sure where to draw the line, are.inclined to draw it into a tight secularity."<   Further north, in Maine, "The Portland Press Herald" was:pleased with the president's comments, but warns that the:complexities of the issue will not be easily explained to
everyone:=   "It was a fair statement, but one that downplays the many:complexities inherent in defining the constitution's wise?separation of church and state. Nevertheless, [Mr.] Clinton is:right: School children acting on rights guaranteed by the>constitution and affirmed by the courts deserve to have those?rights protected.  Proponents of a religious freedom amendment?now in the Congress see [President] Clinton's initiative as an@attempt to derail their effort. It probably is. Liberal critics@say [Mr.] Clinton is encouraging religious activity in schools,:rather than emphasizing first amendment limits. Again, heAprobably is. All see an element of electoral politics, and that,too, is present."B   Across the nation, in California, "The Los Angeles Times" sumsup its feelings this way:@   "[Mr.] Clinton has performed a tremendous service for schoolAofficials, parents and teachers anxious to do the right thing in?an area of extreme sensitivity. His comments should do much toBreassure Americans of the value of their religious beliefs and to@underscore the important place that value holds in daily life."?   Also lauding the speech, and responding to its more cynical9critics, is "The Philadelphia Inquirer," which suggests:A   "Yes, some political calculation was involved. Yes, some risk@of runaway misinterpretation was taken. But President Clinton'sAspeech on religion and public schools was constitutionally soundBin content, refreshingly measured in tone and very welcome. As heBhas so often promised and too rarely done, the president provided?leadership from the center, on an issue fraught with potential>for painfully divisive demagoguery, from the left and right."@   Finally, "The Wall Street Journal" has some strong criticism9of both the media and cynical politicians who look for a6political motive in anything the president might say:B   "It may well be irresistibly ironic to witness a speech on the>primacy of belief systems by a president accused of having noBpolitical beliefs. And Bob Dole above all is a devoutly political=man. But for those of us in the media to reduce discourse by>politicians on religion or morality to no more than political;calculation puts us a short hop, skip and a jump away fromAnihilism. Even the Christian Coalition's spokesman dismissed theBspeech as all politics, preferring the Congressional battle for aprayer amendment."   ---------------   ---------------;   YOUNGSTERS REPORT THEY CAN EASILY GET MOST ANY NARCOTIC   JERRY STILKIND   WASHINGTON@   A survey of 12 to 17-year-old youngsters still in school has?found that most can buy almost any narcotic almost anywhere inthe United States.<   "What America's children are telling us is that they are@drenched in drugs," Joseph Califano, president of the Center on@Addiction and Substance Abuse and sponsor of the survey, told a?news conference July 17. He was secretary of health, education<and welfare during the Carter presidency in the late 1970s.=   Califano said the survey is the most comprehensive yet on<youngsters and their use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco even?though survey organizers interviewed by phone only 400 between=the ages of 12 and 17 and 2,000 adults. Other surveys with aAlarger base, however, also report a growing number of youngsters:trying narcotics, tobacco and alcohol the past few years.?   Califano said that the biggest problem named by the largest<number of adolescents (32 percent) was drugs. The next mostAimportant problem was crime and violence in school, mentioned as,number one by 13 percent of the youngsters.A   Almost 90 percent of the youngsters polled reported that theyBcould easily get cigarettes and 73 percent said they could easily:get alcohol. Almost 60 percent said they could easily buyBmarijuana but when the total was broken down by age, more than 80>percent of 15 and 17-year-olds said they could readily obtain,marijuana and 54 percent cocaine or heroin.B   More than 60 percent of the youngsters said that by the age of@15 they had friends who smoked marijuana and that 40 percent of%their friends had drinking problems.B   Califano charged that popular music, television and the movies="encourage illegal drug use." He said the survey showed thatAthree-quarters of the youngsters believed that the entertainment!industry encouraged using drugs.A   He called on the entertainment industry to stop "glamorizing"'the use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco.<   The serious use of these substances is found in poor andAwell-off areas, among all racial and ethnic groups, in urban andAsuburban neighborhoods and in youngsters living with two parents'or in one-parent homes, Califano said.9   His organization's analysis of the survey showed that=youngsters who are unlikely to use drugs, alcohol or tobacco;share four characteristics -- they are active in religiousAgroups, doing well academically, see a bright future and believemarijuana to be dangerous.@   Califano said that the survey of adults indicated widespreadBsupport for increased police efforts to stop the import of drugs.<About half supported increased funding for drug and alcohol#prevention and treatment programs.   ---------------   ---------------1   45 PEOPLE EXECUTED BY FIRING SQUAD IN NIGERIA   PURNELL MURDOCK   ABIDJAN@   Forty-three people have been executed by firing squad in theANigerian commercial capital, Lagos, in what government officials<call a crackdown on violent crime. The executions come amidAgrowing international concern of the fate of 40 people convicted2of plotting to overthrow the military government.<   The prisoners, each convicted of armed robbery and other<violent crimes, were executed in front of some one thousand8onlookers at Kirikiri maximum security prison in Lagos.A   Witnesses say the crowd watched in silence as four batches of4prisoners were escorted out of the prison and shot.>   News reports in Nigeria said 53 people were to be executedAearly Saturday morning. But the controller of prisons for Lagos,AC.O. Odikpo, said ten of those convicted had been granted a stayof execution.?   The Nigerian government says the executions are intended toAsend a message that it is now taking a tougher stance on violent@crime in Nigeria. The government says armed robberies have been@on the increase, threatening the lives of Nigerian citizens. ItAsays the problem also affects the attractiveness of Nigeria as a#safe place for foreign investment.@   This was the largest number of executions in a single day inANigeria in decades. Public executions of armed robbers date back@to 1971, shortly after the Nigerian civil war during an upsurge=in violent crime. Observers say the number of violent crimes2committed in Nigeria dropped several years later.@   Saturday's public executions come amid growing international>concern about the fate of some 40 civilians and army officers@convicted by a secret military court of conspiring to overthrowthe military government.B   Earlier, former British prime ministers James Callahan, EdwardAheath and Margaret thatcher, and former German chancellor Helmut;Schmidt added their names to the list of those calling for;leniency from the Nigerian government. The former European?leaders issued a statement criticizing the secret tribunal and=called on military ruler General Sani Abacha to pardon thoseconvicted.?   African leaders have also expressed their concern about the4situation in Nigeria. Organization of African Unity?secretary-general Salimahmed Salim expressed concern about the=trial and its affect on Africa's most populous nation. South<African President Nelson Mandela sent a personal message ofAconcern through his deputy President Thabo Mbeki, who arrived in;Nigeria for talks with military ruler General Sani Abacha.<Ghanaian President Jerry Rawlings also visited the Nigerianruler.@   Fourteen people, including former deputy head of state ShehuAYar'adua, are believed to have been sentenced to death for their>part in the alleged coup plot. Former military ruler OlusegunBObasanjo is believed to have been sentenced to life in prison for$his alleged role in the conspiracy.   ---------------   ---------------:   EGYPTIAN FOREIGN MINISTER BLASTS UN HANDLING OF BOSNIA   LAURIE KASSMAN	   CAIROB   Egyptian Foreign Minister Amr Moussa has blasted what he calls?the double standard of the United Nations in its dealings with?Serb aggression against Bosnia's Muslim community. He made the>remarks on his way to Geneva for a meeting of the nine-member@Bosnia contact group of the organization of Islamic conference.@   Foreign Minister Moussa criticizes the U.N. Security Council>for not taking a clear stand even after repeated Bosnian Serb?attacks on U.N. safe havens. He cites the absence of sanctionsAagainst the Serbs in contrast to long-standing sanctions against9Libya and Iraq and calls the U.N. attitude hypocritical.?   The Muslim states are expected to repeat their demands thatBthe arms embargo against Bosnia end to allow the Muslim community>there to defend itself. The 52-member Organization of Islamic=Conference has already described the ban as morally invalid.A   On Thursday, the leader of the United Arab Emirates described@western powers as spectators and called for a united Arab standBagainst what he called the idle west and against Serb aggression.=   Both politicians in Turkey and religious leaders in Saudi;Arabia are calling on the world to ship weapons to Bosnia.>   Egyptian minister Amr Moussa dismisses Russian suggestions<that political rather than military efforts can resolve the crisis. He says it is too late.   ---------------   ---------------=   SOUTH AFRICAN MUSLIMS PROTEST BOSNIA AT U.N./U.S. OFFICES   DELIA ROBERTSON   JOHANNESBURG?   South African Muslims marched to the United Nations offices;and United States consulate in Johannesburg to protest the>killing and dislocation of Bosnian Muslims. The demonstrationAcomes amid growing concern in South Africa about developments inBosnia.A   Muslims here are demanding the United Nations arms embargo be>ended to allow the Bosnian government to defend the people of@Bosnia against what they say is rampant butchery. The so-called=Bosnia action group says the United States and other western<countries are condoning the atrocities in Bosnia with theirsilence and inaction.@   Earlier, leading Jewish organizations condemned Bosnian Serb>ethnic cleansing and ethnic relocation of Muslim communities,8saying the policies are evil and morally reprehensible.B   In an editorial, the authoritative business day newspaper saysBethnic cleansing is a euphemism for vicious racial extermination,Aand the goal of the Serbs ruthless pursuit of territorial claims?is not freedom, or even self-determination, but racial purity.AThe newspaper says peace will come to Bosnia only when the SerbsBhave taken what they want, not because the world has acted to endthe slaughter.   ---------------   ---------------C   SOUTH AFRICAN DEPUTY PRESIDENT MAKES UNEXPECTED TRIP TO NIGERIA   MALLORY SALESON   JOHANNESBURG>  South African deputy President Thabo Mbeki left for Nigeria<Friday on an unexpected visit. the visit comes amid growing1concern over human rights violations in Nigeria.=   The purpose of the Mbeki visit to Nigeria is to deliver aBmessage from President Nelson Mandela to Nigeria's military rulerBthat's likely to express great concern over the current politicalAsituation in the West African country. Mr. Mbeki will hold talks>with General Sani Abacha about the political situation, amongother issues.A   The visit follows a message President Mandela sent to GeneralBAbacha urging clemency for former President Olusegun Obasanjo and>others convicted of an alleged coup plot against the military@government. Mr. Mandela expressed concern at the conviction andreported sentences.>   General Obasanjo, who played a role in South Africa's moveAtoward democracy, was reportedly sentenced to life imprisonment.?A number of others reportedly received the death sentence. All>the accused were tried in a secret military court and have no>right of appeal. It was in 1979 that General Obasanjo himself9handed over power in Nigeria to a democratically electedgovernment.?   The situation in Nigeria this week prompted a leading SouthBAfrican newspaper to call on the government to press the militaryAregime to return to civilian rule. South Africa's "Business Day"Bnewspaper said it was time for some harsh, shaming words from the:South African government aimed at persuading the Nigerian?military leadership to return power to civilians. A commentary>said South Africa is well positioned to lead an international@attempt, adding the respected new South Africa owes the rest ofthe continent nothing less.@   This is the second time this year President Mandela has sent;an emissary to Nigeria to discuss the political situation.>Archbishop Desmond tutu travelled to Abuja in April to try to;secure the release from detention of a prominent political.opposition leader. He came home empty-handed.?   The "Business Day" editorial said South Africa's diplomatic?pressure on Nigeria has been too low key, and suggested deputy@President Thabo mbeki should travel to Nigeria to express SouthBAfrican and international concerns. Political analysts said South;Africa should be using its full moral authority in foreignAaffairs, particularly on issues affecting the African continent.   ---------------   ---------------   ZIMBABWE STUDENT UNREST   LAWRENCE BARTLETT
   HARAREB   In Zimbabwe, authorities at the country's main university have?cracked down after weeks of student unrest, suspending student7leaders and evicting those in residence on the campus.>   The confrontation at the University of Zimbabwe began over>complaints that student grants had not been paid in full, andBescalated to take in allegations of corruption and mismanagement,9along with demands for the resignation of the principal.A   Initial demonstrations were met by a heavy response from riot>police, who have since been accused of using excessive force.@They are said to have fired tear gas canisters indiscriminately:into residences and living quarters for university staff.B   Some lecturers and non-academic staff have joined the students>in their call for the removal of principal Gordon Chavunduka,6accusing him of poorly administrating the university.>   For his part, professor Chavunduka said the demonstrationsAwere political, with some lecturers joining the students in what3had become a power struggle with tribal overtones.B   Professor Chavunduka took over the university just a few yearsBago after his predecessor quit in the wake of a series of clashes?between students and the government over the issue of academic	freedom.@   At that time, a number of academics backed the students, andAit is understood that lecturers in the law department have againBlent their support. Professor Chavunduka accused them of drafting=a letter accusing him of misadministration and sending it to>President Robert Mugabe, who is chancellor of the university.   ---------------   ---------------(   BEATEN SUDANESE DIPLOMAT LEAVE EGYPT   LAURIE KASSMAN	   CAIROA   Three Sudanese diplomats beaten up last weekend in Cairo haveAheaded home. One who remains in serious condition is expected toBbe transferred to London for medical treatment. The evacuation is<part of the continuing strained relations between Egypt andSudan.=   Sudan ordered its injured diplomats and their families to?return home on Monday. The first group of 15 has already left.8The embassy is also sending home most of its diplomatic"dependents, who number about 250.=   The evacuation comes less than a week after the embassy's@first secretary and two other diplomats were beaten in separateBincidents by gangs wielding iron clubs. The embassy maintains the@attackers were plainclothes Egyptian security agents. Egypt hasdenied the charge.?   For its part, Egypt is demanding an official explanation of?the beatings of six of its diplomats last weekend in Khartoum.A   Egyptian authorities are also interrogating 18 members of the@Muslim Brotherhood about their alleged links to Sudanese MuslimBcleric Hassan Al-Turabi. The mainstream Islamic group is outlawedAas a political party in Egypt but its members hold key positions?in the influential doctors and lawyers unions. Police arrested>about 20 Muslim Brotherhood members earlier this year in whatAcritics says is a campaign against Islamic fundamentalists ahead;of parliamentary elections due to be held later this year.@   The crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood comes amid continued:harassment on both sides of the Egyptian-Sudanese border.BRelations have deteriorated since President Hosni Mubarak accused>Sudan of involvement in the assassination attempt against himlast month in Addis Ababa.>   Ethiopian authorities say the attackers were Egyptian. But;President Mubarak has long argued that Sudan is supporting9Islamic radicals who want to destabilize his government.   ---------------   ---------------5   AIDDED RIVALS SAYS HE IS RECEIVING AID FROM LIBYA   ALEX BELIDA   NAIROBI@   Rivals opposed to Somali faction leader Mohamed Farah Aideed>claim he is receiving assistance from Libya. They are warning?that Libyan involvement could lead to renewed civil war in the	country.>   Top officials of the so-called Somali government formed byAGeneral Aideed's supporters under his leadership last month denyBthey have any military links with Libya. They insist they are not:seeking weapons or any other military assistance from any	country.B   But General Aideed was quoted by Somali reporters earlier this@week as saying the maintenance of some 80 heavy weapons-mounted>vehicles, used by his militia, is being financed by Libya. HeAalso told supporters Libya had agreed to pay the salaries of hismilitia for three months.@   Foreign observers closely monitoring Somali developments say<there is no doubt General Aideed and his top aides have had(contact recently with Libyan officials.?   But they say they are skeptical about claims that Libya hasAbegun providing the south Mogadishu faction leader with concrete;assistance. They note that no foreign government, not even>Libya's, has formally recognized General Aideed's government.:   Instead, these observers suggest General Aideed may be9promoting talk of a Libyan connection to bolster his own;reputation and the legitimacy of his newly-formed cabinet.=   Whatever the case, two of General Aideed's most prominentBrivals, Ali Madhi Mohamed and Osman Hassan Ali Atto, appear to be,taking the reports of Libyan aid seriously.<   Mr. Ali Madhi, the north Mogadishu faction leader, tellsAreporters Libyan involvement could lead to a renewal of fighting;which, in his words, will be more disastrous than ever. HeBcharges General Aideed has already begun building up forces along:the so-called green line that divides the Somali capital.9   Mr. Ali Madhi has appealed to the United Nations, the@Organization of African Unity, the Arab League and other groups*to discourage any Libyan role in Somalia.   ---------------   ---------------$   SUDANESE REBELS RELEASE HOSTAGES   PEGGY POLK   ROME@   U.N. officials say the Sudanese People's Liberation Army hasAreleased three aid workers and two Sudanese government officialsBheld hostage for six-weeks. The hostages were picked up by a U.N.plane and flown to Kenya.>   The announcement of the hostage release came from the U.N."World Food Program (WFP) in Rome.A   They were identified as two WFP staff members, one of them anBIndian national and the other a Sudanese, a program assistant for=the U.N. food and agriculture organization, and two Sudanesegovernment officials.B   They had flown to Parlang in the Nuba mountains June eighth to@pick up an Italian and a Sudanese doctor, who had been arrested;when they landed in the area without government clearance.@   The WFP group had clearance from both the government and the>rebels, but was seized after its plane became stuck in mud on	landing.@   The release came two days after the government freed the two8doctors, who were working for an an Italian aid agency.>   It was the second time in less than three-months WFP staffBmembers have been held hostage in Sudan. Two others were held forAa time in May by armed men who hijacked a WFP barge and made off6with food supplies intended for 100,000 needy people.   ---------------   ---------------(   SUDAN GOVERNMENT ACCUSED OF GENOCIDE   ALEX BELIDA   NAIROBI:   The London-based human rights group African rights has>released a new report that accuses the government of Sudan of<committing genocide against the Nuba people, an essentiallyA"African" people living in the heart of the predominantly Arabicnorth.:   African rights charges that the Sudanese government is;committing what it terms genocide by attrition, slowly and>methodically grinding down the society and the economy of the(Nuba people until they no longer exist.9   The human rights group accuses government soldiers ofBsystematically killing Nuba leaders, including chiefs, merchants,?teachers, and health workers. Other civilians are captured and=tortured and then disappear while some are forced to work in>special labor camps. It says women are routinely abducted andraped.?   The group claims troops are also burning villages, stealingAcrops and animals, and destroying other possessions of the Nuba.?African rights charges the policy is aimed at creating what is:effectively a permanent famine, one that forces survivingBresidents of the region into government-controlled camps. It says@the aim is to transform the Nuba into an underclass of servantsto the Islamic state.:   African rights says it is no surprise that the Islamic@government in Khartoum regularly attacks and destroys Christian@churches in the Nuba mountains. But in what the group describes>as the government's darkest secret of all, it claims Sudanese=forces are also burning mosques and destroying copies of theBKoran. The human rights organization says this policy is based on<a decree issued in 1992 which asserts that Muslims in areas,outside of government control are heretics.7   There are about one-point-five-million Nuba people,Brepresenting more than 50 different ethnic groups. They live in a<remote, hilly region of southern Kordofan province. AfricanBrights says it is a remarkably diverse and tolerant society. Some9Nuba follow Islam, others Christianity, and still otherstraditional religions.@   Although the area is considered part of northern Sudan, many?Nuba youth have joined southern Sudanese rebel groups in their(struggle for autonomy against Khartoum.B   African rights says its investigators visited rebel-controlled?parts of the Nuba area twice this year, travelled extensively,?and carried out more than 130 detailed interviews with victims&and witnesses of human rights abuses.9   African rights says that what it calls Sudan's war of?annihilation against the Nuba people has been going on for theApast 10 years. Yet the group charges the international community>has been almost completely silent about the genocide. It saysAthat if the Khartoum government continues its policies, then, inAthe report's words, it is unlikely that Nuba civilization, as it*has been known, will exist in the future.;   Sudanese authorities have had no comment on the report.   ---------------   ---------------0   REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK: DEMOCRACY AFRICAN STYLE   PURNELL MURDOCK   WASHINGTONB   The RDR is a new opposition political party in the Ivory Coast@which has been courting former prime minister Alassane OuattaraBas its choice to defeat president Henri Konan Bedie. Mr. OuattaraAhas remained silent on the issue, choosing to keep his politicalambitions a mystery.@   The press officer for the rally of the Republicans Party, orBRDR, as it is known in Ivory Coast, called to inform me the party@would be announcing its candidate for the upcoming presidential9elections at the conclusion of its party convention thatafternoon.=   I dashed off to the conference center, hoping the mystery<would soon be solved. When I arrived I discovered the party@convention was a two-day affair. The party was to elect its new:leader, declare its goals and philosophy and announce its>candidate for the presidential election only on the last day.<   The 2,500 delegates waited for the program to begin. The?handful of journalists soon learned that the party hadn't even;elected the new party leader, let alone it's candidate for:president. We groaned when a party spokesman informed theBdelegates that someone had emerged to challenge the incumbent forthe leadership.B   Next came the vote, with laborious instructions about how eachAcandidate would be represented by a colored sheet of paper, blue?for the incumbent, white for the challenger. He explained that=the delegates were to take the two ballot sheets to a booth,Bplace one sheet in an envelope, to be placed in a ballot box, andBthen throw away the other ballot sheet. Only when he was sure allAthe delegates understood the instructions, did the voting begin.AThat's when I knew we were in for a long night! In fact, it took@hours for each of the 2,500 delegates to go to the front of the@convention hall as his name was called out, pick up his ballots@and cast his vote. I decided I had a choice: Either sit quietly?and watch this example of democracy in action, or go home, get?some sleep and return when the voting was finished. Most of usopted for the latter.@   I somehow managed to time my return later that night just as>the voting was completed. Now it was time to count the votes!BYes, you guessed it, each and every one of them, by hand! As each;envelope was drawn from the box, the name of the candidateBselected was announced and a tick mark placed on a chalk board in>the column under his name. I watched wearily as 2,500 ballots:were opened, read and recorded. By the time the count was%finished it was well after midnight.A   It came as no surprise to anyone the incumbent, Djeny Kobina,=was re-elected by a landslide. Now, Mr. Kobina must give hisvictory speech.:   Sometime around 3:00 in the morning, a party spokesmanBannounced it would be improper to conclude the convention without>first naming those people who played an important role in theAparty congress. He had a list of 400 names. He read them all. ByBnow, one of my colleagues had become as exasperated as I was with!the slow pace of the convention.?   Since we had waited so long, we decided to stay to a little?while longer to see what would happen next. Finally the momentAhad arrived. The party spokesman walked to the podium and read a?motion describing the virtues of the man the party hoped would+become the next president of the republic.9   Political events such as this are memorable for every9journalist. As one of my colleagues pointed out, what weBexperienced that night was democracy African-style. For me it wasBmore than that, it was a rare opportunity to observe democracy inBits most fundamental form as it unfolded right before my eyes. It is something I'll never forget.   ---------------   ---------------3   MANDELA SIGNS LAW TO ESTABLISH TRUTH COMMISSION   DELIA ROBERTSON   JOHANNESBURG>   South African President Nelson Mandela has signed a law to>establish a commission to investigate human rights violationsduring the years of apartheid.@   Mr. Mandela says the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, as@it will be known, will help South Africa deal with its past andAlay the basis for genuine reconciliation. He says the commissionAwill make it possible at last for the country to learn the truthabout its past.@   The president will appoint the commissioners in consultation@with his cabinet. Mr. Mandela says he will make an announcementsoon on the selection process.;   A group of 31 non-governmental organizations, includingBAmnesty International, the South African Council of Churches, and>civil, legal and human rights organizations are demanding the!process include public hearings.A   Paul Van Zyl of the Witwatersrand Univeristy's Center for the@Study of Violence, says it is essential commissioners be of the>highest moral integrity and have a long track record in human
rights work:?   "It is going to have to make recommendations which might be9politically unpopular and if you put people on the truthBcommission whose loyalties lie with political parties rather thanBwith human rights, or victims of human rights abuse, then you areAgoing to find that firstly, the truth commission is not going to;be trusted by the human rights community and secondly, its?reports are not going to achieve the fundamental objectives ofthe truth commission."A   Mr. Van Zyl says the commission has two main goals: The firstAis to serve the interests of victims and survivors of abuse, andAthe second, to promote an understanding of human rights in South@Africa where virtually none existed before. He says the new lawBis a good one and in the right hands will be a vehicle to deliverBthose goals, but only if the commission is kept free of political
deal-making.<   The commission will be made up of two committees. One isBcharged with examining gross human rights violations and amnesty;?the other is to determine what reparations will be made to theBvictims. Amnesty will be granted only in cases of full disclosureBby those responsible for human rights crimes. The commission will>also determine whether responsibility for human rights abuses.lies with high-ranking officials at the time.   ---------------   ---------------   SIERRA LEONE FIGHTING   PURNELL MURDOCK   ABIDJAN<   Military sources say Sierra Leone government troops have>regained control of two towns in the southern district of Bo.=   Military sources say Sierra Leone government troops drove:rebel forces from Serabu and Gbetima, about 30-kilometers@southwest of the city of Bo. Rebels of the Revolutionary United>Front struck elsewhere, killing a soldier and a civilian in a9raid on Taima, about 200-kilometers east of the capital,
Freetown.@   The army has been carrying out a major offensive in the area?for more than two weeks, which has reportedly left hundreds of/rebels of the Revolutionary United Front dead.A   Diplomats say the recent military successes are the result of9training from the South African security firm, executiveAoutcomes, which has been hired to train the Sierra Leone army in?guerrilla warfare. In the past, Sierra Leone's government also9retained Nepalese Ghurka commandoes to train its troops.A   Sierra Leone's four-year civil war began in March 1991 in the:extreme southeast of the country. Several months ago, theBRevolutionary United Front launched attacks on villages and towns@increasingly nearer the capital, raising concern of a strike onthe capital itself.A   About 10,000 people are believed to have been killed and more9than one-half the population displaced by the civil war.   ---------------   ---------------?   ANTI-ABACHA FORCES PLAN STRATEGY, HIGHLIGHT NIGERIAN ABUSES   JIM FISHER-THOMPSON   WASHINGTON:   Representatives of organizations opposing the Nigerian;government of General Sani Abacha met here July 18 to plan<strategy and brief the press on their goal of isolating the;strongman's military regime internationally because of itsfailure to democratize.@   Ranging from trade unions to environmental groups, more than?five organizations, composing the International Round Table of?Nigeria (IRTON) -- formed last year in opposition to Nigeria'sBmilitary government -- met at Amnesty International headquarters.9   After their strategy session, held two days before an=important hearing on Nigeria by the Senate Foreign Relations8Africa Subcommittee, the group briefed the press on the?deteriorating human rights situation in Africa's most populousnation.=   Amnesty International Africa Program Officer Adotei Akwei@noted that a prime effort of the group was to convince the U.S.@Congress and Clinton administration that human rights abuses in<Nigeria now demand greater attention from the internationalcommunity.:   He added that Amnesty International in America plans a>"focused campaign" in September that will highlight the humanBrights and political abuses currently taking place in Nigeria andKenya.9   The latest action by the Abacha government, which has?galvanized IRTON members like the Nigerian Democratic Movement;(NDM), Human Rights Watch/Africa, the Sierra Club, and the<Service Employees International Union (SEIU), is the recentBmilitary trial, held secretly, of 51 Nigerians the regime accused+of treason for plotting a coup last March.@   Included among those tried was former Nigerian head of state<General Olusegun Obasanjo, the only military leader to have-peacefully relinquished power in his nation.>   A Nigerian government spokesman announced July 14 that theBtrials in Lagos had been concluded and that the verdicts of 40 of@the defendants found guilty were sent to the Provisional RulingCouncil in Abuja for review.?   Dr. Mobolaji Aluko, president of the NDM, said rumor had itBthat General Obasanjo had been sentenced to imprisonment for life>and that a number of defendants, including General Musa Shehu=Yar'Adua, had received the death sentence. And he added, "wWBwould not be surprised if as we sit here some or all of the death"sentences are being carried out."B   In a statement he read to journalists, Aluko said: "Nigeria isAnow a country held hostage to....military oppression. Ever since?the military capriciously annulled the June 12, 1993, election>and detained its winner, Chief M.K.O. Abiola, a year later, a5grenade has been tossed into the future of Nigeria."=   Because the trials were held in secret, including that ofAGeneral Obasanjo, Aluko said: "We demand the carrying out of all=sentences on Olusegun Obasanjo, Shehu Yar'Adua, Shehu Sanni,@Gwadabe, Fadile, Akinyemi, and others be delayed until they can@be subjected to a fully open judicial review process; the death+sentences must be commuted without delay."9   Aluko concluded: "We hope that it is now clear to theAinternational community, as has been enunciated by our own NobelBlaureate Wole Soyinka, that the mindset of this regime is not onethat should be coddled."B   Folabi Olagbaju of the SEIU also read a statement, in which he<said his union "views with alarm the ongoing suppression of@independent trade union, pro-democracy activities and is deeply7concerned about the recent turn of events in Nigeria.":   The Nigerian trade unionist continued: "We call on the<government of Nigeria to immediately release detained trade@unionists Frank Kokori, Wariebi Kojo Agamene, Francis Addo, and@Fidelis Aidelomon, as well as all other political prisoners and.all those convicted by the military tribunal.B   "Failing these steps" by the Abacha regime, the SEIU spokesman9warned that the organization "will work with the AFL-CIO5[American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial8Organizations] and its affiliates to encourage the U.S.?government to impose comprehensive sanctions against Nigeria.">   On the issue of sanctions, a statement released by another@IRTON member, the Civil Liberties Organization (CLO), called on4the international community to, among other things:1   -- "cut off diplomatic ties with Nigeria now;'   -- impose sanctions on Nigeria now;0   -- impose an oil embargo on Nigeria now; and>   -- freeze all assets belonging to Abacha, his cohorts, and      their families."=   Dr. Edward Oparadji, of the Nigerian Democratic Awareness>Committee (NDAC), was also at the IRTON/Amnesty International>meeting. He suggested that General Abacha "be indicted in the=United States for drug trafficking, as was done with General7Noriega of Panama." Then, Oparadji explained, U.S. and=international law would allow the seizure of Abacha's assets1abroad as the proceeds of an illegal enterprise.?   Some of the Nigerian representatives at the meeting berated;the United States government for not condemning the Abacha=regime, despite the fact that the State Department and White7House have issued a number of statements deploring the.undemocratic excesses of the military regime.A   Most recently, on July 17 State Department Spokesman Nicholas9Burns told the press that the United States remains very@concerned about the situation in Nigeria, especially the secret trials that have been going on.A   He added that the U.S. government was "deeply concerned about9the safety" and the fate of Nigerian opposition leaders,?including former President Obasanjo, who Burns said "are being7unjustly arrested and unjustly and incorrectly tried."A   The State Department spokesman said the U.S. government wouldA"continue to speak out on those human rights violations that are#so apparent right now in Nigeria."   ---------------   ---------------&   EGYPT PROTESTS BOSNIA ARMS EMBARGO   LAURIE KASSMAN	   CAIRO;   Egypt has sent a letter of protest to the U.N. security6council asking for an end to the arms embargo against?Bosnia-Herzegovina so the Muslim community could defend itselfagainst Serb attacks.A   Foreign Minister Amr Moussa told reporters his government hasBformally asked the United Nations to end the arms embargo against:Bosnia-Herzegovina. He says a letter was sent to the U.N.>Security Council. Mr Moussa added it is vital to let Bosnians<defend themselves as best they can against Serb aggression.A   He made the remarks after a brief meeting with U.N. secretary@General Boutros Boutros-Ghali who has cut short an African tour5to deal with the latest attacks on U.N. safe havens.B   The secretary general will discuss the deteriorating situation@in Bosnia with U.N. officials in Geneva. He says a top priority6now is fast relief for refugees fleeing the fighting.B   Mr Boutros-Ghali's consultations in Geneva may overlap with an>emergency meeting of nine Islamic foreign ministers Saturday.>Egypt called for a meeting of the Bosnia contact group of the<52-member organization of Islamic conference to discuss theAsituation and what could be done about it. The group has already@met earlier this year with the European contact group on Bosnia5to find a coordinated approach to the tragedy there.   ---------------   ---------------   EGYPT/SUDAN CONFLICT UPDATE   LAURIE KASSMAN	   CAIRO?   The Egyptian cabinet has reviewed security ministry reports=linking Sudan to the assassination attempt against President@Hosni Mubarak last month in Addis Ababa. And Sudan charges thatBEgypt is holding three Sudanese policemen wounded last month in a?border clash in the disputed area of Halaib. Relations betweenBSudan and Egypt have deteriorated rapidly since President Mubarak1accused Sudan of involvement in the murder plot.@   One Egyptian newspaper maintains that three of the attackers?in the failed assassination attempt were smuggled to safety in@Sudan,including the alleged mastermind of the operation who wasAbelieved to have been wounded by President Mubarak's bodyguards.=   Ethiopian authorities have said there were at least sevenAassailants and they believe all were Egyptian. But Egypt insistsSudan was involved, too.@   The interior minister told a cabinet meeting Monday night he<has ordered increased security measures since the attack onAPresident Mubarak, including a recently-imposed visa requirement!for Sudanese residents in Egypt.>   Official accounts of the cabinet meeting say the ministers@also reviewed security reports showing the attackers used Sudan:as a base for planning and preparing the attack. EgyptianBauthorities link the terrorists to Sudanese Islamic cleric Hassan@Al-Turabi. Sudan's government has denied any involvement in theoperation.<   President Mubarak has long argued that Sudan harbors andAsupports Islamic radicals who want to destabilize his government*and turn Egypt into a pure Islamic state.>   Relations between Sudan and Egypt are also strained over a5disputed triangle of land along their common border.<   Sudan's official news agency says Egypt is holding threeASudanese policemen who were wounded last month in a border clashBin the Halaib area. Sudan's embassy in Cairo wants the men handed'over so they can be treated elsewhere.@   On Monday, Sudan ordered three of its diplomats in Cairo andAtheir families to return home. The men had been beaten up Sunday=by unidentified gangs wielding iron clubs, one day after six.Egyptian diplomats were attacked in Khartoum.   ---------------   ---------------9   EGYPT'S CABINET ENDORSE BAN ON SATELLITE TV EQUIPMENT   LAURIE KASSMAN	   CAIROA   Egypt's cabinet has endorsed a ban on the import of satellite?TV decoders as a measure to preserve and protect the country'sAmoral values. the move is part of a trend in the Muslim world to%limit access to western TV programs.@   The information ministry statement says Egypt is banning the=import of TV decoders and other receivers that have not beenBproperly licensed by the state broadcast authorities, as requiredunder a 1979 law.?   Some illegal decoders, for instance, can unscramble Turkish<and Italian channels that carry sexually explicit programs.A   The new restrictions so far do not apply to satellite dishes.?Satellite TV programming is very popular in Egypt, but Islamic7clerics have complained about the influence of western
programming.B   The ban will hurt smaller firms trying to compete with the few>large cable-tv companies linked to the state-run broadcastingsystem.@   The government justifies the action as a way to preserve and?protect the values, morals and traditions of Egyptian society.@The same reason has been used elsewhere to ban satellite dishesBthemselves. Both Iran and Saudi Arabia want to limit satellite TVBprogramming to curb what they consider decadent influences of thewest.   ---------------   ---------------1   NEW KENYA OPPOSITION PARTY DENIED RECOGNITION   ALEX BELIDA   NAIROBI>   Top officials of Kenya's new, opposition Safina party have?complained publicly about the delay by authorities in formallyBregistering the group. Registration would give the new party full@legal status to recruit members, raise funds, and conduct otheractivities.>   Officials of Safina, Swahili for noah's ark, submitted the3necessary documents for registration on June 20th.B   The party's secretary-general, prominent white conservationist@and former Kenya wildlife service director Richard Leakey, says<that since that date Safina has not been given a definitive?answer as to when or whether the party will be given its legal;status. Mr. Leakey charges the delay is another example of=oppression by President Daniel Arap moi and his ruling Kenya$African National Union Party, Kanu:?   "This indecision and delay is a blatant example of the Kanu=government's continuing suppression of rights. The people ofAKenya are entitled to choices in the political arena and to deny8them this is contrary to the foundations of democracy.";   Mr. Leakey appealed to the government to allow Safina's?registration as soon as possible. He told reporters in Nairobi:the new opposition party does not intend to be needlessly;confrontational and is not issuing any ultimatum setting adeadline for official action.=   But unless the government acts quickly, Mr. Leakey warns,ASafina may soon be forced to call for mass public demonstrations;on the group's behalf, even though he says he fears such a@decision is likely to lead to intimidation and the possible use of force against demonstrators.<   The party secretary-general complains again that the Moi>government continues to encourage ethnic tensions in a bid to?fragment opposition groups while at the same time making false@charges about alleged foreign intervention in Kenya's political?affairs. He charges the government is still failing to address?the serious issues facing Kenya, problems that Mr. Leakey says>include corruption and lawlessness. He claims those problems,9along with the lack of political reforms, will cause the@country's economy to slip backwards and that investors will not invest in the present climate.:A   "Unless there are some real changes, the idea of democracy in1Kenya will continue to be the sham it is today."B   Mr. Leakey says some initial changes are necessary in Safina'sAview. They include reform of the country's electoral commission,=repeal of repressive security laws, the release of politicalAprisoners, and a loosening of government controls over radio andtelevision.>   Mr. Leakey and Safina have come under harsh criticism from>President Moi and his supporters since announcing the group's@formation. Although several prominent black political activists:are involved in the new party, Mr. Moi has focused on Mr.ALeakey's involvement, charging that he is seeking to reintroducecolonialism in Kenya.   ---------------   ---------------   AFRICA'S DEVIL STRING
   BOB BOWEN   WASHINGTON@   About twenty-one-million hectares in Africa used for growing@grain are affected by a parasitic weed called striga. Officials>say that unless controls can be found forty-four-million morehectares could be affected.?   Striga causes a crop loss of more than four-million tons of>grain each year. That means a loss of more than three-millionAdollars each year in maize, millet and sorghum crops. The amount+of loss equals about eighty percent of the@five-and-one-half-million tons of grain Africa receives in foodaid each year.A   Striga connects itself to the roots of crop plants. It steals@their food and water. By the time the striga weed appears above4ground, it already may have destroyed all the crop.?   There are thirty different kinds of striga. Twenty-three ofthem are found in Africa.B   Striga is often called witch weed or devil's string. Its seedsBwill not grow unless they are near the crop plant they like. Such$a plant is called the "host" plant.A   The roots of the host plant naturally release a chemical that<causes striga seeds to grow. As the striga seeds grow, they@connect themselves to the roots of the host plant. Striga seedsAcan survive in the soil for as long as twenty years, waiting forthe right host.?   The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsBhas reported some efforts to control striga. The FAO says the job;will not be easy. Striga normally is found in dry areas ofBAfrica. But, it was found recently in Guinea, a country that getsplenty of rain.@   Striga seeds can be spread by farmers who are forced to move>because of a lack of rain in their area or because striga has?spread in their fields. Their cattle carry striga seeds insideBtheir stomachs. And, the farmers often have striga seeds mixed inwith their crop seeds.@   Some farmers use chemicals to control striga. But, that kind=of control method is costly. Another way to control it is to=increase organic soil material while planting crops that are<resistant to striga. In some areas, farmers mix grains with<cowpeas. This mixture seems to reduce the amount of striga.A   Perhaps the least costly method of removing striga is to pullAit out when it appears. It is important to kill striga before it<produces flowers and drops seeds. Just one striga plant can*produce as many as ninety-thousand seeds.   ---------------   ---------------.   TAIWAN REPORTS CHINA TEST FIRED 4 MISSILES   JASON BLATT
   TAIWAN<   Taiwan's defense ministry says China fired four missiles=Friday and Saturday as part of a week-long military exercise;being staged in the East China Sea North of Taiwan. Taiwan@believes only one of the missiles actually landed in the targetzone.<   After keeping silent for two days on the Chinese missileBtests, Taiwan's defense ministry issued a brief statement shortly?after midnight Sunday. According to Taiwan's intelligence, twoBmissiles were fired Friday, of which one landed near its intended<target. On Saturday, the defense ministry said, another twoAChinese missiles were fired. Both were said to have landed southof the target zone.A   Relations between Taiwan and China have rapidly worsened overAthe past couple of months following several diplomatic victories=by Taipei. One of those was a private U.S. visit by Taiwan'spresident.>   Beijing and Taipei have been rivals ever since nationalist@forces retreated to Taiwan following the 1949 communist victory@in the Chinese mainland. But ideological hostilities started to@recede in the late 1980's as private exchanges and trade began.@   Observers in Taiwan say Beijing's decision to test strategicAmissiles 150 kilometers north of Taiwan was intended to pressure?Taiwan into making concessions at the bargaining table. Taiwan>and China were scheduled to hold high level, unofficial talksAthis month. But Beijing called off the talks to protest Taiwan's8recent efforts to boost its status in the internationalcommunity.   ---------------   ---------------    CHINA REACTION TO HOUSE BILL   GIL BUTLER   BEIJINGB   China has strongly objected to a U.S. House of Representatives=measure passed this week, that calls for closer human rights=monitoring of China while continuing China's favorable tradestatus.>   Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Shen Guofang called the<House of Representatives action "gross interference" in itsAinternal affairs, and demanded that the United States government4take measures to prevent the act from becoming law.@   The House of Representatives passed a bill that requires the<administration to monitor Chinese behavior more closely. It8specifically accuses Beijing of violating international@non-proliferation standards, committing widespread human rights7abuses, engaging in discriminatory trade practices and@arbitrarily imprisoning Chinese-American human rights activist,?Harry Wu. For the bill to become law, the Senate would have toapprove it.@   The Chinese response called on the administration to prevent>the bill's final passage to avoid further damage to bilateralrelations.<   Supporters of the House bill said the United States must>condemn Chinese actions but should take care to avoid furtherBdamage to relations between the countries. It also did not demandBlifting China's "most favored nation trading status" or set othersanctions.   ---------------   ---------------$   EAST ASIA-PACIFIC WEEK-IN-REVIEW   DON BENSON   WASHINGTON<   China announces plans for missile tests off the coast of>Taiwan; Burma's freed opposition leader makes her first majorBpublic appearance, and Thailand's new prime minister appoints his	cabinet.@   China this week announced that it will conduct missile testsAin an area off the northern coast of Taiwan. It warned all shipsBand aircraft to avoid the area for a week. The warning prompted aBhalt to Taiwanese fishing. Some airplanes diverted their paths toAavoid trouble. The Taiwanese protested China's action. President>Lee Teng-Hui called on Beijing to stop being confrontational.   ===============A   Burma's opposition leader, Aung San Suu Kyi, freed this month<from six years of house arrest, made her first major publicBappearance this week, attending a ceremony honoring slain Burmese?independence heroes. One of those heroes is Aung San Suu Kyi'sBlate father, Aung San. His daughter laid flowers at the so-called;martyrs' mausoleum in central Rangoon. The occasion passedBquietly, and the opposition leader went home to continue meetings<with her supporters and members of her political party, theNational League for Democracy.   ===============?   Thailand's new prime minister, Banharn Silpa-Archa, named aBnew cabinet this week. Mr. Banharn led his (Thai Nation) party toAvictory in the July second elections. He now leads a seven-party6coalition that has 233 seats in the 391-seat house ofBrepresentatives. There has been some criticism of the new cabinetBline-up. Observers question the integrity of some of those chosenas ministers.   ===============B   In Washington, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill@requiring the president to take a tougher stand against allegedAChinese human rights violations. The legislation also requires a>new U.S. government radio station, called radio free Asia, toAstart broadcasting within 90 days. Supporters of the measure say>it took the place of legislation that would have denied China?most-favored-nation trading status. Some critics of Beijing in@the house want MFN stopped until China improves freedom for itsBpeople. In order for the bill to become law, it must be passed by,the Senate and signed by President Clinton.   ===============<   Protests were growing in the Asia-Pacific region againstBFrance's decision to resume nuclear testing in the area. Japanese@lawmakers were gathering support for a boycott of French goods.<And Tokyo called in the French ambassador to lodge a formal<protest. Other countries have also voiced opposition to the;French plan. New Zealand's political parties called on the?government to take legal action against France. And protesters<demonstrated outside French embassies and consulates in theregion.   ===============@   Talks on shipping South Korean rice to communist North KoreaAbroke off in a stalemate this week, with no indication when they9might resume. The talks in Beijing followed last month's@agreement by Pyongyang to accept 150,000 tons of free rice from>rival South Korea. Pyongyang is seeking the emergency rice to?overcome a severe food shortage. But in exchange for the food,BSeoul has demanded that North Korea take steps to ease tension onthe divided peninsula.   ===============A   The mother of Thailand's king, Princess Sangwal Mahidol, died@this week of a heart ailment. The princess mother had been sick>for quite a while. Her condition began to worsen early in the?week, and she died Tuesday night. The Thai people are now in a0two-week mourning period for the king's mother.   ===============;   China this week denied reports that it has detained the@six-year-old Tibetan boy designated as the reincarnation of the@Panchen Lama. Tibetan activists say the boy and his family were@called to Beijing for questioning in May, shortly after TibetanBspiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, announced he had designated the;child as the 11th Panchen Lama. But Beijing says it is notBholding the boy. It accused Tibetan exiles of fabricating rumors.   ===============B   Indonesia celebrated the 19th anniversary of its annexation of>the former Portuguese colony, East Timor. There was no unrestBreported, as authorities staged a military parade in the Timorese?capital, dili. No locals were invited to view the parade. Only?civilian and military leaders got a chance to watch. Indonesia?occupied East Timor in 1975 and annexed it a year later. SinceAthen, armed rebels have pushed for the territory's independence.   ---------------   ---------------D   KASHMIR REBELS SAY HOSTAGES INJURED IN BATTLE WITH INDIAN TROOPS   MICHAEL DRUDGE
   NEW DELHI=   Islamic militants holding five western hostages in IndianBKashmir say two of the captives have been wounded in a gun battlewith Indian security forces.<   The Al-Faran group has sent a statement to news agenciesAsaying two of their five western hostages were wounded Friday in4a 25-minute fire fight with Indian security forces.>   The statement says the gun battle left two Indian soldiers?dead and one guerrilla critically wounded. It did not identify<which of the hostages were shot or describe their injuries.>Al-Faran is holding one American, two Britons, a German and aNorwegian.?   The group began kidnapping western tourists on July fourth.:Al-Faran has threatened to kill its captives unless India-releases about 20 jailed Kashmiri militants.@   A spokesman for the government of Indian Kashmir says he has=no confirmation of the rebel claim, but he says there are no9rescue operations being conducted in the Kashmir Valley.B   Al-Faran is one of the most obscure of the Kashmiri separatist>groups which have been fighting since 1989 to end Indian ruleBover Kashmir, a disputed northern region which is also claimed by>Pakistan. Five years of fighting there have left more than 12thousand people killed.?   Earlier Friday, Al-Faran sent a message to an internationalBnews agency renewing its threat to kill the hostages. The message=said India can forget about the captive tourists and it said<India is responsible for their slaying. It was the toughest:language from the group since the kidnapping drama began.=   Amid the crisis, the state governor KV Krishna Rao FridayBextended sweeping police powers that include shoot-to-kill orders=to security forces across Jammu and Kashmir state to quell aBsurge in separatist violence. A bomb left scores of people killed;and wounded Thursday in Jammu, the state's winter capital.   ---------------   ---------------5   REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK: AUNG SAN SUU KYI REFLECTIONS   DAN ROBINSON   RANGOON>   The re-emergence of Burmese democracy leader, Aung San Suu@Kyi, after six years of house arrest was covered extensively by?foreign news organizations. Many journalists who did not cover?the 1988 democracy protests in Burma and events leading to her@detention by the military government in 1989 had a first chance9to meet the woman considered by millions of Burmese as aBlegitimate national leader. The foreign press was often in awe of;the 50-year-old Nobel Peace Prize laureate as she began to>reassert her democracy values, while attempting to keep oftenunruly journalists in line.B   During one of her personal talks with Burmese crowded in front?of her gate, Aung San Suu Kyi explainedwhy it is important for4her to have interviews with foreign correspondents.;   On this day, a crowd including Buddhist monks, childrenBsitting on their father's shoulders, and the elderly has gatheredAfor what since July 10th has become a friendly gab fest (talking:session) with the woman who was the most famous politicalprisoner in the world.A   She asks for understanding, "journalists make it possible forAme to talk to the people," she says; "...I am not trying to give@them more time than you, but it is only through them I can make'contact with the rest of the country."8   And she is right. With Burmese newspapers, radio and<television still under strict military control, millions of9people have been able to hear Aung San Suu Kyi's remarks0primarily through the foreign radio broadcasts.>   I came too Burma too late to cover the traumatic period inB1988 when nationwide democracy protests were violently suppressedAby Burmese troops, or the election in 1990 won overwhelmingly by2Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy.<   Over four years, I had written hundreds upon hundreds of@reports about Aung San Suu Kyi. But the closed gate in front of=her home, and military security, always prevented a meeting.=   Like Nelson Mandela in South Africa, a mystique developed>around Aung San Suu Kyi, fueled by photographs and televisionAfootage from 1988 that conveyed her determination as a democracy(leader, as well as her striking beauty.7   Freedom for Aung San Suu Kyi, and it could still be9precarious, brought a crush of media attention. Japanese<television crews, apparently alerted well in advance of her;release, are on permanent stake out in front of her house.=   Journalists like myself, writing about her for years from=hundreds or thousands of kilometers away, pushed to have herAautograph copies of her book, freedom from fear, a collection of/her writings published in dozens of languages.A   Indeed, Aung San Suu Kyi, who at one point makes it clear she@still considers herself a politician, has had to become her ownApress handler. On one recent day, a sheet of paper posted on her>gate tells journalists, nothing much of importance today. The<battle is to save for herself some private time, to catch a=breath, while remembering that the foreign press remains hervoice:>   Journalists agree that after nearly six years of stalemateBbetween the military government and Aung San Suu Kyi, her release8has dramatically changed the nature of the Burma story.?   But as always, the press moves on to other places and other=stories. Apparently aware of this, Aung San Suu Kyi recentlyAinvited journalists into her home for an informal tea with cake.BThis is not a press conference. No photographs and no interviews,
she says.?   Well, almost. Alternating between the humidity of a room inAher home, and the only slightly-cooler temperatures in the muddyAgarden outside, she is still surrounded by journalists straining>to hear every word. If there was ever any doubt, one thing is@clear. Aung Aan Suu Kyi, what she does, where she goes, who she=meets, and what she says about the future of her country, isback.   ---------------   ---------------?   FOREIGN PRESS REACTION: BURMA'S RELEASE OF AUNG SAN SUU KYI-   GOOD NEWS, BUT DEMOCRACY IS STILL DISTANT   ROSE SUE BERSTEIN@   Journalists in Europe and Asia hailed the release of Burmese<democracy activist Aung San Suu Kyi as "a step in the rightAdirection" that offered hope that the repressive military regimeAmight finally be loosening up, but many commentators warned that9Rangoon's leaders must make progress in human rights and@democratization in order to be rewarded with closer ties to the>rest of the world.  As Melbourne's liberal Age declared, "One9freed prisoner, even one as powerful and as symbolically?important as Ms. Suu Kyi--does not mark a return to democratic>ways.  If the military junta wants to earn the respect of the?world, and not just its tourist dollars, it needs to amend its@brutal ways, relinquish its unconstitutional hold on power, andBreturn Burma to its people and their legitimate representatives."7Analysts suggested that Rangoon was seeking to end itsAinternational isolation and to appear more attractive to foreign>investors.  Numerous pundits noted that investors are alreadyBclamoring to enter the Burmese economy and Rangoon is engaging in?tourist promotion in preparation for next year's "Visit Burma"
campaign.A   Writers in Hong Kong, Manila, Singapore and Bangkok suggested;that Ms. Suu Kyi's release was timed to coincide with next@month's ASEAN meeting in Brunei, where Burma's foreign ministerBwill be a "guest of host" (at the post-ministerial session.) TheyBreasoned that with the release of Ms. Suu Kyi out of the way, theBmeeting would be less embarrassing for him--and his counterparts.7In Singapore, editorialists credited ASEAN's policy ofB"constructive engagement" and "quiet diplomacy" with securing Ms.4Suu Kyi's freedom.  Others elsewhere offered varied;interpretations, ranging from a comparison with Pretoria's8freeing of Nelson Mandela to left-of-center Frankfurter?Rundschau's assertion that Rangoon "merely admitted indirectly?that it does not know what to do next," and was not in any way5signalling that the dictatorship is nearing its end.@   Analysts praised Ms. Suu Kyi for showing "determination" and@being "one of those rare figures whose stature has become trulyAinternational."  At the same time, they heaped opprobrium on the=military junta as a brutal police state and, warned that the9world would continue to "watch Burma like a hawk."  They>reiterated, as the independent Nation in Bangkok put it, that:"Burma is not free unless the military junta releases all@political prisoners, recognizes the results of the 1990 general.election and hands over power to the people."?   Among those who saw in Ms. Suu Kyi's release the glimmer of8hope for democratic progress, Kathmandu's semiofficial,:top-circulation, Gorkhapatra pointed out that, "A wave of7democracy is sweeping over the world.  Burma can be noAexception."  Montreal's top-circulation, centrist La Presse saidAa "military regime that ceases to behave like a ferocious beast,@and that recognizes that its adversaries also have rights, must?be encouraged.  In the best of cases, like Chile, dictatorshipcan evolve into democracy.">   This report is based on 34 commentaries from 11 countries,   July 11-21.   EAST ASIA AND PACIFICA   JAPAN:  "Biggest Barrier To Better U.S.-Myanmar Ties Removed"?   Liberal Asahi (7/11) opined, "Without doubt, the release of=Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest will act as an impetus in@improving relations between the United States and Myanmar.  The?United States, which told the Myanmar military junta last fallBthat it was ready to improve ties with Myanmar, had actually beenAwaiting for the military government's lifting of the restrictionorder against Suu Kyi.B   "Although the Clinton administration is expected to find fault@with the continuing detention of many other political prisonersAand the progress of democratization in Myanmar, dialogue between<the United States and Myanmar, centering first on increased8control over drug smuggling, will get a boost.  Clinton<administration officials were surprised by the 'unexpected'Brelease of Suu Kyi because they had been rather pessimistic aboutsuch a chance."*   AUSTRALIA:  "Burma's Voice Of Freedom"<   The liberal Sydney Morning Herald (7/12) commented, "TheBinternational response to (the release of Mrs. Suu Kyi) should be@one of openness to the State Law and Order Restoration Council,Bwithout illusions.  SLORC must be encouraged to normalize Burma'sBinternal political situation but it must not be left in any doubtAthat the benefits of closer relations with the rest of the world7will come only if there is evidence of a commitment to?normalizing the internal political situation.  That commitment?must conclude the correction of human rights abuses in Burma."%   "At Last, Burma Releases Suu Kyi">   The national, conservative Australian (7/12) said,  "It isBpossible SLORC has taken the risk of releasing the hugely popularBopposition leader because it is confident of retaining control of@Burma, rather than because it has suddenly developed democratic@or humanitarian leanings. It is highly likely that it is actingBout of economic self-interest:  Next year is Visit Burma Year and=the regime has already started to woo foreign investors.  ToBpromote economic development and attract tourists, Burma needs to0improve its appalling human rights reputation."   "A Welcome Release"5   Melbourne's liberal Age (7/12) opined, "One freed@prisoner--even one as powerful and as symbolically important as@Ms. Suu Kyi--does not mark a return to democratic ways.  If the?military junta wants to earn the respect of the world, and not=just its tourist dollars, it needs to amend its brutal ways,@relinquish its unconstitutional hold on power, and return Burma5to its people and their legitimate representatives."#   "The Burma Girl Who Sat It Out":   Melbourne's conservative tabloid the Herald-Sun (7/12)6editorialized, "The brutal Burmese military junta has7unconditionally released its highest-profile political>prisoner....  Perhaps in at least one of the countries of ourAregion that languish under authoritarian regimes, there is now a#glimmer of hope for human rights.",   BRUNEI:  "A Step In The Right Direction"<   The independent, English-language Borneo Bulletin (7/14)@carried an article based on a government press release, noting,A"As the current chairman of the ASEAN standing committee, Brunei=Darussalam hopes that this move will herald further progress<toward national reconcitiation and economic development and:reiterates its support for ASEAN's policy of constructive@engagement through developing closer bilateral cooperation with
Myanmar."$   HONG KONG:  "Beyond The Release"@   The leading independent English-language South China Morning?Post (7/12) opined, "If the underlying reason for Aung San Suu=Kyi's release was to make it easier for foreign investors to@ignore domestic public opinion and pour money and know-how into;the Burmese economy, they should beware.  Their commercialBenthusiasm should not blind them to the repression of millions ofABurmese with no international profile to protect them.  Aung San=Suu Kyi has called for dialogue and reconciliation.  ForeignAinvestors should urge the military follow that call, rather than3being satisfied with this week's welcome release."%   "Eyes Of The World Watch Suu Kyi"A   The independent English-language Eastern Express (7/12) held,?"There is a suspicion that Aung San Suu Kyi's release has been2timed to give Burma a more cordial welcome at the?post-ministerial meeting of the Association of Southeast AsianBNations (ASEAN) in Brunei late this month.  Burma's membership inBASEAN has been placed on hold because of its human rights record.@Therefore, it would be attending the Brunei meeting simply as a7guest of the host country rather than of ASEAN itself.=   "The real test of SLORC's (the ruling State Law and Order>Restoration Council) credibility will be whether Aung San Suu=Kyi's release enables her to participate freely in a genuine>process of reconciliation that would lead to a democraticallyelected government in Burma.;   "These are early days yet to read too much into SLORC's?seemingly magnanimous gesture.  It could well be that it might4use this at the Brunei meeting to make contact withArepresentatives from the United States, Japan, Australia and theAEuropean Union from whom it hopes to attract investment and moretrade.")   PHILIPPINES:  "The Road To Democracy"B   Columnist Adrian Cristobal remarked in the anti-administration=Philippine Daily Inquirer (7/18), "One of Aung San Suu Kyi'sBfirst words after her release...[was] that she had always a 'softBspot' for her country's military....  But she mitigated the 'soft@spot' by stressing that her release should not immediately mean9any kind of assistance to Myanmar's military leaders....>Obviously, the lady is combining prudence with courage.  This9means she recognizes the realities of statesmanship in a:difficult situation.  Democracy isn't going to change the>military's habits, in any case, not for a long time yet.  She>knows that any kind of constitutionalism for her country must(live with the legacy of military rule."=   "Aung San Suu Kyi:  A Worthy Daughter Of A Heroic Father"B   University of the Philippines dean Francisco Nemenzo commented@in the independent Manila Times (7/18), "In welcoming Suu Kyi'sBrelease, Amnesty International expressed the hope that this marksAthe beginning of a new policy to fundamentally improve (Burma's)Bhuman rights record.  But it is too early to say....  Burma underAthe military is more inscrutable than the Soviet Union under the=Communists....  Hundreds of political prisoners are still in:jail....  Until all of them are freed, it is premature to.celebrate the triumph of democracy in Burma."   "The Lady As Legend">   The Philippine Daily Inquirer (7/16) judged, "In her firstBpublic appearance Tuesday...she talked of reconciling the diverse@forces in her country through dialogue....  No less is expectedBfrom Suu Kyi.  This is where the hard part begins.  And she knowsAit.... Suu Kyi may be free, but she's not free to walk away from=the enormous problems in her country....  For as long as her*country is not free, she cannot be free.">   SINGAPORE:  "Suu Kyi Free But World Still Watching Myanmar
Like A Hawk"8   Regional analyst Yang Razali Kassim commented in the@pro-government Business Times (7/14), "If some ASEAN diplomatic@footwork had been partly instrumental in Ms. Suu Kyi's freedom,Bit does not take much effort to see that her release was timed to>take place just before the annual ASEAN ministers' meeting in=Brunei later this month....  Myanmar has been invited...as a;guest of host Brunei.  With Ms. Suu Kyi free, the Myanmese=foreign minister will be able to attend the meeting with one5fewer source of embarrassment hanging over his neck.@   "The release has also been preceded by an open expression byBYangon of its desire to rejoin the larger Southeast Asian family,@if not to join ASEAN immediately....  The Western economies are?likely to want to assess how far more Myanmar has to go before@they ease the screws.  And they are bound to take the matter upwith ASEAN in Brunei.?   "In the meantime, the Myanmese regime would do well to take=note that while Ms. Suu Kyi's release is a step in the rightAdirection, the world will not stop watching it like a hawk.  Not>until the junta is seen to have come to a full reconciliationAwith the different forces in the country, and with a region that2has been discomfited by its oppressive policies."!   "Myanmar's Tricky Road Ahead"A   The pro-government Business Times (7/13) held, "Prior to this:week's events, the noises coming from Yangon had not beenBencouraging; the military appeared to have hardened its attitudesBafter last year's apparent thaw when SLORC held two meetings with>her.  Observers feared the worst, that her detention might be@extended.  The U.S. Congress was considering economic sanctions?to further isolate the country, already deprived of soft loans<and investments by the West.  The West advocated a hardline@approach to pressure the Myanmese regime, as opposed to ASEAN'sB'constructive engagement' policy under which, among other things,@ASEAN allowed Myanmar's foreign minister to observe its foreign)ministers' meeting in Bangkok last year.?   "While it is still early to assess where credit for Ms. Suu>Kyi's release is due, in all likelihood a combination of bothApolicies worked on the SLORC leadership.   "ASEAN members can at<least feel partially vindicated in its steadfastness on the=constructive engagement policy.  The timing of Ms. Suu Kyi's=release could not have been better -- just a couple of weeksBbefore the annual ASEAN foreign ministers' meeting in Brunei. ButBamid the euphoria, it must be remembered that her release is only2the first step in the tricky path toward nationalreconciliation."    "A Step Forward For Myanmar"A   The pro-government Straits Times (7/12) opined, "Unlike thoseBwhose boisterous public condemnations of the situation in Myanmar:sounded bold but achieved little, ASEAN's approach lookedBtame--but that was because diplomacy was conducted in private andBgains were incremental.  It became clear this week which approachhad won....>   "The best way ahead would be...one of convergence, betweenBdemands for genuine political liberalization based on the popular<will, and the need for stability in the transition to a newApolitical order.  It would be unrealistic to expect the military8not to have any role in that order, but neither can itsAparticipation mean de facto control.  At the same time, Aung San>Suu Kyi's release will not be meaningful if she is free to beAfree but can do nothing with her freedon.  What Myanmar needs is@compromise and cooperation between those  who are in a posttion!to give it peace and stability.">   THAILAND:  "Cultural Factor Complicates Improved RelationsWith Burma"4   Anuraj Manibhandu penned this op-ed piece in the<top-circulation English-language Bangkok Post (7/21):  "The:question of ethnic minorities, who have actively resisted@Rangoon's rule for 40 years in their insistence on autonomy andAremain determined despite several ceasefire arrangements, is oneAcause of today's strained relations between Bangkok and Rangoon.?Others include the freeze on construction of the bridge across<the River Moei, the impasse over the demarcation of certain:stretches of what is a very long frontier between the twoAcountries, and the felling of wood and trade in precious timbers=from Burma's forests.... The storm over the laying of an oil@pipeline through Mon territory involves more than just Thailand<and Burma, although Western participants point out that the;project will deliver valuable energy for Thai industry....7   "The release of...pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu6Kyi...might lead to either easier or harder times forAThai-Burmese relations. If other neighbors, regional and WesternApowers move too fast to 'reward' the military leadership by moreBinvestments or aid, Rangoon will shore up its confidence and feel@less need for Thailand's support, politically or economically.")   "Aung San Suu Kyi's Graceful Victory"B   Witrat Likhit remarked in elite Matichon (7/16), "Aung San SuuAKyi's struggle and acquired freedom means much to the democratic=movements both in Burma and all over Asia.  Not only has she7proven that she could outshine one of the world's mostAdictatorial regimes, but she beat it gracefully and peacefully."3   "Suu Kyi Still Moves The Hearts Of The Burmese"9   Yindee Lertcharoenchok wrote this op-ed piece for the=independent, English-language Nation (7/15):  "While Burmese@opposition movements and diplomats believe that the Slorc ceded>to international pressure, ASEAN capitals were quick to claimAthat their controversial 'constructive engagement' policy played@a key role in securing Suu Kyi's freedom.  Burma watchers point?to the combination of both pressure and upcoming international>events as important factors for the regime's change of heart.BPossible tougher measures and condemnation from western countries:including a pending U.S. economic sanctions bill, and the9likelihood of the Clinton administration downgrading its?diplomatic relations with Burma to support its arguments, were@all cited by the observers...  (Some) analysts who include some@Thai intelligence officers believe that the SLORC has, over the=years, grown militarily stronger.  They believe the militaryAjunta has the confidence it has the domestic situation very much=under control....  Despite Suu Kyi's freedom, exiled BurmeseBdissidents and politicians have urged the world community to keepBup its pressure for further progress on democratization and humanrights in Burma."   "People's Victory">   Trairat Soontornprapat commented in mass circulation Daily@News (7/14), "The release of Burma's opposition leader Aung San?Suu Kyi may considerably help reduce international pressure on>the SLORC and may bring about a freer political atmosphere in;Burma....  The SLORC also ought to consider allowing a new@general election to be held and be willing to allow Suu Kyi, if=elected, to take the country's helm....  Moreover, it should,release all remaining political prisoners."2   "U.S. Will Continue To Keep Pressure On Burma"?   Elite Naew Na's Charnnarit Boonparord commented (7/14), "If5Suu Kyi's release makes Burmese pressure groups moreAcompromising, the SLORC may leave her alone.  But if it produces@negative results...or if her political activities go beyond the:bounds acceptable to it,...the SLORC may find pretexts torearrest her.A   Noting Senator MacConnell's insistence that the United States?keep its pressure on Burma, commentary continued: "...The U.S.Asenator seems to be oblivious of ASEAN's constructive engagement?policy....  The West's heavy-handed measures work only in some<countries and at certain time.  As for Asia,...resorting to;pressure would only make things worse.  Therefore, gradualBpersuasion should produce a better result as already evidenced inSuu Kyi's case.";   "Life Story Of An Iron Lady And Super Fighter Aung San"A   Bavorn Tohsrikaew noted in top-circulation Thai-language Thai?Rath (7/13) that, "(The ruling junta) timed Aung San Suu Kyi's8release just before the Brunei ASEAN meeting later this=month...with a design to improve its image in this forum....B   "The international community, and particularly ASEAN, ought toBseize this opportunity to mount greater pressure on Burma to stepAon the path of democracy, allow Suu Kyi to freely participate in;political activities leading toward the establishment of aBmulti-party system, and to allow unhindered popular participation=in the democratic process." "We Need To Pause Before HeapingPraises On Slorc"?   The Nation (7/12), commented: "Monday's release of Aung SanBSuu Kyi is as significant as a similar event in 1990, when Nelson@Mandela was let out of prison in South Africa...  But the point:that has to be remembered is that the National League for7Democracy (NLD) leader is being released into a police@state...(and) there is an overwhelming danger that she could be;re-arrested under a different set of arbitrary laws if she:decides to organize mass movements for the restoration of;democracy in the country....  (Therefore,) before we placeBlaurels on the head of the military junta, we need to pause for aAmoment.  All in all, Burma is still not free unless the militaryBjunta releases all political prisoners, recognizes the results of?the 1990 general election and hands over power to the people.",   "Release Of Suu Kyi:  Very Welcome News"<   The Bangkok Post (7/11) commented: "Reports that Burma's@opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi has been freed...can only beAwelcome news for all who care about her wellbeing and the future;of popular participation in that country's future....  The?military junta apparently wanted to show that it abides by its;own law, even if it might refuse to bend to the demands of@others.  But the news also closely followed reports, which cameBto light at the end of last week, that U.S. senators are planning?to push for legislation calling for economic sanctions against>Burma.  Not least importantly, the reports came less than twoAweeks before ASEAN begins preparing for an annual meeting of its@foreign ministers, a forum that last July gave a representative@of Rangoon's military leaders an unprecedented chance to appearBwith the region's most respectable ministers--albeit as 'guest ofhost country.'"%   "Burma's Struggle Still Not Over"B   The Nation (7/11) opined: "It has to be borne in mind that theBstruggle for democracy and human rights in Burma is not over withASuu Kyi's release, for political prisoners are still languishing<in Burma's jails.  There is still widespread torture in the>country and ethnic minorities are used as forced labor by the=military junta in its infrastructure projects, or as portersAcarrying live ammunition, plainly to act as human shields in the=war against the Karens or the Shans....  Academics, artists,>poets, medical doctors and students are still behind bars....BUnless all political prisoners are released and the Slorc returnsAfull democracy to the people, the military junta should still be!shunned by the civilized world."   SOUTH ASIA(   NEPAL:  "A Step Away From Isolation">   The semi-official Sunday Despatch (7/16) commented, "It is?certain that the Burmese leaders have realized the futility of=staying in isolation and now they are ready to open up their>relations with other nations of the world.  All their presentBactions, including the release of the dissident leader, are proof;of their readiness to get the country out of internationalisolation."6   "Burma Should Follow Up With More Democratization">   Semiofficial, top-circulation, Nepali-language Gorkhapatra>(7/12) said, "A wave of democracy is sweeping over the world.ABurma can be no exception. "Suu Kyi never accepted the conditionBproposed by the military government that she would be released ifBshe left the country.  There has been much change in Burma during:the past five or six years.  It must be admitted that theAeconomy, which had reached the brink of collapse during the term;of General Ne Win, has now improved.  The main question is@whether...the military government will make it possible for Suu'Kyi to take part in politics again....@   "If we consider her determination not to make any compromise=against democracy, and the changing attitude of the military@government, we may feel confident that the coming days will seeBpositive developments in Burma.  Most of the nations of the world=are satisfied with the release of Suu Kyi.  In the same way,@cooperation and support may become available from all sides for;the establishment of democracy there....  By releasing herBwithout any condition, the military government has washed away to:some extent the stigma on its image in the world.  We may?accordingly hope that it will take more such positive steps in@the future.  In other words, it should hold impartial elections?and hand over power to the representatives of the people.  The7release of Suu Kyi is an important event, for which we>congratulate her, as well as the democratic people of Burma."
   EUROPE   BRITAIN:  "Star Of Burma">   The conservative Times (7/11) judged, "Among the thousands?jailed for their defense of principle, in Burma and elsewhere,?this slight, dignified and fearless woman is one of those rare:figures whose stature has become truly international.  In>confinement, although deprived of almost all contact with the@outside world and even with her family, she has steadily gained?in authority--in Burma and abroad.  As with Andrei Sakharov or>Nelson Mandela, people who know nothing of Burma will rejoice!today at her unexpected release.9   "Her freedom is said to be unconditional....  But herBtreatment, and that of thousands of her political supporters, hasAbeen bitter proof of the readiness of the Slorc to abuse law and?justice at will.  The Burmese will fear for her still, and for
themselves."   "New Hope For Burma"B   The conservative Daily Telegraph (7/11) observed, "Her release=came as a surprise to observers who have grown to expect the;worst from the generals.  Yet the reasons for it are clearAenough.  Recently, Burma, until 1988 one of the most insular and@xenophobic countries in the world, has been encouraging foreign>investment.  For most countries, Burma's abysmal human rights@record has been a potent deterrent.  Singapore, China and South>Korea, however, have led the way in pouring considerable sumsAinto the country, hoping to profit from an expected tourist boom=and Burma's enormous natural resources....  Had she remained>under arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi's large Rangoon home, shieldedBfrom the road by trees and a green and yellow picket fence, would/have made an embarrassing tourist attraction."   "Solitude Of Freedom"?   According to the liberal Guardian (7/11), "The world's mostAfamous prisoner of conscience, the Nobel peace prize winner AungBSan Suu Kyi, said she would be 'a splinter of glass' in the handsBof the military junta and never let them rest.  "For six years in9the crumbling lakeside family home, she waited in jagged?reproach.  Yesterday, the junta fumbled and let her slip free.AShe is released 'unconditionally' but, says the junta, will haveBto observe the 'rule of law.'  Supporters abroad warned yesterdayBthat it might be another trick.  There are fears of a ruse to bar;Ms. Suu Kyi from the political activity she has refused torenounce."   GERMANY:  "A Bit Freer"B   Left-of-center Frankfurter Rundschau (7/11) held, "The Burmese?dictatorship is a unique mixture of militarism, persecution of:minorities, civil war, economic stupidity, administrativeAdespotism, repression and general corruption.  When it behaves a>little more freely, this does not mean that it is considering;allowing the elected parliament to hold even a constituent>assembly.  It has merely admitted indirectly that it does notBknow what to do next.  The release of Aung San Suu Kyi from houseBarrest is no indication that the dictatorship is nearing its end.@The leaders of the regime are merely hoping that foreign donors;will now help them out of the economic mess for which theythemselves are responsible."   "Unconventional Courage"A   Left-of-center Die Tageszeitung (7/11) of Berlin had a rather?different interpretation of the announcement:  "By lifting theAhouse arrest, the military leaders could be demonstrating to theBworld their willingness to embark on a peace process like the one?in South Africa.  The release of Suu Kyi is the first and most:important condition being demanded by Burmese and foreignAnegotiating partners.  It is difficult to predict to what extent<Suu Kyi will actually be able to get the democratic processBgoing.  Burma's prisons are full of dissidents and the population4is deeply afraid of the omnipotent secret service.""   CANADA:  "Burma's Ray Of Hope"=   The liberal Toronto Star (7/18) opined, "Burma's military@junta has unleashed more than one dissident by freeing Aung San9Suu Kyi, the country's chief democracy activist.  It hasBemboldened the entire pro-democracy movement....  Despite massive?repression, the Burmese have shown an unwavering attachment toAdemocracy....  Welcome as Suu Kyi's release is, one swallow does@not make a summer.  As she says, the junta must return power to
the people."%   "The Liberation Of A Nobel Prize"=   Frederic Wagniere commented in top-circulation, centrist,AFrench-language La Presse (7/11), "A military regime that ceases?to behave like a ferocious beast, and that recognizes that itsBadversaries also have rights, must be encouraged.  In the best ofAcases, like Chile, dictatorship can evolve into democracy.  WithBBurma, it is important that we encourage, with words and deeds, a8government that has adopted this path, even if its real-intentions seem for the moment rather hazy."   ---------------   ---------------1   JAPAN FORMALLY PROTEST FRENCH NUCLEAR TESTING   JERRY MCKINNEY	   TOKYO>   The Japanese government Thursday formally protested French@plans to conduct nuclear tests in the Pacific in September. TheBFrench ambassador to Japan was called in to be presented with the	protest.=   The French ambassador was called into the office of PrimeAMinister Tomiichi Murayama to receive the protest, read by chief!cabinet secretary Kozo Igarashi.B   After the meeting, Mr. Igarashi told journalists there is whatBhe calls serious concern among the Japanese people about France's>planned resumption of nuclear testing. He says he relayed the=prime minister's disappointment about the decision to resume5testing and his hopes the decision will be reversed.8   Mr. Igarashi is the chief spokesman for the Murayama;government. He delivered the message in the absence of Mr.=Murayama, who is campaigning for candidates in next Sunday'supper house election.;   France has announced plans to conduct a series of eight%nuclear tests starting in September.B   The message from Mr. Murayama says the French decision betrays9the trust of non-nuclear nations which have agreed to anAindefinite extension of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. He:says the plan to resume testing hurts the feelings of the@Japanese people and could lead to damaged relations between thetwo countries.B   He also says the Japanese government will ask the U.N. GeneralAAssembly later this year to adopt a nuclear test ban resolution.?   The official protest was the latest in a series of messages>from Japan decrying the decision by France to conduct nucleartests.>   Mr. Murayama and other leaders of his coalition governmentAearlier agreed to seek a resolution in parliament condemning the
decision.?   Others have called on the Japanese people to boycott French?goods sold in the country. Last year, Japan imported more thanBfive-and-a-half-billion dollars worth of merchandise from France.B   The issue of nuclear testing is an especially sensitive one in?Japan, the only nation on which nuclear weapons have ever beenused.   ---------------   ---------------   ONLY IN CHINA   GIL BUTLER   BEIJING@   A dentist in northeast China has made a two and a half meter?tower out of the teeth he has pulled over the years. A Chinese;company is offering life insurance for endangered Siberian?tigers. And a Chinese tobacco company is offering a big reward7for anyone who can come up with a healthful cigarette.=   Many of the off-beat news items are about animals, either>finding rare ones, breeding them in captivity, or saving themfrom restaurants.;   A farmer in Nanchang has earned the title: "King of theABlack-Boned Chicken Hatchers". He made more than a million yuan,9over 100 thousand dollars, last year raising the specialBchickens. Black bone chickens have white feathers but black skin,>flesh, and bones. They are prized because Chinese doctors say1eating black-boned chicken helps prevent cancer.?   Police in Jiangsu province had to step in to rescue another?kind of animal. They saved four brown bear cubs who were beingAkept at a restaurant. Some Chinese gourmets will pay huge pricesto eat stewed bear paw.A   Odd discoveries are frequently reported. A farmer in southern<Hainan province pulled a big fresh water turtle from a pond<where, the Xinhua news agency claimed, it had lived for 500Byears. The turtle is on the endangered species list and was taken;to live in the provincial museum. The farmer got a reward.@   In Jiangxi province, according to the China daily newspaper,>there's an owl that has become addicted to television and hasBbuilt a nest in a farmer's house so it can watch every night. The)owl's favorite program was not reported.?   One last animal story: Shanghai schools are worried about a@new game the pupils have discovered. They bring small snakes toBclass hidden in pencil boxes. A local newspaper said the practice>sometimes scares teachers and certainly diverts students from@their studies. The small snakes are sold by dealers outside the?school grounds during recesses, a practice the authorities arebeing asked to stop.>   A lot of issues are addressed in this country with ringingAslogans and mass action campaigns. There's now a 10 year plan toAmake everyone in China physically fit. Of course, the slogan forBthat is not really the kind of catchy phrase that is likely to beAon everyone's lips: "Our sports work has the fundamental task of?mobilizing the masses in health oriented sporting activities".9   The Chinese are always trying to improve each other's?behavior. Traders on China's Shanghai stock exchange have been?ordered to stop drinking and smoking on the trading floor. The?exchange also outlawed eating, sleeping, shouting, card games,?computer games, chess..Or knitting sweaters during the trading=day. A bank in Ji'nan has banned impolite phrases such as "IBdon't know;" "that's not my business," or "go see the boss". And,?like many things here the order is comprehensive: Bank tellers=are barred from using 66 phrases but only 24 terms have been@denied accountants. Perhaps when tellers really want to express2themselves they can get the accountants to do it.@   In China, the popularity of foreign films can't be predictedBby how well they did in America and other countries. Forest Gump,?a huge box office hit in the United States, played to theaters>that were two thirds empty. A Chinese film importer explainedAthat Chinese moviegoers don't like high-brow themes. Forest Gump>is considered in that category here. Two other U.S. films are?currently doing extremely well, the Lion King and Aladin, both
animated.A   Finally, the Chinese plan to build a really specialized theme?park in north China's Hebei province. It will be a garden with;miniature reproductions of many of the world's most famousAbridges, such as the bridge of sighs in Venice and the VerrazanoBNarrows Bridge in New York. It is to be constructed alongside the@world's oldest existing stone bridge, the Zhaozhou bridge which was built in the sixth century.   ---------------   ---------------?   THAILAND NEW PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET TAKE OATH OF OFFICE   DAVID BUTLER   BANGKOK<   In Thailand, Prime Minister Banhard Silipa-Archa and his@48-member cabinet have taken the oath of office Thursday beforeBKing Bhumipol Adulyadej. The business community and investors are2nervous about the new government's economic team.@   Following the ceremony at Chitrlada palace in the midst of a@military-dominated area of central Bangkok, the cabinet went toBthe nearby prime minister's office for its first cabinet meeting.B   The first order of business was to determine what role the newAgovernment would play in ceremonies surrounding the death of theAking's mother, princess Sangwal Mahidon, who died Tuesday at theage of 94.?   Mr. Banharn leads a seven-party coalition formed around hisBchart Thai (thai nation) party, which narrowly won the most seats<in a general election July second. The coalition commands a=233-seat majority in the 391-seat lower house of parliament.?   The cabinet must act quickly to restore confidence in Prime@Minister Banharn's selection of finance and economic ministers.6Surprise and mistrust at the appointment of Surakiart?Sathirathai, an academic who is not a member of parliament, as;finance minister and the appointment of two deputy finance?ministers led to a three-percent plunge Wednesday on the stockexchange of Thailand index.@   The market rebounded nearly two-percent Thursday, but doubtsBpersist about the qualifications of the economic team. One of theBtwo deputy finance ministers, Newin Chidchob, was implicated in a?vote-buying scandal days before the election. Police found the>equivalent of 440-thousand-dollars in small-denomination Thai<bills in the house of a Chart Thai canvasser in Mr. Newin's@northeastern province, along with Chart Thai campaign material.;   Mr. Newin leads a powerful faction in Chart Thai, whichAobservers say is the only reason he was included in the cabinet.B   Formation of the cabinet was delayed by prolonged negotiations?about who would head the interior ministry, which controls the8elections. As a compromise, Prime Minister Banharn will2temporarily take the interior ministry portfolio.   ---------------   ---------------B   ARMS CONTROL REPORT SAYS CHINA IS PRODUCING BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS   DAVID SWAN   PENTAGON9   A new U.S. government report says China appears to beBproducing biological weapons, despite having signed a treaty thatAbans such activity. The Arms Control and Disarmament Agency says)Russia may also be making these weapons.<   The United States believes China developed, produced and?stockpiled biological agents for most of the 1980s, and though>the Chinese deny it, there are strong indications the programBcontinues. The report says Beijing is probably not complying with@the worldwide biological weapons treaty it signed 11 years ago.;   The administration fears China may have broken a second?international accord by selling missile parts or even completeBweapons to Pakistan. The head of the arms control and disarmament@agency, John Holum, says there is no definitive judgment on the@matter yet but China could face U.S. sanctions if the shipmentstook place:?   "There are remaining serious concerns that we're looking at>very hard. We have not yet reached the point of a finding (or:conclusion) but I wouldn't rule that out. Once there is a>determination, or if there is a determination, (that that has,happened) there will be sanctions imposed.";   Mr. Holum says Washington also has a wide range of arms@control problems with Russia. The report says Moscow has closed=or cut back some former Soviet germ warfare laboratories but?others may still be able to make biological weapons. Months of@high-level contacts have failed to settle the dispute. Talks onBmissile defense are also stalled. Still, the administration hopes>to move forward with another agreement, the start-two nucleararms reduction treaty:<   "I think it is extremely important for us to ratify (theAtreaty) and do that as soon as possible. And I'm encouraged that)the Senate is moving in that direction."?   The Senate is expected to approve the pact, which calls forBdeep cuts in U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals. The prospects forBpassage in the Russian legislature are uncertain. Mr. Holum says,2however, he is not as pessimistic as some others.   ---------------   ---------------6   CONGRESSIONAL HEARING ON CHINESE ABORTION POLICIES   PAULA WOLFSON   CONGRESSA   Members of the U.S. Congress are stepping up their attacks onBChina's family planning policies. The House Subcommittee on Human=rIghts is taking the lead with a series of hearings The most;recent witnesses have first hand knowledge of the problem.+   They came to Capitol Hill in handcuffs.?   Four Chinese asylum seekers were brought to Washington from?federal detention centers in California and Pennsylvania. TheyAwere among the passengers on a smuggling ship called "The GoldenBVenture" that went aground two years ago in New York harbor. They@say they are victims of forced abortions and sterilizations andBface persecution in China. But their applications for asylum have<no standing under current U.S. immigration law and they arefacing deportation.9   Republican Chris Smith of New Jersey, chairman of the$Subcommittee on Human Rights, said:<   "Our witnesses today are refugees, ladies and gentlemen.<Unfortunately, they are also prisoners. The purpose of this@hearing is to hear their stories, to bring home to Congress and;to the American public the horrors to which they have beensubjected.">   The four witnesses spoke at length, offering their stories>through an interpreter. One woman told committee members that=after she adopted an abandoned baby girl, she was visited by1local officials and told she must be sterilized:@   "I begged them to let me have the child and I said 'what you>said is very ridiculous because this child was not my own...I?just picked her up on the road side.' but they said 'since you=picked up the child, it should be accountable in your familyAplanning program because it belongs to you...So you have to have0a sterilization since you have three children."=   Last month, Congress approved a measure which would grant9asylum status to people who can prove they are unable or>unwilling to return to their home countries because of forcedBabortions or sterilizations. However, the language was added to aBbill that includes many provisions considered unacceptable by the=White House and President Clinton has threatened to veto the
legislation.   ---------------   ---------------3   JAPAN OFFERS COMPENSATION TO WWII COMFORT WOMEN   JERRY MCKINNEY	   TOKYO9   Fifty years after the end of the war, Japan WednesdayAofficially inaugurated a private fund to compensate women forced?to provide sexual services to Japanese servicemen during World@War II. Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama welcomed establishment9of the fund and offered profound apologies to the women.>   Historians say as many as 200,000 women were forced by the@Japanese military to work in brothels during World war II. Most;of the women were Korean, although some also came from the<Philippines, Indonesia, China and the Netherlands. They are;referred to in Japan as "comfort women." The brothels wereAlocated throughout Asia, wherever Japanese troops were deployed.@   For decades, the Japanese government denied the existence of>the comfort women. But protests by groups of survivors forcedBTokyo to look into the matter. After an investigation that lasted>nearly two years, the government in 1993 finally acknowledgedtheir claims were valid.B   However, the government continues to deny it owes compensationBto the comfort women, saying all war reparations were included in@the 1951 peace treaty signed in San Francisco. That treaty madeno mention of comfort women.<   Now, a private fund has been set up to pay what is being>called "consolation money" to the survivors. The fund has the:backing of Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama, who issued aAstatement saying it is an expression of atonement on the part ofthe Japanese people.=   The prime minister also offered a personal apology to the?women, who he said suffered emotional and physical wounds that9can never be closed. He says the program, as he puts it,>seriously stained the honor and dignity of many women and wasentirely inexcusable.<   Mr. Murayama says the government will compile a complete=history of the program to be used as a lesson to keep such a!thing from ever happening again.?   Establishment of the fund has prompted mixed reactions from=the surviving comfort women. Some have said they will accept@money from the fund and give up the fight for formal governmentcompensation.=   But others oppose the fund, saying only direct government:payments and an official government apology will suffice.7   The amount each survivor will receive has yet to beAdetermined. That will depend to a great extent on how successfulthe fund is in raising money.   ---------------   ---------------@   PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT WANTS IMPROVED RELATIONS WITH SINGAPORE   MARIE ORARA
   MANILA@   Philippine President Fidel Ramos says it is time his country>and Singapore put aside a controversy over the execution of aAPhilippine maid, which strained diplomatic relations between theBtwo countries.  The president also says the case has prompted him9to take steps to better protect Filipino workers abroad.9   President Ramos says the Philippines is determined to?normalize diplomatic relations with Singapore in the wake of a@controversy over the execution of a Philippine maid for murder.;   The hanging of Filipina Flora Contemplacion, a domestic>worker, for the murder of fellow maid Delia Maga sparked mass5demonstrations against Singapore in the Philippines.B   Many Filipinos rallied against Singapore because they believedshe was wrongly convicted.A   At the height of the controversy in March, both sides brought;their ambassadors home and Mr. Ramos threatened to cut off>diplomatic relations with Singapore if evidence indicated Ms.Contemplacion was innocent.=   Mr. Ramos' call for better relations with Singapore comesAafter three United States pathologists, hired by both countries,9supported the initial findings of Singapore in the case.B   Mr. Ramos did not acknowledge outright that evidence indicated'that Ms. Contemplacion killed Ms Maga.@   But he said he accepted the autopsy by the American forensic?experts who agreed with Singaporean pathologists that Ms. Maga'was strangled to death and not beaten.B   Filipino officials had claimed Ms. Maga was severely beaten by;someone stronger than Ms. Contemplacion and therefore, Ms.Contemplacion was innocent.=   The two governments asked the American team to perform an;autopsy on Ms. Maga's body after a joint autopsy in Manilayielded conflicting results.A   Mr. Ramos noted the case has provoked public concern over the@abuses and indignities suffered by overseas workers and led him,to introduce measures to help protect them.?   He says officials are looking into setting up hospitals and)special courts for the overseas workers.B   A government commission just completed an investigation of theAworking conditions of Filipinos overseas and has recommended the>employment of women abroad as domestic workers be phased-out.:   But Mr. Ramos says the real solution to the problem in"overseas employment lies at home.?   He says he hopes his economic development program will help"generate more jobs for Filipinos.   ---------------   ---------------)   THAILAND'S PRINCESS MOTHER DIES AT 94   DAVID BUTLER   BANGKOK:   In Thailand, prayers are being said Wednesday for King@Bhumipol Adulyadej's mother, who died Tuesday at the age of 94.AThe princess mother, as she was titled, led a storybook life and3was a devoted benefactor of Thailand's rural poor.?   Princess Sangwal Mahidol died Tuesday of kidney disease andBother complications in the Bangkok hospital where she completed a"four-year nursing course in 1917.<   Her body was taken from the hospital to the grand palaceBWednesday. Thousands of people, many of them weeping, gathered at>the Riverside Palace to pay their respects to the woman Thaiscalled, mother.>   The royal family and its court Tuesday entered 100 days of;mourning. The rest of the nation will officially mourn for	15-days.A   The Princess Mother was born a commoner in 1900. The daughterBof a goldsmith, her father died when she was three and her mother:when she was eight. Relatives put her under the care of a(lady-in-waiting in the royal household.A   She completed her nursing courses and won a royal scholarship-to further her studies in the United States.;   After a year at school in California, she met and later<married Prince Mahidol of Songkhla, who was studying public@health at the Harvard mEdical School. Prince Mahidol was one of?the youngest of the many sons of King Chulalongkorn, the great;Thai king who was the model for the fictional ruler in the-Broadway musical and movie "The King and I".=   The young couple had three children, a girl and two boys.:Prince Mahidol died in 1929. At that time his widow could;scarcely imagine both sons would become kings of Thailand.A   The woman who would become the princess mother received court7permission to raise her three children in Switzerland.B   In 1932, a peaceful coup d'etat by young military officers andBEuropean-educated civil servants ended the absolute monarchy. The+king left for England and later Abdicated.?   The National Assembly and Council of Regents invited Prince@Ananda Mahidol, the orphaned goldsmith's daughter's eldest son,Bthen age nine to become king. On a visit to Bangkok in 1946, when@he was nineteen, King Ananda was found shot dead in his bedroom@in the grand palace. The death of the young king has never beenfully explained.?   His younger brother, the current King Bhumipol, ascended toAthe throne, completed his studies in Switzerland and returned to!a life of service to his people.B   His mother founded the Volunteer Flying Doctors Foundation and:numerous other charities centered on improving the healthconditions of the rural poor.:   Well into her eighties, the slight, short, gray-haired?princess mother was climbing mountain trails to bring medicineand hope to isolated villages.   ---------------    --------------8   AFGHAN COMMANDER BLAMES PAKISTAN FOR AFGHAN CONFLICT   TIM JOHNSTON	   KABUL:   The power behind the Afghan government, former defenseAminister, Ahmed Shah Masood, says the conflict in Afghanistan is@a result of foreign interference. In an interview in Kabul, Mr.9Masood singled out Pakistan as being responsible for the>continued fighting. Commander Masood was also critical of the@United Nations special envoy to Afghanistan and the inaction of?the countries who supported the Afghans in their fight againstthe communists.@   Commander Masood blames foreign countries for the continuingBconflict in Afghanistan after the victory over the communists. HeAwas particularly scathing about Pakistan's alleged role. He saidAPakistan and its intelligence agency, the ISI, had created first@the movement of opposition leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, then the=Taleban Islamic student movement and finally they were still6trying to divide the country through the visit of the*representative of the former Afghan king./   Pakistan has repeatedly denied the charges.B   Commander Masood said that until foreign interference had beenAstopped, there was little hope for peace in Afghanistan. He said@the United Nations special mission to Afghanistan should regard)this as one of their primary objectives.?   However, commander Masood also had some heavy criticism forBMahmoud Mestiri, the United Nations special envoy to Afghanistan.@He said he did not consider Ambassador Mestiri a neutral in the?conflict. Ambassador Mestiri had, he said, taken sides againstAthe government without reason, and blamed the government for itsBown failures. Commander Masood also accused Ambassador Mestiri of@going on vacation at the most critical stage of the last failedpeace mission.?   However, commander Masood did stop short of calling for theAremoval of Ambassador Mestiri, saying that that was a matter for@the United Nations to decide. Ambassador Mestiri is to try soon-to restart the peace process in Afghanistan.?   Commander Masood also accused countries, who once supported@the Afghans in their fight against the communists, of inaction.8They had, he said, abandoned what he called their moral<obligations to the Afghan people. He said Afghanistan still=needed help with schooling, hospitals and start-up money for@small businesses. People would rather work than fight, he said,!but there were no jobs for them.   ---------------   ---------------   KASHMIR PRESS ABUSES   ELAINE JOHANSON   UNITED NATIONS>   A New York-based group monitoring press freedom around the<world has catalogued wide abuses of journalists in Kashmir,<blaming both the Indian government and Kashmiri separatistsopposing Indian rule.:   The kidnapping of five foreign tourists in Kashmir has?received a great deal of publicity. But far less attention was>paid to the seizure of four journalists, within the same time,period, apparently by militant separatists.A   The committee to protect journalists says the plight of those>trying to report on the Kashmiri conflict is precarious. Four<have been murdered, the groups says, since 1990. Others areAroutinely harassed for not presenting what one side or the other'would consider the "correct" position.@   The monitoring committee says Kashmiri reporters are able toBinvestigate army crackdowns or search and seizure operations only=after the event, by which time it is difficult to verify the;facts. Vikram Parekh, who compiled the latest data for the>committee, says press freedom does not exist in Kashmir, with=local reporters working under a virtual state of seige. As a=result, he says, the population has no independent source of
information:?   "A lot of the news that is presented, that is circulated in?the valley ends up being quite a lot of local rumor-mongering.@But within the newspapers themselves it means all they are able:to print are often widely-conflicting accounts because of8militant organizations, the Indian government and localresidents."A   The committee to protect journalists has called on both sides@to allow an independent press. It asks India, in particular, toAgive reporters the same freedom in Kashmir as Indian journalistsenjoy at home.?   Kashmir erupted into a full-fledged civil war in 1989, with@Muslim separatists seeking to end Indian rule. The committee toAprotect journalists says reporters walk a tightrope between over@100 separatist groups, the more militant allegedly supported byBPakistan, and about 300,000 Indian troops and police stationed inthe Kashmir valley.   ---------------   ---------------A   SINGAPORE INVITES AMERICAN CRITICS TO COME DEBATE IT'S LEADER   DAVID BUTLER   BANGKOK<   Singapore has invited two American critics of the islandBstate's style of government to come to Singapore and debate primeminister Goh Chok Tong.?   Prime Minister Goh has invited columnist William Safire and?academic George Crane to come to Singapore and engage him in atelevised debate.=   Tuesday's edition of the English-language "Straits Times"Bnewspaper carries the text of a letter from Chan Heng Wing, Prime;Minister Goh's press secretary, to professor crane and Mr.;Safire. Mr. Chan said Mr. Safire has consistently attacked>Singapore during the past 15-months in his column in the "New
York Times".:   In a column earlier this month, Mr. Safire wrote Prime:Minister Goh and his predecessor, Lee Kwan Yew, represent(old-fashioned European totalitarianism.=   The press secretary cited what he said were at least four=factual errors in Mr. Safire's recent columns. He quoted the8columnist as saying chewing gum in Singapore gets you a>one-thousand-dollar fine, while sharing a marijuana cigaretteinvites the death penalty.@   Possessing gum is not illegal in Singapore, although selling<it is. Drug addicts are sent to rehabilitation centers, but>conviction for trafficking even in small amounts of narcotics#carries a mandatory death penalty.B   The challenge to Mr. Safire and Professor Crane arises from anAinvitation by Williams College in Massachusetts, where ProfessorBCrane teaches political science, to Prime Minister Goh to receiveAan honorary doctorate in September. Mr. Goh is an alumnus of thesmall liberal-arts college.B   Mr. Crane is leading a campaign to oppose the honorary degree,@saying it honors the head of an undemocratic regime. He is also<organizing a panel discussion at Williams that will include=prominent critics of Singapore's legal and political system.B   In the "Straits Times'" article, press secretary Chan said the9invitation is serious and for a serious purpose, to giveBSingaporeans a chance to hear American critics present their case"about what is wrong in Singapore.<   Singapore's leaders maintain western liberalism is not aAuniversally ideal system of government and Singapore's affluence@and efficiency is built on Asian values that put the collective#good above that of the individual.<   The "Straits Times" quoted Professor Crane as saying the=debate was a great idea. It said Mr. Safire had not yet been4reached. No date was given for the proposed debate.   ---------------   ---------------?   CHINA SAYS IT WANT U.S. TO TAKE ACTION TO IMPROVE RELATIONS   GIL BUTLER   BEIJING@   China says it wants the United States to express willingness>to take action to improve relations in a meeting between U.S.Asecretary of state Christopher and Chinese foreign minister Qian?Qichen.  The fact that the meeting will take place is taken by9some analysts as the first positive sign since bilateralrelations soured.=   Secretary Christopher and Foreign Minister Qian will meetBAugust first, while both are attending a meeting in Brunei of the(Association of Southeast Asian Nations.B   It will be the first high-level contact since China reacted to>a private visit to the United States by Taiwan's President Li3Deng-Hui by cancelling planned bilateral meetings.A   Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Shen Guofang confirmed theBconsultations will take place in Brunei. He says, whether it willBbe the beginning of a warming in the chilly relationship, depends on what happens at the meeting:@   "Whether this meeting will mark a turning point of Sino/U.S.<relations I believe mainly depends upon the results of this>meeting. We hope that during this meeting the U.S. side would<show that it is willing to take concrete measures to return>Sino/U.S. relations to the basis of the spirit (of) the threejoint communiques."=   Under the communique announcing diplomatic relations, the?United States recognized the People's Republic of China as theAsole legal government. Cultural, commercial and other unofficial;relations were to be maintained with the people of Taiwan.>   China has interpreted the decision to allow Li deng-hui toAvisit Cornell University, his alma mater, on a private visit, asBa violation of the communiques. Chinese spokesmen have repeatedly?called for unspecified concrete action by the United States toBrepair the damage they say have been caused by the Li visit. U.S.;officials have repeatedly said there has been no change in9American policy toward China. They say the United States@continues to follow the three joint communiques and accepts thefact there is only one China.B   Spokesman Shen Guofang was asked whether Foreign Minister QianBQichen is prepared to discuss the case of arrested American human>rights activist Harry Wu with Warren Christopher. He says the@topics will be decided by the participants but he described Mr.*Wu's arrest as an isolated criminal case.   ---------------   ---------------,   UGANDA PURSUES RETURN OF ASIAN INVESTORS   WILLIAM EAGLE   WASHINGTONA   Economists say Uganda is in the midst of an economic boom. InArecent years President Yoweri Museveni pursued investor friendly=policies and welcomed back Asian businessmen. Asians, and in>particular, Indians, used to own nearly 90 percent of UgandanAbusinesses but, they were exiled in 1972 by former president anddictator Idi Amin.B   Idi Amin said his move to expel nearly 70 thousand Asians cameBto him in a dream. What followed was a generation of forced exileAand with the expulsion of the country's dominant business class,Uganda's economy slumped.@   Shafiq Virani was born just after his parents fled Uganda in@1972. The family lived in the United States and then Canada butAPresident Yoweri museveni invited the family to return to Uganda<in 1991. Nearly one thousand Indian exiles have returned to;Uganda where Mr. Virani's family now owns a supermarket inBbugalobi, a suburb of Kampala. He says the re-adjustment has gonewell:A   "Ugandans by nature are quite wonderful people. They are veryBaccommodating and easy to get along with. We're in the process of<seeing a country that 10 years ago was in war, and is todayA[progressing] by leaps and bounds. It's a nice thing to see this.country moving in such a positive direction."?   Many of those returning have become involved in the tea and?sugar industries, or in construction, banking, steel, and soapAmaking. Joe Kaswara, the executive director of the federation ofUgandan employers, says:@   :The number of employees [has increased] at the Kakira Sugar@Works estate [about 50 miles from Kampala]. In 1980, there wereAtwo thousand employees at the plantation, now, about 10 thousand=workers. At another large estate of the sugar corporation ofAUganda limited in Lugazi, the number has gone up four times from&two thousand to over eight thousand."@   Some Ugandans criticize the returnees. When they left nearly@25 years ago, the government sold or rented their properties to@Africans. Now, Asian and Indian families are seeking to reclaim?those holdings. In the process, they are evicting Africans, or;raising rents to sometimes unaffordable market values. The;government is working on a plan to compensate Africans who5purchased Asian properties from the Amin government.;   Other critics claim that Asian and Indian investors areBreceiving an unfair advantage over African businesses. Mr. Mosoke;Sembule, the director of the Sembule Group of companies inKampala, says:>   "There are import duties the [government] waves on certain@items. But these [asians] are crafty, they bring in taxable and?untaxable items. And they dump a lot of duty free goods in the=market, so you find a big variation in pricing in the shops.>Smuggling has never ended here and these guys are much betterAsmugglers than the local people. That's why some Africans resent[Asians]."9   Mike Mukola is the chairman of the African Importers,?Exporters and Traders Association. He says returning investors>help the economy by creating jobs and by paying taxes. And he@says many people in Uganda, regardless of their background, use"bribery to help their businesses:A   "The members of the Asian community, because of the language,>their lack of direct contact with the average bureaucrat, andBbecause of their impatience, [sometimes] try [to make] the system=[work] by encouraging bribes. But it takes two to tango, and?[bribes are accepted] by the average bureaucrat in a number ofAgovernment ministries. [But], the government has tried to create?a one-stop center, the Ugandan investment authority, to try to<[overcome] some of these precarious conditions [faced by] adirect investor."@   Mr. Praful Patel is a former president of the Ugandan Indian=Association. He left Uganda in 1972 but returned eight yearslater.;   "We're almost 70 years here," says Patel. "I feel I'm aAUgandan. The only problem is my color. I've stayed in every partBof Uganda. I've stayed in London and India. I feel more confidenthere than anywhere else."B   Mr. Patel says about half of the one thousand Indian claims to?property have been settled. And Indians alone are investing in@400 million dollars worth of projects in the country. He doubts<Asians will face another round of repression in Uganda, and9recommends the East African country to all internationalinvestors.   ---------------   ---------------.   SRI LANKAN REBEL DIVERS BLOW UP NAVAL SHIP   MICHAEL DRUDGE
   NEW DELHIB   The Sri Lankan military says Tamil rebel divers blew up a navy?ship in a northern harbor Sunday. The blast killed two sailors>and wounded at least 17 others, while 10 rebels were reportedkilled.=   Sri Lankan defense officials say rebels of the Liberation@Tigers of Tamil Eelam attacked the ship berthed at the northern-Kankesanturai Port in a pre-day raid Sunday.A   The officials say rebel frogmen (divers) on a suicide mission?detonated explosives on the hull of the command ship Edithara.@   As the blast rocked the vessel, the navy was attacking boatsBof the Sea Tigers, the rebels' naval wing. Three rebel boats weresunk.>   The Tamil Tigers have used suicide divers in other attacks?against the navy a warship was sunk last year at KankesanturaiAport. And two navy gunboats were blasted on April 19th, when the,Tamil Tigers ended a three-month ceasefire.=   The latest attack comes a week after the military began a4major offensive on the rebels' northern stronghold.   ---------------   ---------------A   THAILAND COURT ORDER EXTRADITION OF PARLIAMENT MEMBER TO U.S.   DAVID BUTLER   BANGKOKA   In Thailand, a criminal court ruled Monday a former member of?parliament should be extradited to the United States, where heAhas been indicted on drug trafficking charges. The politician isAfrom the party that forms the core of the new government and the8party is alleged to have other links to the drug trade.=   Thanong Siriprichapong, a former member of the Chart Thai9party, was jailed Monday but given 15 days to appeal hisextradition order.?   Mr. Thanong, who is 43 years old, is accused of having made@more than ten million dollars in several shipments of marijuanaBfrom Thailand to the west coast of the United States from 1973 to@1987. The shipments totaled 49 tons. Ten other people have beenindicted in the case.@   As he left the court for jail, Mr. Thanong said he was ready<for the appeals court. If Mr. Thanong is sent to the United@States, he will be the first Thai extradited under an agreementbetween the two countries.=   Mr. Thanong's U.S. assets, a house in Beverly Hills and a>Mercedes-Benz automobile together worth one-point-two-million<dollars, were seized after the 1991 indictment. Mr. Thanong9resigned from parliament last year, after details of the/previously secret indictment were made public.B   In January, the Thai cabinet voted to allow the criminal court=to decide on the U.S. request for Mr. Thanong's extradition.:   During a visit to Thailand last month, Robert Gelbard,Bassistant U.S. secretary of state for international narcotics andBlaw enforcement affairs, told a news conference the United States;was closely following Mr. Thanong's case. Mr. Gelbard said>American authorities hoped the former MP would be sent to theUnited States.A   The Chart Thai party won the most seats in a general electionAJuly second and form the core of a ruling seven-party coalition.?Two of the party's power brokers have been denied visas to the5United States for alleged links to drug traffickers.B   One of the two, Barong Wongwan, lost his seat in the election,<but is still campaigning to have his northern-based faction?included in the cabinet. The other, Vatana Asavahame, retainedAhis seat and is holding out for a cabinet post. The final makeup,of the cabinet is expected later this week.   ---------------   ---------------   WAGE STAGNATION   BRECK ARDERY   NEW YORKA   Although stock market averages in the United States have been@very high and U.S. corporate profits have been hitting records,@the real, or inflation adjusted, wages of many American workershave been stagnating.@   The U.S. economy has been in an expansion phase for the lastBtwo and one-half years. In fact, corporate profits have increasedBan average almost six percent, compared to less than four percentBin previous recovery periods. But personal income is up less thanAtwo percent compared with almost double that in comparable times
in the past.?   Many Americans find they must work longer just to stay even<and large numbers have seen their real wages fall. The wage<stagnation problem was one of the main topics during recentB(7-19) congressional testimony by Alan Greenspan, chairman of the.Federal Reserve Board, the U.S. central bank:?   "If you ask me what is the major threat to our society in a@sense, I would list this as crucial issue. There are people whoBare scraping to make ends meet where their parents had been doingAvery well. For the first time in the history of this country you>have significant evidence that people's major concern is thatAtheir children will not live at the standard of living that they9themselves had. I think that is a very disturbing fact."<   The issue of wage stagnation in the U.S. economy was the=subject of a recent cover story in "Business Week" magazine.;"Business Week" editor Aaron Bernstein says there are many;reasons for slow wage growth but that the globalization of#business is probably the main one:?   "Globalization of the economy and global pressures on wages@have begun to affect all jobs, in white collar and professional@fields such as engineers, software writers and designers. It isBnot everybody, but a lot of people, to the point where the entireAlabor market seems be be affected by what is going on around theAworld. If our wages are pretty much at the top in terms of world7wage scales, there is no place for us to go but down."@   Mr. Bernstein says numerous American manufacturing companies?have found they cannot be competitive in international markets@unless they move substantial parts of their operations to lowerwage economies.8   Mr. Bernstein says another important factor which is@depressing U.S. wage growth is so-called "outsourcing" in whichBlarge corporations contract with other firms to do work which was&formerly done by the corporate staff:=   "That is another factor driving down wages. Companies now;realize that they do not have to pay, for example, the oil;industry average wage. They can pay local market wages for?clerical workers, software programmers or secretaries. So they=just get rid of those people and then hire them back or hireBsomebody else back for the same job to do the same work. That has@been going on with hundreds of thousands of jobs every year forthe last four years."B   The decline of the American labor movement is also a factor inBwage decline. Analysts say labor unions not only raised the wages;of their own members, they also indirectly put upward wage.pressure in the market for non-union workers.B   Mr. Bernstein says a major exception to wage stagnation in the=United States is government workers, especially those on the:state and local level. He says heavy unionization and the?reluctance of governments to have their employees go on strikeAhas enabled those workers to push their wages to relatively high?levels. But Mr. Bernstein believes government workers may also!start to see a decline in wages"?   "In the last couple of years, the mood has started to shiftBand workers and their jobs and pay levels are under attack. It isAnot clear whether the gains they have been enjoying for the last10 or 15 years will continue.">   "Business Week" editor Aaron Bernstein says that, although@lower wages are helping corporations post record profits, there@is a long-term danger for American business. The danger is that=American consumers will no longer be able to buy many of the7products and services being offered by U.S. companies:?   "They (corporations) are cutting wages and boosting profits@simultaneously. I do not know how long they can keep doing that=because, unless the demand overseas goes up dramatically, in@other words our exports, companies will run into trouble. There@is the age old problem of "who is going to buy their goods?" If@companies think the way to succeed is to cut wages, then peopleBbuy less. That is already happening in the 1990's in which people.are buying less than they did in the 1980's."?   Mr. Bernstein and other analysts say wage stagnation in theBUnited States will continue to be a major political issue and was?one reason for the victory of the Republican party in the 1994@congressional elections. He believes the issue will continue to@be volatile with the main question, "how can American companiesBbe globally competitive and, at the same time, raise the wages oftheir workers?"   ---------------   ---------------=   U.S., JAPAN AVERT SANCTIONS BY SETTLING AIR CARGO DISPUTE   BRUCE ODESSEY   WASHINGTON<   The United States and Japan have settled their air cargo;dispute, averting proposed U.S. sanctions against Japanese@airlines, and agreed to discuss changes in their 1952 bilateralagreement.?   Secretary of Transportation Federico Pena announced July 21<that late the previous night in Los Angeles he and Japanese3Transport Minister Shizuka Kamei reached the deal.A   At issue was Japan's refusal to approve Federal Express cargo>flights between Japan and Subic Bay, Philippines, as required:under the existing bilateral agreement. As in a number of7U.S.-Japan aviation disputes in recent years, Japanese>frustration with the terms of the 1952 agreement was evident.<   Under the deal just made by Pena and Kamei, the Japanese;approved Federal Express' applications to operate on seven>routes, some pending for months: Tokyo-Subic Bay; Tokyo-Kuala>Lumpur; Osaka-Subic Bay; Osaka-Kuala Lumpur; Osaka-Singapore;5Osaka-Penang, Malaysia, and Osaka-Kaohsiung, Taiwan.B   In exchange for the approvals, Pena agreed as promised to holdAtalks aimed generally at lowering barriers for U.S. and JapaneseAair cargo flights in both countries and specifically at adding a"Japanese cargo flight to Chicago.B   The negotiations should begin in September and conclude withinsix months.@   "Now that the government of Japan has moved to approve these@routes for Federal Express, I believe it is an appropriate time>to continue to advance our aviation cargo relationship," Penasaid in a written statement.=   The Clinton administration had been threatening sanctions;prohibiting Japan Air Lines and Nippon Cargo Airlines fromAhauling to the United States any cargo that originated in one or@more of the following markets: Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore,Taiwan and Thailand.@   The Japanese had responded by threatening counter-sanctions.B   Under the 1952 agreement, Federal Express, United Airlines and?Northwest Airlines have unlimited rights to pick up passengers?and cargo in Japan and continue flying anywhere in the rapidly expanding Asia-Pacific markets.=   The Japanese have occasionally threatened to renounce the?agreement, calling it unfair and obsolete, but have never doneso.=   Federal Express Chairman Frederick Smith worries that the@Clinton administration will give away too much in reopening theB1952 accord and has called for separate negotiations on cargo andpassenger services.?   Testifying before a House of Representatives Transportation;subcommittee July 20, Smith complained that prior aviationBnegotiations have sacrificed the interests of cargo operators for8agreements on passenger service. He said that bilateral>negotiations should tackle issues specific to cargo operators>such as discriminatory Japanese policies involving intermodalAground transportation, regional domestic transportation licenses and customs clearance services.A   In another development, a Transportation Department spokesman>said negotiators for the United States and the United KingdomAmade progress in July 17-21 talks in London about revising theirBbilateral aviation agreement. They will meet again August 7-11 inWashington.   ---------------   ---------------=   U.S. COTTON EXPORTS EXPECTED TO REACH NEARLY 70-YEAR HIGH   WASHINGTONB   U.S. cotton exports are expected in the current marketing yearAto reach their highest volume level in nearly 70 years, the U.S. Department of Agriculture says.A   The department's Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) predictedAJuly 20 that for 1994-95 U.S. cotton exports would amount to 2.1@million metric tons and a 33-percent world export-market share,;worth about $4,000 million, up from 1.5 million tons and a$25-percent share the previous year.@   FAS Administrator August Schumacher attributed the good U.S.?export performance to stronger economic performance abroad and"weaker supply from other sources.B   "This year China dominated world cotton imports because of two=consecutive years of poor domestic cotton production and lowstocks," Schumacher said.?   He said China was expected to take about one-fourth of U.S.?cotton exports, worth nearly $1,000 million. U.S. exports wereBexpected to rise to India and Pakistan, where insects and diseaseBhave reduced crops, and to Japan and Indonesia, where supply from'drought-plagued Australia has dropped.@   In Latin America, where cotton production dropped 40 percent:in 1992-93 and has not recovered since, U.S. exports have;increased to 283,000 metric tons in 1993-94 from 59,000 in1991-92, the department said.   ---------------   ---------------2   POLICYMAKERS CONCERNED ABOUT U.S. SAVINGS RATE   ANDREW BAIRD   WASHINGTONA   Key U.S. policymakers are growing increasingly concerned that6citizens are not saving enough for their retirements.=   The U.S. Labor Department has kicked off a big retirementBsavings education campaign called "Save, Your Retirement Clock Is?ticking." The campaign is meant to help citizens save more for>their retirement and better manage those funds until they areneeded.=   Against a backdrop of 50 ticking alarm clocks, U.S. laborASecretary Robert Reich said that the campaign emphasizes the top-ten ways to plan for one's retirement years:;   "There are practical and easy things everyone can do to?prepare for retirement. Getting the right information, finding>out about social security benefits, learning about employers'@pension and profit sharing plans, contributing to tax shelteredBplans, putting money into IRA's (individual retirement accounts),Aasking employers to start a plan. If your employer doesn't offerAa plan, suggesting that he start one. Keeping the savings there.)Don't touch the savings. Setting goals.">   The "Save" campaign is based on several disturbing factorsBregarding retirement, including the fact that fewer than one-halfAof today's retirees over 65 receive a private pension benefit to?supplement their social security checks. Many experts say that@unless there is a big shift in attitudes, this percentage couldBgrow as the so-called baby-boom generation moves into retirement.=Workers in small firms are particularly at risk. One-in-four;former employees in firms with fewer than 100 workers havereceived a pension.:   Mr. Reich was joined on the podium by more than 20 key>executives in U.S. savings, pension, and labor organizations.AU.S. treasury Secretary Robert Rubin also spoke and said liftingAthe U.S. savings rate was critical to the future of the economy:B   "As we borrow less abroad, we become less dependent on foreign@capital. More importantly, even though global financial marketsAallow capital to flow across national borders, those markets are>far from fully efficient, so that the countries that save theAmost will have the most capital available for investment and thelowest cost of capital.":   Mr. Rubin noted that in the 1970s and early 1980s, theBnation's household savings rate was more than twice the rate over@the last several years. To put the economy on sound footing andBto assure the welfare of retirees, he said the savings rate wouldBsoon have to equal or surpass those higher rates, a daunting taskfor the country.   ---------------   ---------------8   U.S., JAPAN SIGN NEW ACCORD TO FACILITATE INVESTMENT   STATE DEPARTMENT9   Acting Secretary of State Strobe Talbott and Japanese>Ambassador Takakazu Kuriyama July 20 signed a joint agreement@designed to facilitate and promote foreign direct investment inJapan.@   Increasing foreign business presence in Japan is one part ofAthe U.S. economic framework with Japan, according to Joan Spero,Aunder secretary of state for economic, business and agricultural<affairs. Having already come to an agreement on such thorny@issues as intellectual property rights and trade in automobiles>and auto parts, some of the remaining issues still unresolvedAinclude competition policy and a technology agreement, she said.B   The new investment arrangement was achieved after more than 188months of intensive bilateral negotiations, Spero said.9   "The investment arrangement signed today is a win-win>proposition for the United States and Japan," said Spero. "ItAwill support the efforts of U.S. and other non-Japanese firms toAestablish a larger presence in Japan's market and a greater role!as suppliers to Japanese firms."=   The agreement attempts to reconcile the disparity between<Japan's share in the world economy and the level of foreignBdirect investment in the country. Despite producing 16 percent of<the global gross domestic product (GDP), Japan hosts only 1Apercent of the total estimated global foreign direct investment.?In contrast, the United States hosts about 30 percent of total@foreign direct investment while generating 27 percent of globalGDP.@   Providing equal access to Japan's low-interest loan programs=and improving tax incentives for foreign investors are major<parts of the agreement. Japan has also agreed to allow more<foreign participation in mergers and acquisitions, increase3foreign affiliated firms' eligibility for Japanese>government-funded employment programs, and provide 18 Foreign>Access Zones near airports and seaports. Spero said Japan has6agreed to change its attitudes and perceptions on the$desirability of foreign investment.>   The agreement requires semi-annual consultations and joint;consultations are planned in the early fall of 1995. SperoAstressed the Japanese government's "critical role in encouraging?foreign presence in Japan's market." The United States is also=committed to working with its firms to "get the word out" on(Japan's program and policies, she said.?   Citing the global implications of the accord, Talbott said,="As the world's two largest economies, the United States and=Japan share a unique responsibility to uphold the open worldtrading and investment order."A   "I think it is about time that American businessmen recognizeBthe door that is opening in Japan" and that the accord will "help?them see the opportunities that are opening up in my country,"the Japanese ambassador said.   ---------------   ---------------5   STUDY SAYS RECYCLING IS "CASHCOW" IN U.S., CANADA   DAVID MORRIS   WASHINGTON<   After years of being called a mere "do-gooder" activity,Brecycling has turned into a profitable industry for cities across8the United States and Canada, according to a new study.@   Only two years ago, one of the few good reasons cities couldAfind for bearing the expense of recycling was saving on landfill<space. Now, the recycling programs they are sponsoring have>turned into veritable "cashcows" for municipal revenues, JohnBYoung of WorldWatch, a Washington research organization, reports.9   Starting in 1994, prices for recyclables have mounted:impressively. New York now expects to earn $20-25 million@annually for the sale of the newspapers it collects when it was3paying $6 million to get rid of them just in 1993.?   Similarly, at the beginning of 1994, Madison, Wisconsin was?paying out $13 per ton of recyclables, and it now earns almost>$23 per ton. It saves an additional $40 for every ton not put%into the local landfill, Young says.A   Canada, as well, is benefiting from profits in recycling. The?province of Ontario, for example, is receiving roughly $68 per>ton, even after accounting for its collection, processing andcapital costs.A   What caused the change of tide in recyclables? Young sees the?answer in the tripling in the production of products made fromArecycled paper, metal and plastic products the past year or two,=depending on the product. Old newsprint, which languished at@almost no value in mid-1991, has jumped 2,200 percent in value,@Young says. Aluminum beverage can prices increased two-fold and'recycled glass prices rose 80 percent.?   Young attributes this price upturn primarily to the ethical>concerns of consumers and governments at the local, state and<federal levels. Demand for recycled paper, for example, was@boosted considerably by a 1993 executive order from the Clinton?administration requiring that all U.S. government documents be<printed on 20 percent recycled paper by 1995 and 30 percentrecycled paper by 1999.?   States across the U.S. have also legislated use of recycled<products. Thirteen now require newspapers in their areas to?include set amounts of recycled newsprint. Fifteen others have=contracted with newspapers to increase their recovered-paper	content.B   In 1988, New York State created the Office of Recycling Market<Development to help strengthen industries that use recycled<materials. It furnishes financing, technical assistance and=market information to selected industries. Another 18 states+reportedly are following a similar course.?   As another option, 27 states are offering tax incentives to@promote the use of recycled goods in industry. Special property9tax measures, as well as the easing of permit and zoning?restrictions, have motivated many a company to prefer recycled*materials to "virgin" ones, Young argues.A   Yet governmental efforts have not acted alone to generate the=demand increase for recycled products. Economic expansion in?North America, Europe and Japan has created greater demand for?consumer products, which has pushed up prices for recyclables.B   When asked whether an economic downturn would wreck the market@for recyclables, Young said in an interview there would be harm?but that fundamental changes in several industries will ensure=that demand for recyclables will outlast short term economic?fluctuations. For example, the U.S. paper industry has largelyAretooled its facilities to benefit from the mountain of recycled@paper collected in recent years, he said. About 13 million tons?of old newsprint were used in 1985, but this number grew to 26million in 1993.B   Recycled paper products have become a "primary" resource for a=sizable number of paper manufacturers, according to industry'analysts quoted by Young in his study.=   In fact, many new paper mills are being built near cities@instead of forests to absorb all of the paper waste coming from!the urban locations, Young said.=   Agricultural problems have also contributed to heightenedBdemand for recyclables in some countries. Cotton-crop failures in=China prompted the incorporation of fiber made from recycledBplastics into textiles. However, Young warned that countries like<China are always looking for the cheapest way to make theirBgoods. Consequently, he said, no one can rely on their loyalty to4recyclables if a less expensive substitute appears.   ---------------   ---------------/   HOUSE VOTES TO BLOCK MEXICAN BAIL-OUT FUNDS   PAULA WOLFSON   CONGRESS<   President Clinton's plan to help the Mexican economy hasAsuffered a setback in the U.S. Congress. Members of the House of;Representatives have voted to block billions of dollars infurther financial assistance.5   The vote took many Congress watchers by surprise.6   During the final minutes of debate on the Treasury@Department's 1996 budget, Bernard Sanders, the only independentAmember of the legislature, introduced an amendment to freeze the@Mexican aid program. The unexpected measure passed by a vote of	245-183.A   The vote was a vivid demonstration of lingering Congressional;resentment. President Clinton moved to bolster the Mexican>economy in March by tapping a special treasury fund set up to;prop up the dollar in times of crisis, a move that did notrequire legislative approval.?   The president set aside 20 billion dollars in bailout funds=for Mexico. Just over 12 billion has already been spent. The:House bill would block further distribution of the money.>   But the House will not have the final say. The Senate must>also approve the cut-off. And it is highly unlikely President9Clinton would sign any legislation that is such a direct*challenge to his foreign economic policy.   ---------------   ---------------   GLOBAL "FORTUNE" 500   BRECK ARDERY   NEW YORKA   A new survey of the world's 500 largest companies shows large+revenues do not always mean large profits.>   Although six of the top 10 companies on "Fortune's" global@"500" list are based in Japan, many of them were not especially<profitable last year. For example, Mitsubishi, the Japanese?trading company which ranks number one had profits of only 218=million dollars on total revenues of 176 billion dollars. ByBcontrast, General Motors, number five on the list, earned profits@of almost five billion dollars on revenues which were almost 20*percent smaller than those of Mitsubishi.?   Royal Dutch Shell, the British-Dutch oil firm was number 10Aand the exxon oil company of the United States was number eight.@   Katherine Haight, the "Fortune" magazine editor in charge of<the "Global 500" list says many Japanese companies have hadprofit difficulties:?   "They have been having a difficult time in their economy as>well. Actually a lot of them had decreased in yen denominated>revenues and profits. They had increases when translated intoAU.S. dollars. Half of the companies on the list which lost money>were Japanese companies, primarily because of the economy (in	Japan)."@   Ms. Haight says many corporations in Asia and Europe are nowAfollowing the lead of U.S. companies which have restructured and?downsized their operations to increase efficiency and decreasecosts.9   For the first time, the global 500 list includes both>industrial and service companies. "Fortune" magazine recently?made the same change in its list of the 500 largest U.S.-basedAcompanies because the editors say the strict differences between:industrial and service companies have become blurred. ForBexample, General Electric, which many might regard as primarily a<manufacturing company, now receives 40 percent of its total"revenues from service businesses.   ---------------   ---------------   AFRICA TRADE INVESTMENT   JAMES BUTTY   WASHINGTON;   The wave of political and economic reforms in Africa is3creating new opportunities for American companies.A   The Africa Trade Forum was sponsored by Samuels International?Associates, a U.S.-based trade and investment consultant firm.?U.S. Trade and Development Agency regional director for AfricaBand the Middle East John Richter (rik-ter), was the lead speaker.=His agency helps American companies pursue overseas business=opportunities in developing and middle-income countries. Mr.'Richter explains how the TDA operates:A   "Our primary tool for carrying out our mission is the fundingBof feasibility studies. And the way we do this is unique. We sign<the grant agreement directly with the foreign government or<foreign private entity sponsoring the project. The grant isAconditioned on the grantee selecting an American firm to performAthe feasibility study. Our interest is in generating exports andAcreating jobs here in the United States. That is why the projectAmust be a development priority of the host country, must exhibit<U.S. export potential, must have a high likelihood of being?financed with money other than TDA's, and must be a project in@which there is an interest on the part of foreign competitors."@   According to Mr. Richter (rik-ter), in fiscal year 1995, theBTDA has funded 15 feasibility studies in eight African countries.<The year before, the agency funded 26-studies. The TDA also=provides funding for what are called reverse trade missions.>Under this program, the agency brings senior project decisionBmakers to the United States to see U.S. technology at work and to,meet representatives of American companies.<   Even though the changes occurring in Africa appear to be@creating more commercial opportunities for U.S. businesses, Mr.@Richter says Africa remains a challenge for American companies.!He says there are three reasons:?   "The first is Africa's special relationship with Europe and@the preference for European goods and services. The devaluationAof the CFA (the currency of the African financial community) hasBseverely restricted the opportunity to work in Francophone Africa>this past year. As a result of the devaluation, CFA countries>have reconsidered major project implementation because of the0increased cost of imported goods and services.";   Mr. Richter says another factor that restricts business7opportunities in Africa is the nature of U.S. economicassistance:?   "European countries and Japan target specific projects with=their foreign assistance, while the U.S. aims its assistanceApackage at social and political issues. While the governments ofBEurope and Japan provide significant concessional financing. ThisAoption is not available for U.S. suppliers of goods and services<selling to Africa. This fact essentially restricts American?companies to following World Bank and African development bankfinanced projects in Africa.";   Mr. Richter says a third factor hampering U.S. business<opportunities in Africa is the limited amount of assistance>available to American companies. He says while U.S. firms are?spending their own resources to develop new markets in Africa,<their foreign competitors often have the direct or indirectsupport of their governments.:   Despite these obstacles, Mr. Richter says the TDA will>continue to seek out opportunities for American businesses in@Africa. He said the budget trimming battle in the U.S. Congress=will not dramatically affect the TDA's operations because of&Africa's position as an area of need.   ---------------   ---------------   FORD PROFITS SLUMP   MIKE JOYCE   CHICAGO?   The Ford Motor Company reported Wednesday that it had fewerBsales and lower profits in the second quarter of 1995 than it didBduring the same quarter of last year. The nation's second-largest>automobile manufacturer said the the cost of bringing out new?models later this year will likely keep earnings lower throughthe early months of 1996.A   Ford's vehicle sales fell by two percent and the slump causedAprofits to dip 140-million dollars lower than those recorded forBthe second quarter of last year. Still, the huge automaker earned@slightly more than one and one-half billion dollars in the pastthree months.?   The company's chief financial officer, David McCammon, saysBthe cost of launching a new light truck, and redesigned models of?its popular taurus and sable automobiles, later this year will@depress earnings into early 1996. Controlling inventory, Mr. McACammon says, will be the key to the company's performance during
this period:A   "We are just trying to keep inventories at a reasonable level@so that we are ready to respond to the market, but also, not soAhigh that we have to come in with a lot (of) extra incentives.":=   Chrysler, the nation's third-largest automaker, announced<reduced earnings Tuesday, and the countries biggest vehicle>manufacturer, General Motors, is expected to announce profits=Thursday that will equal last year's second quarter results.   ---------------   ---------------8   GREENSPAN OFFERS OPTIMISTIC OUTLOOK FOR U.S. ECONOMY   JON SCHAFFER   WASHINGTONB   Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan says the outlook@for the U.S. economy is "encouraging," with stronger growth and6lower inflation expected later this year and in 1996.@   While he refused to rule out completely a recession later in?the year, Greenspan told a Senate Banking subcommittee July 19=that the economy has "passed the point of maximum risk" of a
downturn.B   The most probable outlook "is for an upturn in the growth rate>of final sales and real gross domestic product (GDP) over the?rest of this year and a moderate pace of expansion next year,";the U.S. central bank chief said in presenting the FederalBReserve's semi-annual report on the state of U.S. monetary policyand the economy.?   Greenspan also said that inflationary pressures have abated@more quickly than he had expected earlier in the year. If price<increases continue to moderate, lower interest rates can be@expected later in 1995, he said. Earlier this month the Federal>Reserve lowered interest rates by one quarter of a percentage.point -- the first drop in about three years.>   The Federal Reserve governors and Federal Reserve district<bank presidents, all of whom participate in monetary-policyAdeliberations, see the economy growing 1.5-2.0 percent this year8and 2.25-2.75 percent in 1996, according to the report.>   The Federal Reserve predicts consumer price inflation will?rise 3.125-3.375 percent this year and then slow to 2.875-3.25percent in 1996.A   The unemployment rate is forecast to rise from 5.6 percent in?June to 5.75-6.125 percent in the fourth quarters of both 1995
and 1996.A   Among the factors Greenspan cited contributing to the outlook;was trade performance, which he said should improve due to3strengthening of the Mexican economy and continued2competitiveness of U.S. goods in foreign markets.?   "So far to date it (the Mexican recovery) has gone well and9somewhat better than I would have anticipated," he said.@   Other key factors in the outlook, he said, include a slowing@of the sharp drawdown in business inventories, particularly forAdurable goods, solid performance of commercial banks, and strongstock and bond markets.B   "Imbalances seem to be limited, financial conditions should beAsupportive of spending, and businesses and consumers are largely.optimistic about the future," Greenspan said.>   The central bank chief rejected charges that congressional3budget cutting could dampen the economic recovery.>   "There is no doubt, in my judgment, that the net result of8moving to budget balance will be a more efficient, more#productive U.S. economy," he said.   ---------------   ---------------=   CAPITOL HILL ENTREPRENEUR FINDS IT PAYS TO STAND AND WAIT   SUSAN LOGUE   WASHINGTON:   You may have heard of generation X, referring to youngAAmericans in their twenties. They have been described as cynicalAand unmotivated, a description that definitely does not apply to25-year-old John Likens.@   "The jobs are out there," says Likens. "They are just harder@to find. Nothing is going to land in your lap. You have to workfor it and search for it."?   John lIkens did more than find a job, he founded a company,BCongressional Services. It's providing a service that's unique toWashington.<   Whenever the House or Senate is in session, the halls of?Congress team with people who are on their way to hearings or,>more often than not, are standing in line waiting for them tobegin. According to Likens:=   "It's first come, first served. And unfortunately, all of?these people standing in line only about five or seven of themwill get in."A   That is why lobbyists, advocates for a wide range of interest?groups, are willing to pay John Likens to hold a place in line:for them. At 26 dollars an hour, the service is a bargain>according to Amy Story, who, on this day, arrived just as the*line began to file into the hearing room:?   "We need to make sure we get into the hearings, because our@clients assume we are going to get in. For me to be able to getAin, I'd have to be here at 5 or 6 in the morning. And the amountBI bill out is about twice what the company pays the line sitters.@So it's pretty economical to have them sit here instead of me.">   Congressional Services has a roster of fifty people it canBcall to stand in line. About half are called to work at least oneBday a week. many are students, or at least were when they startedworking as place-holders.A   "You make 10 dollars an hour doing pretty much nothing," saysALikens. "It's a good thing for a student who has to take classesAand needs to earn a little extra money on the side. I have a job?with a corporation downtown. I just do this in the mornings to?pick up some extra money. Typically I get here between 5 and 6@and wait until 9 or ten. I got to work after that. it gets your?day started. By the time I leave here, I'm four hours ahead ofBeveryone else. I'm the type of person who can get up early in the?morning. It doesn't bother me. Get up in the morning, stand inAline for 10 dollars an hour, read the paper. Early morning hours>are sometimes hard, like when you have to be here at three or:four in the morning, but you can go home and sleep in theafternoon."B   Although he now employs people to do the standing, John Likens<actually started as a place-holder himself, working for the%company that is now his competition:@   "I had no idea that the practice even existed until I was in;school and answered an ad. I didn't know what it entailed,@(because) I was pretty much clueless to what went on on Capitol7Hill. It turns out to be a really big business. It's acomfortable living."?   John Likens says in 1993, the first year he was in business?for himself, sales amounted to about 60 thousand dollars. LastByear, the 25-year-old entrepreneur says revenues exceeded 250,000	dollars.B   How much clients pay Congressional Services to hold a place inBline depends on how important the hearing is to them and how many7seats will be available. Manager Thomas madden, who is=responsible for giving employees their assignments says some&issues draw more clients than others:B   "Telecommunications is definitely the largest. That is the one?to draw the national media. Banking is also large. Some of the@appropriations hearings. The appropriations hearings are tough,>because they only let a limited number of people in. They are1smaller. Medicare, healthcare draw a big crowd."A   This past May, when Congress held hearings to propose changesAin U.S. telecommunications laws, Congressional Services had more@than fifty clients. Each was willing to pay 28 dollars an hour,@the rate for a wait lasting 24 hours or more, to hold places inline for two and half days.=   Some have criticized the practice of paying surrogates to?stand in line, saying it denies the average American access toBCongressional hearings. But John Likens says no one is preventingthem from attending hearings:B   "There are a lot of other hearings if the general public wants?to go to them, they can look in the paper and just go to them.;It's the big drawers that you have to get here early for.">   The president and founder of Congressional Services pointsBout, anyone who wants to attend the hearings that draw big crowds8can get in line early and wait just like his employees.   ---------------   ---------------   CHRYSLER EARNINGS   PAUL FRANCUCH   CHICAGO?   Second-quarter earnings reports for U.S. automaker Chrysler>show a big decline, but the report was not surprising to most8industry analysts. Much of the decline was due to costs<associated with a production cutback and model changeovers.=   America's number-three automaker recently reported strong<sales and total sales for the second quarter were down only>four-percent from the same quarter last year, when sales were>running at a record pace. Chrysler's overall earnings for theAquarter were down 86-percent to 135-million dollars, as compared"to 956-million dollars last year.?   In a company statement, Chrysler chairman Robert Eaton said=the second quarter was disappointing, but not a surprise. He;attributes the decline to the costs of launching a line of>redesigned mini-vans, which are among Chrysler's most popular
vehicles.;   Mr. Eaton also cites what he calls aggressive incentive?actions to reduce inventories of 1995 model cars. Chrysler has?offered generous rebates to buyers to reduce inventories. ThatAhas contributed to its recent strong sales. Because Chrysler was?changing assembly lines to build its new mini-van, inventories+were lower, thereby cutting into earnings.;   Chrysler's international retail sales during the second@quarter of this year were up 26-percent from the same period in:1994. Lower than anticipated sales in Mexico cut into the@company's overall earnings. Chrysler recently announced it willAspend 100-million dollars to strengthen its vehicle distributionnetwork in Japan.>   Despite the drop in earnings at Chrysler, several industry7analysts say the company's efforts to reduce excessive=inventories and bring new models into the showroom may boost'company fortunes in the coming months.<   Detroit-based auto makers Ford and General Motors report0second-quarter earnings Wednesday and Thursday.   ---------------   ---------------(   IBM ANNOUNCES RECORD RECORD EARNINGS   BRECK ARDERY   NEW YORK?   IBM, the world's largest computer company, announced record@quarterly earnings Tuesday, surprising even the most optimisticWall Street analysts.B   IBM reported second-quarter profits of one-point-seven billion>dollars, more than double the results of the same period last?year. The earnings amount to almost three dollars per share of:IBM stock. Wall Street analysts had forecast the computer@company's earnings at about two dollars and 40 cents per share.>   The company reported growth in all geographic areas of its=worldwide operations with the strongest growth, more than 30%percent, in the Asia-Pacific region.?   Louis Gerstner, IBM's chairman, expressed satisfaction with8the company's performance, but cautioned that continuedArestructuring and cost reductions will be needed to maintain theprofit momentum.<   Analysts say the earnings report confirms Mr. Gerstner's@strategy of putting increased emphasis on the personal computer@and personal computer software markets. Last month, IBM stunnedBthe industry by paying three and one-half billion dollars for theLotus software company.   ---------------   ---------------   INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS   ANDREW BAIRD   WASHINGTONB   As part of an aggressive national export strategy, the Clinton:Administration is promoting the creation of international(standards for a wide range of products.@   The Clinton Administration says its plans to focus much more=energy on the creation of worldwide standards in the safety,;testing, certification, labeling, advertising and sales of=various products. The administration's initiative stems from>complaints by a host of U.S. industries which say the cost of@meeting multiple standards in different countries is preventing:them from entering international markets. At a Washington?conference on standards sponsored by the U.S. consumer product=safety commission, keynote speaker Mickey Kantor, U.S. trade@representative, says the push for international standards is anBessential part of the admistration's trade liberalization effort:B   "On the one hand, we have harmonization of standards involving?safety, certification, testing, all those issues. On the otherAside, we have trade barriers. Yet in order to deal with both, weBcan open markets and expand trade and frankly, have what I call a=win-win-win situation, safer products, removing barriers and$growing jobs in the United States."@   Yet several speakers at the conference offered evidence that9obstacles to the creation of international standards are@formidable. The United States, they note, would prefer a system7where companies, using international guidelines, could>self-certify that their products meet necessary standards. It6would also like to see more use of accredited private>organizations in monitoring the compliance with internationalstandards.A   But the fact is that even in the European Union, where member9countries have agreed on several multilateral standards,>compliance still depends heavily on EU regulatory bodies with:stiff enforcement mechanisms. Some experts argue that the@harmonization of standards and the harmonization of regulationsBmust go hand in hand. U.S. Commerce Secretary Ron Brown said that;smaller U.S. companies are at a distinct disadvantage when!standards vary around the globe:B   "A typical United States' machine-manufacturer may spend 50 to<100,000 dollars a year just to comply with foreign standard@requirements. Foreign product standards and requirements affect>about half of all American exports - that's approximately 300!billion dollars a year or more."=   Some speakers said the United States is making headway in@forging trade agreements which embrace multinational conformityAin testing and assessment standards. These include the agreement>on technical barriers to trade, amplified during the recently<completed world trade accord under the general agreement onAtariffs and trade, and the NAFTA accord among the United States,BMexico, and Canada which could be widened to include Chile in the
near future.   ---------------   ---------------)   WORLD BANK SETS UP MICRO-LOAN PROGRAM   LINDA CASHDAN   WASHINGTONB   The World Bank and several other lending institutions have set@up, what they call, a consultative group to assist the poorest.?The group plans to distribute more than 100-million dollars in@micro-loans to impoverished people around the world.  The loans:will be for amounts ranging up to 100 dollars and will beinterest free.A   The aim is to help people help themselves by lending them theBmoney they need to start up smallscale income generating projects<and businesses. The chairman of the new consultative group,BIsmail Serageldin, says he hopes to dispense loans to one-millionApoor people annually, most of whom will be women. Mr. Serageldin>says the consultative group has decided to focus on women forseveral reasons:A   "When you go through the women, as opposed to through the men?in a household, the collateral benefits are huge: Lower infant;mortality, better child nutrition, less stunted and wastedBchildren, lower female fertility, higher contraception prevalence?rates. All of these things come together. Women are vectors ofAsocial change. They also are much more responsible human beings.B(In comparing) the repayment loans of very poor women versus very@poor men, women are much better at paying. They are much betterAat handling and managing household resources. They are much moreresponsible."@   Just how responsible is illustrated by the experience of the:Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, which has been lending small,>interest-free loans to very poor women for some time now. Mr.:Serageldin says female borrowers at the Grameen Bank haverepayment rates of 98 percent.?   However, he says, if women have earned a reputation as good>credit risks, they also have a reputation as needy borrowers.?Indeed, Mr. Serageldin says, in countries around the world one<can see what he refers to as "the feminization of poverty":<   "Women are the preponderant percentage of the vulnerable?groups in every society. In every society there is a series of@either formal or informal, stated or unstated, barriers against;women. In practically every society in the world women areBdiscriminated against, and, as a result of that, they have a much&harder set of obstacles to overcome."?   It is Mr. Serageldin's hope the micro loans will help women<overcome some of those obstacles. What kind of people would@qualify as recipients for these loans? Mr. Serageldin cites one	example:?   "I'm thinking of poor women with three or four children who@are landless farm laborers in remote areas of Bangladesh who goBhungry every second day, whose sole source of support is to standBaround and get hired to husk rice for a whole day, and at the end=of the day they receive the equivalent of two cents AmericanBmoney plus a bowl of rice which they eat with their children. AndAthe next day, if they don't get hired, they go hungry. These areBthe (types of) people we're trying to reach with these very smallloans."B   How would a micro-loan help such women? The money would enable@them to buy their own rice, Mr. Serageldin explains. They couldAthen use the rice to feed their children, keep the husks and use=them for fuel, and sell the excess rice to others. The sales=would generate earnings, he says, money to buy more rice and*begin paying back part of the micro-loan.=   More important, he says, the sales would mark the women'sBentrance into the local economy. It would just be a first step onAthe bottom rung of the ladder of economic progress, he concedes,(but it would be an important beginning.   ---------------   ---------------2   U.S. ON TRACK FOR RECORD TRADE DEFICIT IN 1995   JON SCHAFFER   WASHINGTONB   The U.S. trade deficit widened for the third consecutive month>in May as record levels of imports driven by rising petroleum+purchases offset continued strong exports.<   The nation registered a deficit in goods and services of<$11,428 million in May, a mere $6 million more than April'sAdeficit, but the highest since the government began the combined?monthly series in January 1992. Despite a near-record level ofBexports totaling $64,807 million, imports grew even more strongly:to reach a record $76,235 million, the U.S. Department ofCommerce reported July 18.B   If the deficit continues at its current pace, it will approach@$127,000 million, eclipsing last year's previous record deficitof 106,214 million.=   During the first five months of 1995, the deficit totaledB$52,869 million, almost $12,000 million more than during the sameperiod last year.?   U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor, briefing reportersBfollowing release of the figures, said that over half of the rise@in the overall deficit can be attributed to a growing bilateral@trade deficit with Mexico, whose weak peso and declining growth@this year boosted exports to the United States while reining in?imports. The bilateral deficit with Mexico increased to $1,634.million in May, the second highest on record.9   Kantor said that the administration would be watchingBcarefully U.S.-Chinese trade figures. The U.S. deficit with China@in May totaled $2,843 million, the largest monthly deficit with>that country in six months. However, Kantor said that China's@exports to the United States may slow as that country fills its.textile and apparel quotas later in the year.@   "I think we can expect, given the continuation of some trade?barriers with China and their failure to gain accession to the>World Trade Organization (WTO) so far, that our trade deficit>will continue with China for some time," Kantor said. He saidBthat trade ministers will be meeting later this week in Geneva to&discuss China's accession to the WTO.:   Meanwhile, May's deficit with Japan narrowed to $5,496>million, $378 million less than in April, and totaled $27,068'million during the January-May period.@   Kantor said that the administration expects total U.S. trade@for the year to exceed $2,000,000 million for the first time in	history.A   Total exports of goods rose by $812 million in May to $47,758>million reflecting record capital goods exports -- industrialAengines, semiconductors, telecommunications equipment -- despite>a 19.4-percent decline in civilian aircraft exports. Consumer=goods exports climbed $200 million and exports of industrialBsupplies and materials rose $100 million while shipments of autos(and parts remained virtually unchanged.>   May imports of goods, driven by a $404 million-increase in?crude oil, climbed by $748 million to $64,241 million. The MayAprice per barrel of crude petroleum of $17.39 reflects the fifth<consecutive monthly increase and is the highest price since8November 1992's $17.39, the department said. Imports ofBsemiconductors, computers, toys, gems and artwork also registeredAlarge gains during the month. Imports in May were $2,072 million:more than the January-May 1995 monthly average of $62,169	million.@   In May, the United States posted a $5,055 million surplus inBservices trade as exports of services totaled $17,049 million andimports were $11,994 million.;   On a separate issue, Kantor said that there has been no:progress so far in multilateral negotiations in Geneva on@liberalization of trade in financial services, scheduled to endin a week.;   "We haven't seen any improvement in the offers from the8countries we are most concerned about, including India,!Indonesia, others," Kantor said.>   He said that the administration would continue its plan to>take a most-favored-nation (MFN) exemption in this area if noBfurther progress is made. Taking an MFN exemption would allow the?United States to limit access of foreign securities, insuranceAand banking companies to the U.S. market if those companies wereBfrom countries that limit access of U.S. financial firms to their	markets.)   Following are some key trade figures:;U.S. GOODS AND SERVICES EXPORTS, IMPORTS AND TRADE BALANCE5Millions of dollars, on a balance of payments basis,seasonally adjusted                      Trade;                    balance        Exports         Imports;Year 1993           -74,842        644,579         719,421;Year 1994          -106,214        701,200         807,414;Jan.-May 1994       -41,009        279,415         320,424;Jan.-May 1995       -52,869        317,703         370,573;May 1994             -9,141         56,838          65,979;May 1995            -11,428         64,807          76,235.U.S. GOODS EXPORTS, IMPORTS AND TRADE BALANCE@Millions of dollars, on a balance of payments basis, seasonally	adjusted                      Trade;                    balance        Exports         Imports;Year 1993          -132,618        456,824         589,442;Year 1994          -166,101        502,484         668,585;Jan.-May 1994       -63,973        199,239         263,212;Jan.-May 1995       -78,081        232,763         310,845;May 1994            -14,079         40,441          54,520;May 1995            -16,483         47,758          64,2411U.S. SERVICES EXPORTS, IMPORTS AND TRADE BALANCE@Millions of dollars, on a balance of payments basis, seasonally	adjusted                      Trade;                    balance        Exports         Imports;Year 1993            57,777        187,755         129,979;Year 1994            59,887        198,716         138,829;Jan.-May 1994        22,964         80,176          57,212;Jan.-May 1995        25,212         84,940          59,728;May 1994              4,938         16,397          11,459;May 1995              5,055         17,049          11,994:U.S. GOODS EXPORTS, IMPORTS AND TRADE BALANCE, BY COUNTRY@Millions of dollars, on a Census basis, not seasonally adjusted9                    Bilateral        May             May=                      balance        exports         imports;Total               -13,525         49,570          63,094;North America        -2,812         14,962          17,773;  Canada             -1,178         11,345          12,523;  Mexico             -1,634          3,616           5,250;Western Europe         -960         11,735          12,695  European;    Union              -896         10,515          11,411;    Austria              49            212             163;    Belgium             505          1,059             555;    Finland             -74            105             179;    France             -278          1,262           1,539;    Germany          -1,301          1,821           3,121;    Italy              -606            711           1,317;    Netherlands       1,063          1,609             546;    Spain               180            502             322;    Sweden             -352            246             598;    United Kingdom       14          2,405           2,391;    Other EU            -97            583             680  European Free Trade;      Association      -178            889           1,067;    Norway             -181            107             287;    Switzerland          21            766             745;    Other EFTA          -19             16              35;  Other Western Eur.    114            330             217Eastern Europe, Former;      Soviet Reps.      -44            534             578;    Hungary             -23             22              45;    Poland               75            134              60;    Former Sov. Reps.   -79            318             397;      Russia            -74            248             321;      Other FSR          -5             70              75;    Other Eastern Eur.  -17             60              77;Pacific Rim          -9,368         14,479          23,848;    Australia           618            916             299;    China            -2,843            812           3,655;    Japan            -5,496          5,006          10,502    Newly Industrialized;        economies      -326          6,289           6,615;      Hong Kong         584          1,395             811;      South Korea        76          2,059           1,983;      Singapore        -261          1,111           1,373;      Taiwan           -724          1,724           2,448;   Other Pacific Rim -1,320          1,457           2,777;South/Central America   658          4,360           3,702;    Argentina           151            325             174;    Brazil              280            982             702;    Colombia             65            390             326;    Other               162          2,663           2,501;OPEC                 -1,349          1,815           3,165;    Indonesia          -372            241             612;    Nigeria            -438             47             485;    Saudi Arabia        -94            641             736;    Venezuela          -501            390             891;    Other OPEC           56            497             441;Other countries        -555          2,282           2,838;    Egypt               167            230              63;    South Africa         11            212             201;    Other              -733          1,841           2,574?   NOTE: Data on a Census basis reflect movement of goods into:and out of the United States through U.S. Customs Service?stations. Balance-of-payments basis data adjust Census data toBinclude products that bypass Customs, such as exports of military1aircraft and imports of electricity from Canada.   ---------------   ----------------   KIMBERLY-CLARK/SCOTT PAPER COMPANY MERGER   BRECK ARDERY   NEW YORK@   The Kimberly-Clark corporation announced Monday that it willBbuy the Scott Paper company in a deal that will create the second=largest personal care products company in the United States.=   The merger will be accomplished by a stock swap valued at<about six-point-eight billion dollars. The new company willAoperate under the Kimberly-Clark name and will have an estimated&annual revenue of 11 billion dollars.@   Both companies produce consumer-related paper products. SomeAof Kimberly's best known brands include "Kleenex" facial tissues?and "Huggies" diapers. Scott has a strong position in bathroom)tissue and paper towels for the kitchen.?   Analysts say the merger is good for both companies and will>give Kimberly Clark access to European markets where Scott isalready very strong.?   Analysts say the merger is a big victory for Albert Dunlap,Athe dynamic chairman of scott. In less than one year, Mr. DunlapBturned Scott from a financially troubled, deeply indebted company'into a sound, growth-oriented company.?   Speaking to reporters, Mr. Dunlap said the combined companyAwill become a dominant force in the international consumer paperproduct market::   "We have created through this combination of Scott and@Kimberly-Clark one of the world's pre-eminent consumer products@companies. It will be a leader in facial and bathroom tissue in@major markets. Worldwide disposable diapers, wet wipes for many=markets. The combination is stronger than any of the parts."<   In a joint statement, the companies said they expect the=merger will produce annual cost savings of about 400 million	dollars.<   The combined company is expected to provide more intense@competition to procter and gamble, the world's largest consumer<products company which also produces paper products such asB"Charmin" bathroom tissue and "Pampers" diapers. A few weeks ago,Athere had been speculation that procter and gamble would make anAoffer to buy scott. But analysts say that is highly unlikely nowBand the Scott/Kimberly-Clark merger is expected to be approved by<stockholders. Because procter and gamble remains as a major:competitor, many analysts say they do not expect the U.S.8government will object the the Scott-Kimberly merger onanti-monopoly grounds.   ---------------   ---------------E   ZENITH FALLS: LAST U.S. TV MANUFACTURER SOLD TO SOUTH KOREAN FIRM   PAUL FRANCUCH   CHICAGO7   Suburban Chicago-based Zenith Electronics, the last?independent U.S. based manufacturer of television sets, agreed:Monday to be purchased by South Korea's "LG Electronics,";formerly known as "Goldstar." While the deal would replaceBAmerican ownership of the company, it may also lead to Zenith TVsbeing sold worldwide.?   The sale by financially-struggling Zenith did not come as aAbig surprise to industry analysts, but it did raise concern thatBno American-owned company will be in the television manufacturing&business after the deal goes through.<   L.G. Electronics will pay 350 million dollars for Zenith;Electronics. Zenith joins the ranks of such other American@television brand names as "RCA," "GE," "Sylvania," and "Quasar"which now have foreign owners.@   Zenith and l.G. Electronics have worked together for severalByears, providing each other with components. L.G. Plans to retain@the Zenith name and perhaps market products under that brand in>other countries. The South Korean-based company also plans to8expand Zenith's picture tube plant in suburban Chicago.<   Zenith once lead the world in the manufacturing of color@televisions but has suffered a string of losses in recent years>due to strong ═╘mpetition from overseas companies. Zenith hasBrecently been active as part of a consortium of companies workingAon perfecting a system for the new high-definition television ofthe future.B   Zenith sold its laptop computer business to the French companyB"Group Bull" five-and-a-half years ago. That sold for 511 million	dollars.   ---------------   ---------------;   U.S.-CANADA DISPUTE OVER DAIRY, POULTRY MOVING TO NAFTA   WASHINGTONA   The U.S. request for an arbitration panel to settle a dispute:with Canada over protection for dairy and poultry farmers>reflects an unresolved conflict between two trade agreements.A   U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor announced July 14 the=U.S. request for the panel, the first such request under the>dispute-settlement mechanism in the North American Free Trade=Agreement (NAFTA), which entered into force January 1, 1994.=   At issue is the application by Canada January 1, 1995, of;duties ranging up to 350 percent on imports of most dairy,poultry and egg products.A   Under the Uruguay Round multilateral trade agreement, members>of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreed to convert their;agricultural quotas into equivalent tariffs and reduce theAtariffs by only about 15 percent over six years. Canada's strong@quota protections for dairy, poultry and egg products translate*into high tariffs under this formulation.>   Under NAFTA, however, the three participants -- the United>States, Canada and Mexico -- agreed to eliminate all of theirtariffs in 10-15 years.@   Canada argues that its rights in the WTO to protect its farmBsectors take precedence over NAFTA; the United States argues thatNAFTA takes precedence.7   No resolution was achieved by U.S.-Canada bilateral?consultations held March 1 or by a NAFTA Commission meeting ofBthe three trade ministers June 7, leading to Kantor's request forthe panel.   ---------------   --------------->   ISLAMIC NATIONS SAY THEY WILL NOT OBEY BOSNIA ARMS EMBARGO   GORDON MARTIN
   GENEVA;   As western nations met in London to work out a stronger?response to Bosnian Serb advances Friday, foreign ministers of=eight countries making up the contact group of the 52 nationBOrganization of the Islamic Conference, or OIC, have been meetingBin Geneva. The Islamic nations have decided not to honor the arms#embargo against Bosnia any longer.B   The Islamic ministers, clearly disgusted by the outcome of the>London conference, say they no longer feel obliged to respect;what they term the unjustified and illegal arms embargo onBosnia.@   In a four page statement, they pledge to intensify their own0efforts to bolster Bosnia's defense capacities.A   Though they voice disappointment at the failure of the United=Nations mission, they declare themselves ready to contributeAtoward the strengthening of the U.N. protection force, UNPROFOR,:and to play a greater role in its command and operationalstructures.=   They list the embargo and the hollow promises made by the?major mediating powers among the factors which have led to the)present devastating situation in Bosnia.<   The Islamic minister call for the urgent use of force to"recover all captured territories.@   They also want international action to defend the threatenedBenclaves of Zepa and Bihac, to restore Srebrenica as a safe area,-and to protect Gorazde, Sarajevo, and Tuzla.   ---------------   ---------------&   BOSNIAN REACTION TO LONDON MEETING   DOUGLAS ROBERTS   TRAVNIK?   Bosnia's Muslim-led government has denounced the results of;Friday's big power meeting in London. Prime Minister Haris=Silajdzic says the threat of NATO airpower to deter any Serb>attack on the eastern enclave of Gorazde, will only encourage@Serb attacks elsewhere in Bosnia. The prime minister's reactionBhas been echoed throughout Muslim and Croat-controlled territory.;   The Muslims of Travnik seem to have little faith in the>international community's attempts to end the warfare here. A:shopkeeper in the heart of this picturesque mountain townAdismissed the results of Friday's big power meeting in London asBnothing but empty talk. Mehic Armin, a disabled war veteran, saidBthe big powers were not able to prevent the fall of Srebrenica toASerb forces earlier this month. And he added, there is no reason(to think the situation will change now.A   This generally negative reaction of the results of the LondonBconference, was echoed in the nearby Croat-held town of Vitez. An@officer in the Bosnian Croat militia said the big powers may beBwilling to protect Gorazde, but he predicted that Serb commandersBwill simply bypass that enclave, and concentrate their attacks onASarajevo and other isolated Muslim pockets. The officer forecastBan intensification of warfare throughout Bosnia, with Serb forces@attempting to press home their advantage. He said allied MuslimAand Croat forces are also likely to go on the offensive soon, in7a bid to counter the Serb gains of the past few weeks.   ---------------   ---------------4   NATO PREPARES FOR POSSIBLE AIR STRIKES IN BOSNIA   DAVID SWAN   ANDREWS AIR FORCE BASE<   NATO is preparing for possible air strikeπèto defend the@Bosnian Muslim enclave at Gorazde and hopefully keep the United;Nations protection force in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The United=States, Britain, France and other countries adopted the planFriday at a meeting in London.;   With two enclaves gone, and UNPROFOR all but powerless,BBritish foreign Secretary Malcolm Rifkind warns the west will not+stand by if the Serbs attack Gorazde next:@   "Any such action will be met with a substantial and decisiveBresponse. There was strong support for this to include the use ofairpower."B   But the plan falls short of what the United States wanted. TheBallies are worried about the risks of an air campaign, especially?the Serbs taking more U.N. hostages in response. The threat ofAair raids only covers Gorazde, not Sarajevo or Bihac. And Russia@rejects the idea outright, though U.S. officials say Moscow cannot veto the strikes.B   Defense Secretary William Perry says the loss of Gorazde would finish the peacekeeping effort:B   "The alternative of letting Gorazde fall, which would lead to,Adrive the UNPROFOR out of Bosnia, would result in a humanitarian#catastrophe of great proportions."=   The United States flatly turned down a French proposal to>reinforce Gorazde with French troops on American helicopters.   ---------------   ---------------6   BELGRADE CONCERNED OVER BOSNIA FIGHTING ESCALATION   BARRY WOOD   BELGRADEB   The London meeting on Bosnia-Herzegovina is being watched with<considerable interest in Belgrade, the Serbian and Yugoslav?capital. Some foreign diplomats fear that an escalation of the=fighting in eastern Bosnia could drive Serbia into more open!support for the Serbs in Bosnia.=   Political analysts here say the next few weeks could be a9decisive phase in the long, frustrating drive to reach a"settlement to the Bosnian crisis.A   Diplomats say while Serbian president Slobodon Milosevic doesAwant a negotiated settlement his room for maneuver is small. His>principal goal remains an end to the United Nations sanctions>that have progressively weakened an already crippled Yugoslav	economy.A   Analysts say that an escalation of the conflict, particularly=devastating NATO airstrikes against the Bosnian Serbs, would?greatly complicate Mr. Milosevic's position. Such action, theyAsay, could force Mr. Milosevic into more open support of BosnianSerbs.B   The five nation contact group continues to press Mr. MilosevicBto recognize Bosnia-Herzegovina in return for a suspension of the@United Nations imposed sanctions. Such a deal was nearly struckBin May but came undone after Mr. Milosevic pressed for not just a9suspension but a permanent end of the punitive measures.>   On Thursday, President Milosevic addressed an enthusiastic@crowd of about 10,000 supporters in the southern Kosovo region.@He said peace is what Serbia needs most. He said his governmentBis doing all it can to establish a lasting, just peace in Serbia,<the former Yugoslavia, and the Balkans. While Mr. Milosevic<remains popular in Serbia, opposition politicians urge more3direct support for the cause of the Bosnian Serbs.@   Diplomats credit Mr. Milosevic with generally making good on<his pledge last year to essentially close the 600-kilometer>Yugoslav border with Bosnia. More than 100 sanctions monitors?have been observing the major border crossings. However, there@are still military and economic links between the Bosnian Serbsand Serbia proper.>   The London conference is page one news in some but not allBBelgrade papers. The fighting in eastern Bosnia is the main story%in the newspapers and on television.@   The Yugoslav economy remains weak. Industrial production hasAnot rebounded as had been hoped. And the new currency introduced@at the beginning of last year has steadily weakened as business;confidence stays low. Inflation has been rising and living8standards are much lower than they were five years ago.   ---------------   ---------------B   BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT REACTS NEGATIVELY TO DEVELOPMENTS IN LONDON   DAVID FOLEY   SARAJEVO=   The Bosnian government has reacted very negatively to the)decision taken at the London conference.?   The final statement from London did not mention the Zepa orBBihac enclaves, both currently under attack by the Bosnian Serbs,Aand the Bosnian prime minister, Haris Silajdzic, says he is very1disappointed with the results of the conference::   "It is more of the same, another half measure, anotherAconsensus, another collective fig leaf there. For that, Gorazde,Bnow seems it's ok, the other safe havens are safe only from theseterrorist attacks."@   Repeating the demand that the arms embargo be lifted he said;the conference would make it even more difficult to find a=peaceful end to the war in Bosnia. He said while Gorazde wasAprobably safe for the moment he was certain how the Bosnian Serb$leaders would interpret the result:@   "This will make the whole peace process very difficult. This<will make the terrorist Serbs very confident. Once more the>international community has backed down and has swallowed the@attack on Srebrenica, the ethnic cleansing, the attack on Zepa,Athey will understand this as an excuse... Actually a green lightburning for them."<   Before the conference, Bosnian leaders said they did not@expect too much, but they seemed unprepared for how little theyfelt they received:A   "We hoped that the international community might change sidesBin this, because they have been helping the aggression so far. We?hoped that they would, for once, take the right side. They didnot."<   On the streets of Sarajevo, the result has been met with?resignation and black humor. The people here expected nothing,(and that is what they believe they got.   ---------------   ---------------   LONDON BOSNIA CONFERENCE   ANDRE DE NESNERA
   LONDONB   The international conference on Bosnia has ended in London. No>concrete military strategy was proposed to deter Bosnian Serb*attacks against U.N. declared safe areas.<   The international conference was called by British primeAminister John Major to send a clear signal to Bosnian Serbs that8aggression against U.N. safe havens and attacks on U.N.peacekeepers must end.9   After more than eight hours of talks, British foreign9secretary Malcolm Rifkind told reporters that conference>participants are warning the Bosnian Serbs against attacks on?Gorazde, the next U.N. safe haven believed to be the target ofBosnian Serb aggression:<   "The meeting therefore warned that in order to deter anyAattack on Gorazde any such action will be met with a substantial<and decisive response. There was strong support for this to?include the use of air power, but there was also great concernAexpressed. Countries are conscious of the serious risks involvedin this course of action."A   The United States has been urging massive air strikes against;Bosnian Serb positions to defend Gorazde from Bosnian Serb:attacks, but several countries having soldiers under U.N./command, were not openly favoring such a move.A   U.S. secretary of State Warren Christopher told reporters the9conference agreed on several actions which if vigorously?implemented offer an opportunity to reassert the internationalcommunity's role in Bosnia:A   "To have any chance of success, the decisions made today must>be translated, translated quickly into reality on the ground.APresident Clinton and the United States are determined to do so.<The international community and the people of Bosnia simply'cannot afford any more empty threats.">   Neither Mr. Christopher nor U.S. Defense Secretary WilliamAPerry provided any detail as to the vigorous action agreed to byBthe conference participants. But U.S. General John Shalikashvili,@chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, said if necessary, there@will be significant air strikes against Bosnian Serb positions:A   "These are not just responses against the initial provocation9but an air campaign consists of a wide-range of targets,@throughout a broad zone of operations and that is a significant3departure from the way air power was used before."<   Military experts here say it is very difficult to get anAagreement on specific military action from a conference bringingBtogether 16 countries. They say the best that can be hoped for is@a consensus agreement which was achieved in London. But expertsBsay the question now is whether this consensus is enough to deter+the Bosnian Serbs from further aggression.   ---------------   ---------------%   CHIRAC ARRIVES IN THE IVORY COAST
   KIRK TROY   YAMOUSSOUKROA   French President Jacques Chirac has arrived in Ivory Coast onBthe second stop of his West African tour. Mr. Chirac was received=by Ivory Coast President Henri Konan Bedie during a colorful
ceremony.;   President Chirac arrived in Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast'sAfederal capital, shortly after noon, local time, and was greeted@by government officials and more than one-thousand well-wishersAat the airport. Mr. Chirac and Ivory Coast President Henri Konan9Bedie then proceeded to the presidential palace, passing=thousands of people on the way waving flags and banners that+said, "Bedie and Chirac, friends forever."A   Presidents from Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, and Niger are also?in Yamassoukro for individual meetings with the French head ofBstate. They are expected to discuss continued economic reform and0France's commitment to democracy in the region.@   Since his election in May, Mr. Chirac has often criticized a<growing trend among western nations to reduce the amount of:development aid to Africa in response to their own budgetproblems at home.@   In an earlier statement, French cooperation minister Jacques<Godfrain said the message from Paris would focus on seriousAeconomic management. He said that France would help nations thatBmake and keep agreements with the International Monetary Fund and>the World Bank, not those that refuse or suspend cooperation.?   Mr. Chirac's first stop on his four-nation African tour was8Morocco, where he visited long-time friend King Hassan.<   This is Mr. Chirac's first official trip as France's new@president. From Ivory Coast, the French leader travels to Gabon#and Senegal before returning home.   ---------------   ---------------&   FRANCE TOUGHENS IMMIGRATION POLICY   JULIAN NUNDY	   PARIS?   France is chartering two aircraft to fly illegal immigrants?home. France's toughening immigration policy has angered humanrights groups.>   France's new Gaullist interior minister, Jean-Louis Debre,Asays the government will hire an airliner every week from now on!to take illegal immigrants home.?   Previously, foreigners living illegally in France were sentBhome in groups of two or three on scheduled flights. In full view9of other passengers, they were brought into airliners inhandcuffs.?   Since Mr. Debre announced the toughening of France's policy@earlier this month, two flights have left Paris. The first tookB51 Romanians, described as Gypsies, to Bucharest. The second tookA60 Africans back to Zaire. The youngest in the Zairean group wasjust eight months old.B   Among the passengers on the Zaire flight were four people sent<from the Netherlands under European Union security accords.:Journalists were not allowed near the flight, but airline@officials say around 50 police officers escorted the immigrantsto the plane.?   France, with land borders with six nations, is particularly?susceptible to clandestine immigration. The far right National>Front Party blames all immigration for most of France's ills,6from unemployment to narcotics trafficking and crime.:   The new French government that has been in power since@presidential elections two months ago says that previously only@one-fifth of expulsions orders given to illegal immigrants were@carried out. In many cases, immigrants manage to stay simply by)refusing to divulge their nationalities.A   Amnesty International and the French anti-racist group CimadeAcomplain that the system of charter flights puts pressure on theApolice to round up immigrants to fill the planes. In some cases,Bthey say appeals procedures were under way for some of the peopleAsent to Zaire. A Paris judge recently protested to her superiors?that two babies were included in a group held in police cells.@She then overturned an expulsion order on the babies' families.>   The complaints appear to have little effect on the policy,Bhowever. The government has announced two more flights during the=next few days, one to Algeria and a second charter to Zaire.   ---------------   ---------------E   GERMANY DEPLOY FIGHTER PLANES TO ITALY FOR POSSIBLE USE IN BOSNIA
   KYLE KING   BONN=   Eight German tornado fighter planes have been deployed to?northern Italy where they will be on call to help NATO back up@the new rapid reaction force for Bosnia. The planes are capable<of seeking out and destroying Serb radar and surface to airAmissiles like those recently used to shoot down a U.S. F-16. The@deployment of German fighter planes has been controversial, but'it is getting some unexpected support.>   The conventional argument against the deployment of German@military forces in the former Yugoslavia is based on the bitter5memories of Nazi atrocities in the second world war.@   Those opposed to the deployment of German troops outside the>country argue Germany should never again become involved in aBmilitary conflict. Opponents of chancellor Helmut Kohl's decision>to send tornado fighter planes to back up U.N. troops say the7move will stir up old memories and make matters worse.=   But now, the leader of the main organization representing:Germany's Jewish community, Ignatz Bubis, has turned that@argument against the critics, saying Germany should be preparedBto send troops to Bosnia precisely because of the country's past:5   "From my point of view, Germany has even a higher=responsibility because of what happened in the 1940's in theAformer Yugoslavia, so Germany should be much more sensitive that?such things shouldn't happen again. And it brings to Germany aAhigher responsibility and not less responsibility for the past.";   Mr. Bubis is quick to recognize the fact that the NazisBcarried out terrible atrocities in Yugoslavia in the second worldAwar. But he says the west must not repeat the mistakes that were&made when Hitler first came to power:7   "In the beginning of Nazi period there was too much?appeasement. Today what's going on in the former Yugoslavia isAalso from the western world, from the U.N. and NATO is a kind ofAappeasement and this shouldn't be continued, and Germany has the0same responsibility from (as) other countries."@   The German Jewish leader's call for greater western militaryAinvolvement in Bosnia will be good news for Chancellor Kohl, who:had to withstand a bitter parliamentary debate before hisdecision was approved.B   In addition to fighter planes, Germany is also sending a field=hospital to Croatia to aid the new rapid reaction force, but>chancellor has repeatedly said he does not plan to deploy anyground troops.   ---------------   ---------------6   GERMANY PLANS TO SEND BACK 40,000 VIETNAM REFUGEES
   KYLE KING   BONN?   The German government has announced plans to send home some@40,000 Vietnamese citizens. The repatriation program is part of;an agreement signed in Berlin during a visit by the acting-Vietnamese foreign minister, Nguyen Dy Nien.>   Under the terms of the agreement, Germany will pay for the>return of the thousands of Vietnamese who had been invited to@live in the former East Germany as well as thousands of illegalimmigrants.@   Twenty-five hundred Vietnamese are to be sent home this year?and five-thousand are to be repatriated in 1996. The agreement?calls for all 40,000 to be sent home by the year two-thousand.A   In addition to paying for the repatriations, Germany has also?agreed to provide Vietnam with more than 70-million dollars indevelopment aid this year.A   Germany passed a strict immigration law in 1993 and has sinceAbeen trying to deal with the thousands of people who entered thecountry before then.A   In an last-ditch effort to stay in the country at least 1,500BVietnamese applied for political asylum this year, but nearly allwere turned down.   ---------------   ---------------1   ZEPA MAYOR HOLDS NEWS CONFERENCE BY HAM RADIO   JOHN PITMAN   WASHINGTONB   As Bosnian Serb forces closed in on the former U.N. safe haven>town of Zepa, the mayor of Zepa held a news conference by hamradio.@   Mayor Mehmet Haijric (hi-rich) called the situation in Zepa,B'a catastrophe.' and he made a desperate appeal for help, calling>on the United Nations to evacuate civilians by helicopter. HeAsaid order had broken down completely in the town, with panicked;civilians searching for a way to flee the advancing Serbs.A   He says he has lost all hope and appeals to the international<community to send helicopters and airplanes to evacuate the?civilians. He says the people of Zepa are afraid Bosnian Serbs?will repeat the bloody campaign against civilians they carriedAout last week after the fall of Srebrenica. He appealed directly>to U.N. secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali for help, and@said the secretary general should be tried for war crimes if hedoes not act.?   The mayor said the town had been under attack for nearly 10@days and that the hospital was full of wounded. He said doctors?had run out of blood, plasma and other vital medical supplies.@   On a number of occasions, radio contact with Zepa was broken;by what the radio operator in Sarajevo called Bosnian Serb	jamming.A   When contact was reestablished, the mayor was asked about the:70 Ukrainian peacekeepers in Zepa. His answer, relayed to@reporters through the radio operator in Sarajevo, was shocking,*and has not been independently confirmed.A   He said the Ukrainian soldiers were still in the town and had;deployed themselves as best they could around the civilian?population. 'the U.N. soldiers are in complete solidarity withAthe people of Zepa,' he said. But their commander, he added, had@apparently defected to the Serbian side. He said the commander,Bnamed Dudnikov, had initially wanted to pull his men out of Zepa,Abut then allegedly crossed over the Serbian lines by himself and=began giving Serbian forces advice on how best to attack thecity.<   There has been no way to confirm the authenticity of themayor's remarks.@   Mayor Haijric also said the people of Zepa feel abandoned by@the international community. Bekir Halic (hellich), a doctor in?Sarajevo who also participated in the news conference, accused>international peace negotiators of moving too slowly in their4efforts to reach a negotiated peace with the Serbs.B   As jamming became more intense, the mayor said he believed the transmission would be his last.   ---------------   ---------------0   BANK OF ENGLAND'S REPORT ON BARINGS COLLAPSE   ANDRE DE NESNERA
   LONDONB   The official report on the collapse last February of Britain's@oldest merchant bank, Barings, says various people are to blamefor the financial disaster.B   The report prepared by the Bank of England's supervision boardAsays Barings collapse was due to a combination of factors. These=are: A deception campaign by financial trader Nick Leeson, a9breakdown of Barings's internal controls from the seniorAmanagement level, and failures in the overall banking regulatorysystem.;   Barings, Britain's oldest merchant bank, collapsed last?February after its Singapore-based trader Nick Leeson incurred=losses totaling one-point-three-billion dollars. He tried toBcover up those losses using false accounting practices and secret?accounts. Mr. Leeson is currently in a Frankfurt jail fightingextradition to Singapore.B   The report says Barings's collapse was due to the unauthorized;and ultimately catastrophic activities of, it appears, one>individual. But finance Secretary Kenneth Clarke told British7lawmakers the bank's inadequate internal controls alsocontributed to its downfall:A   "Barings management did not question why they were apparentlyBlending over 300-million pounds to clients to trade when they hadAcollateral of only some 31-million pounds from clients for those7trades. The management of Barings did not question theBextraordinarily high levels of apparent profitability of supposed=arbitrage dealings in Singapore which were regarded as beingwithout risks."=   The report also questioned the effectiveness of Barings's@outside auditors and criticized the Bank of England for relyingAtoo heavily on its friends at Barings for information as to whatwas going on.@   Gerard Lyons, chief economist at the Japanese bank DKB, saysBthe Barings collapse should not have happened in the first place:<   "The reason why it happened was outright fraud, outrightBgreed, complete lack of internal controls at the organization and:maybe on top of that a better supervisory environment (isBneeded). But the supervisors and regulators in the past have only>relied on information they have been given by the companies."A   Mr. Lyons says the report on the Barings collapse indicates a9clear need for better internal controls in every banking
institution:B   "Internal control procedures need to be intensified and on topBof that the supervisory role of each authority, whether it is the?Bank of England in this case or other supervisory authorities,:need very much to be strengthened. We cannot rely on good?old-fashioned trust to assume that companies are keeping their@house in order. The actual nuts and bolts (details) and figures$need to be looked at very closely."<   As far as British banking authorities are concerned, the<Barings case is closed. But financial experts here say moreBinformation may be forthcoming when Singapore authorities releaseAtheir findings, and when the trial of Nick Leeson gets under way3in Singapore or, as he wants it, here in Britain."   ---------------   ---------------   CROATIA TOURISM
   KYLE KING   BONN?   After years of slowly reviving the once flourishing tourist>industry in Croatia, the prospect of renewed fighting between<Serbs and the Croatian army has brought a sharp drop in theAnumber of European tourists. The loss of revenue from tourism is$a setback for the Croatian economy.B   Tourism industry officials in Croatia say bookings at the once<popular resorts along the dalmatian coast are down about 30percent from last year.>   The tourist industry in Croatia, which once pulled in more?than two-billion dollars annually, had worked hard to win back;the business that was lost after the war that erupted when-Croatia broke away from Serb-led Yugoslavia.:   But many bookings this season were cancelled after the<Croatian army moved against the Serb-held region of WesternBSlovonia, and the Serbs retaliated with rocket attacks on Zagreb,killing six people.@   Croatian officials have since tried to assure travelers that>it is safe to visit the country, and that no further militaryoperations are planned.@   But those statements have done little to change the minds ofBmany German tourists, who used to flock to the Croatian coast and3were a major source of revenue for the government.A   A spokesman for the association of German travel agents, GerdBHesselmann, says many people are concerned about security or just:do not feel comfortable knowing they are near a war zone:>   "The interest for the Adriatic region is there but I thinkBpeople are really reluctant and will wait until the situation has=calmed down. There were some, in winter time there were some?signs that it could be better, but right now its not so good."?   Before the Croatian army moved against Western Slovonia two>months ago, tourism ministry officials had planned to take in<about one-point-two-billion dollars this year, a 30 percentincrease from the year before.>   Now, some hotels along the most popular coastal region sayBbookings are down 40 percent. Despite efforts by tourism ministryBofficials to keep the industry alive, some acknowledge they would=personally be ready to sacrifice a good tourist season if it=meant regaining control over the territory controlled by theSerbs.   ---------------   ---------------   CZECH ECONOMY   BARRY WOOD
   PRAGUE,   Financial markets in the Czech Republic,Bpost-communist-europe's leader in market-based reform, show signs2of coming to life after months of steady decline.A   The biggest privatization deal in Eastern Europe has been the<catalyst for renewed activity on the Prague stock exchange.A   In the final days of June, the Czech government announced theBwinner in a bidding war for a 27-percent share in the Czech phone4company, SPT telecom. A Dutch-Swiss consortium paidAone-point-three-billion dollars in cash for the minority holdingin SPT.B   The phone company's shares have only been traded on the Praguestock exchange since February.@   News of the higher-than-expected winning bid sent SPT shares>sharply higher and the stock is now trading at a record high.@Often this past week, 20-percent of all stock trading in Prague@has been in SPT shares. Investors expect the stock to go higher>as the consortium and its non-equity partner, AT&T, invest to-modernize the antiquated Czech phone system.?   Prior to the SPT sale, the biggest privatization in eastern=Europe was the one-billion-dollar sale in 1993 of a minority&stake in the Hungarian phone company.@   After sinking to a record low of less than 390 in late June,?the Prague stock exchange index of 50 shares has risen to more1than the the 400 level. The market has risen for=seven-consecutive trading sessions. Daily trading volume has%risen to about nine-million dollars.B   There are other signs of the long anticipated restructuring of>Czech industrial companies. The big engineering conglomerate,BSkoda Plzen, will pay nearly eight-million dollars for a majorityAstake in the money-losing truck company, Liaz. The truck company@will also get 10-million dollars of needed loans. There is talkASkoda Plzen could also make an investment in the remaining Czechheavy truck company, Tatra.?   Skoda Plzen no longer has any connection with the Skoda car*company that is controlled by Volkswagen.   ---------------   ---------------;   CZECH SOVIET STYLE NUCLEAR REACTOR TO GO ONLINE IN 1997   BARRY WOOD
   PRAGUE>   Czech industry minister Vladimir Dlouhy says his country's@second nuclear power plant will become operational in September=of 1997, several months behind schedule. The Soviet designed@nuclear plant at Temelin is being completed by the Westinghousecompany of the United States.<   Mr. Dlouhy made clear Temelin is costing more and taking?longer to complete. The total cost of the project has risen to>two-point-eight-billion dollars. Mr. Dlouhy, just back from a@trip to Moscow, said final contracts will be signed in the nextfew weeks.@   He said the nuclear facility is worth its high cost since it=will reduce the Czech Republic's demand for electricity from9pollution causing coal-fired power plants by 25-percent.<   The Temelin plant was begun in 1986 in southern bohemia.@Construction was suspended two-years later amid safety concerns:and public opposition to nuclear power in the wake of theChernobyl disaster.;   The project was revived when contracts were signed withAWestinghouse in 1993. The U.S. company is receiving a major loanAfrom the U.S. government's Export-Import Bank to finish Temelin.A   The Westinghouse site manager says Temelin is a vital project8since it is the first attempt to replace Soviet nuclear@technology with more-modern western systems. In addition, there<are dozens more Soviet-built nuclear plants awaiting safety?upgrades. The competition for that business among U.S, German,&French, and Russian firms is intense.A   At his news conference, Mr. Dlouhy reaffirmed Czech companies@would like to help finish a Soviet-designed nuclear power plantBin neighboring Slovakia. He said the matter has been discussed in?the Czech cabinet, but there is no indication when the Slovaks>will award the contract for the controversial Mochovce plant.<   Mr. Dlouhy said the Czech Republic will not provide loan@guarantees, but is willing to consider receiving electricity asApayment. There had been tentative agreement for a French company;to complete Mochovce with money from the European Bank forAReconstruction and Development, the Slovaks complained about the<high price. Russian and Czech firms now say they can finishmochovce for less money.@   When the Temelin plant is completed, the Czech Republic will@rely on nuclear power for half its energy production. In Europe=only France and Lithuania would have a greater dependence onnuclear power.   ---------------   ---------------C   ITALY ROUNDS UP 300 MAFIA SUSPECTS LINKED TO 25 YEAR OLD MURDER   PEGGY POLK   ROME7   Italian anti-mafia police are rounding up more than:300-suspects linked to 25-years of murder, extortion, and?attempted right-wing subversion in the southern city of ReggioBCalabria.  Two members of parliament and the brother of a supreme3court justice are among those under investigation.>   The roundup, codenamed Operation Olimpia, began at dawn in?Reggio Calabria on the toe of the Italian boot and extended to4eight other cities as far north as Milan and Turin.?   Police acted on 1,200 pages of testimony accusing more than?300 suspects of belonging to or associating with the Calabrian?version of the Sicilian mafia, the 'Ndrangheta Charges includeBcomplicity in 100-murders and 246 cases of extortion adding up totens-of-millions of dollars.;   Among suspects are a priest, one former and two presentAmembers of parliament, both belonging to the right-wing national@alliance party, and the brother of a supreme court justice. The?brother was accused of plotting with other members of a secretBmasonic lodge to infiltrate public institutions and win lucrativepublic works contracts.?   At a news conference in Reggio Calabria, leaders of Italy'sBnew anti mafia directorate, modeled after the U.S. Federal BureauAof Investigation, said 30 'Ndrangheta informers implicated about;500-suspects in crimes committed during the past 25-years.A   These began in 1970 when a train derailment killed six peopleBand injured 72others. The derailment was believed to have been an;accident, but investigators said it actually was an act of>terrorism carried out by the 'Ndrangheta to help neo-fascists>foment unrest that broke out in Reggio Calabria when the city8failed to become capital of the new region of Calabria.@   According to investigators, the attack on the train was partBof an abortive plot by right-wing extremists to pull Calabria out;of the Italian republic and form an independent state withmafia-dominated Sicily.B   The plot fizzled, but the collaboration allegedly continued in>efforts to corrupt state officials, fix court rulings and rig?public works contracts in the hundreds of millions of dollars.   ---------------   ---------------D   GERMANY TRANSPORTS TROOPS TO N. ITALY FOR POSSIBLE USE IN BOSNIA
   KYLE KING   BONN:   German cargo planes have begun transporting troops and@equipment to northern Italy where a temporary base is being setBup for 16 tornado fighter jets to help support the new U.N. rapidAreaction force in Bosnia.  It will be the first potential combat.mission for German troops since World War II.?   The first planes left Germany early Monday with preparatory/crews that will begin setting up the new base.A   By early next week, nearly one-thousand German support troopsAwill be at the facility, and the 16 tornadoes are expected to be:ready to carry out their mission by the end of the month.@   The German planes have been assigned to protect the new U.N.@rapid reaction force, which is being spearheaded by British andFrench troops.>   The tornadoes are equipped with special electronic jamming:equipment and have the ability to detect and destroy Serb@anti-aircraft missiles like those recently used to shoot down aU.S. F-16.B   Although the German planes and medical units being sent to the<former Yugoslavia are part of an international mission, the>decision has triggered a sharp debate about the wisdom of themove.B   Chancellor Helmut Kohl's government says Germany must be readyAto take its place among the world's great powers and be ready to@contribute forces for U.N. peacekeeping missions. Opponents sayAthe decision is wrong and will only make the situation in Bosnia.worse because of the hatreds it will stir up.B   Serb leaders have been highly critical of the German decision,>and Serb media have repeatedly revived the bitter memories of-Nazi atrocities during the second world war.B   In recognition of those sensitivities, the Bonn government has>said it will not send combat troops to the former Yugoslavia.   ---------------   ---------------2   GERMAN COURT SENTENCES MEN SMUGGLING PLUTONIUM
   KYLE KING   BONN>   A German court has sentenced three men to prison terms for;smuggling a briefcase full of weapons-grade plutonium into@Germany last year.  The incident first sparked fears terrorists?or renegade governments might get Russian nuclear material. It?has sparked an investigation into the activities of the Germanpolice.<   The Munich court sentenced the three men to prison terms?ranging from three-years to four-years and 10-months for their4role in bringing the nuclear material into Germany.B   The three, two Spaniards and a Colombian national, had pleaded?guilty to smuggling the highly-toxic material into the country@last August. They asked for lenient sentences, saying they were&lured into the deal by German police.A   A German parliamentary committee is investigating allegationsBGerman federal intelligence service agents may have entrapped the?men in order to pressure Russia to tighten security at nuclearfacilities.A   The case has also sparked a lawsuit by the German flight-crew<association. The lawsuit alleges the authorities in bavaria?endangered the flight crew and the public by arranging for the@plutonium to be flown on board a plane that could have crashed.?   Officials at the prosecutor's office say they were not sure<until the last minute the material was actually in Germany.   ---------------   ---------------(   POLISH PRIVATIZATION AUCTION LOTTERY   BARRY WOOD
   PRAGUE9   Poland's mass privatization program is underway after;five-years of political wrangling. Fifteen investment fund@managers met Monday at a Warsaw hotel to take part in a lottery;to determine the bidding order for shares in more than 400state-owned companies.:   One observer compares this opening lottery to the U.S.?National Football League's annual draw for the best graduating@talent from universities. The process of determining the Polish,drawing order continues for about one week.?   The entire operation is being financed by the European Bank5for Reconstruction and Development. The London basedBmulti-lateral lender is providing up to 48-million dollars to the<15 investment funds. The money is expected to be the entire?operating capital for the funds' first two-years of operation.=   Even though it is four-years behind schedule, Polish mass<privatization is being called a significant step forward in@building a market economy. Poland lags behind the most-advancedAreform economies in shifting state assets to the private sector.@The Czech mass privatization began in 1992 and was completed atAthe end of 1994. In Poland thousands of large enterprises remainin the public sector.<   The 413 companies in the mass privatization have nominal@assets of two-point-six-billion dollars. Each of the investmentAfunds will be allocated 33-percent ownership stakes in 28 of theAcompanies. Each fund will have 27-percent minority stakes in theother companies.A   The funds will be owned by Polish citizens over the age of 18>who purchase a participation certificate for about 21-dollars@from the Polish savings bank, later this year. The certificatesAcan be traded so citizens can choose from among all 15 competingfunds.<   European Bank Warsaw representative Yves Fortin says theAlaunch of the program is a point of no return for privatization.=Even with Poland's presidential election looming, Mr. Fortin@believes politicians are not likely to interfere further with aBprogram for which the Polish parliament worked so long to achieveBa fragile consensus. Mr. Fortin, a Canadian, concedes the programAis not perfect. It is in his view too rigid and devoid of needed
flexibility.@   There is continuing uncertainty about elements of the Polish9privatization. President Lech Walesa says he will veto a=privatization measure already approved by the lower house of?parliament. The measure sets out the methods for restructuring@and turning four-thousand other state corporations into private@enterprises. Critics, including the solidarity trade union, say<the measure politicizes privatization and gives bureaucratsexcessive power.   ---------------   ---------------D   CHIRAC COMPARE SERB ETHNIC CLEANSING TO NAZI PERSECUTION OF JEWS   JULIAN NUNDY	   PARIS@   French President Jacques Chirac has likened ethnic cleansing=in Bosnia-Herzegovina to the Nazi persecution of Jews duringWorld War II.A   At a ceremony marking the 1942 roundup of nearly 12,000 ParisBJews by French police working for the Nazis, Mr. Chirac called onAthe world to learn the lessons of history. He said the values of?modern democracies are being flouted (held in contempt) by the"perpetrators of ethnic cleansing.@   The French leader said the international community must stop?the atrocities in Bosnia-Herzegovina. He said failure to do somakes it an accomplice.B   Last week, Mr. Chirac urged military action to prevent BosnianBSerbs from taking over U.N. declared security zones in Bosnia. He@expressed dismay at the slow response of his allies and says heBis considering withdrawing French troops from the U.N. protection force in the former Yugoslavia.>   Mr. Chirac has warned the Bosnia conflict could eventuallyendanger all Europe.B   Meanwhile, French Defense Minister Charles Millon has outlined;likely French proposals to the meeting Sunday in London of@defense chiefs from France, Britain, and the United States. Mr.:Millon says France is ready to send French members of the=newly-created rapid reaction force to protect Muslims in theencircled town of Gorzade.   ---------------   ---------------5   ARSON ATTACK ON BUILDING HOUSING TURKS IN GERMANY   DAGMAR BREITENBACH   BONN;   Twenty people have been injured in an arson attack on a?building in the western German city of Remscheid. The building=was occupied mostly by Turks, and police say a racist motivecannot be ruled out.@   The fire was discovered on the stairs of the building duringAthe early morning hours. Most of the 20 residents injured, among<them four children, had to be treated for smoke inhalation.6Police suspect racist motives behind the firebombing.=   The house was inhabited by 41 Turks, an Italian and a few=Germans. Remscheid is close to the city of Solingen, where aBrightwing extremist arson attack two years ago killed five Turks.=Four young men are currently on trial in connection with theASolingen firebombing, and a verdict is expected later this year.9   Police have recorded thousands of rightwing extremist=incidents throughout Germany since unification, ranging from?racist graffiti and Nazi propaganda to arson attacks of houses5inhabited mainly by foreigners and refugee shelters.   ---------------   ---------------   MEXICO TOURISM   GREG FLAKUS   OAXACA, MEXICO?   Foreign tourist are flocking to Mexico to take advantage of>the weakened peso currency, but the normal travel by MexicansBwithin their own country is off somewhat this year because of the?economic downturn that has resulted from the peso devaluation.0Tourism is helping to maintain Mexico's foreign;   While bands play and young men and women in traditional?costume dance in Oaxaca's main plaza, tourists from around the?world snap photos, eat in nearby restaurants and haggle in themarkets for souvenirs.?   For the Europeans and Americans here, the souvenirs and theBmeals are relatively cheap, although hotel room prices tend to be?set in dollars, so savings are not so evident there. Still, on>the whole, the weakened peso has made Mexico more competitiveAwith other tourist destinations during what is the summer season9here as well as in the United States, Canada and Europe.?   The influx of foreign money is helpful, but it has not been@sufficient to keep all of Mexico's tourist centers booming. The<Mexican association of hotels and motels reports that hotelBoccupancy rates for the first part of this year, on average, were(off by 5 percent compared to last year.>   It can be difficult to find room in some areas such as theAPacific beach resort of Acapulco and here in Oaxaca, which is inBthe midst of its annual festival season. But in many other areas,8there is a definite decline. Such places as Guanajuato,?Ixtapa-Zihutanejo and Veracruz, all of which generally attract=great numbers of Mexican tourists, report occupancy rates ofbetween 25 and 30 percent.B   At the same time, the Mexican tourism secretariat reports thatAbusiness travel from other nations appears to have fallen off inBresponse to the current economic problems. Mexico's three biggest@cities Mexico City, Guadalajara nd Monterrey welcome 11-percentBfewer foreign travelers in the first quarter of this year than in>the same period last year. However, international arrivals in=such popular resorts as Cancun, Acapulco and Puerta Vallarta#increased by more than 20 percent.8   Here in Oaxaca, tourists from European countries areAespecially in evidence, as resubstantial numbers from the United:States. They are drawn by nearby archaeological sites andBcultural festivities in the city. David Cuevas, who helps operate?a tourism agency here, says the strength of foreign currencies/has given international visitors an advantage:@   "Now a lot of tourists are coming because our peso is comingAdown and the dollar is now worth six pesos. That is why a lot of?people are coming down to Mexican cities. They find everything
cheap here."<   Tourism is helping maintain demand for workers in travel<agencies, hotels, restaurants and shops in Oaxaca and other>cities that attract foreigners. But the drop off in travel by!Mexicans is hurting other areas.B   Mexico's on going economic crisis has left many Mexican middle<class families in a financial bind and has restricted their?ability to spend money on such luxuries as travel. As the peso>stabilizes and the stock market recovers, many analysts see aAreturn of consumer confidence as well. Mexican tourism officials@are also awaiting the second quarter earnings reports which are>due next week in the hopes that they will begin seeing a turnaround.   ---------------   ---------------   RIO MASSACRE ANNIVERSARY   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIROB   Two years ago Sunday, the world was outraged when seven street7children in Rio de Janeiro were killed at the majesticB18th-century church known as Candelaria, or Candelmas. Justice is>moving slowly in the case, but the memory of the slaughter is<being kept alive with music from the sound track of a play.<   A singer prays, holy Mary, mother of God, don't let them$slaughter your children like lambs.?   The play, called "The Bells of Candelaria," was produced on?the first anniversary of the massacre, and the sound track was?released this year. The producer says he has lost money on theventure, but for a good cause.:   A child-advocate lawyer who worked with the victims of?Candelaria, Cristina Leonardo, recalls the shocking event thathappened two years ago:>   "A group of police passed Candelaria church. Some children>were under the marquee and some were on the other side of theAchurch. The police shot at the children and luckily there wasn't>a worse slaughter. Unfortunately seven teenagers were killed.=Their lives cannot be replaced with compensation or anythingelse."B   Four police officers, including a lieutenant, are charged withBthe slaughter and awaiting trial. Ms. Leonardo says the motive isBnot certain, but media have reported that the police were paid by>merchants who wanted to get rid of the nuisance of the street'children, who hassled their customers.=   Ms. Leonardo says her close relationship with some of the@survivors of the Candelaria massacre encouraged them to be come"forward as witnesses in the case:@   "Their testimony is important. Through evidence by those who?were there we can put the perpetrators in prison, to show that>for once justice is done in Brazil. But it will not be easy."?   One of the witnesses, who is known only as Wagner, was shot?during the Candelaria incident but survived, waking up next toBtwo bodies. After he agreed to testify against the police, he has<been shot at again and threatened with death. Now wagner is@awaiting the trial in a protected house for witnesses, where hesays conditions are poor.B   He says he feels like a prisoner. He only gets food, no toilet?{articles, and sometimes the food is poorly cooked. He doesn't5know what will happen to him after the case is over.A   Ms. Leonardo expects the trial may take place in September or<October. She says the willingness of some police to testify?against fellow agents in another notorious massacre in Rio may7lead to some surprises in the Candelaria case as well.:Prosecutors believe four additional police were involved.:   Ms. Leonardo says Brazilian street children are killed9one-by-one all the time, but the Candelaria massacre wasunusually brazen:A   "These children could be assassinated individually and nobody>would know it, only we who work with them. They carried out a?collective assassination to show there is impunity in Brazil."?   Ms. Leonardo says unfortunately the Candelaria case has notAawakened the people of Rio to the plight of the street children,=who turn to petty crime in order to stay alive. She says few!tears are shed at their passing:@   "In the view of most people in society, street children haveBto die. They are a problem. Unfortunately our culture is orientedto violence."?   Hence the plaintive appeal of one of the street children inAthe musical, "The Bells of Candelaria." He sings, "I only want aBpiece of bread, and the right to exist, to smile and to sing. Butyou always tell me, no."   ---------------   ---------------*   SON OF PINOCHET INVESTIGATED FOR FRAUD   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIROA   Chile's council for defense of the state says a son of former@dictator Augusto Pinochet should be tried on fraud charges. The;council is an autonomous agency that represents governmentinterests before the courts.A   Augusto Pinochet Junior has to explain why he received checks>from the army for three million dollars as commission for the@army's purchase of a failing weapons plant in 1989. The council>for the defense of the state says two generals should also be@tried in connection with the affair, which is known in Chile asthe case of the "Pinochecks."?   A special commission of the chamber of deputies has alreadyAissued a two-thousand-page report on the case. It found that theByounger Pinochet was guilty of irregularities, but his father was?not aware of them. General Pinochet was governing Chile at the*time, and still heads the country's army.?   The decision of the council for the defense of the state is?merely a recommendation. It is up to Chile's justice system to;decide whether there is enough evidence to try the younger
Pinochet.B   Lawyers from the council were active in the prosecution of twoAChilean generals who have been convicted of the assassination of@former Foreign Minister Orlando Letelier in Washington in 1976.   ---------------   ---------------4   MEXICO'S RESPONSE TO HOUSE VOTE ON BAIL-OUT PLAN   ANDREW BAIRD   WASHINGTON?   The U.S. led rescue plan for Mexico is once again receivingBcriticism on Capitol Hill, but key Mexican officials say the plan-is working to the benefit of both countries.?   The centerpiece of the multi-billion dollar U.S. led rescue:plan is a 20 billion dollar loan commitment from the U.S.BTreasury Department's exchange stabilization fund, or ESF. Mexico?has already withdrawn 12-and-one-half billion dollars from the=fund. On Tuesday, by a vote of 245-to-183, the U.S. House of?Representatives passed a measure intended to halt U.S. support'for the Mexican peso by October first.?   In recent hearings on the subject, Senate Banking Committee:chairman Al d'Amato said he might lead an effort to blockAdisbursement of the remaining seven-and-one-half billion dollarsAfrom the ESF fund. But top Mexican officials say the rescue planis working as hoped.B   Ambassador Jesus (ha-sus) Silva-Herzog, representing Mexico inBthe United States, says the bold plan has been crucial in helping@to stabilize Mexico's economy, and that much of the controversy6about the rescue package appears political in nature:?   "I believe that many of these problems result from conflict<between some parts of Congress and the administration. Some@representatives have a kind of attitude and have take positions>against the administration's decision, a decision which, as a?mater of fact, was very courageous, and we in Mexico certainly?appreciate very, very much the decision that president took inlate February."B   The impact of the House vote is unclear, since the U.S. Senate=has not taken a similar vote. In addition, President Clinton>would likely veto such a measure, and analysts say it appears=unlikely that the House could muster the two-thirds majorityneeded to override his veto.@   Ambassador Silva-Herzog says that Mexican adjustment programAis working better than expected, and that the Mexican governmentAhas have been able to re-enter world financial markets to obtainnew funds:B   "Our intention is not to use the full availability of the U.S.>fund, and according to our prospects, I think we will end theByear with that situation. Fortunately, Mexico has been able to go=back to the voluntary capital markets of the world in a veryAsuccessful manner, where both national credit institutions, likeBNationale Financiera and the national bank for foreign trade, and>the Mexican government itself have been able to tap resources?that we thought that we would not be able to obtain as soon aswe've been able to do it."A   Ambassador Silva-Herzog also says that the health of Mexico's"banking system is also improving:?   "We have taken a number of measures to improve their (bank)9capitalization, to assist them in their dealing in their>non-performing loans and so far we have been able to overcome?their essential problems. We have important lines of credit byBthe World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) thatBwere recently approved by the boards of the two institutions thatBare going to be very helpful in dealing with this problem. We donA't have problems with major Mexican banks. We have some problemsAwith the medium and small-sized banks, and I think we'll be able/to overcome them without too much difficulty."A   Following the sharp decline of the peso, Mexico is still in a@recession which may lead to a fall in gross domestic product of@five to perhaps as much as 10 percent this year. But AmbassadorBSilva-Herzog, a former Mexican finance minister, said he hoped to2see the economy turn up again by the end of 1995.   ---------------   ---------------@   GROUP QUESTIONS WHETHER CHILE IS DEMOCRATIC ENOUGH FOR NAFTA   SHELTON GRANADE   WASHINGTON=   Two U.S. legislators and officials from a Washington D.C.Bthink-tank where former Chilean Foreign Minister Orlando LetelierBwas working at the time of his 1976 assassination are questioning@whether Chile is truly democratic and should be allowed to join1the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).<   "The Chilean government today does not fit into the true>definition of democracy as it is applied to this hemisphere,"?said Saul Landau, a fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies'(IPS) during a July 20 press briefing.@   Landau provided copies of a June 22 letter sent to PresidentBClinton and U.S. Trade Representative Mickey Kantor, in which IPS=said that "it would strain U.S. credibility to discuss trade>agreements with the Chilean government while Chilean military3officials flaunt the law and taunt the president."?   The group also handed out copies of letters to Clinton from@Sen. Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) and Rep. George Miller (D-Calif.) that@urge the Clinton Administration to determine whether or not the;government of Chile is firmly in control of its democraticAinstitutions and the Chilean armed forces. The letters were sent	July 12.B   Landau said IPS is particularly concerned about former Chilean@President Augusto Pinochet, now commander in chief of the armedAforces, who "has demanded as part of the new order of Chile, the@continued independence of the armed forces -- independent, that#is, from the civilian government."B   "We ask that the United States suspend NAFTA negotiations with@Chile until its civilian government demonstrates that it -- and=not General Pinochet and the armed forces -- constitutes the*supreme power in that land," Landau said.B   He described how, during the Pinochet dictatorship, governmentAagents administered a state terror campaign, often torturing and)murdering opponents of the dictatorship.A   In 1980, a U.S. court found Pinochet's government responsible<for the assassination of Letelier, a former Chilean foreign@minister who was murdered with a car bomb four years earlier inBWashington. Letelier was working at IPS at the time of his death.B   Pinochet is "above the law" and "does not seem to feel that he?must answer to the courts or the government," said Landau. The9unresolved Letelier case, he said, is a perfect example.<   Ret. Gen. Manuel Contreras, who headed the secret police?during the Pinochet dictatorship, was among those found guiltyBfor plotting the Letelier assassination. Chilean courts sentenced:him to seven years in prison, but he has yet to serve his
sentence.@   Contreras has remained in a naval hospital claiming to be in=poor health. Landau called these claims a "charade" and said>doctors had cleared Contreras to go to prison. "Contreras has@received support from General Pinochet," he said. "Pinochet has=continued to try to save his old friend from going to jail."<   "He (Contreras) should take his high blood pressure, his7hypertension, and his cancer to prison," Landau added.@   He said there can be "no justice" or true democracy in ChileBuntil Contreras goes to prison and Pinochet loses his hold on the
military.B   IPS is a liberal Washington-based think tank which addresses a2wide range of domestic and foreign policy issues.   ---------------   ---------------   ARGENTINA UNEMPLOYMENT   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIRO>   Argentina says its nationwide jobless rate has jumped to a=record 18-point-six percent. The figure is about three times<higher than it was when President Carlos Menem launched his/economic stabilization program four years ago.A   Economic programming Secretary Juan Jose Ilach, who announced?the bad news, says record unemployment is due to the fact that<there are more job-seekers while the demand for workers hasshrunk.9   Argentina's privatization program has resulted in the>dismissal of thousands of workers, and a recession has caused"cutbacks at many other companies.>   The General Labor Confederation, controlled by unions thatBsupport President Carlos Menem, has appealed to the government to@prohibit further layoffs. President Menem refused, but he urgedAthe private sector to increase investment to retain as many jobs
as possible.?   Unemployment is highest in Argentina's second largest city,?Rosario, where 21 percent are jobless. Unemployment in greaterBuenos Aires is 20 percent.@   Economy minister Domingo Cavallo believes the situation will3improve by October, when the next survey is taken.   ---------------   ---------------8   BRAZIL FARMERS PACK CAPITOL WITH TRACTORS IN PROTEST   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIROA   Brazilian farmers have brought two long convoys of trucks and9tractors to the capital, Brasilia, to protest government:agricultural policies. The government is listening to the%complaints, but not making promises.>   The open spaces between the modern government buildings in>Brasilia are packed with hundreds of trucks and tractors that@converged on the capital from the central-western state of Mato4Grosso and the southern state of Rio Grande Do Sul.9   The demonstrators began the day Wednesday with a mass?(religious service) in the Brasilia cathedral and a honking of>horns to make sure all residents of the capital were aware ofAtheir presence. At mid-day, they met with acting President Mario$Maciel to present their grievances.=   Analysts say Brazilian farmers are experiencing the worst>squeeze in 50 years because of a combination of low commodityAprices, high interest rates, high taxes, an overvalued currency,and a flood of imports.@   One of the farmers' main demands is that the government easeBthe terms for repayment of old loans from the bank of Brazil. The>debt has been tied to inflation, so the farmers owe much more>than they borrowed, and they say they cannot possibly pay it.?   Before leaving for an official visit to Portugal, President>Fernando Henrique Cardoso said he cannot accept the pardon of@what he called bad debts. He said that if farmers were exemptedAfrom repaying their loans, the Bank of Brazil would not have the.resources to finance agricultural activities.:   However, officials say the government may announce new>measures to ease the pinch on the agricultural sector on July'28th, which is farmers' day in Brazil.   ---------------   ---------------/   COAST GUARD INTERCEPTS 140 HAITIAN MIGRANTS   JIM TEEPLE	   MIAMIB   The U.S. Coast guard says it has discovered about 140-haitians9aboard a freighter at the mouth of the New River in FortALauderdale, Florida.  Authorities are investigating what appears$to be an alien smuggling operation.=   Coast guard authorities say they received a tip Wednesday=afternoon which led them to the freighter. Coast Guard Petty<Officer Jeff Hall, a spokesman at the Coast Guard office in
Miami, said:>   "When we pulled up to the boat five people jumped onto the@shore. We later got them back on the boat and took it in tow toBour station in ft. Lauderdale. Right now they are being processed=by immigration and naturalization service officials, and the:border patrol. Approximately ten people were taken to the'hospital due to dehydration symptoms.";   Law enforcement authorities are attempting to determineBwhether the Haitians were brought to the United States as part of?an alien smuggling operation. In the meantime all on board the@17-meter freighter will be held at a U.S. immigration detention
facility.   ---------------   ---------------,   SANDINISTA SOMOZA REVOLUTION CELEBRATION   ERIN BRUMMETT   SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA;   Nicaragua's leftist Sandinista party is celebrating the?revolution that overthrew the Somoza dictatorship 16 years ago=Wednesday. But moderates of a new Sandinista faction seeking@support for next year's elections are not as enthusiastic aboutthe observation.?   This year's anniversary of the movement that ended years of>dictatorship in Nicaragua is different from those in the past9because the organization that led revolution is divided.=   The Sandinista National Liberation Front [Span: El Frente@Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional] is now known as the orthodox@faction, and is led by former President Daniel Ortega. HardlineBleaders of this wing shrug off the dissident movement, saying its:followers have no interest in social revolution. Orthodox<Sandinistas are gathering in the capital's central plaza tocommemorate the revolution.>   The two-month-old moderate faction known as the Sandinista7Renovation Movement [Span: El Movimiento de Renovacion6Sandinista], was expected to more quietly observe the;anniversary. The group, headed by Mr. Ortega's former viceBPresident Sergio Ramirez Mercado, accuses the orthodox faction of?refusing to abandon its hard-line marxist-leninist philosophy.AThe moderates also criticize the party's unwillingness to return?properties confiscated and distributed to loyalists during itsAfinal months in power in 1990. The action, known as "la pinata,"?has been a continuing source of controversy, since it has left)the party open to charges of corruption.;   Analysts say there is growing appeal for the moderates,?especially in the countryside. Nicaraguan political consultant;Oscar Rene Vargas says the hardline Sandinistas are losing<credibility outside Managua. Speaking from the capital, Mr.AVargas says the moderates could become a political force in nextyear's elections.B   He says examples are last weekend's separate gatherings of theAtwo factions in the northern department (state) of Jinotega. Mr.AVargas says one day the orthodox faction drew 200 supporters and=the next day the renovation movement attracted two thousand.A   But observers say there are remnants of the right-wing SomozaAera who are still hoping for a return to that philosophy and whoBwant to show that the anniversary of the revolution no longer hasAmeaning. Some recent public opinion surveys indicate a coalitionAof four rightist parties known as the liberal alliance [Span: La;Alianza Liberal], has surpassed the Sandinista movement inpopularity.B   Regardless of the split in the Sandinista movement, Mr. Vargas>says the day should be one for all Nicaraguans to appreciate.B   He says it is a day to celebrate a national revolution againstBthe Somoza dictatorship, but it is not just for those who supportthe Sandinista movement.B   Sandinista guerrillas fought a succession of dictatorships for?18 years before forcing the surrender of the National Guard of;Anastasio Somoza Debayle on July 19, 1979. The Sandinistas>governed Nicaragua during 11 turbulent years that included an9eight year civil war against US-armed contra rebels. TheBSandinista government effort against the Contras cost Nicaragua's=economy dearly and left it in shambles. The Sandinistas lostApower in the 1990 election. But they hope to regain control nextyear.   ---------------   ----------------   TABASCO ELECTION FRAUD ALLEGATION SCANDAL   GREG FLAKUS   VILLAHERMOSA, MEXICO>   In the Mexico's Tabasco state, political leaders and their@supporters are anxiously awaiting a decision expected this week=by the Mexican attorney general's office regarding documents;allegedly proving fraud in last November's state election.A   The state appears headed for more conflict, regardless of the
decision.:   All the talk in Tabasco's political circles these daysAconcerns "las cajas" (lahz khah' hahz), the boxes. What is being7referred to are 19 cardboard boxes allegedly delivered>mysteriously to the opposition Democratic Revolutionary Party?last month. PRD leaders say these boxes contained thousands ofBdocuments, including cancelled checks and receipts taken from the5Tabasco election campaign headquarters of the ruling5Institutional Revolutionary Party, known as the PRI.=   PRD leaders in tabasco say the documents provide concreteBevidence the PRI spent 70-times the legal limit in order to elect6its gubernatorial candidate, Roberto Madrazo Pintado.<   PRD federal deputy Octavio Romero Oropeza said his party>intends to use the documents to further its drive for reform.?   He said while charges of fraud have been made many times in@the past against the PRI, this is the first time there has beensuch solid evidence.>   The PRI has dominated Mexico's federal government and most9state governments for 66-years, amid constant charges ofelectoral fraud.<   Last month, the PRD's defeated candidate for governor inAtabasco, Manuel Lopez Obrador, filed a formal criminal complaint@against the PRI with federal attorney General Antonio Lozano in@Mexico City. Mr Lozano belongs to another opposition party, the9National Action Party, which has also accused the PRI of;electoral fraud in many past elections. He has indicated a3decision on the Tabasco case could come this week.>   Governor Madrazo says he intends to remain in office, comeBwhat may. When asked about the issue, the president of the PRI inBTabasco, Nicolas Haddad Lopez said the documents presented by the?PRD are false and he expects nothing to come of the complaint.?   Mr Haddad said he expects the matter to be resolved shortly@and it is unlikely the federal government will try to annul theAtabasco election. He said the PRI is disposed to a dialogue with@what he referred to as, the minority party, but he rejected the4idea federal officials should intervene in Tabasco.@   In January, thousands of PRI loyalists blocked roads, seized<the Villahermosa airport and a radio station in reaction to<rumors President Ernesto Zedillo was seeking the removal ofGovernor Madrazo.@   There has been continuing tension in Tabasco since then. PRD>leaders say if no action is taken to remove Governor Madrazo,;they will organize protests and even take their case to aninternational forum.A   The conflict in Tabasco may also be more difficult to resolve<because of recent steps toward political reform. On various>occasions in recent years, former President Carlos Salinas deAGortari removed PRI governors in states where opposition partiesclaimed fraud.A   But as part of his political reform policy, President Zedillo@has promised not to interfere in state affairs and as separated?his authority as president from that of the ruling party. This@leaves him with no swift and sure way to resolve the problem in7Tabasco and increases the likelihood of more conflict.   ---------------   ---------------3   U.S./CUBA FAIL TO REACH NEW MIGRATION AGREEMENT   JIM TEEPLE	   MIAMI@   The United States and Cuba have failed to reach agreement onAimmigration talks, held in Havana this week. Despite the lack of?agreement both sides have agreed to continue their discussionslater this year.@   Despite the presence of the highest-ranking U.S. diplomat to@visit Havana in more than a decade, no agreement was reached at?the fifth round of immigration talks between the United Statesand Cuba this week.?   U.S. deputy assistant Secretary of State for inter-American>affairs, Anne Patterson could not get the Cuban government to@reduce high fees it charges Cubans who wish to immigrate to theUnited States.=   Those fees amount to more than nine-hundred dollars. They1include four-hundred dollars for a medical exam,Btwo-hundred-and-fifty dollars for an exit visa, fifty-dollars for<a passport and two-hundred and fifty-dollars for an airlineticket.B   U.S. officials say the fees, which must be paid in dollars are:beyond the means of most Cubans and violate the spirit ofAimmigration accords signed between the two countries in the pastyear.@   Terry McCoy is the director of the center for Latin American@studies at the University of Florida in Gainesville. He says ifAthe immigration talks are to continue the Cubans will have to beflexible on the issue:@   "The Cubans are going to have (to) back down on that because@they are in essence a barrier to letting people leave and theirAwhole argument all along has been that the problem has been withAthe United States not granting enough visas. Now that the UnitedAStates is willing to grant visas, and the Cubans are throwing upthis new barrier."B   Contacted by diplomats at the U.S. Interests section in HavanaAwould not comment on the talks except to say they will continue.<A sixth round of talks is expected to be held in the UnitedStates in the next few months.B   Cuban government officials have said in the past that the U.S.:ban on dollar remittances and travel to Cuba are the main;obstacles to smoother migration between the two countries.@   Up until this week U.S. and Cuban officials have conducted a>series of successful negotiations on immigration policy whichBhave put in place a framework for the orderly migration of Cubans%who wish to enter the United States.A   U.S. officials say as a result of the negotiations, more than@20,000 cubans have been granted visas in the past ten-months to@enter the United States. U.S. officials also say the talks have=put an end to the flow of migrants leaving Cuba on rafts and0boats, attempting to cross the Florida straits.A   However members of the Cuban exile community and some membersBof the U.S. Congress oppose the policy of returning Cubans picked0up at sea by the U.S. Coast guard back to Cuba.=   Cubans who are returned home are given the opportunity to;apply for entry to the United States at the U.S. interests>section in Havana. However in their talks this week, U.S. andBCuban officials could not reach agreement about the monitoring ofACubans who are returned to their homes to determine whether theysuffer harassment.   ---------------   ---------------:   COLOMBIA INCREASE ARMY PRESENCE ALONG VENEZUELA BORDER   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIRO=   Colombia has strengthened its military presence along theBborder with Venezuela, which has been plagued by guerrilla raids,:drug trafficking, kidnapping, and other problems. A large;Colombian military unit was installed in the area Tuesday.:   The Colombian border town of Puerto Carreno is now the>headquarters of what is called the Eastern Joint Command. TheAunit brings together about four thousand personnel of Colombia'sarmy, navy, and air force.A   The joint command will patrol the 2,200 kilometer border withAarmored vehicles, launches (armed motor boats), helicopters, andreconnaissance aircraft.A   Colombia promised Venezuela that it would strengthen security?on its side of the border after the murder of eight Venezuelan-marines by Colombian guerrillas in February.=   Colombian Defense Minister Fernando Botero says the joint@command fulfills his government's commitment to the neighboringAcountry. He says the Colombian troops will coordinate with their8Venezuelan counterparts, but will not cross the border.=   Troops of both countries are searching for the mayor of a@Venezuelan border town who was kidnapped 10 days ago. Venezuela>says Jesus Antonio Rojas, mayor of Guasdualito, was seized by<guerrillas of Colombia's National Liberation Army and takenacross the border.?   Shortly after the incident, Venezuelan officials criticized=Colombia for moving too slowly to strengthen security in thearea.   ---------------   ---------------   MEXICO STOCK MARKET REBOUND   GREG FLAKUS   VILLAHERMOSA, MEXICO@   The Mexican stock market has made a comeback in recent weeks@and Mexico's trade surplus has grown, partly as the result of a@weakened peso making export goods attractive to foreign buyers.BBut, such good economic news has had little impact on the average6wage earner, for whom the crisis continues to deepen.@   While economists focus on the good news on the macroeconomicBfront, average Mexican business owners, workers and consumers areAfinding little to cheer about. Inflation is sapping the value of?the pesos earned by those lucky enough to still have a job andAmany businesses are barely holding on, even after reducing their4labor force and cutting back on all other expenses.=   At the same time, the Mexican public is full of anger and@outrage over revelations about official corruption and the roleAof government leaders in creating the situation known in general@here as "the crisis." This week, prominent members of all threeBmajor political parties called for the return of former president;Carlos Salinas De Gortari to answer charges concerning the7economic collapse as well as questions about politicalBassassinations and his alleged connections to drug smugglers. Mr.@Salinas' brother, Raul, is already incarcerated, awaiting trialBin connection with one of last year's assassinations. Only a yearBor so ago, Carlos Salinas De Gortari was a popular president, the<champion of economic reform in Mexico and the toast of Wall:Street. He was widely seen as the person who would become<president of the new World Trade Organization before things2unraveled here in Mexico and he left the country.<   Whether Mr. Salinas is to blame for the current economic@situation is open to debate. Average Mexicans, however, expressBlittle admiration for the former president today, in spite of hisachievements that still stand.B   "The crisis" or "la crisis," as it is called in Spanish, began<last December 20 when President Ernesto Zedillo initiated aBdevaluation of the peso that went out of control. Within a matterAof days, many Mexicans saw their net worth erode by more than 30@percent. Even today after extraordinary efforts to shore up the?currency, including massive loans and loan guarantees from the?United States and other nations, the peso is nearly 40 percentlower than it was last year.A   When "la crisis" began, much of the inflow of foreign capital<stopped and many industries slowed almost to a halt. Today,>nearly one of every six Mexicans remains unemployed. For manyBmiddle class Mexicans the crisis that has taken nearly half theirBwealth is also threatening their future as loans for houses, carsAand other items now have interest rates approaching 100 percent.8Many private enterprises that were looking to increasedAopportunities under the North American Free Trade Agreement have/also been put on the sidelines by "la crisis."B   The weakened peso has helped increase exports and that has nowBexpanded the country's trade surplus to over one billion dollars.BBut some economists warn that this is not a long-term solution to>the crisis. In fact, they say, the figures mask a significant@drop in foreign investment and the importation of capital goods@to modernize Mexican industry. This could weaken the ability ofAMexican companies to compete on the global market in the future.=Before the crisis, many Mexican business leaders thought the>country was about to enter the first world and become a major>player on the international trade scene. Perhaps their dreams>were somewhat exaggerated, but fundamentally, economists say,=they were not wrong. If Mexico can work its way through this6crisis, it can emerge as a much stronger nation, both=economically and politically. The resources are here and the7opportunities still exist, but the challenge is great.   ---------------   ---------------2   NICARAGUAN PLAN TO INCREASE FOREIGN INVESTMENT   RICK NUNEZ   WASHINGTON@   The foreign minister of Nicaragua says his country is making4slow but steady progress toward economic growth andAliberalization. Speaking in Washington Tuesday, foreign ministerAErnesto Leal announced Nicaragua's latest plan to increase badlyneeded foreign investment.@   Foreign minister Leal says Nicaragua and the World Bank willBsign a deal Wednesday allowing the Central American nation to buy?back one-point-seven billion dollars of its foreign commercialdebt.:   Other donors include Germany, Switzerland, and Sweden.B   Mr. Leal says the debt's market price stands at eight cents toAthe dollar. Nicaraguan ambassador Roberto Mayorga says the price4of the debt buy-back is not subject to negotiation.=   Foreign minister Leal says the international lenders have>already given Nicaragua funds to begin repurchasing the debt:A   "We have already obtained between 120 and 130 million dollars@to buy back that commercial debt. This will allow U.S. banks to>return to Nicaragua and extend credit to foreign and domesticinvestors there.":   The Nicaraguan foreign minister says the government ofApresident Violeta Chamorro inherited a host of economic problemsAfrom its Sandinista predecessors in 1990. Among them, staggering<hyper-inflation, and skyrocketing foreign debt, which todaystands at 11 billion dollars.:   Mr. Leal says Nicaragua has begun turning its economicAfortunes around. The country is expecting five percent growth in@its gross domestic product this year. Last month, international?donors pledged 500-million dollars a year to Nicaragua for the<next three years. The country has also negotiated bilateral@investment treaties with several other nations, including South6Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United States.@   A long-standing roadblock to foreign investment in Nicaragua>involves private U.S. property confiscated by the Sandinistas>after they took power in 1979. Foreign minister Leal says the7country has done its best to resolve the thorny issue.>   Nicaragua, he says, has already closed 622 cases of seized>U.S. property. Some 1,500 cases are pending. Foreign minister@Leal has pledged to conclude the property dispute by the end of1996.   ---------------   ----------------   NICARAGUA TO BUY BACK ITS COMMERCIAL DEBT   ANDREW L. LLUBERES   WASHINGTON<   Nicaragua will sign an agreement with the World Bank and>Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) July 19 to buy back itsB$1,700 million in commercial debt, another legacy of the 11 years<of Sandinista rule that ended in 1990, according to ForeignMinister Ernesto Leal.?   Speaking with reporters July 18 at the National Press Club,;Leal and Nicaraguan Ambassador Roberto Mayorga declined to?provide details of the accord due to the "sensitivity" of such@debt renegotiation. But Mayorga said Nicaragua would provide an<unspecified fixed amount under the accord and liquidate the2entire $1,700 million due its commercial lenders.B   The ambassador also noted that the commercial debt was another?item "inherited" from the bankrupt economy left by the Marxist=Sandinista government that was defeated by President Violeta@Barrios de Chamorro and her coalition of supporters in February1990 elections.=   In 1979, when the Sandinistas overthrew the Somoza family:dictatorship and seized power in Nicaragua, the country's5commercial debt stood at $300 million, Mayorga said.B   The commercial debt, Leal said, was part of an overall $11,000?million foreign debt owed by Nicaragua, a country of just four=million people. The figure includes $3,500 million Nicaragua?still owes Russia for military aid provided the Sandinistas by@the former Soviet Union, the foreign minister said, adding that(Managua hopes Moscow will forgive this.@   Leal, here to sign the agreement with the World Bank and IDB9and meet Clinton administration officials and members of9Congress, said the buyback accord was the latest move of?Chamorro's government to reverse the dismal economic situationleft by the Sandinistas.B   When it assumed office in 1990, he said, Chamorro's government>inherited a war-ravaged and polarized nation, a 90,000-memberBarmy -- the largest in Central America -- still controlled by the<Sandinistas, annual hyperinflation of 33,000 percent, a perBcapita foreign debt of $2,500, and the government was responsible.for 40 percent of the gross national product.B   Since then, Leal said, the army has been reduced to 11,000 and@seen the "first peaceful change" of its commander in NicaraguanBhistory. Gen. Humberto Ortega, brother of former president DanielBOrtega and defense minister and armed forces commander during the@11 years of Sandinista rule, stepped down earlier this year and=was replaced as head of the army by his deputy, Gen. Joaquin;Cuadra Lacayo, who will serve for a fixed, five-year term.B   Chamorro also serves as Nicaragua's defense minister, and LealBnoted that Deputy Foreign Minister Jose Pallais, not Cuadra, will;head Managua's delegation to the first hemispheric defense:ministers' meeting in Williamsburg, Virginia, July 24-26.B   Economically, the foreign minister said, Chamorro's government@has been able to reduce inflation to double digits and hopes to?make that a single digit by next year, when elections are heldfor a new government.>   He said Nicaragua has signed bilateral investment treaties;ß╫th Spain, Norway, Taiwan and the United States, received;pledges of $500 million a year for the next three years inBinternational aid, and privatized 344 of the 351 companies seized"or held by the former government.?   "I feel conditions are just right for foreign investment inNicaragua," Leal said.=   The foreign minister also reported slow progress with the@return of properties confiscated by the Sandinistas, one of theBmost vexing problems Nicaragua's democratic government has had toBface since taking office. Many of the properties belonged to U.S.?citizens, which has added an extraterritorial dimension to thehighly emotional issue.A   Leal said that of 1,500 U.S. properties seized, 622 have been;resolved thus far through return or compensation. Where noBresolution is possible, he added, property owners will be able to5submit their complaint to international arbitration.   ---------------   ---------------6   COLOMBIA DRUG CARTEL LEADER ESCAPES POLICE DRAGNET   GEORGE MEEK   RIO DE JANEIRO:   Authorities in Colombia have seized a huge shipment of=cocaine, but a leader of the Cali cartel has again escaped apolice dragnet.?   Anti-narcotics police discovered three tons of pure cocaine7Sunday at a processing plant in the jungles of Vichada+department, 400 kilometers east of Bogota.>   Police say the drug was neatly packed for shipment in bagsBwith the seal of a cat (symbol). The cocaine was destroyed, alongBwith processing chemicals and a clandestine airstrip. So far this>year, Colombian authorities have seized a total of 18 tons of>cocaine. At least four people were arrested at the processingplant and shipment facility.=   Meanwhile, the current leader of the Cali cocaine cartel,<Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela, remains at large after eluding a!police dragnet Saturday in Cali.@   Acting on a tip, police searched a particular apartment, but>to no avail. When they returned Sunday to the same apartment,<they discovered that Mr. Rodriguez Orejuela had hidden in aAsecret compartment off the bathroom, where he had an oxygen tank6for breathing. He was gone by the time they returned.>   Five of the top seven leaders of the Cali cartel have been<arrested or surrendered in recent weeks. Only Mr. Rodriguez9Orejuela and Helmer Herrera remain at large. Their group;allegedly controls 80 percent of the world cocaine market.A   Police say that in Mr. Rodriguez Orejuela's haste to flee, heAleft behind account books, deeds, a penal code with the leniency$provisions underlined, and a bible.   ---------------   ---------------   COSTA RICA TEACHER STRIKE   ERIN BRUMMETT   SAN JOSE<   Costa Rican educators have walked off the job to protest?changes in their retirement system. The strike affects several>hundred thousand students at all levels. Educators are urging7other public sector workers to join the demonstration.@   No incidents are reported in the strike, which has virtually>paralyzed the country's public education system. Students are"getting some extra vacation time.B   During the two-week break from class, the legislature approved9changes to the education pension fund plan. The proposal7basically decreases the amount of money the governmentAcontributes to education pension funds and raises the retirement5age necessary for educators to qualify for benefits.B   Educators reject the plan as discriminatory and a violation of=constitutional rights. But the government says the plan willAbenefit the education system in the long run and help contributeto a healthier economy.B   Costa Rican education minister Eduardo Doryan says the countryBcould not wait any longer to revise the education pension system:?   "In all the public opinion, there is a sense that something>needed to be done with the (education) pension fund, that the>final result is very prudent and has an equilibrium (balance)4between the social aspects and the fiscal aspects."@   But educators are ignoring government calls for negotiations>and for now, they appear to have garnered widespread support.8   The director of one education organization [Span: La=Asociacion De Profesores De Segunda Ensenanza, or APSE] saysA90-percent of the country's secondary-level teachers are stayinghome from work.<   Many of them (the secondary teachers) joined others in aApeaceful march from the main education union headquarters in San Jose to the education ministry.A   Costa Rican President Jose Maria Figueres refuses to classifythe protest as a strike:B   "I do not really think it is a strike. I think it is really anabandonment of work."B   Mr. Figueres says the action is unjustified. By describing the:action as abandonment of work, the government says it can-sanction educators through the court system.=   Despite the threat of legal action, educators are looking>beyond their own sector to others in an effort to demonstrate(broader discontent with the government.<   Other labor groups, including the main public and healthAworkers organizations [span: La Asociacion Nacional de EmpleadosBPublicos y el Frente de Organizaciones del Sector Salud] say they4will gradually join the strike, starting this week.B   Public sector employees oppose the government's austerity planBwhich streamlines some operations and privatizes others. The move9is aimed at cutting government spending and reducing thecountry's huge budget deficit.A   Strike organizers say the next phase of the protest will be a>march from the capital's plaza of democracy to the presidency=(scheduled for July 28th). They say the final stage could be<civil disobedience but they hope the government changes itsposition before then.   ---------------   ---------------   MEDICAL BRIEFS   ROBIN CROFT/JESSCIA BERMAN   WASHINGTON<   A new study shows that hormone replacement therapy after;menopause significantly reduces risk of colon cancer; U.S.Ateenage smoking has increased dramatically since 1991; U.S. heat<wave takes large toll on health and life, especially on the<elderly portion of the population; A new aids drug is beingAgiven to some people in the U.S. Who are in the latter stages ofCthe disease; Researchers have identified a family of malaria genes=that could lead new methods of treatment. Three new vaccines?against whooping cough appear to be more effective, and betterAtolerated, than another widely-used vaccine. Women who drink tooCmuch are more likely to suffer alcohol's destructive effect on theBheart than male alcoholics. And pregnant women who work at sewing>machines may be putting their offspring at risk for leukemia.;   Many American women have been using hormone replacement7therapy, HRT, to minimize the discomfort of menopausalAside-effects. The hormone replacement therapies contain estrogenBor a combination of estrogen and progestin. Studies show that HRT:reduces heart disease and helps prevent the bone-thinningBdisease, osteoporosis. Now a new study, published in the "Journal;of the National Cancer Institute", indicates that HRT alsoBsignificantly reduces the risk of colon cancer in post-menopausalwomen.=   In a study of seven hundred women with colon cancer and aBcontrol group of almost 2000 women, doctors at the Fred HutchisonBcancer research center in Seattle, found that the women using HRTAhad half the risk of getting colon cancer. The study showed that?these results even apply to women who had stopped using HRT inthe recent past.@   Although there is still contradictory evidence about whether?or not HRT makes women more at risk for breast cancer, the new>colon cancer findings give women and their doctors more facts?with which to make an informed choice. One doctor in the study=says that "colon cancer is clearly on the list of conditions>against which postmenopausal HRT provides useful protection."B   According to one of the doctors who participated in the study,>HRT reduces the production of certain bile acids which play a;role in causing colon cancer. The role that HRT plays willBcontinue to be studied. The doctors also claim that maintaining a<normal body weight in addition to using hormone replacement;therapy can reduce the risk of colon cancer by 75 percent.A   Although colon cancer death rates are decreasing, it is still>the third most common cancer in American women and results in?thousands of deaths per year, according to the American Cancer	Society.   ===============9   Teenage cigarette smoking in the U.S. Is on the rise,?according to several recent government-funded surveys. BetweenB1991 and 1994, smoking among 8th-graders, [usually 13 and 14-year?old children], increased by 30 percent. "This is extremely badAnews for the next generation", says a spokesman for the NationalInstitute on Drug Abuse.@   One of the surveys, conducted by the University of Michigan,@discovered that almost 19 percent of 8th-graders polled in 1994@said that they had smoked a cigarette in the previous month, as9opposed to 14 percent in 1991. The rate of smoking among>high-school seniors, [usually 17 and 18-year olds], increased/from 28 percent in 1992 to 31 percent in 1994.B   The surveys also found that the use of marijuana has increasedAamong teenagers. In 1994, 31 percent of high school seniors said:that they had tried marijuana in the past year. This is a?significant jump from the 1992 figure of 21 percent. Marijuana+use in 8th-graders has doubled since 1991.B   The use of marijuana has been linked to pulmonary problems. At@a recent conference sponsored by the National Institute on Drug>Abuse, it was announced that marijuana is now thought by some;researchers to be addictive.. Another study indicates thatAchildren born to mothers who smoked marijuana and tobacco duringBpregnancy showed impaired "executive function" in the brain. This>is defined as the "ability to plan ahead and make decisions.";   According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the?statistics on increased teenage smoking should be a warning toBthe U.S. to focus on anti-smoking education programs, limit youth:access to cigarettes and to restrict tobacco advertising.   ================   Temperatures soared to new highs in the U.S. this summer,Areaching as high as 106 degrees [41 celsius]. Heat can kill. The@death toll from heat-related problems may reach 500 in Chicago,=Illinois. Other cities have also reported death tolls in the
hundreds.@   The hardest-hit segment of the population is the elderly andAthe very young. The elderly are vulnerable because they may haveBpre-existing health conditions which become aggravated in extremeBheat and high humidity. One medical examiner in Chicago said thatAthe impact on the body from heat is cumulative and can aggravate5heart conditions, kidney disease and other ailments.?   People who are on certain types of psychotropic medications@can also be affected adversely by the high temperatures because@these medications can block the body's ability to release heat.8Many of the elderly in the inner-cities who died had noair-conditioning.A   There are warning signals which the body sends out when it is;being affected by the heat. These warning signs need to be@heeded. According to medical experts, there are three stages ofBheat prostration. The first stage is indicated by the development>of heat cramps and can be treated by drinking slightly salted,water to restore the electrolyte imbalance.B   The second stage of over-heating is more serious. This is heatAexhaustion. Heat cramps may develop, the skin appears clammy and7pale, breathing is fast and shallow, and faintness and=disorientation occur. The treatment is to lie down in a coolAplace with the feet elevated and to drink a salt water solution.This must be done immediately.<   The third and most serious stage of over-heating is heatBstroke. The skin becomes hot and dry, the pulse fast and weak andBthe person may lose consciousness. Their body temperature must beBreduced immediately by wrapping them in cold, wet sheets. If thisBis not done right away, damage to the organs may occur which willresult in death.<   Medical experts advise staying inside an air-conditioned>building, if possible, dur╦Äg a heat-wave. If you do not have=air-conditioning, use fans and open windows. Drink plenty of=water. Do not exercise strenuously. Avoid alcohol which willBdehydrate the body. Wear loose-fitting, light colored clothing ofBnatural fabric. And never leave children or animals locked insidea car with the windows up.   ===============B   Several pharmaceutical laboratories in the U.S. will be giving?away some experimental drugs to people suffering from the lateAstages of the AIDS virus. The two companies slated to donate the8medications are Merck and company and Hoffman-La Roche.B   Merck will be giving away a drug called crixivan to about 1400;patients and Hoffman La-Roche will give away a drug called@invirase to 2,280 people. The companies will make the donationsthrough a nationwide lottery.@   These drugs fall into a category called protease inhibitors.=They are believed to remove a significant amount of the AIDSAvirus from the bloodstream. Studies also show, however, that the?virus left behind by the drugs eventually develop a resistance@which limits the length of their effectiveness. Supplies of the9drugs are limited because they are difficult to produce.@   Aids activists pressured both laboratories to make the drugsBavailable and are now targeting the Abbott Laboratories in AbbottAPark, Illinois. A spokesperson for the Abbott Lab says that they<only have enough of the drug for clinical tests and will beunable to donate at this time.   ===============A   Malaria claims the lives of some 2 million children in Africa@alone each year. One reason is that it is difficult to immunize=people against the deadly illness caused by a mosquito-borne@parasite. But that may change. American and British researchers;say that they have identified a family of genes in malaria;parasites that could lead to new methods of preventing andtreating the illness.B   Experts say there are four types of malaria, but only one kind<is fatal. With the deadly form, blood cells infected by the<malaria parasite stick to the inside of small blood vessels@within vital organs, such as the brain. That can result in comaand death.@   When infection first occurs, the body, as it does with otherAforeign invaders, produces antibodies that recognize and destroyBinfected cells. But the malaria parasite is able to stay one step:ahead of this immune defense by continually changing. The@parasite does this by modifying the sticky surface of the cells7it infects so it is no longer detected by the originalantibodies.A   What researchers have identified are the genes in the malaria>parasite that enable it to manipulate infected blood cells toBavoid detection. The scientists, from England's Oxford UniversityBand several centers around the United States, including Jefferson?Medical College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National;Institutes of Health, published their work in the Americanjournal, "Cell."@   The researchers say their discovery could lead to treatments?that interfere with the malaria parasite's ability to stick toBblood vessels. Also, they envision the creation of a vaccine thatBwould stimulate the body's immune system to protect an individual#against the parasite's many forms.   ===============>   Vaccines protect against disease by stimulating the body's@immune system to recognize a foreign invader and destroy it. In<the case of an illness called whooping cough, a widely-usedAvaccine does the job, but not terribly well. Now comes word thatBthree new whooping cough vaccines in clinical trials in Italy andBSweden are much more effective, and with fewer side effects, thanthe commonly used vaccine.B   Whooping cough is a highly-contagious respiratory illness that=infects more than 50 million people worldwide ever year. The@disease, also called pertussis, is responsible for some 350,000Adeaths each year. Whooping cough gets its name from the sound ofBthe short, quick coughs made by people stricken with the illness.;   In many western countries, including the United States,Bchildren are routinely vaccinated against pertussis. Often what's<used is a whole cell vaccine, made up of the entire, killedBpertussis bacterium, to stimulate the body's immune system. While>the vaccine has saved tens of thousands of lives, it has been>shown to offer protection rates of no more than 50 percent tochildren who are inoculated.@   In contrast, clinical trials of three new pertussis vaccinesAin Europe, involving some 25,000 children since 1992, were found?to protect more than 84 percent of youngsters who received the@drug. In addition, the vaccines had fewer side effects, such as@high fever and injection site soreness, than the older vaccine.BInstead of using the whole pertussis organism, the newer whooping=cough vaccines uses only parts of the bacterium to prompt animmune response.@   In the United States, health officials say they're trying to:make the new whooping cough vaccines available as soon asBpossible, saying they promise to become the "new gold standard inApertusssis immunization." But in the meantime, experts recommend9that parents continue to immunize their children against0pertussis with whatever vaccines are available.   ===============?   Experts have long known that women are more vulnerable than6men to the effects, and hazards, of excessive alcohol@consumption. Now comes word that they are two times more likelyAto suffer heart disease, caused by alcohol's muscle destruction,than alcoholic men.7   The disease, called cardiomyopathy, is marked by an=enlargement of the heart, which becomes progressively weaker@until it is no longer able to pump blood. Researchers at Thomas>Jefferson University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania found that>women can drink less than half the alcohol men can, but still(have the same incidence of the disease.@   The investigators studied 50 female and 100 male patients at>an alcohol treatment clinic at the University of Barcelona in?Spain. None of the patients showed symptoms of cardiomyopathy,;including shortness of breath or weakness. The researchersAmeasured the amount of blood pumped by the participants' hearts,7and found that one-third of both the men and women had<undiagnosed cardiomyopathy. Upon further investigation, the@researchers discovered that women diagnosed with cardiomyopathy?had consumed 60 percent less alcohol over their lifetimes thanBhad the male patients with the disease. And women's blood-pumpingAefficiency dipped to 30 percent per beat, compared to 49 percent@for the male patients. In healthy people, pumping efficiency is:between 60 and 70 percent. The study was published in the/"Journal of the American Medical Association.">   The researchers concluded that four drinks per day for ten=years can give women cardiomyopathy. While stopping drinkingBseems to slow the disease's progression, experts say there are no6treatments, short of a heart transplant, for advancedcardiomyopathy.B   Studies have shown that a small amount of alcohol consumption,=about one to three glasses of wine per week for a woman, can;stave off the risk of coronary artery disease. But heavierBdrinking appears to attack the heart muscle rather than scrubbing)blood vessels of artery-clogging plaque.   ===============B   Pregnant women who work at sewing machines might want to thinkAtwice. A new study has found that women who expose their fetuses@to electromagnetic radiation generated by sewing machines couldAbe putting their offspring at risk for leukemia, a form of bloodcancer.B   Canadian researcher Claire Infante-Rivard of Montreal's McGill:University says she had found higher leukemia rates among@children whose mothers operated sewing machines while pregnant.@At first, doctor Infante-Rivard says she and colleagues thought?the higher incidence was connected to exposure to organic dust?and synthetic fibers. But a number of reports recently linkingBelectromagnetic radiation and leukemia prompted the investigatorsto revisit their study.A   What the investigators found is that sewing machine operatorsBare exposed to more electromagnetic radiation than even those who;work on power lines or in power stations. And since sewing>machine operators sit in front of their machines for hours on@end, the researchers say fetal exposure is likely. The work was0published in the medical journal, "The Lancet."8   The issue of electromagnetic radiation and cancer isAcontroversial. That's because research so far on a possible link9has been inconclusive. Nevertheless, investigator Claire=Infante-Rivard is calling for more study of the issue, as it@could affect millions of women who work in sewing factories and%cottage industries around the world.   ---------------   ---------------(   STRATEGY CHANGE IN MALARIA TREATMENT   COLE MALLARD   WASHINGTONB   In 1954 the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a programAto eradicate malaria. After a campaign lasting 15 years strategy#for treating malaria was modified.>   The WHO now believes it is more realistic and effective to=combat malaria by concentrating on cost-effective preventive4measures, disease management, and community action.B   After years of trying to eradicate malaria, the WHO recognized?that problems from the disease vary enormously from country toBcountry. The newer approach is expected to curb the malaria death>rate and reduce suffering at lower economic and social costs.@   Dr. Anatoli Kondrachine (kahn-dra-sheen), chief of the World<Health Organization's malaria control unit in Geneva, says:;   "Methods related to disease management, like the prompt=detection and treatment of malaria patients, use of personal8protective measures like mosquito nets impregnated withBinsecticides, use of various repellents and so on and so forth in@combination with the disease management methods might result in3the considerable reduction of malaria problem(s)."A   The WHO says a number of countries in Africa are implementing@"plans of action" against malaria. Dr. Kondrachine explains howthis new approach works:A   Many countries in Africa, particularly south of (the) Sahara,:has [sic] already developed national plans of action. TheAmeasures aimed at the disease management is considered the basisAof those plans. To do so, one has to develop, first of all, some@capacity to advise the basic health services staff what kind of?anti-malarial measures to be undertaken. For that very matter,=there is a need at the central level a core group of malaria@specialists who would be advising in malaria control methods to>the general staff. The second point is the development of the:national drug policies which are to be based on the soundAknowledge of (the) epidemiological situation in various parts of=the country. Also the knowledge of drug resistance has to be<disseminated to various health providers both at the health4services level as well as in the community itself."@   Dr. Kondrachine says managing malaria at the community levelBleads to better individual treatment. He also says it's importantBto watch for signals of epidemics. And he stressed the importance?of creating an effective communications system to teach peoplehow to deal with malaria.   ---------------   ---------------   OLD AGE/MEMORY LOSS   DAVID MCALARY   WASHINGTONB   Why is it that many elderly people can remember something they>learned decades ago, something so seemingly trivial as an old>address, but have trouble recalling new information? A recentAstudy in the journal "Science" suggests the problem might not beAtheir memory, after all. The difficulty might be what happens in?old peoples' brains when they are taking in new information inthe first place.A   It is frustrating to be able to recall a telephone number youAlearned many years ago and no longer need, but not to be able to#recite one you first saw recently.>   Researchers at the U.S. National Institutes of Health nearAWashington gained insight into why the elderly are prone to that@mental situation when they compared the ability of older people&and younger people to remember faces.@   They showed pictures of more than 30 unfamiliar faces to twoBgroups of volunteers, one with an average age of 69 and the other<an average of 25. The subjects looked at each face for four@seconds while the scientists measured brain activity by a brain.scanning technique which measures blood flow.;   Areas of increased blood flow in the brain are areas ofincreased activity.B   Fifteen minutes after the first test, the researchers measuredAbrain activity again while the two groups looked at a second setBof faces which combined some from the first set with new ones. In?the end, the younger group recognized significantly more faces/from the first set than the elderly group did.@   The comparison of the brain images from the two sessions was	telling.<   The lead researcher, Cheryl Grady, says the young people>showed increased activity in several brain regions during theAinitial face learning session, while the older volunteers had noAelevated activity. But both groups had more active brains during1the second, recognition phase of the experiment:?   "What we found was that the biggest differences between theByoung people and the old people was actually during the condition=where they were trying to learn the faces. So that the brain?patterns were quite different between the young and old people@during learning, but were more similar when they were trying toAremember the faces, which suggested to us that perhaps the major>problem with memory in older individuals was that things just(weren't learned as well to begin with."?   Ms. Grady likens the subjects' brains to film. Think of the=young brains as fast film requiring only a short exposure to?register an image. Slower film needs longer exposure to retain-the information, just as older brains might:B   "Knowing this then, perhaps older individuals would be able to:increase the probability that they might be able to learn>something by perhaps giving themselves more time to learn it,>more exposure to the materials, or perhaps using a variety of<techniques that people have talked about over the years for?improving memory. Because if the problem is actually that they?can't learn it as well, but can remember what they've learned,@then what we need to do is try to increase the probability that)it will get learned in the first place."=   Ms. Grady says her team wants to look more closely at theAquestion of the learning phase, making more detailed comparisons?of the ability of younger and older people to do so, and usingmaterials other than faces.A   What they learn could help the elderly with new approaches toretaining information.   ---------------   ---------------   NEW GENERATION FLU SHOT   ROBIN CROFT   WASHINGTON@   Millions of people worldwide become sick with influenza, the<flu, every year. Now there is a new, genetically-engineered>influenza vaccine being tested that may prove to be safer and@have fewer side-effects than the vaccines currently being used.B   The cold fall and winter months are flu season for many people<around the world, bringing with it the familiar symptoms ofBfever, chills, muscle-ache and fatigue. Respiratory symptoms likeBcough, sore throat and a runny nose can develop into more serious"complications, such as pneumonia.;   Approximately one percent of people with influenza will<require hospitalization. In the United States alone, nearlyB20,000 people die each year from influenza and its complications.?Most vulnerable are people who are sixty-five years of age and@older (especially those living in nursing homes), and people of@any age with chronic heart, lung or kidney problems. The Center>for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia recommends that these3people get vaccinated against influenza each year.A   Until recently, the worldwide medical community has relied on?a vaccine cultivated in chicken eggs. Dr. Mary Lou Clements atBJohns Hopkins University says this vaccine can cause side-effectsin some people:@   "There are some people who are allergic to eggs so that theyBcannot take the vaccine because it was prepared in eggs. ...Those@who have had a severe allergic reaction, an anaphelactic (state;of shock) reaction as you might have to a bee sting, would9certainly be a warning not to take the current vaccine."B   The new vaccine is being developed by microgenesis corporationAin Connecticut. It is based on recombinant DNA technology, whichAis a method, in this case, of genetically engineering moth cells@to replicate the flu virus. Dr. Gale Smith of microgenesis saysAthat the new, genetically-produced vaccine is easier to tolerate@by patients who would not be able to take the current vaccine.:A   "A number of advantages to a recombinant DNA-type approach is>that it is quicker, it's safer and the vaccine itself is veryAhighly purified and contains only the component that's necessary?to make the vaccine work which, in the case of flu vaccine, is<thought to be principally hemoglutinin. In general, the new"vaccine we have is much cleaner.">   Dr. Smith notes that there are other advantages to the new<vaccine which make it potentially safer and more accurate.:?   "The influenza virus changes every year, the virus or virus=strains that circulate around the world, and that means thatBmanufacturers of vaccine have to change their formulation for the;vaccine each year, depending upon the recommendations fromAregulatory agencies such as the World Health Organization or theB(u.S.) Centers for Disease Control (and prevention). They have toAguess to some extent what (viral strain) will be causing illness<in the fall and they do that based on world-wide surveys of>influenza virus infections. But there's a fear that some yearBthey may make a mistake and choose the wrong strain in which caseAthat would cause a major disaster. So there's a real need for an2alternative manufacturing process, and using this1genetic-engineering DNA approach is very rapid."B   Dr. Mary Lou Clements of Johns Hopkins points out that the new@vaccine may prove to be more cost-effective. The currently used=vaccine takes an enormous quantity of eggs to produce and itBrequires a much longer time to develop. The new vaccine will take<just a fraction of the time to produce which could save the0manufacturers significant time and labor costs.@   Dr. Smith of microgenesis says that the new vaccine is still@undergoing clinical trials by the National Institute of Allergy@and Infectious Diseases in Washington, and probably won't be on(the market for two to three more years.   ---------------   ---------------3   WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DISPEL VACCINE RUMORS   DAVID MCALARY   WASHINGTON>   The World Health Organization, or WHO, is trying to dispel>reports that a tetanus vaccine used around the world has been?contaminated with a compound which lowers a woman's fertility.?The agency has issued a statement from its Geneva headquarters5insisting that the vaccine has not been compromised.@   The WHO says it has received reports from Mexico, Nicaragua,BTanzania, and the Philippines that the tetanus toxoid vaccine has@been contaminated with human chorionic gonadotrophin, or HCG, a1substance claimed to reduce a woman's fertility.?   It says the reports originated in the Philippines, where an@anti-abortion group submitted a batch of the vaccine to what it8calls an inappropriate test which produced that result.A   But the director of the WHO's global program for vaccines and?immunization, Dr. Jong-Wock Lee, says the rumors are false andwithout any scientific basis.B   The WHO statement notes that independent tests on several lots@of the tetanus vaccine by the U.S. food and drug administration:and laboratories in Hungary and the Philippines showed nocontamination.@   The United Nations health agency estimates that immunizationAprevents 700,000 cases of tetanus in newborns and another 60,000@cases in mothers. Dr. Lee says false rumors about the safety of5the vaccine may result in loss of faith in it, fewer4immunizations, and unnecessary deaths from tetanus.   ---------------   ---------------   TREATING SPINAL CORD INJURY   ALAN SILVERMAN   LOS ANGELES>   American medical researchers say rapid treatment of spinal5cord injuries could prevent paralysis in many cases.A   Every year, some 10,000 Americans suffer spinal cord injuries<from car crashes, occupational or sports mishaps or acts ofAviolence. The common belief has been that for many, if not most,;the nerve damage and resulting paralysis are irreversible.:However, UCLA orthopedic surgeon Rick Delamarter says his>research shows neurological recovery is possible if treatment0begins within an hour after the initial injury:A   "It has been taught that there is no possible hope for peopleBwho suffer complete quadriplegia or paraplegia from a spinal cord?injury. But this study clearly showed that if intervention can>begin within the first hour, and that can include medicationsAthat we commonly use such as steroids or reduction of a fractureAor even early surgical de-compression of the spinal cord, spinalcord recovery can occur.";   Dr. Delamarter says the research on animals with spinal>injuries proved the critical importance of, in his words, theA"window of opportunity" to remove pressure from trauma and allow'the nerve cells to begin recuperating:B   "The animals that had intervention within the first hour or so@had dramatic neurologic recovery; they recovered the ability toAambulate [walk], control of their bowel and bladder and just had2remarkable recovery from the spinal cord injury."?   The UCLA scientist says actor Christopher Reeve, whose neckBwas broken in a fall from a horse last month, is improving thanksto early intervention:B   Mr. Reeve suffered a devastating injury to the highest part of@the spinal cord the area that controls respiratory function and<it rendered him quadriplegic without the ability to breathe>without a respirator. He was treated immediately with steroid9medications and hospitalized and fracture reduction (was?administered) and he is starting to see some recovery now withAthe ability to shrug his shoulders and get some sensation in his(shoulders. That is an optimistic sign."=   Dr. Delamarter is optimistic that within the next decade,@doctors will have new tools and techniques to treat and perhaps-even reverse paralysis from spinal injuries:<   "What we are starting to do is use this type of model to?determine the best modalities The best treatments During those>first several hours after an injury. Then we are refining the;various surgical procedures that we use to de-compress and;stabilize the spinal cord following these injuries. We areAworking both from a clinical basis, on the injuries that come inBto the hospital, as well as on a cellular level to determine what@the best medications are to ensure that those neural cells willregenerate and recoverA   Dr. Rick Delamarter is co-director of the comprehensive spineBcenter at UCLA and lead author of the study published in the July0issue of the journal of bone and joint surgery.   ---------------   ---------------   WOMEN AND SMOKING   DAVID MCALARY   WASHINGTONB   The World Health Organization says smoking is increasing amongAwomen in many countries. Cigarette companies are targeting women#around the world as new customers.9   The World Health Organization estimates approximately<200-million women smoke tobacco, half of them in industrialAnations, half in developing countries. Twenty-one percent of the@women in developed countries smoke compared to eight-percent ofwomen in developing nations.A   WHO statistics show the percentage of women in poorer nationsBis increasing. The U.N. health agency says smoking is on the rise?in many countries, especially those where the role of women isBrapidly changing. In such countries, smoking among older women is<rare, but 30 to 50-percent of younger women have the habit.>   WHO blames effective advertising as a major cause. It says9women are increasingly the targets of alluring marketing.campaigns which entice them into tobacco use.<   The organization says future health consequences will be:disastrous if current smoking trends are not reversed. It?estimates tobacco-related diseases kill one-half million women;each year. It says if the trend continues this number will2increase markedly during the next 30 to 40-years.B   The WHO predicts as women smokers reach middle age, 25-percent=of them can be expected to be killed by tobacco, and lose an:average of 22-years of life expectancy. By age 70 another"25-percent will die from smoking.B   In industrial countries such as the United States and Britain,>80 to 90-percent of lung cancer cases are related to smoking.@Lung cancer has surpassed breast cancer as the most common formof cancer death among women.=   A new U.S. study of 108,000 women confirms an associationBbetween smoking and another disease, a common form of potentiallyAdeadly skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. InvestigatorsAat Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston report in the "Journal<of the National Cancer Institute" [July 19th issue] currentAsmokers showed a 50-percent higher risk of this skin cancer thanthose who never smoked.>   Of course, men are not exempt from smoking risk. The worldAhealth organization notes male tobacco users also face increasedBchances of developing one or more of the nearly 30 diseases whichsmoking causes.B   Because the habit is becoming more widespread among women, the:agency warns women who smoke like men, will die like men.   ---------------   ---------------:   PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY ARREST LEADERS OF MILITANT GROUP
   AL PESSIN
   JERUSALEM?   Yasser Arafat's Palestinian Autonomy Authority has arrested9several top leaders of the Marxist Popular Front for the@Liberation of Palestine, after the group claimed responsibility>for killing two Israeli youths in the occupied West Bank thisBweek. The arrests come as peace talks appear to have bogged down.?   The Palestinian Authority made the arrests overnight in the?Gaza Strip after Mr. Arafat pledged on Thursday to take action2against the perpetrators of this week's killings.<   Two Israeli teenagers were killed while hiking through a8scenic desert valley on the occupied West Bank, just 20Akilometers from Jerusalem. Graffiti left behind, and a call to a@western news agency in Jerusalem, claimed the popular front was
responsible.A   After an explosion in Gaza last month, Mr. Arafat ordered the>arrest of several top leaders of the Hamas group. The arrests9appear to be part of a concerted effort by Mr. Arafat to>demonstrate to often skeptical Israelis that he is willing to>take tough action to improve their security, which Israel has)made a condition for expanding autonomy.@   Talks on exactly how to expand autonomy ended a crucial week;Friday at a secluded hotel in northern Israel, with senior<officials on both sides saying a long list of disagreements@remains on key issues. Officials say they are almost certain to?miss the target date of next Tuesday for reaching agreement on>the next phase of autonomy, but they still hope to finish theaccord sometime next week.   ---------------   ---------------:   IRAQ THREATENS TO END COOPERATION WITH U.N. INSPECTORS   LAURIE KASSMAN	   CAIRO8   Iraq is threatening to end its cooperation with U.N.@inspectors if they do not finish their work within the next twoAmonths. Iraq's foreign minister says it should not take the U.N.@Security Council more than two more months to complete its workAon verifying Iraqi data on its biological weapons program. AfterAthat, Foreign Minister Mohammed Sayed Al-Sahaf says Iraq will be<within its rights to stop cooperating with U.N. inspectors.>   Foreign minister Al-Sahaf says U.N. inspectors do not need?more than two months to complete their investigation of Iraq's:biological weapons program now that Iraq has provided the?information. Ten germ warfare inspectors are in Iraq to verify5data provided two weeks ago by the Iraqi government:A   "In our common assessment, the full account of this file will@need not more than two months. That means July and August. WithAthe end of these two months, the special commission will be in a>position capable of reporting to the Security Council that itAfinalized its work regarding the mass destruction weapons, which@are really the requirements for lifting the oil embargo imposed
on Iraq."@   Mr Al-Sahaf says deliberate delays on the part of the United?Nations would be seen as a sign of bad faith and, in his view,>would free Iraq from its obligations to continue cooperating:=   "If we will be certain that they are not going to presentAtheir final report deliberately, that means they want to obscureAlifting sanctions imposed on Iraq. That means they don't want to?honor their obligations. In such a case, which I hope will notAoccur. In such a case we would be right to feel it is in vain toAcontinue cooperation with the special commission because all ourAcooperation, according to the Security Council resolution 6-8-7,<depends on one fact, we are cooperating because we want ourrights to lift the embargo."B   The Iraqi minister is in Cairo to appeal to the 22-nation Arab5league for support in its lobbying effort to end thefive-year-old sanctions.A   France, Russia, and China have suggested easing the crippling;economic sanctions and oil embargo to encourage Baghdad to@cooperate more. The U.S. and British governments oppose lifting@sanctions now and say Iraq's human rights abuses of Kurdish and.Shiite minorities must be considered as well.   ---------------   ---------------@   PERES SAYS UNDERSTANDING WERE REACHED AT PALESTINIAN MEETING
   AL PESSIN
   JERUSALEMA   Israeli and Palestinian negotiators are continuing to work on?plans to expand Palestinian autonomy, building on what Israeli=Foreign Minister Shimon Peres says was important progress in?high-level talks on Wednesday in Egypt. The talks continued asAthe Palestinian police chief toured a West Bank town expected to5be put under his control within the next few months.7   Foreign Minister Peres told Israel radio he and the:Palestinian leader, Yasser Arafat, reached understandings?Wednesday in a few difficult areas related to an Israeli troop@withdrawal from parts of the West Bank and the sharing of waterAresources. He would not give details. Mr. Peres said negotiators3must now carefully put the decisions into writing.@   Israel gets more than one-third of its water from sources in=the West Bank and is reluctant to give up control over those?sources. The Palestinians say they need more of that water for6economic development and to improve living standards.@   Israeli and Palestinian negotiators resumed their talks at a>secluded hotel in northern Israel Thursday, working against a?self-imposed deadline of next Tuesday. Officials on both sides@say they will likely need at least a few days beyond that. Once@agreement is reached, Israel will begin turning over control of;West Bank cities to the Palestinian Autonomy Authority and$Palestinian elections will be held.>   One of the first cities expected to go over to Palestinian?control is the northern town of Jenin, just 30 kilometers fromAthe Israeli town where the negotiators are meeting. On Thursday,Bthe Palestinian security chief, Nasr Youssef, toured Jenin to the:cheers of local residents. He said "the countdown for the;Palestinian Authority's takeover" of the city has started.;General Youssef called his visit "historic" and told localAresidents gathered at a school they will soon be celebrating the.deployment of Palestinian forces in the area.@   On Wednesday, General Youssef told foreign CORRESPONDENTs in;Gaza he is working to bring in an additional five-thousandBPalestinian police from abroad to augment his force when autonomy>is expanded beyond Gaza and Jericho. Exactly which towns theyBwill control, and when, are key elements in the continuing talks.@Negotiators also are discussing questions about the Palestinian>force's relations with Israeli troops, which will continue toApatrol roads and rural areas in the West Bank, and perhaps partsof some cities.   ---------------   ---------------K   U.S. EDITORIAL OPINION ROUNDUP: ISRAEL AND THE PLO AND ANOTHER DEADLINE   ANDREW N. GUTHRIE   WASHINGTONB   Time is running short for the completion of negotiations which@would guarantee Israeli withdrawal from major towns in the West?Bank and extend Palestinian control in the region. Even thoughAthe situation in Bosnia has dominated U.S. editorial pages, many?papers continue to comment on developments in the Middle East.=   For months, the Palestine Liberation Organization and the>Israeli government have been hammering out the details of theAtransfer of additional territory in the West Bank to Palestinian>control. So far, the Gaza Strip and Jericho have already been?turned over to the administration of PLO leader Yasser Arafat.?   The two sides set a date of July 25th to sign an agreement,8although there has been some media speculation that the2negotiators may not be able to meet the deadline.@   U.S. papers have commented extensively on the peace process,;"The New York Times," called it "A Middle East Milestone":B   "Word from the long-running peace talks between Israel and the@Palestine Liberation Organization is encouraging. The two sides<have agreed in principle to begin a more ambitious phase ofAPalestinian autonomy that would change the map of Israel and the@Middle East. If these timetables hold, the Oslo peace frameworkAsigned nearly two years ago on the White House lawn would take a?mighty step from promise to reality. By next year, remarkably,=the overwhelming majority of Palestinians in the territoriesAoccupied by Israel since 1967 could be under elected Palestinian@rule. In return Israel expected the PLO to fulfill a commitment8to eliminate the section of its charter calling for the?destruction of Israel. Israel's prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin,Aand the PLO's chairman, Yasser Arafat are unlikely partners. ButBthe political bravery shown by the former Israeli general and the@pragmatism of the former champion of Palestinian terror deservethe world's support.":   Turning to the Midwest, "The [Cleveland] Plain Dealer"=suggested the signing of this accord will not soothe all the%tensions between Israel and the PLO:?   "Though the PLO subsequently assumed control of most of the@Gaza Strip and the town of Jericho, an earlier deadline of JulyAfirst passed without realization of major goals. And even if the>new target date is met, signing a deal won't guarantee smooth?implementation of its provisions. In particular, working out aBsystem for policing the West Bank that will allow Jewish settlers?to feel secure and at the same time free Arabs from hassles by9Israeli patrols will test the skills and resolve of bothAsides.  The risks are real, but no one had any reason to believepeace would come cheaply.";   In Maryland, "The Baltimore Sun" agreed with "The Plain3Dealer" that the devil is, indeed, in the details:@   "The first phase [of the 1993 agreement reached in secret inBNorway] is implemented, the second a year behind. In their effortBto hammer out implementation of that second phase, Mr. Arafat and@Mr. [Israeli foreign minister shimon] Peres have had trouble in9agreeing in detail to what they had previously agreed inBprinciple. The problem of the settlers, such technical matters as;equitable distribution of water and the eventual status ofAJerusalem make the agreement between Israel and the PalestiniansAincredibly complex and difficult to imagine. [However] Mr. PeresBand Mr. Arafat are to be commended on the progress they have made?and should be given every encouragement by people of good will#the world over to finish the job."B   In Maine, "The Portland Press Herald" commented that Americans;may not realize that the ongoing talks are encouraging the&establishment of a Palestinian state:B   "Israel and the PLO are moving more swiftly toward a two-stateBsolution to ending the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip=than anyone in this country might realize. The thrusting and@parrying over the negotiating table this week and last obscuresBthe fact that on both sides, the emergence of a Palestinian stateAwith the full powers of statehood is virtually a given. The onlyAreal questions are how long it will take and where the political@boundaries will be. Statehood will demonstrate to those IsraeliBsettlers in the West Bank whose settlements are not excluded from=the peace agreement, and some will be excluded, that further<resistance is futile. Conversely, it will pull the teeth of@Hamas, Jihad and other terrorist groups on the Palestinian side8whose popular support comes from their false promise to;Palestinians that if they hold out, they can have it all."B   Lastly, Trudy Rubin, senior foreign affairs columnist for "The@Philadelphia Inquirer," expressed concern that some in Congress@are thinking of cutting aid to the PLO at a time when funds are>needed for development in the West Bank and Gaza. Her remarks6were printed earlier this week in "The Miami Herald":=   "One of the more bizarre proposals under consideration by=the     Congress is to cut off economic aid to the Palestine:Liberation Organization. The argument is that PLO bigwigs>[leaders] are ripping off [stealing or diverting] donor fundsBmeant to help develop territory returned by Israel to Palestinian@control and are using the funds for private purposes. put aside@for the moment the fact that conservative lawmakers were rarelyBtouchy [inquisitive] in the past about dumping aid money on third?world heavies, [dictators] whose only credential was that they;were on our side of the cold war. The more urgent issue is@whether the congressional critics of aid to the PLO are being m@isled by lobbyists from the hawkish Israeli Likud Party seekingAto sabotage the Israeli-Palestinian peace accords. certainly theBfacts don't bear out the critics. What is especially absurd about9the campaign against aid to the PLO is that the anti aidBlegislators claim to care about anti-Israel terror. They complain?that Palestinian police haven't done enough to prevent it. Yet=they threaten to impose the kind of economic punishment thatwould fuel terror."   ---------------   ---------------   LEBANON STRIKES   LAURIE KASSMAN	   CAIRO@   Lebanese security is tight to prevent demonstrations. Shops,Abanks and schools are shuttered during a one-day general strike..Workers are protesting high prices and taxes.A   Soldiers in full combat gear were in evidence along most city@streets to prevent workers from defying a ban on marches. ShopsBand offices, banks and schools are closed for the one-day strike.?   The work stoppage was called to protest against high pricesBand taxes after the government last week announced gasoline rateswould jump nearly 40 percent.@   At least one incident has been reported in Sidon where about:one thousand protesters organized a rally in spite of theAgovernment ban. At least two marchers were reported injured when1police fired into the air to break up the rally.:   Prime Minister Rafik hariri has imposed some unpopularBmeasures to deal with the country's economic crisis brought on byB15 years of civil war. The billionaire politician has spearheaded?efforts to rebuild Beirut and lure more investors to stabilizeAthe country's economic future. But ordinary workers complain the*cost of that effort is too high for them.   ---------------   ---------------   PALESTINIAN PRESS LAWS
   AL PESSIN
   JERUSALEM:   The Palestinian Autonomy Authority has published a lawApromising press freedom, but also imposing prison terms and high8fines for violating various new rules. Some Palestinian?journalists and human rights activists are concerned about the<new law, but the Palestinian information minister says suchconcerns are unfounded.=   The new law declares press and printing are free and says@every Palestinian has the absolute right to express his opinion>in a free manner either verbally, in writing, photography, or@drawing. But it also prohibits the publication of certain typesBof material, and imposes jail terms of up to six-months and finesof up to 10,000 dollars.B   Among the items barred from publication are those the law says@contradict the principle of freedom, national responsibilities,Bhuman rights and the respect of truth. The new law also prohibits<publication of articles which might hurt national unity, be=harmful to religion or cause hatred, dissension and disunityamong the people.<   Such phrases could cover a wide variety of reportage and@commentary, and some Palestinian journalists fear the law couldBbe selectively enforced against those who write articles critical;of the Palestinian administration. Palestinian information?minister Yasser Abed Rabbo, who presented the law to reporters@Tuesday, says it will be up to the future Palestinian courts to:interpret the law. He does not believe it will be used to restrain freedom of expression:?   "There are many articles daily that might harm the nationalBunity. We do not say national unity, in general terms. As long as@there are not in this article, and this is not my role, this isBthe role of the court to decide, as long as it does not plant the<seeds of hatred and violence in the society. But, we do notBconsider any article of criticism against any party or any leader@or any institution to be harmful or against the national unity,of course."<   Minister Abed Rabbo says the law is intended to prohibitAincitement to violence and the publication of secret information=about the police or armed forces. He says the proceedings ofBsecret government meetings may be reported, as long as any secret9documents recording those proceedings are not published.@   The law also prohibits reporting about law suits in progress=and bans the use of pen-names, unless the true identity of aAwriter is revealed. It also sets standards for the chief editors@of Palestinian publications and provides a journalistic code of>ethics. The law places some restrictions on relations between=Palestinian journalists and foreign entities, and on foreignApublications distributed in Palestinian territory. Minister abed=rabbo says a separate law covering the activities of foreign9journalists in Palestinian areas will be published soon.B   Despite Mr. Abed Rabbo's explanation of some of the law's most;controversial sections, director Fateh Azzam of the Al Haq:Palestinian human rights group is concerned about what heconsiders vague wording:<   "That is the problem you run into all the time. Whenever?language is excessively elastic and open to interpretation the?more insecure your rights are as far as when it can be appliedand against whom."A   Mr. Azzam says his group will study the new Palestinian press@law and make recommendations for improving it. He says any lawsBpresented by the current Palestinian Autonomy Authority should be@subject to change by the Palestinian parliament, expected to beelected later this year.   ---------------   ---------------$   RUSSIA/CHECHNYA PEACE TALKS ENDS   PETER COLLINS
   MOSCOW?   Another round of peace talks in Chechnya has ended. The two?sides failed to reach agreement Saturday on a peace treaty, as=had been expected. The Chechen side is apparently upset over<comments by a Russian negotiator about the future status of
Chechnya.:   Both sides had entered Saturday's talks in the Chechen?capital, Grozny, expressing confidence they would sign a peaceaccord.@   However, it appears that the precise wording of an agreement/on the future of Chechnya remains an obstacle.9   Before the latest round of talks, Russian and Chechen<negotiators indicated they had agreed on a six-line formula?regarding Chechnya's status. It apparently would have providedBfor Chechnya's future to be decided by elections, tentatively setfor November.>   As a result, the rebels were apparently confident they had@achieved their long-sought goal of independence. After Friday's:talks, the chief Chechen negotiator, Usman Imayev, told a=cheering crowd in Grozny there was no doubt there would be a?Chechen state. He urged Chechens to maintain order and preparefor the elections.>   But after Saturday's talks, both sides emerged to say they@will not comment to news media until negotiations resume. There>are conflicting reports on when the two delegations would gettogether again.>   The Russians, meanwhile, said comments about the future of"Chechnya had been misinterpreted.<   This was an apparent reference to a remark Friday by the@deputy head of the Russian negotiating team, Arkady Volsky. The=Interfax news agency says that when he was asked if ChechnyaAwould remain within the Russian federation, his answer was, whatelse is there for it to do?:   Before Saturday's talks, the chief Russian negotiator,>Vyacheslav Mikhailov, repeated Moscow's long-held stand that,;according to the constitution, Chechnya is a member of theRussian Federation.   ---------------   ---------------   RUSSIAN ECONOMY   PETER COLLINS
   MOSCOWB   Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin's speech this week,=in which he said the economy was in good shape, has prompted=harsh criticism from the opposition and cautious praise fromindependent analysts.A   Mr. Chernomyrdin told parliament the Russian ruble is strong,Ainflation is slowing, and production is reviving. If the economyBreally is turning around after four years of nose-diving, his new<political party may win December's parliamentary elections.=   Statistics during the past few weeks do show an improvingBpicture. Inflation is down to about seven percent a month in June?from a high of nearly 18 percent in January. After losing half@its value in the past year, the Russian ruble has stabilized at about 4,500 to the U.S. dollar.B   But will this progress last, or is the government manipulating5the economy to win votes as the opposition contends?B   According to Michael Harman of the Barents Consulting Group inMoscow::   "There have been some dramatic changes in the past six?months...Since the last major economic forecasts have come out0and the economy in many senses has solidified."?   Scott Antel of Arthur Anderson Consultants, also in Moscow,disagrees:<   "I congratulate the government on its maintenance of theAruble's rate for a month, but that is not extraordinary economicAreform. I would bank on the end of the year, we'll see the rubleup at ten-thousand or so.":   In Mr. Harman's view, there has been real, substantial
progress:@   "There are market changes in the economy that are visible to=most every participant. You see an increase in production inBseveral key industries, especially infrastructure industries that%you had not seen for several years."<   Those industries are oil, gas, timber, paper, steel, the;backbone of the Russian economy, where production has been
reviving.?   Scott Antel, however, is skeptical about long-term progress=because, he believes, government leaders have still to learn@enough basic economics to follow the rules of the InternationalMonetary Fund, the IMF:B   "There are too many conflicting approaches. I don't think they>understand fundamental economics. I don't think they have the@temperance, as I said with the IMF and others it's giving money>to some alcoholics outside a liquor store, I don't think they7have the temperance. I don't think they are reformed."B   So, what, then, will bring change for the better? According toAntel:9   "New people, a new generation of people. I don't have@confidence in the existing particularly the older people coming>from the older regime, I don't think they'll ever understand.)They don't comprehend simple economics."9   If he is right, the Russian people have about another@half-generation to wait before they see real economic progress.   ---------------   ---------------?   JOINT COMMISSION SEEKS REFORM FOR RUSSIAN TAXATION POLICIES   WASHINGTONA   Russia must reform its taxation regime, which is discouraging<both foreign and domestic investment, a U.S. official says.@   In Russia's gas and oil sectors, "hoped-for cash flows" have?failed to materialize "because of the tax situation," said Jan>Kalicki, U.S. ombudsman for energy and commercial cooperation
with Russia.A   He briefed reporters July 21 on the June meeting in Moscow of>the U.S.-Russia Business Development Committee, where the twoBcountries sought to make progress toward eliminating obstacles to5U.S. investment in Russia's vast oil and gas sector.@   U.S. companies have invested about $2,000 million in Russia,>more than companies from any other single country, with about6half of that in energy sector projects, Kalicki said.>   At the June committee meeting, U.S. Commerce Secretary RonABrown and Russian Deputy Prime Minister Oleg Davydov released anBimportant memorandum on reforming the tax regimes for the oil andgas sectors, he said.:   The memorandum calls for Russian adoption of a new tax>structure based on taxing net profits; enactment of favorable>production-sharing legislation; enough money and resources to=ensure prompt, full and fair collection of legitimately owed=taxes; and measures to assure "world market price levels" in=Russia's domestic market and in the former Soviet republics.@   The memorandum was the third of a series of reports produced<by the committee's working group on oil and gas developmentBissues. The committee is part of the U.S.-Russia Joint Commission>on Economic and Technological Cooperation, jointly chaired by9Vice President Al Gore and Russian Prime Minister VictorChernomyrdin.@   Legislation to reform the taxation policies will be taken up&by the Russian legislature, the Duma.B   Current Russian tax policies have been cited by U.S. and other>foreign businessmen as a significant obstacle to investing inARussia, Kalicki said. Crime and corruption are also high-rankingconcerns, he added.<   Also issued at the June meeting was a joint U.S.-RussianAstatement in support of a production-sharing agreement for major>development of Russian oil fields off Sakhalin Island, in the;Russian Far East. The exploration, known as the Sakhalin I9Project, will be jointly carried out by U.S. and Russian=companies. Japan will also participate in the project. Other-production agreements have also been signed.>   Because development of Russia's energy sector is "terribly@important to the overall economy," Kalicki said, reform of laws@that put obstacles in the way to investment in these sectors isAcrucial. Kalicki estimated that the approximately $1,000 million@U.S. companies now have invested in Russia's oil and gas sector2could grow to $35,000 million in decades to come.   ---------------   ---------------   EXPORTING CASPIAN OIL   HASAN JAVADI   WASHINGTON:   A decision about a pipeline route to carry initial oil@production from Caspian Sea wells to global markets is expected<by September. The president of the International AzerbaijanBOperating Company has been in Washington to discuss the Azeri oilAconsortium's future plans with U.S. government and internationalfinancial authorities.B   Back in in 1905 a special oil industry commission visited Baku;to assess prospects for oil production in the Caspian. The:commission reported the critical needs for unlocking rich=petroleum reserves there: "We need peace among Tatars, and apipeline to Black Sea."9   Now 90 years later, Azerbaijan has concluded a nearlyBseven-and-one-half billion dollar contract with international oil0companies but the pipeline issue is unresolved.?   Oil reserves in the southern Caspian basin nearly match theBproven reserves of the North Sea and it is expected that when oil>production from Alaska and the North Sea are in decline early@next century, the importance of the Caspian reserves will be on
the rise.?   Terry Adams, president of the Azerbaijan Operating Company,Aspoke recently to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy:A   "We are looking at the material province, a province that has@a long history of exploration and development, and oil culture,?and we are introducing a western oil culture into one which is9quite a different paradigm (example). And one of the keyBchallenges that we are facing, within the consortium, is not justAthe political challenge but the commercial challenge of bringing(two very different paradigms together."A   Oil industry obstacles include complex regional political and=ecological considerations. When the consortium agreement wasBreached last September the conditions included a conflict betweenBAzerbaijani and Armenia and more than one million Azeri refugees.BEarlier this year, under the advise from the U.S, Azerbaijan gave>five per cent of its share, which was intended for Iran,to an;American oil company, Exxon. To compensate Iran Azerbaijan>offered to participate with Iran in the Shah Deniz oil field,.which is not part of the consortium contract.A   In a period of about 30 months, 150 to 170 million dollars is@expected to be invested in drilling appraisal wells and seismicAexploration of oil sites. Initial production levels are expected<to reach about 80,000 barrels a day later to rise to 300 to700,000 barrels.B   Transportation routes for this oil are to be decided upon. One?route would ship the oil to the port of Anzali in the southernACaspian while taking an equal amount from Iran from the ports ofAthe Persian Gulf. This economical swap arrangement would provideAoil for East Asian markets which may be more attractive than theEuropean markets.>   In March an oil deal between Iran and the American company>Conoco, was blocked by the U.S. government. With Iran brushed=aside, an oil route from Baku to Novorossiyk, Russia, on the@Black Sea, and a route through Georgia to the port of Supsa are@under discussion. The Georgia route, expected to cost about 100>million dollars, is considered more reliable than the Russian>route through Chechnya, where there is violent ethnic unrest.@   Bulent Alireza, a co-chairman of the Caspian oil group, says)the Georgian route is favored by Turkey:<   "Turkey favors the second route. The reason is this: TheBconstruction of the route which ends at the port of Ceyhan in theAMediterranean makes more sense for Turkey because if oil goes to?the west, later on its probability of going to the east (Asia)becomes less."B   Ecological issues have been raised by Turkey's prime minister,ATansu Ciller. When she visit Baku she spoke of Turkey's concerns>about prospects of pollution from heavy tanker traffic on the@Russian route through the Bosphorus. She said "what is at stake@above all is the physical safety and security of Istanbul, withits 10 million inhabitants."B   For a long-term transport solution, Azerbaijan, Turkey and the8United States favor a Turkish option that would require?significant Russian cooperation. At the end of this diplomatic?and commercial swamp are the promises of riches from the blackgold of the Caspian Sea.   ---------------   ---------------5   FOREIGN PRESS:  'GEARING UP FOR POST-YELTSIN ERA'   MILDRED SOLA NEELY   WASHINGTON?   The majority of commentators around the world, reassured by;the calm reaction of the Russian people to Boris Yeltsin'sBcurrent illness, was confident that the next transfer of power inBMoscow will be a peaceful one.  Analysts concluded that Moscow is?entering "the post-Yeltsin era" with some measure of stability@established through progress in economic reform, peace talks onBChechnya and the beginnings of "a system of government which does4not depend upon the health of the national leader."B   Most observers judged that the prospect of a stable succession?was enhanced once Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, with his;demonstration of political skills in ending the Budennovsk@hostage crisis, emerged as an "acceptable" heir apparent to Mr.<Yeltsin.  Mr. Yeltsin's pursuit of the war in Chechnya, hisAillness, penchant for drinking, erratic political course and the?perception that he no longer holds the reins of power were all?seen as having eroded his role as the "undisputed guarantor of<Russian democracy."  The democratically-expressed revulsion>against the war in the Caucasus that forced the government to9strive for a political deal with the rebel Chechens also7contributed to this optimistic evaluation of a Kremlinsuccession.B   Not all pundits were comforted by these developments, choosing;instead to stress the many real pitfalls lying in wait for@democracy in Russia.  Moscow's reformist Izvestia complained ofBthe "legal chaos we have been living in....  The executive branch@starts a war by a secret order, and the legislature has nothingAbetter to do than bring in a court action."  The rumpus over the>authenticity of the photograph of Mr. Yeltsin in the hospital:raised doubts anew among critics that, as right-of-centerAHannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung said, "an old shirt has conjured?up the specter of (the) old thinking" of Communist times.  And;the uncertain progress of the Russians' talks with Chechen@leaders, also, generated anxiety and hostility among writers in>Moscow and denunciations from non-Russian critics of the war.AReformist Segodnya of Moscow, for instance, included pieces thatAalternatively insisted that Russian would "never" leave Chechnya>and called on the Kremlin to grant Chechnya its independence.D   This survey is based on 53 reports from 19 countries, July 8-20.
   EUROPE#   RUSSIA:  "Russia's Legal Chaos"<   According to Yury Feofanov in reformist Izvestia (7/20),@"Hearings (on the Chechen conflict) in the Constitutional Court<are stark testimony to the kind of legal chaos we have been>living in....  While we are equipped with a constitution, our=legal norms appear to be either too tight or too loose, more@often than not leaving gaping lacunas....  Thugs come across as8romantic heros, the performance of the military duty is@considered a near-crime, the executive branch starts a war by a@secret order, and the legislature has nothing better to do thanbring in a court action."   "Chechens In Control"8   In the opinion of Dmitry Kamyshev and Georgy Bovt in?reformist, business-oriented Kommersant-Daily (7/19), "For all<the Russian envoys' incantations that success is around the?corner, it is hard to get rid of the impression that Dudayev's@people have long since been calling the shots at the talks, andAthe main problem confronting the Moscow delegation is how to get;away from the seemingly subjugated Chechnya without losingAface....  Even today, after bombings and battles, federal troopsBactually have no control of the territory of the republic.  Aware>of that, the Chechens allow themselves to talk to Moscow as a<strong and self-assured partner, refusing to back off...andBinsisting on independence....  The biggest irony is that...Moscow<may soon face yet another problem--how to withdraw from the%stalled talks, without losing face."(   "Russians Will Never Leave Chechnya"A   Pavel Felgenhauer contended in reformist Segodnya (7/18), "It>appears that Chechens do not still realize that Russians will<never leave.  No central government in Moscow, whatever its?political leanings, will ever put up with the existence in the9north Caucasus of a quasi-independent rogue state with aBcrime-oriented economy which would be fully dependent on Russia's:economy and sponge on it without submitting to its laws."$   "Grant Independence To Chechnya"<   Segodnya (7/18), in a piece by Rozalina Ryvkina and Yury>Simagin, pleaded the opposite course of action:  "Rather thanBpersisting in an obviously erroneous policy, would it not be more?reasonable now...to take a sensible, if non-typical, political+decision and grant Chechnya independence?"-   "Negotiations Could Break Off Any Minute"B   Sergei Kiselyov held in reformist writers weekly Literaturnaya9Gazeta (7/17), "The success of the Russian-Chechen talks=would...only mean total capitulation of giant Russia to tiny<Chechnya.  Since imperial Russia will never, ever allow theAbiblical experience of the battle of David and Goliath to repeat@itself, there is little chance the talks will end successfully,7with Moscow accepting Chechnya's independence....  The(negotiations may break off any minute."2   "What Kind Of Leader Will Yeltsin Be By 2000?"?   Reformist Obshchaya Gazeta (7/17) said in an editorial, "IfAischemia does not affect Yeltsin the president, it does not mean@that it will not hurt Yeltsin the presidential contender in the>1996 elections. "A president is one thing, and a contender is@another.  As one recalls how good Yeltsin looked four years ago?and compares those great looks, now irrevocably lost, with the@present reality, one does not have to be a physician to imagine?the kind of leader we are going to watch on the tube somewherearound the year 2000."2   "Levers Of Power No Longer In Yeltsin's Hands"A   Pavel Voshchanov, Yeltsin's former press secretary, opined on?the front page of reformist youth Komsomolskaya Pravda (7/15),B"The real levers of power are no longer in the president's hands.?Not implausibly, he and the premier may have reached a kind ofAagreement...on who will reign and who will rule in the time left=before the elections.  An ever more apparent detachment from@domestic problems--Budennovsk is one example--widely publicized?occasional trips in the Russian provinces, a passion for grand9foreign tours, a Brezhnev-like style of making political=statements, and anecdotal verbal impromptu stunts--these are:evidence that the master of the Kremlin has, wittingly or9unwittingly, turned into the ritual-mythical figure of a'guarantor.'"   "Just Talk"?   This viewpoint by Vladimir Gavrilenko appeared on the front;page of centrist army Krasnaya Zvezda (7/14), "The week ofBnegotiations on a peaceful settlement in Chechnya has amounted to=no more than just talk....  It seems that the status (of the0Chechen republic) is the main stumbling block."9   "NATO A Way For Russia To Integrate In Western World"A   Alexander Chistov and Yevgeny Ikhlov held in Segodnya (7/14),A"Awareness of Moscow's 'inferiority' as the cultural capital (ofAthe Slav world) is one of the underlying causes of resistance to@NATO's formal expansion....  A widespread desire among Russia's?former satellites to join the North Atlantic Alliance is proof9that Moscow's claim to the status of 'the Third Rome' isAuntenable--quite a humiliating fact for those who dream of 'holy1Russia' as a superpower....  Formally, NATO is a8military-political alliance, and joining it...means theArenunciation of the old heritage of enmity and mistrust....  For<Russia, a union with NATO, in whatever form, is primarily a;difficult but real way to integrate with the transnational#community of the 'Western world.'"*   "Western Media Embarrass Chernomyrdin"=   Georgy Bovt stressed in Kommersant-Daily (7/13), "Western6(news) agencies dashed to tick off reports discussing4Chernomyrdin as a real alternative to Yeltsin.  For@them--pragmatists--making-forecasts like that is a quite normal@thing.  Not so for Russian officials, who think it a sacrilege.=Besides, Chernomyrdin cannot but feel embarrassed, too.  All=those speculations fall into the fertile 'Byzantine' soil ofRussian political traditions."?   GERMANY:  "Chernomyrdin:  First Fully Acceptable Candidate"@   Regional radio Sueddeutscher Rundfunk of Munich (7/19) aired>these remarks:  "The question of who might succeed Yeltsin is@being posed increasingly frequently.  Chernomyrdin is certainlyAnot merely a temporary expedient.  Pravda referred to him as the=first fully acceptable candidate.  Chernomyrdin has lost the9image of the old Communist functionary....  His sensibleBcondemnation of the war in Chechnya, his professional approach to?ending the hostage drama and his calm, unflustered manner haveBearned him the confidence of the people." "These Old Clothes, AndOld Thinking"<   The controversy over a recent picture purporting to showAYeltsin in good health sparked this editorial in right-of-center=Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung (7/19), "Wild speculation is@circulating among the public.  Can Yeltsin no longer be seen inBpublic?  Is the Kremlin forced to use old pictures of him?... TheBworrying thing is that the shirt affair immediately made everyone=think of the old times.  In the pre-'glasnost' Soviet Union,BBrezhnev, Andropov and Chernyenko were presented to the public asBfighting fit when they could not actually take a single step.  An8old shirt has conjured up the specter of old thinking."%   "Yeltsin:  Ready For Retirement?"A   Right-of-center Frankfurter Neue Presse wondered (7/19), "HowAlong will Boris Yeltsin remain Russia's president?  Politically,Bhe is a failure.  He has had no success in domestic policy, or atBbest marginal triumphs, and he has been forced to rescind most of>his great promises of reform.  And he is in poor health.  The>embarrassing scenes which are most likely to be the result ofAexcessive alcohol consumption have become more frequent over the;last few months.  This is compounded by the fact that evenAsomeone with the constitution of an ox would be worn down by the@problems involved in transforming a dictatorship into something?approximating a democratic society.  Taken all together, these:things inevitably suggest that Boris Yeltsin is ready for
retirement."   "No Fuss Over Illness"?   Moscow correspondent Markus Ziener filed this opinion piece@for business Handelsblatt of Duesseldorf (7/18), "The fact thatABoris Yeltsin's health could be better is nothing new.  What is,>however, new is that Russians are reacting to the news of the?president's heart problems without any fuss--even with no moreBthan moderate interest....  The president, whose popularity is at8a low point, has long since ceased to be regarded as an0indisputable guarantor of Russian democracy....@   "Chernomyrdin gained in stature during the crisis management=of the past few weeks.  His rise is the best illustration of=Russia's abandonment of its fixation with one single person.>Chernomyrdin is not only a potential rival for Yeltsin, he isAprepared to take over if the president is incapacitated....  TheBpresident's illness has thus opened up unexpected new options forARussian politics.  People are now thinking aloud about the 'time1after Yeltsin' and the changing constellations."   "Authoritarian Anarchy"A   Karl Grobe said in an editorial in left-of-center FrankfurterBRundschau (7/17), "The power structure and the president's healthBare surrounded by silence.  In the meantime, power structures and:interest groups have formed which determine the course of?everyday politics.  They also hide behind the wall of silence.=Russia has turned into something we could call authoritarian9anarchy.  It is authoritarian because there is a lack of=democracy everywhere...and anarchy prevails because rules of<political shaping that have been accepted everywhere hardlyexist."   "Reassuring Chernomyrdin"<   Wolfram Kuntze commented on regional radio Westdeutscher;Rundfunk of Cologne (7/11), "It is reassuring to know thatAChernomyrdin is a premier who is loyal to the president and sees<to it that, with careful activities, Moscow policy does notAbecome unpredictable." BRITAIN:  "It Is A 'Healthy' Development,If..."@   The liberal Guardian's editorial concluded (7/12), "All thisAis very healthy if the West has finally got over its convictions=that Boris is 'Our Man,' and Russian political life can also<adjust without plunging into wild surmise about an imminentAtakeover by the ultra-right....  Today, the talk is no longer of:a strategic partnership with Mr. Yeltsin but of a workingArelationship with Russia.  This is altogether a better basis for=calm response to whatever new shocks may be delivered by the?Russian president, in or out of hospital.  Western enthusiasm,Balready blunted by his erratic baton-waving behavior, was finally<alienated by the Chechnya adventure....  The stock of Prime>Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin by contrast has risen markedly."   "More Promising Outlook"A   European editor Tony Barber mused in the centrist Independent@(7/12), "Russia cannot yet be said to have reached the point atBwhich it scarcely matters if Mr. Yeltsin's health suddenly fails.?Two attempted coups and a war in the northern Caucasus, all in?the space of four years, suggest that it will take a while yet0for political stability to put down deep roots.@   "But in many respects the outlook is increasingly promising.=Some areas of the economy are thriving, the authorities have=followed a consistent path of economic reform this year, theAZhirinovsky threat has waned, and in Mr. Chernomyrdin Russia hasBa respectable leader in waiting.  In this more mature Russia, theArisks once associated with the departure or death of the head ofstate are not what they were."8   "Like Yeltsin's Heartbeat, Westernization Is Feeble"<   Writing in the conservative tabloid Daily Mail, academicAhistorian Mark Almond warned (7/12), "If Yeltsin disappears fromBthe scene, it is difficult to see any successor holding on to the>job without playing to the nationalist gallery.  The greatest?irony of all Yeltsin's so-called Westernizing reforms, such asBprivatization, is that it has created a mood of sullen resentment@in Russia toward all things Western.  Like Yeltsin's heartbeat,>the Westernization of Russia will probably prove very feeble.ACandidates for the succession are going to know that better thananyone else."B   FRANCE: "Who Proclaims Yeltsin Incapable Of Exercizing Power?"?   Influential Le Monde (7/19) featured this by Sophie Shihab,A"The Russians are obviously used to repeated absences from power?of the holder of supreme power, even if they undoubtedly react?like part of the press does:  With a total lack of respect forBthe tactless information abundantly broadcast by the presidential@machinery to convince the population that Boris Yeltsin is more<stressed than actually sick....  Chernomyrdin should assume:interim power in the event of prolonged incapacity of the;president, but the constitution does not specify who shall>proclaim such incapacity.  Instead, it imposes a presidentialelection within three months.",   "Europe-Russia:  New Partnership Begins"A   Reporting on the European Union foreign ministers' meeting in:Brussels, and the signing of the EU-Russian interim trade8agreement, economic La Tribune Desfosses's Marc Paolini<pronounced (7/18):  "Europe-Russia:  The beginning of a new?partnership.  This agreement should stimulate Russian economic'reforms." "Post-Yeltsin Period Begins"7   Moscow correspondent Irina de Chikoff maintained in?conservative Le Figaro (7/13), "It seems that the post-Yeltsin?period has started....  The prime minister whose popularity isAincreasing in Russia, and even more in the West, seems to be the?'most reasonable alternative,' although he is treading on thinBice.  On the one hand, the president may well recover, and he has:proved on previous occasions that his resentment could be?dangerous if he ever felt betrayed.  On the other hand, if the<fight for his succession is open, Viktor Chernomyrdin, even?though he looks like the best candidate, has not yet convinced;all the lobbies who are pushing forward other candidates."'   ITALY:  "Race To Kremlin Has Begun">   Moscow correspondent Giulietto Chiesa wrote in centrist La9Stampa (7/12), "The West seems to have acknowledged with9satisfaction that there is an alternative to Yeltsin:  a=free-market, reformist alternative.  Chernomyrdin enjoys the?favor of the West and is a reassuring leader.  So much so that<international stock exchanges have not reacted to Yeltsin'sAillness.  A change of person without a change of policy.  Simply;more moderation, an inclination toward compromise with the@opposition, an improvement of the overall political climate....:The hawks surrounding Yeltsin will try to bar the way for:Chernomyrdin....  Many in Yeltsin's entourage will try toAconvince him to postulate himself again.  If that happens, therewill be battle in Moscow."0   "Chernomyrdin's Star Shining Behind Yeltsin">   Piero Sinatti observed in financial Il Sole-24 Ore (7/12),@"While Yeltsin was the man of the first phase of the transition@in Russia, Chernomyrdin may become the man of stabilization and=recovery.  The Russian political world does not offer bettersuccessors at this point."=   BELGIUM:  "Re-Opening Political Cooperation With Russia?"<   Michel Rosten observed in conservative Catholic La LibreABelgique (7/17), "This Monday, in Brussels, Kozyrev will sign anAaccord with the EU foreign ministers.  Russia obtained important=trade concessions; but one should remember the political and;economic cooperation--blocked since the beginning...of the@Chechen conflict--which will be re-established....  The Bosnian@crisis emphasizes the importance of [Russia's] participation inBthe search for a political solution.  Moreover, each time tensionAincreases, the Kremlin is asked by the West to use its influenceon the Serbs."!   "Victor Chernomyrdin Forward"<   Pol Mathil commented in independent Le Soir (7/12), "The?hostage affair in Budennovsk made (Yeltsin) make two mistakes.<He made a mistake by going to Halifax to the meeting of theAsuper-rich instead of staying as close as possible to his people=in distress.  And he assumed the responsibility of the ineptAtroops which assaulted the hospital....  These two mistakes, and;his increasingly fragile health, have done nothing but put>forward....Chernomyrdin, the first Russian leader who...put a9man's life before the state.  In short, the presidential?elections are scheduled for summer 1996, but the succession is)already open." FINLAND:  "Power Centers";   Leading, independent Helsingin Sanomat's editorial saidB(7/17), "Moscow has three power centers.  For the time being, theBmost important is the president....  The second is...Chernomyrdin9and the third, the Duma....  The war in Chechnya and the;Budennovsk incident brought about a sudden change in theirArelations.  The prime minister was able to negotiate the release@of the hostages and his position strengthened at the expense ofthe president."(   HUNGARY:  "No Panic Spells Progress"B   Top-circulation Nepszabadsag commented (7/12), "Leaders of theBgreat powers of the world did not panic yesterday when they heard>the news of Yeltsin having been taken to hospital.  While for@outside observers Russia still seems to be a chaotic place, theBworld is still hopeful that this nuclear power will not leave the=path of reform and will not become unpredictable if for some?reason Yeltsin is replaced by someone else.  Since the ChechenAbloodshed, President Yeltsin enjoys much less confidence both at>home and abroad....  Yeltsin sickness is bad news but it is a1positive sign that no one feels panic about it."=   NORWAY:  "Russia No Longer Dependent On Health Of Leader"?   Independent tabloid Dagbladet maintained (7/12), "After theAwar in Chechnya, and the hostage drama in Budennovsk last month,=two main trends are emerging....  First, the Chechen hostage8takers in Budennovsk forced the government in Moscow to@negotiate.  The result is, at least partly, ceasefire and peaceBnegotiations, which in the best case can lead to a large share ofBindependence for Chechnya within the Russian Federation....  This9has strengthened Prime Minister Chernomyrdin, who enjoys?increasing support for his conservative reform policy in which<key words are stability, savings, strict budget control andBprivatization.... For the first time after the fall of the Soviet=Union, a system of government which does not depend upon the.health of the national leader is developing."<   SWEDEN:  "Yeltsin Grooming Chernomyrdin For Succession?"=   According to conservative Svenska Dagbladet (7/17), "Much=indicates that (Yeltsin) has already decided not to run, andAinstead is helping to prepare the ground for his successor.  His@unreserved support for his prime minister...speaks for itself."*   "Yeltsin Is A Wreck And Should Resign">   Liberal tabloid Expressen (7/12) insisted, "Yeltsin shouldBresign as head of state of Russia.  His democratic reliability is=spent, his body exhausted.  A collapsing country with 27,000Anuclear warheads can't afford a collapsing leader.  Yeltsin is a;wreck and thereby a danger for Russian and its neighboringcountries."7   "All Is Not Safe If Yeltsin Leaves Political Arena":   In an editorial, liberal Dagens Nyheter (7/12) opined,A"Without Yeltsin, Russia would be all right or at least no worse=off than it is now....  However, there is a lot at stake for;Defense Minister Grachev and some other hawks in Yeltsin's@quarters, so let us not assume that Yeltsin can leave the arena@without risking some Russian disturbances.  Moscow is lacking a<certain stability." SWITZERLAND:  "Conditions Are There ForPeaceful Succession"B   Center-right Journal de Geneve's editorial judged (7/18), "For7the first time in Russian history, the succession to a=strongman's reign won't plunge the country into uncertainty.AThere are several candidates, and a clear procedure envisaged by7the constitution.   A strong contender would be Viktor:Chernomyrdin....  He may be dull but he is reassuring....;   "Moreover, current signs of normalization show that the?Yeltsin era is drawing to a close.  One is the likelihood of aBnegotiated solution to the Chechen problem.  Another, the signing?at last on Monday of a trade treaty between the European Union<and Moscow. Yet another, the start in Geneva yesterday of a=process to bring the Russian Federation into the World TradeBOrganization. Lastly,there's the expected success of the economicBreforms.  The conditions are there for effecting peaceful change.<The next victor won't need a putsch to get him to the top."   "The Game Is Not Yet Won";   An editorial in Journal de Geneve remarked (7/13), "The@(Buddennovsk) compromise showed the Russian political class canBnow resolve its difficulties without resorting to tanks and guns.?It also paved the way for a peaceful resolution of the Chechen?conflict.  But the game is not won yet for all that.  Russia's?economic transformation is proving painful--impoverishing many?and enriching a corrupt few.  Russia still lacks those honest,;energetic entrepreneurs which are the source of the West'sBprosperity.  The West, indeed, has a part to play in this RussianAregeneration, not by offering charity but by opening its marketsto Russian products."   EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC-   JAPAN:  "Gearing Up For Post-Yeltsin Era"@   Liberal Asahi's Moscow correspondent Mori filed (7/20), "The;Russian political world is gearing up for the post-Yeltsin=era....  The fact that Yeltsin received the visit of PremierAChernomyrdin at his hospital on Tuesday 'symbolically' indicated9that the Kremlin's No. Two will lead Russian politics as"successor to the ailing Yeltsin."0   CHINA:  "Rough Road Ahead Still On Chechnya"@   Li Wen authored this for Shanghai's official Communist PartyBJiefang Daily (7/10), "Though the Chechenya crisis has turned for7the better, there still exist various negative factorsBcontrolling this issue.  First, with regard to how to resolve the<Chechnya crisis, there have always been serious differencesAwithin the Russian government.  Second, it is still difficult to>predict how much independent power the Chechnya Republic will@enjoy under any political settlement....  The road to resolving<the Chechnya crisis politically is still rugged and rough."%   AUSTRALIA:  "Worst Case Scenario"@   The Moscow correspondent for the national, business-oriented>Australian Financial Review (7/18) opined,  "Politically, Mr.?Yeltsin has not been strong enough to have his way against the;Duma on the important question of December's parliamentary@elections:  Whether the rules are to be changed to increase the>proportion of deputies elected from constituencies over those?from party lists....  By signing last week's election bill, he:has given a hostage to fortune in the December polls, and:fortune--in the form of a Duma majority for his politicalBopponents--is unlikely to be kind. "The probable alliance between@Communists, Agrarians and Zhirinovsky nationalists is likely to<swamp the democratic-moderate group that provides the chief?support for Mr. Yeltsin's reforms.  True, this is a worst-case5scenario...but it is less and less an unlikely one."   PHILIPPINES:  "Cover-Up"7   Former Philippine Ambassador J.V. Cruz wrote in theAindependent Manila Chronicle (7/19), "Obviously the cover-up was?meant to ensure that, if and when Yeltsin should decide to run@for re-election next year, his health would not be made a major>issue.  But now the medical realities have prevailed, and theBbluffing has come to a stop.  Undoubtedly, governments around the;world are reviewing and readjusting their reassessments of-Yeltsin's physical and political longevity."   SOUTH ASIAA   INDIA:  "Chechnya Might Yet Mark Start Of Russian Liberalism"?   An editorial-page article by columnist A.S. Abraham said in=the independent Times of India (7/15), "Russia is still torn=between, on the one hand, being the autocratic, heavy-handedAstate that symbolized the former Soviet Union and, on the other,?aspiring to be the democratic country to which its leaders are@committed.... Russia's present problems spring largely from its8role as the successor state of the Soviet Union and its;self-perception as the only other superpower.  Its role inAChechnya does not speak very highly of its record on this count.=Its entry into NATO, its ambivalence vis-a-vis the West, itsAdesire to prevent NATO from expanding...its new-found friendship>with China, its view on sanctions against Iraq, all these are?signs that it is confused and, therefore sending contradictoryBsignals.  Nothing brought this out more clearly than the handling!of the situation in Chechnya....A   "But Chechnya may well have done Russia some good....  It has8provided Russians with the first real taste and test of@democracy.  As long as its leaders are committed to this ideal,<there is every chance that democracy will indeed take root.@Chechnya may yet spell the end of Communist-style autocracy and3mark the beginning of a new liberalism in Russia."B   IRAN:  "Russia Looking For Friends In All The 'Right' Places?">   Tehran's official, Persian-language Abrar commented (7/4),@"These conflicting interests make both countries (United States=and Russia) seek allies who can meet their security needs in=light of these rivalries.  Within this context, Iran--as the7country with longest borders with Central Asia and the7Caucasus--is very important to the Kremlin....  Iran's?significance is so great that Moscow believes that cooperating@with it could--in addition to cutting America's hands off short>of the Caucasus and Central Asia--prevent external influences5from breaking up the northern Caucasus and the other;Muslim-inhabited areas in Russia. Meanwhile, although both@countries have special interests in this part of the world, the>joint threat against them--that is, American interference andANATO's presence on Russia's southern borders and Iran's northern:borders--makes Moscow and Tehran further strengthen their
friendship."   MIDDLE EAST   TUNISIA:  "No Cake Walk"B   Moncef Dhambri, academic and frequent contributor to official,=RCD-ruling party, French-language Le Renouveau, said (7/11),@"Today, after a seven-month fight, the Chechnyan campaign looks9more and more like the Afghan guerrilla war--the 'SovietBVietnam.'...  There is no way the Russian authorities can achieveAtheir goals....  Nothing on the ground indicates that a solution<is near.  Dudayev is still free; and, even though his forceArepresents no more than a pocket of resistance, it is sufficientBto  challenge the credibility of the Russian army.  The operation?that Russian decisionmakers thought would be 'a cake walk' hasgone on for too long."   "War Will Drag On"<   Senior editor Abdellatif Fourati charged in independent,?Arabic-language As-Sabah (7/8), "Russia was not serious in itsAefforts (on peace in Chechnya), since its policy was only a ploy<to gain time....  Yeltsin does not abide by the commitmentsAcontained in the Chechnya agreements concluded two weeks ago; he@supports the presence of Russian soldiers on Chechen soil, just@as he wants to disarm all Chechen soldiers.  Yeltsin is clearly=showing that he is for the party of war and for the (ethnic)?cleansing of Chechnya's entire population.  It is obvious that@the war is going to continue with all its considerable negativeconsequences."   LATIN AMERICA+   BRAZIL:  "Shhh!...Don't Disturb Russia"A   Sarcastically commenting on the EU's insistence that it wouldAnot sign a trade accord with Russia because of Chechnya, only toBturn around and do so, center-right O Estado de Sao Paulo's Paris;correspondent stated (7/19), "The West does not want to do?anything that may disturb the current [Russian] economic team,?the same team that has chosen reform guidelines that, at leastrhetorically, favor democracy.?   "Certainly Chechnya constitutes a massacre; but, after all,AChechnya is part of the Russian sphere of influence.  So, let usBleave the Russians to resolve this question among themselves. The?courageous Yeltsin, always somewhere between two hospitals and=two vodkas, has been ambushed by savage beasts, Communist or>fascist.  Let us not do anything to disturb his sleep-walkingdecisions."   ---------------   ---------------B   ACDA SCRUTINIZES RUSSIAN COMPLIANCE WITH ARMS CONTROL TREATIES   WASHINGTON@   "Problems with Russia" on a range of arms control agreements=related to conventional, chemical and biological weapons andBdefinition of anti-ballistic missile systems underscore the valueAof legally-binding treaties designed to prevent the renewal of a8strategic arms race, says a U.S. arms control official.A   U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) Director John@Holum told reporters on July 19 that the United States has been9consulting with high-level Russian officials on Russia's?compliance with the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention.  While<the Russians have taken a number of steps to allay concerns>through the U.S.-British-Russian Trilateral Process, he said,?U.S. officials are "not satisfied" about Russian activities at?plants where legitimate biological activities are "co-located"-with former biological weapons (BW) efforts.<   ACDA's 1994 annual report to Congress on "Threat Control;Through Arms Control," which was sent to key congressional@leaders in mid-July, notes that the United States is continuing8to work with the Russian government "to ensure completeAtermination of the illegal BW program."  Holum told his audienceBthat "we remain very much concerned with Russian compliance" withAboth the global biological weapons accord and bilateral chemicalweapons agreements.>   In addition, the ACDA director said, the United States has9some concerns regarding Russian compliance with the 1988@Intermediate range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty.  As an example,Bhe cited inspection procedures for new Russian missiles that willAbe exiting from the Votkinsk Machine Building Plant, emphasizingAthe importance of ensuring that no INF-prohibited missiles leavecurrent production facilities.?   Holum also highlighted the need to agree with Russia on how>the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) applies to former7Soviet ballistic missiles that are being converted for@non-military space use. The ACDA report, which includes current?information through January 20, 1995, states that space launch=vehicles have both strategic and proliferation implications.@   Referring to the provisions of the Conventional Armed Forces<in Europe (CFE) Treaty, Holum noted there are concerns that:Russia will be unable to meet the CFE-imposed deadline ofANovember 16, 1995, for destruction of military equipment outside@the CFE area of application.  Holum said the U.S. believes that;Russian concerns regarding military security issues on itsAsouthern border can be addressed in accordance with the terms of<the CFE Treaty, but he suggested that the subject should bereexamined when theA   accord comes up for review in 1996.  Holum also termed CFE "aBremarkable success," with some 46,000 pieces of equipment limitedBunder the treaty having been destroyed thus far. On congressional;efforts to require the administration to have a multi-siteAnational missile defense system in place by the year 2003, Holum?said this is a "very risky proposition." Forcing the issue, heBexplained, could jeopardize the two existing START treaties for aAthreat that may never materialize.  On U.S.-Russian negotiations@to establish a demarcation line on missile defenses, Holum said;there has been "some progress" but a solution is not near.   ---------------   ---------------;   RUSSIAN PROSECUTOR INVESTIGATES POLITICAL HUMOR TV SHOW   ELIZABETH ARROTT
   MOSCOWA   Russia's prosecutor general has begun an investigation into a;popular satirical program, prompting fears of a revival of?Soviet-style media persecution. The director of the humor show=says the prosecutor's case is simply a bad, and stupid,joke.A   The episode that caused all the trouble presented a parody of9a Soviet story about poverty. Only on Kukly, the popularApolitical humor show, the protagonists are puppets that look andBsound remarkably like President Boris Yeltsin and other prominentRussian politicians.=   On the July-eighth program, dedicated to the government's@raising the minimum pension to the equivalent of 11-dollars per=month, the Yeltsin puppet is shown begging in the subway. He;cradles a puppet version of his close friend and bodyguard4Alexander Korzhakov, dressed up in a baby's Bonnet.=   "Give money", the puppet beseeches passengers. "The child@needs bread. Please, give in the name of Christ, in the name ofdemocratic centralism."B   The same program shows puppet versions of the defense minister@and the recently-ousted interior minister fighting in a garbage7heap over of tattered umbrella. Both say they need the=protection. There is also a doll of the former golden boy of@Russian politics, liberal Yegor Gaidar, begging for money in an9underpass while playing the nostalgic tune, "Yesterday".B   The program, based on the British show "Spitting Image", takes@on just about everybody, and every subject. In recent episodes,AKukly has lampooned what some say is growing Russian chauvinism,<with a Yeltsin doll contemptuously comparing little Brussel$sprouts with huge Russian cabbages.B   The war in Chechnya has been satirized with dolls representing<Yeltsin's inner circle performing a bloody operation on the<figurative body of Russia. In reference to a recent hostage@crisis, a desperate Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin tries to negotiate with a Chechen rebel.B   Shamil Basayev, speak up, the prime minister implores, as more$blood spills in the operating room.:   Such programming has won Kukly dedicated, appreciative?followers, but Russia's prosecutor general is not one of them.?   His office says Kukly has publicly humiliated the honor and?dignity of government officials. The offense carries a maximumApenalty of two-years of corrective labor, not a prison term, buta reduction of wages.A   The president of NTV, the independent television station that=carries Kukly, says the case is an attempt to intimidate the?media prior to this year's elections and is part of an ongoingBcampaign to harass the outspoken and candid NTV. The prosecutor's&office was not available for comment.B   According to the director of Kukly, neither NTV or his program7have any intention of giving into government pressure.A   Sattion director Pichul said he hopes the prosecutor's officeBrealizes, in his words, what a stupid move it has made, and stops2it before it is carried to its absurd conclusion.A   Speaking through a translator, Mr. Pichul points out the show@is currently on a scheduled month-long summer break. He said he>hopes people do not think its absence from the airwaves means#Kukly is afraid of the prosecutor:A   "We stopped production because our staff is on holiday. But I?do not think we need to pull people back from the seashore andAmake them react artistically to the prosecutor's lack of humor."<   Asked if is there any plan to do a show dedicated to theAprosecutor, Mr. Pichul replied, that would be giving him too big
an honor.   ---------------   ---------------@   ARMS PROBLEMS WITH RUSSIA UNDERLINE NEED FOR BINDING ACCORDS   JACQUELYN S. PORTH   WASHINGTON@   "Problems with Russia" on a range of arms control agreements=related to conventional, chemical and biological weapons andBdefinition of anti-ballistic missile systems underscore the valueAof legally-binding treaties designed to prevent the renewal of a8strategic arms race, says a U.S. arms control official.A   U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) Director John@Holum told reporters on July 19 that the United States had been9consulting with high-level Russian officials on Russia'sBcompliance with the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. While the@Russians have taken a number of steps to allay concerns through;the U.S.-British-Russian Trilateral Process, he said, U.S.Aofficials are "not satisfied" about Russian activities at plants=where legitimate biological activities are "co-located" with(former biological weapons (BW) efforts.<   ACDA's 1994 annual report to Congress on "Threat Control;Through Arms Control," which was sent to key congressional@leaders in mid-July, notes that the United States is continuing8to work with the Russian government "to ensure complete(termination of the illegal BW program."?   Holum told his audience that "we remain very much concernedAwith Russian compliance" with both the global biological weapons2accord and bilateral chemical weapons agreements.>   In addition, the ACDA director said, the United States has9some concerns regarding Russian compliance with the 1988BIntermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. As an example, heBcited inspection procedures for new Russian missiles that will beBexiting from the Votkinsk Machine Building Plant, emphasizing the=importance of ensuring that no INF-prohibited missiles leavecurrent production facilities.?   Holum also highlighted the need to agree with Russia on how>the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) applies to former7Soviet ballistic missiles that are being converted for@non-military space use. The ACDA report, which includes current?information through January 20, 1995, states that space launch=vehicles have both strategic and proliferation implications.@   Referring to the provisions of the Conventional Armed Forces<in Europe (CFE) Treaty, Holum noted there are concerns that:Russia will be unable to meet the CFE-imposed deadline ofANovember 16, 1995, for destruction of military equipment outsidethe CFE area of application.@   Holum said the U.S. believes that Russian concerns regardingAmilitary security issues on its southern border can be addressedAin accordance with the terms of the CFE Treaty, but he suggested?that the subject should be reexamined when the accord comes upfor review in 1996.B   Holum also termed CFE "a remarkable success," with some 46,0009pieces of equipment limited under the treaty having beendestroyed thus far.B   On congressional efforts to require the administration to haveBa multi-site national missile defense system in place by the yearA2003, Holum said this is a "very risky proposition." Forcing the=issue, he explained, could jeopardize the two existing START2treaties for a threat that may never materialize.@   On U.S.-Russian negotiations to establish a demarcation line?on missile defenses, Holum said there has been "some progress"but a solution is not near.B   Asked to clarify the U.S. position on nuclear testing, he said:it is "very important" to follow up on the success of the=indefinite extension of the nuclear Non-Proliferation TreatyB(NPT) in May and to "aggressively" seek a comprehensive test ban.>   There has been "no change" in the U.S. position on nuclear?testing, Holum said, reiterating that the United States is notAconsidering undertaking any tests. There has been no retraction,?he said, of President Clinton's decision to extend the nuclear>testing moratorium pending the outcome of the Geneva test bantalks.?   On China, Holum said there has been no "definitive finding"Athat China has made "sanctionable transfers" of missile parts or@systems to Pakistan. "There are remaining serious concerns that?we're looking at very hard," he said. "We have not yet reached@the point of a finding, but I wouldn't rule that out." If there?is a determination that that has occurred, he added, sanctionswill be imposed.=   In reference to China's biological weapon capability, theBunclassified version of the ACDA report, which was distributed atAthe Holum briefing, states that the United States believes China9had an offensive program before it became a party to the>Biological Weapons Convention in 1984. The report also states;that China's "mandated declarations have not resolved U.S.>concerns about this program and there are strong indications"4that it "probably maintains its offensive program."   ---------------   ---------------*   RUSSIAN NEWSPAPERS AND THE FREE MARKET   PETER COLLINS
   MOSCOW;   Of the many changes in Russia since communism collapsed:four-years ago, none is more dramatic than the birth of a@highly-competitive free press. Some newspapers will not survivethe free market.<   The city of Moscow has more than 80 newspapers. Some are9little more than four-page broadsheets, while others areBheavyweights, like Izvestia, the former government-run daily that=has transformed itself into an independent and well-informednewspaper.;   Michelle Carter, an American editor in Moscow on a U.S.<government grant to help Russian newspapers modernize theirproduct, says:<   "You see a little bit of everything. Certainly there are=papers that verge on the yellow press, there are papers thatBoutdo any supermarket tabloid in the United States, and yet there3are also excellent thoughtful newspapers as well.">   Russian newspapers, especially outside the big cities like:Moscow and Saint Petersburg, still have to cope with some@problems inherited from the Soviet regime. Ms. Carter says many=local printing plants and distribution networks remain state;monopolies, making it easy for regional politicians to put)pressure on newspapers they do not like:@   "I think in many ways they have more restrictions. CertainlyBthe regional administrations are still in many areas exercising apretty heavy hand."B   Journalism in Russia has traditionally been a sort of literary?calling, and the printed word is still king. In some papers, aAreport about the latest activity in parliament shares space with>a dissection of the work of an obscure poet. Like print media=everywhere, Russian newspapers must compete with television.:   Ms. Carter is a former managing editor of the Northern?California daily newspaper, the San Mateo Times. Her advice to?editors is to open up, to devote a sharp eye to layout, and to@relieve long, tedious blocks of print with more white space and
photographs:A   "The serious press does not have to look boring, that is sortAof the message I carry. You can be serious and still have a very?lively look to your product. I am getting a lot of feedback. I>get papers in the mail, papers faxed to me, and so forth with@notes attached saying, how does this look? Do you like this? Isthis better?"?   Despite the many changes for the better, some newspapers in?Russia simply will not survive in the tough free-market world.@Ms. Carter says those that do will be the ones that mix serious>news with softer material to build a bond with their readers.   ---------------   ---------------B   RESEARCHERS WORK ON PROBLEMS WITH GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CROPS
   ROB SIVAK   WASHINGTONA   Biotechnology companies have recently succeeded in developingAa variety of genetically engineered crops capable of producing a?natural, bacterial toxin to fight insect pests. But one of the?major drawbacks to these new pest-resistant crops is that they>can cause insect pest populations to evolve resistance to the<bacterial toxins.  Researchers has devised a novel planting<strategy to thwart those evolutionary changes and so reduce,insect damage to these important new crops:@   Maize, cotton, potatoes and tobacco are among the commercialAcrops that have recently been genetically engineered to make use@of a simple crystal protein gene from a common bacterium calledBbacillus thuringiensis (pron. Buh-sill-us thoor-in-gee-en-sis) orABT. The crystal protein is a potent natural toxin. When transfer?of the BT gene allows the protein to be produced, for example,<within a maize plant, it successfully kills a wide range ofAinsect pests that feed on the plant, including the European corn=borer, currently the most destructive pest of maize in North	America.?   According to Don Alstad, an associate professor of ecology,?evolution and behavior at the University of Minnesota in Saint<Paul, the pest-resistant maize is a major new weapon in thefarmers' war on bugs:@   "It holds tremendous promise as a technology for controllingAvery important agricultural problems. Corn borers probably cause@about a billion dollars a year in economic losses in the United;States. And the trangenic corn that has been engineered to8express this insecticidal crystal protein from bacillus?thuringiensis is very likely to control that problem extremelywell."@   But Professor Alstad says there is a serious drawback to the6transgenic crops' impressive pest-resistant property:?   "It will be expressed at a high level in corn and in cotton?and in the other crops in which it has been introduced. And it@will constantly be present, so it will be constantly exposed to;the testing pressure of insects that might carry different9adaptations to detoxify it and to learn to handle it. WeBtypically try to avoid the exposure of our pest-management toxins8to insects by not using them unless they are absolutelyAnecessary, and only using them sparingly to avoid this evolutionof resistance.":   Indeed, commercial pesticide manufacturers have had to<constantly develop new and more complex toxins in what manyBexperts say is a losing battle against pesticide-resistant insect<populations. But Professor Alstad notes that in the case of=chemical pesticides, farmers can at least moderate or reduce8their application of poisons to slow the development ofBresistance in their crop pests. Not so with the transgenic crops.?   To address this problem, Professor Alstad and University of?Minnesota colleague Professor David Andow developed a computer:model which shows there is a way to slow the evolution of9pesticide-resistant bugs in transgenic maize. In a paperApublished recently in the journal Science, they describe a novel@"patchwork" planting strategy in which the natural movements of=corn borer insects is manipulated, in effect, by alternatingAfields of resistant and non-resistant maize varieties. Professor@Alstad explains that in this hypothetical system, farmers would@plant fields of the transgenic, pest-resistant corn before they@planted adjacent, or so-called "refuge" fields of non-resistant@corn. Because the corn borer insects are known to prefer laying?their eggs in taller maize plants, this staggered patchwork of<crops would draw them, fatally, to the transgenic, BT corn.According to Alstad:A   "The insects will fly into this field and suffer a very heavy>mortality because of the presence of the insecticidal crystal>protein of the genetically engineered corn. And that corn canBserve as a so-called "trap crop" for the adjacent field. In other@words, the refuge field, which is not protected, then will gainBsome degree of free protection by virtue of being adjacent to theBBT corn. At the same time, we are also maximizing the movement ofAinsects into the treated corn, and slowing the rate of evolutionof resistance there.">   Professor Alstad believes this patchwork planting strategy>would be an easy one for farmers to adopt, since most already@have experience planting multiple varieties of crops as part of<standard pest management practice. The question is, will it8actually work in the field? The University of Minnesota=researcher notes that while the biotechnology industry knows=plenty about transgenic maize from a decade of field trials,Bthere is still a lot to be learned about corn borer pest behaviorBand how the bugs might actually respond to patchwork plantings oftoxic and non-toxic maize.=   That information will be needed to fine tune the computerBmodel, says Professor Alstad, and to provide farmers with preciseAinstructions about the timing and dimensions of their plantings.<That research will be underway soon, he believes, given the;tremendous value of transgenic crops and the importance of-protecting this new agricultural technology:@   "This technology has tremendous promise. It has low toxicity>to mammals. It has very, very few environmental downsides. It?will not interfere much with the natural enemies of the insectBpests that we are trying to control. So it is a relatively benign:technique for solving major, major problems. And we need,*clearly, to be moving in this direction."   ---------------   ---------------(   THE RIO GRANDE: RUNNING OUT OF WATER   MARY SANER   WASHINGTON?   The Rio Grande is one of the best-known rivers on the North?American continent. Named by early Spanish explorers, it flows?for over three-thousand kilometers. From its headwaters in theAU.S. state of Colorado, the river winds through the state of New>Mexico and into Texas where it forms the international border?between the United States and Mexico and then empties into theGulf of Mexico.@   Where once the Rio Grande stretched about 250 meters across,8it now virtually disappears in spots. Jim Chapman is an?environmental activist with the Audubon Society and the Sierra<Club in southern Texas. He says the Rio Grande bears little resemblance to its former self:@   "It has been altered drastically from mid-New Mexico all the;way to the gulf, basically, because the river runs through@thousands of miles that are very dry. The water has been dammedAin various areas for irrigation and domestic use. You have areas?now particularly downstream from El Paso where, in a dry year,Byou have no flow at all. Where I live, which is really at the endAof the river, the lower Rio Grande valley is considered the last>200 miles of the river from falcon dam to the Gulf of Mexico,;almost all the water that is in the river there comes from:Mexico. There is virtually no water coming from Colorado"A   The Rio Grande has been virtually sucked dry in areas by dams>and diversions. While numerous dams have been built to create7reservoirs for protection against drought, others were=constructed for hydroelectric power. And through the river's;entire course, water has been diverted for irrigation. Mr.BChapman says dams and diversions aren't just limited to the riveritself:?   "There are other dams on tributaries that have affected the@flow. This is particularly the case now in Mexico where most ofAthe flow for the lower third of the river now comes. The city ofAMonterey, Mexico, the third largest city in Mexico, two to three8million people, has recently completed a dam on a major>tributary, the Rio San Juan River. So you have much less flow@coming into the lower stretches of the Rio grande. So dams bothAon the river affect flow and dams that are on tributaries. So as?the need for human uses of water continues to grow, the amount?available, of course, is fixed, so you have increased dams anddecreased flow."9   Now in the midst of a drought, northeastern Mexico is=suffering. People there rely on the river not only for their?irrigation water, but for their drinking water as well, as Mr.Chapman explains:?   "Right now there's a crisis going on in northeastern MexicoAbecause there is so little (water) due to drought. The states ofATamaulipas and Coahuila and Nuevo Leon, they have had to draw on>their supply of water. The water in the Rio Grande is dividedBbetween the United States and Mexico and somehow they're actually?able to keep track of that. Mexico at falcon dam has somethingAlike 47 percent of that water, the United States has 53 percent.@They are now down to less than three percent of their water and@we're only half way through the year. So in the past month theyBhave had to shut down all agricultural irrigation in northeasternAMexico that depends on irrigation from the Rio Grande. And theirAconcern now is whether they now have enough for domestic use forthe remainder of the year."?   Albert Sima lives near the river and says the problem couldeasily get worse:B   "Most of the farmers don't have enough water to irrigate their;crops. We got the sugar cane, the vegetables like carrots,Alettuce and onions for this coming year. It's going to be prettyrough this coming year.">   What water from the Rio Grande finally reaches the gulf of?Mexico is just a trickle now, and because so little of it runs:into the gulf, the fishing industries are being affected.A   Larry Ditto, an Administrator with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife?Service in southern Texas, says the fresh water inflow and the@nutrients that were in the river decades ago when the river was@healthy had an important effect on bays and lagoons adjacent to
the gulf:B   "The Laguna Madre is one of the most saline bays in the world.?Fresh water was coming in and circulating back into the bay as;the river dumped fresh water into the gulf or as the river>overtopped and flooded across the delta and dumped into those?bays. That was a phenomenon that nature accounted for. And theAplants, animals and everything else that was in that association?developed with that happening. And now we've stopped that fromAhappening. So who knows what the long-range results in those twoAbays will be. We're seeing things like what we call 'brown tide'Borganism, and we don't know what's happening there. But it clouds@the water in Laguna Madre and is gradually moving southward andBit does have a negative impact on the fisheries and the growth ofBaquatic plants, things like waterfowl, the red head duck, this is<one of its major wintering areas here. In the Laguna Madre,@that's going to be affected because those birds are losing some?of their food source, so there are a lot of indirect impacts."A   The river in this area has lost at least ten species of fish.ASome of this loss is attributable, as well, to serious pollution<in the water from the dumping of sewage, industrial wastes,@solvents and pesticide runoff. What is also being lost due to a@drier Rio Grande that never floods now except in a hurricane or;tropical storm is the river-related, or riparian, habitat.?Riparian habitat provides cover and nesting places for the 453)species of migratory birds in this area.A   Jim Chapman says the amount and diversity of wildlife in this;valley is extraordinary, and much of it is now threatened:A   "In no area of similar size do you have more species that are>endangered, threatened, rare or peripheral. You have tropical<species coming up from Mexico and Central America. You have@desert species coming from the west, from the Chihuahan desert;<you have temperate species and then you have migratory bird<pathways. The central flyway narrows down to a funnel right>through south Texas, and that's why on the Texas coast it's a?birding hot spot. It's one of the places you go if you want tosee birds."@   As the river drops down further from its banks, all wildlifeAis affected. The natural riparian forest which protects birds is'at extreme risk. Larry Ditto explains:A   "This riparian forest is dependent not only on the high water>table near the river, but also a lot of it is the river as itBdrops away from the bank; you have highs and lows, ripples in the@terrain. So those lower areas capture silt during a flood event@and, of course, that silt nourishes the vegetation. So now that=you no longer get that, over a period of time those kinds of@plants will change. So you get a different plant association, aBdifferent wildlife that lives in that area. Already we are seeing?a lot of the old water-loving trees like the elms, hackberries?and ash are beginning to die out and they're being replaced in$some of these areas by thornbrush."A   As birds are threatened with the loss of riparian habitat, soBis the tourism industry here threatened. As Larry Ditto explains,<tourism is linked very strongly to the Rio Grande's natural	habitat:B   "We are realizing in the Rio Grande valley and the surrounding@area that tourism will soon be the number one economic resource?here. Right now it's agriculture, but it's quickly changing to@tourism. And a lot of that is people going to places like South@Padre Island to the resort beach area, but a significant amount?of it is bird watchers and hunters, people coming here to take@advantage of native plants and animals. White wing dove huntingBused to generate something in excess of 20 million dollars to theAeconomy in just two weekends of dove hunting. There were hunters>coming in here from all over the southeast and central United<States to dove hunt. That's one example. Last year, the two@national wildlife refuges where public use is allowed generatedBalmost 23 million dollars, just bird watchers coming to those tworefuges to watch birds."?   Just as a healthy river protects habitat, so does a healthy5habitat protect the river. According to Larry Ditto:B   "The plants are one mechanism for helping keep the river cleanBeven though there is not a real direct flow of water back through?the green areas into the river. They do a lot to help conserve?the water that's in the river through shading. The plants help@conserve species of wildlife in the river by the control of theAwater temperatures. And also the vegetation zone along the riverAbank is basically a buffer between the human development and theriver itself.">   In 1979, Congress authorized the lower Rio Grande National:Wildlife Refuge. The U.S. Department of interior and manyAenvironmental groups set about creating a 200 mile long wildlife=corridor along the Rio Grande by stringing together isolatedBtracts of land. So far, 63,000 acres have been acquired along theAriver or in the delta, most through the sale of land by farmers.AMost of the acreage has been acquired by the U.S. Government and(the Texas park and wildlife department.@   But Larry Ditto, who is the project leader for the Lower Rio@Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge, says Mexico is actively"involved in this effort, as well:=   "The state of Tamaulipas has just recently designated twoAprotected areas, fairly small areas, but there's a start. Mexico?is beginning to be a significant player in this thing now. AndBthey are also proposing to designate an ecological zone along the@river which will again help educate the public and help protect>what riparian habitat they have left. And they are doing some@reforestation work, and we are helping with that so it's a goodpartnership with them."=   While reforestation occurs on the national refuge land, aAproposal for a dam to be built at the mouth of the Rio Grande is>pending. There is some strong opposition to the dam, however,Bfrom those who feel another dam would only damage the river more,Aand end what little flow still exists into the gulf. But as more@and more people move to this region, which is in the midst of aBpopulation boom, the Rio Grande is one natural resource that will<continue to feel intense pressure. As water runs out on the<river, Jim Chapman and Larry Ditto say more ways need to be;tested to conserve what water there is, thereby helping to<sustain local economies and protect wildlife. One method of@saving water, says Mr. Ditto, involves changing the crops grown2near the river and the method of irrigating them:A   "Cotton and sugar cane are two of the most prominent crops in>the Rio Grande valley, and both take a considerable amount ofAwater. Sugar cane, especially, takes a lot of water. It has been?a big industry here. I think among the things we're looking atAare different ways to get water to those kinds of crops, puttingBthem in pipes or enclosed channels rather than to have it flowingBinto large, open settling basins where it can evaporate, and then=through open canals where it evaporates. So we're looking at<water conservation that way. But I suspect that in the near@future the agriculture industry is going to have to look to new@ways to grow these crops, or to change crops to things that can/be supported in a dry land farming situation."@   Emerging, too, in this area is interest in recycling, which,@say environmentalists, needs to be encouraged and promoted. New?technology and new ideas on recycling water, says Larry Ditto,9can be seen on a very small scale now in southern Texas:B   "To date, only a few individuals have figured out ways or have@decided to use current technology at least to recycle their ownAwaste water in their homes to water their yards, wash their carsAwith recycled water. But the cities are going to have to look to>do that in the near future, so I think right now for the most"part we're at the talking stage."@   Another idea for conserving water that needs to be explored,?says the Sierra Club's Jim Chapman, involves using a different#strategy for runoff and rainwater:<   "So one of the things that conservation-minded people in9southern Texas think is that rather than rush runoff andBrainwater out into the gulf, you impound it locally and use that.9And that would take some of the pressure off the river."@   But whatever methods of conservation are tried, they must be>tried soon, as the water situation in the lower Rio Grande is
critical.;   Jose Luna, the assistant water master for Texas Natural;Resource conservation, says the situation with the river's%reservoirs in Texas tells the story::   "Right now the levels in our reservoirs, there are two?reservoirs: Armistad reservoir which is up in Del Rio (Texas),>and falcon dam which is above Rio Grande City. They're at the6loWest Point they have been since the reservoirs were@constructed. (When were the reservoirs built?) I think Armistad=was back in 1969 and falcon prior to that. We do stress that@people conserve water, be it irrigation methods, change methods6to a more conservative (conservationist) way, and the9municipalities also teach the people to conserve water."?   But building another dam and reservoir is not the answer toBthe river's problems, says Larry Ditto. He strongly opposes a dam9that's under consideration at the end of the Rio Grande:B   "There's another threat of a small dam being constructed belowBBrownsville. In fact, the people are trying to change it and call@it a weir (a small dam), but in essence it would be intended toAcapture the last of the fresh water in the Rio Grande and divert@it to Matamoros and Brownsville. What happens there is when you<do that you create a situation where you have reduced water?quality. That's another thing that would block off some of theBflow in the Rio Grande and allow a lot of the pollution to settle@out and basically hold it upstream in areas where we need to beBpumping water for irrigation and municipal use, where you want it@to be as fresh as possible. Of course, a lot of that water alsoBgets pumped onto the wildlife refuges. And below that, you create@a salt wedge so that the lower 30 or 40 miles of the Rio Grande;becomes, in essence, salt water again, and so you create a)totally different ecological situation."@   Many questions and options exist on how best to conserve theBwaters of the Rio Grande. With people dependent on the Rio Grande@for not only irrigation but for their drinking water, too, this?river is their life blood. It has made their valley a wildlife@paradise and agricultural cornucopia. Without its fresh flowingBwater, parts of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico could wellBconfront an ecological future different from what they had known.   ---------------   ---------------/   INTERIOR SEAWAY ONCE FLOWED IN AMAZON BASIN   WASHINGTONB   Rocks deposited in Brazilian riverbanks and teeth from ancient>sharks offer important new clues that long ago a major seaway@flowed through the Amazon basin in some areas where rain forestexists today.A   A team of Brazilian and Finnish scientists say their findingsBindicate that an interior seaway existed in South America about 8>to 10 million years ago. They think it may have connected the@Caribbean with the South Atlantic, aiding the migration of land"and sea animals to the continent.B   The research is described in the July 21 issue of Science, the@weekly international research journal published by the American,Association for the Advancement of Science.B   The idea of an interior Amazonian Sea has been proposed in the=past. But this report, by José Santos and Francisco Negri of>Brazil and Matti Räsänen and Ari Linna of Finland, offers the?first substantial evidence of when and where such a seaway mayhave existed.A   The scientists analyzed rock formations in riverbanks at Acre?in Brazil and from the trans-Amazonian highway. They concluded9that the layers of sandstone and mudstone sediments were@deposited by a tidal flow in the middle-Miocene era millions ofAyears ago -- a period when grasses developed and grazing animalsflourished in large numbers.B   During that period, sea level was higher in South America, and>parts of the interior of the continent were flooded. In their@report in Science, the authors write that abundant fossils they@and other researchers have found in the region -- from turtles,@crocodiles, sharks, and other fishes -- "indicate ample aquaticlife and a marine connection."?   In an accompanying article, David Webb, a paleontologist at?the University of Florida, says flooding by an interior seawayBwould help explain why an unusually high number of marine speciesBexist in the Amazonian river system. Marine life in the Amazon is<far more diverse than in the Congo or any other large riversystem.<   According to the authors, the ancient seaway reached the?central part of South America. When the waters retreated, huge?areas turned into plains. "These seasonally flooded plains mayAhave supported the migration of the North American savanna fauna$through Amazonia," the report says.@   Webb said a subdivided ancient Amazon basin -- with distinctBregions of land and sea-- "helps explain the rich biodiversity of(the present rain forests and savannas.";   A similar interior seaway is thought to have evolved in=western North America in the Cretaceous period, more than 65@million years ago. Like that seaway, Webb said, "the Amazon Sea@probably followed a north-south route, not the east-west courseof the current lower Amazon."   ---------------   --------------->   WARMER CLIMATE COULD BE SLOWING GROWTH OF NORTHERN FORESTS   JIM FULLER   WASHINGTONA   Scientists report that several decades of warmer temperatures?in the northern latitudes could be slowing the growth of treesBthroughout the great belt of boreal forests that stretches acrossCanada, Alaska and Siberia.@   A four-year study of annual growth rings in trees growing in:northern and central Alaska showed that recent decades of@warming, instead of encouraging abundant forest growth as mightAbe expected, may be slowing growth by promoting moisture loss in9trees and increasing tree-attacking insects and disease.B   Climate models have predicted that global warming would have a;pronounced effect in higher northern latitudes, leading to@speculation that the northern forests would thrive under warmer=conditions, even to the extent that the northern edge of the1forests would be pushed farther into the Arctic.@   But scientists at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty EarthBObservatory concluded in their report -- published in the journal<Global Biogeochemical Cycles -- that the recent increase in?temperatures combined with drier years may be unduly stressing=the trees, "raising the potential for some forest changes in4Alaskan and other boreal forests...within decades."=   "Because of dryness, some areas might not regenerate tree>cover and would become grasslands if deforested by fire," thereport added.@   The tree-ring data collected by the scientists confirmed the<high-latitude warming over the last century seen in weather5station records of air temperatures and in bore-hole?measurements, which detect traces of past surface temperaturesBdeep underground. These measurements showed that the far-northern@climate has warmed some 2 degrees Celsius since the 1880s, much!more than the rest of the world.7   According in Gordon Jacoby, a dendrochronologist at=Lamont-Doherty, the tree-ring record from some of the oldestBAlaskan trees indicates that temperatures became unusually warmer>starting in the 1940s -- warmer than at any other time in thelast 300 years.=   Jacoby said that this warming trend, which actually began=early in the century, initially increased tree growth in the<1930s and 1940s by lengthening the growing season. However,>despite continuing warm temperatures, the growth increase hasdeclined since the 1970s.>   After a cooler interval from the 1950s to the early 1970s,Aannual temperatures have been returning to the peak 1940s level,Abut the trees are not responding to the renewed warmth. Instead,>the trees show evidence since the mid-1970s of suffering from&what Jacoby called "moisture stress."?   If there's enough moisture, warmer temperatures help boreal=trees grow better, Jacoby said. But if it's too warm for too*long, evaporation becomes a major factor.>   Warmer temperatures increase evaporation of water from the>leaves and needles of trees, increasing the trees' demand for6water. Even with normal precipitation, continued warmBtemperatures can lead to relatively drier conditions at the sites@sampled, diminishing the water in the soil that is available to#the trees and thus slowing growth.?   "I think it's been warm enough long enough at some of these?sites that the permafrost layers may have been melted a little<bit deeper and the water seeped away, so that it was just a:gradual drying out after decades of warmth," Jacoby said.@   "Recorded temperature information shows warming taking place<across Siberia, Scandinavia and northern North America," he=added. "So if moisture stress can have an effect on trees in=Alaska, it's reasonable to think it can also effect trees in@those other places. Maybe some people, following the release of>our data, will test for the same effects in other countries."B   In addition, warmer temperatures may be beneficial for insects and diseases that attack trees.A   "There is...evidence of increasing insect damage and disease,Bpossibly related to warmer temperatures," the researchers report.8They added that "severe outbreaks" of bark beetles haveBdevastated several million hectares of forest in southern Alaska.?   To obtain the temperature records and determine tree growthArates over past centuries, the scientists took core samples fromAwhite spruce in five sites in northern and central Alaska. WhiteBspruce was selected because of its sensitivity to climatic change?and its widespread distribution across northern North America.>   The scientists sampled the trees by drilling out a slender@plug of wood, five millimeters in diameter, that transected all?the annual rings. In general, wider rings correspond to warmer=times and narrow rings to colder periods. Using samples from<trees hundreds of years old, they reconstructed a record of@annual temperatures back to the 1680s. The record is one of the@few sources of information about the Alaskan climate before the(modern era of meteorological recording.?   The research team had to charter small planes and travel by;foot or boat to samples trees at remote locations and high=elevations, where the trees would be near the limit of their4survival and thus very sensitive to climate change.   ---------------   ---------------"   ARCTIC EXPEDITION VIA INTERNET   MELISSA WINKLER   WASHINGTONB   A team of international explorers recently completed a 113-dayAjourney across the partially frozen arctic ocean. An outstandingBfeature of this scientific venture was its day to day exposure toAmillions of students worldwide by means of satellite technology.=Team members discussed their trip at the National GeographicInstitute in Washington.B   As polar explorer Will Steger and his team trekked (12-hundred@miles/nearly two-thousand kilometers) across the arctic earlier@this year, students around the world followed their progress on-the global communications network, Internet.B   The explorers used two battery-powered computers to send dailyAreports about their experiences and observations. The dispatches>reached the United States from a polar-orbiting satellite and/were made public the same day on the Internet.?   Through these reports reaching classroom computers students:could learn about arctic animals and peoples, the earth's<eco-system and cold-weather survival techniques. The systemBenabled inquiring students to send questions to the explorers and:to receive answers from the polar region within 24 hours.B   Team leader Will Steger, a former high school science teacher,Bsays one of the values of the trek was the ability to capture the@interest of so many young people. He says the interest of young@people in such an expedition is natural since children are bornexplorers:>   "I've never been asked by a child, 'why do you do what youAdo?.' Children understand adventure real clearly. It's intuitiveAto a child what adventure is, out playing, living in the moment,;discovering things, approaching the unknown without fear.">   It was with fear, or perhaps nervous excitement, says Will=Steger, that he and his co-adventurers launched their arcticBjourney from an ice-encrusted island off Siberia. Beginning March@eighth, four men and two women, from the United States, Russia,;Denmark, Britain and Japan, set off with 33 polar huskies.@   In one of the early days of the trip, Ulrik Vedel of Denmark@and two of his dogs fell through thin ice into the ocean. Vedel6became hypothermic (a dangerous condition of low body<temperature) and decided to return home. The remaining team>encountered and overcame blizzard conditions and stretches of<broken ice and open water, to reach the North Pole by their$target date, April 22nd, earth day.=   The telecommunications equipment was jammed in with their>supplies of food for the team members and the huskies and the>scientific equipment for their environmental experiments. The;team sampled snow and ice to see how contaminants, such as=pesticides and chemicals, could affect a region thousands of@kilometers away. The data is to be analyzed in labs in both theUnited States and Japan.?   Toward the end of the expedition, in mid-June, the dogs and:sleds were flown out and replaced by special canoe sleds,Adesigned to be pushed across ice or paddled over water. The team>eventually completed its 1,900 kilometer journey at Ward Hunt8iSland in Canada's northwest territories on July third.B   Returning just as the United States was experiencing its worst?heat wave in about 15 years made readjustment for the team allAthe more difficult. Some, who noted that artificial sounds, like?cars and even radios, have become rather annoying, are alreadyAspeculating about their next journey to the frigid, quiet north.   ---------------   ---------------4   DNA EVIDENCES ENTER HOMO SAPIEN EVOLUTION DEBATE   DAVID MCALARY   WASHINGTONB   New genetic evidence has entered the debate about where modern>humans, homo sapiens, evolved. The findings, published in the="Proceedings of the [US] National Academy of Sciences" [July;18th], take the side of those who argue that modern humans:emerged in Africa and spread around the world from there.A   There is little dispute that Africa is the home for the early?human called homo erectus, believed to have been our immediate@ancestor. Homo erectus is generally thought to have migrated to1other regions as early as one million years ago.?   The debate is over what happened after that. The mainstream?view is that we, the larger-brained successor species, evolved<from members of homo erectus remaining in Africa 100,000 to@200,000 years ago and then undertook a second human trek out ofthe continent.;   A competing theory suggests that homo erectus gradually;evolved into modern humans in many areas, resulting in the#different features apparent today.A   But new evidence obtained from an advanced method of studying>human genes, or DNA, argues for the out-of-africa view ratherAthan the multiregional theory. It comes from Stanford UniversityBpopulation biologist Marc Feldman in California and colleagues atBthe University of Pennsylvania and the University of Antioquia in*Medellin, Colombia. According to Feldman:=   "The statistical analysis that we have done suggests that9modern humans do in fact originate in Africa. All of ourBstatistical analysis compared with the archaeological information0makes a very very good fit to that hypothesis."?   The evidence resides in the genes in blood samples of about?150 people from 14 different populations around the world. The?scientists studied DNA segments that do not themselves account=for physical traits as most genes do, but which nevertheless<exist and come in repeat patterns. There is a great deal ofBvariation in those patterns among people today, meaning they haveevolved separately over time.@   This class of genes mutates faster than other kinds. KnowingBthe rate, Mr. Feldman and his collaborators applied a complicated;statistical analysis to determine how long it took for the>genetic differences to emerge among populations from a common>source and how big those differences are. This tells them howAgenetically separate the populations are. The largest divergence*is between the non-africans and Africans.@   In other words, there are fewer genetic variations among theAnon-african peoples of the world than there are between them and>Africans. This suggests that Africa is the place where modern@people first split from each other and migrated to other areas,3inferring that modern humans originated in Africa.>   And how long ago did the modern people start branching off(from one another? According to Feldman:B   "This divergence, the first split in the family tree of modern?humans, occurs in the neighborhood about of 150,000 to 160,000years ago.":   Standard statistical errors means the split could have;occurred anytime between 75,000 to 200,000 years ago. This;coincides nicely with the range of time other evidence has<suggested for the evolution and migration of modern humans.>   If so, then why does University of Michigan anthropologistBMilford Wolpoff insist otherwise? As the leading proponent of theBmultiregional theory, Mr. Wolpoff argues that modern human origin<is not one event, but rather the independent development of=modern traits in several regions that spread because of someevolutionary advantage:9   "The multiregional model is a way of looking at human=evolution that involves both people sharing genes and reallyBadaptive important and useful things spreading widely, but at the?same time, some local continuities that show that there's some:unique patterns of ancestry that go back into the past indifferent regions."<   As an example, Mr. Wolpoff notes that Asian faces show a@common flatness that appears as far back into the fossil record@as the local homo erectus. This suggests to him that this trait>arose in Asia directly from the predecessor of modern humans:<   "If modern humans appeared as one population that spread;around the world, then we'd expect modern humans to have a@certain set of features in common that are unique and differentAfrom all earlier humans. But we don't find that. What we find is@that modern humans have some general things in common, but someAancestral people share those general things. And each region hassome unique things.":   For Milford Wolpoff, the debate is still open. But for=Stanford University's Marc Feldman, Mr. Wolpoff represents a@scientific minority which he expects will decrease with his new=genetic evidence suggesting an African origin for all of us.   ---------------   ---------------<   ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYER CITES ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC LINK   JIM FISHER-THOMPSON   WASHINGTON=   Africans can promote environmentalism on the continent by@taking advantage of a worldwide network of legal and scientific>advice now available and accessible through a global computer3network, says legal environmentalist Bern Johnson.@   Johnson, who is director of the U.S. office of EnvironmentalBLaw Alliance Worldwide (ELAW), an advocacy group of internationalBlegal experts concerned with the preservation of the environment,@made his comments July 13 over an electronic hookup linking hisBoffice in Eugene, Oregon, with environmental activists in Lusaka.@   He noted that information and resource sharing among lawyers<via computer is becoming a useful tool in the international#battle to protect the environment.B   His organization, Johnson explained, is based on an electronic?link of computers worldwide that can share information on laws>and legal cases concerning the environment through electronicAmail. The goal, he said, is to "communicate and work together onprojects."9   "The most important thing about working with the ELAW=network," he told the Zambians, is "building that electronic>link, and so we need to find a way to build that link that is?sustainable and affordable. Faxes are too slow, too expensive,and are not reliable.@   "When you make that electronic link," he continued, "then weAcan communicate regularly with you on legal cases and scientific;issues about the environment, and you can communicate with/lawyers in the ELAW network around the world."7   The Zambians, who are members of the Foundation for5Environmental Protection (FEP), the first registered=non-governmental organization (NGO) in the nation to address?environmental degradation from a legal perspective, noted that>the organization has not yet acquired any computers. However,Athey added that a local company -- Zamnet -- provides electronicmail service worldwide.B   Another problem, according to a Zambian who works with FEP, isBthat "we do not have the kind of money needed to acquire the type<of hardware [computers]" to tap into the electronic service+offered by ELAW through the Zamnet system.A   Johnson told the Zambians that once they had gotten access toBa computer and established a link with ELAW, "the first thing you>need to do is to describe the foundation's work and perhaps aBcase or project that you need help with." ELAW can help, he said,9"whether you n»╗d information about deforestation, water=pollution, or how environmental laws are structured in othercountries.">   The American environmentalist said ELAW has had experienceAworking electronically on similar cases with lawyers in Tanzania?and South Africa, and it looked forward to doing the same withthe Zambian foundation.?   Asked for an example of what his organization has achieved,=Johnson mentioned ELAW's work with "Peruvian public interest<lawyers who wanted to include constitutional protection for=biodiversity in the new constitution," so they called on the6network for examples of such laws in other countries.=   As a result, he said, the Peruvians "got information from?Ecuador, Sri Lanka, and the United States, and we were able to>send them a compilation of information from around the world.;Using that, the Peruvian lawyers were able to convince theAPeruvian Congress to include strong protections for biodiversityin the new constitution.;   The important thing, Johnson pointed out, is that "thatBexchange of information has remained in the [computer] data base,@and lawyers from Columbia, Argentina, South Africa, Poland, and8Costa Rica have continued that discussion and used that-information to improve their constitutions."?   Johnson added that requests are also made through ELAW fromBscientists interested in technical information and the "impact of;certain processes or chemicals" on the environment. A good?example, he said, was in Sri Lanka, "where there was a plan to@suction dredge-mine a river for gems, and the proponents of the0plan said it would do no environmental damage."A   But using the ELAW network, he said, "scientists in Sri Lanka<were able to call on information from other countries where?suction dredge-mining has occurred with very bad environmentalAresults, and the Sri Lankans were able to use this, show that it was bad, and stop the project."B   Such electronic networking of legal and scientific information:is critical, he reiterated, "because it links lawyers and@scientists across borders around the world and gives people theBtools they need to advance and enforce sound environmental laws."   ---------------   ---------------=   SCIENTISTS CONFIRM INDIA AND AUSTRALIA ARE DRIFTING APART   JIM FULLER   WASHINGTONB   Scientists report that one of the Earth's great crustal plates:on which both India and Australia lie is cracking in two.<   Scientists at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth7Observatory in Palisades, New York, say that the giantAIndo-Australian Plate appears to have broken apart just south of@the Equator beneath the Indian Ocean and the two continents are>now moving independently of one another in slightly different=directions. The break has been underway for the past severalmillion years.=   The researchers, reporting in a recent issue of Earth andBPlanetary Science Letters, say that the latest finding means that;instead of the Earth's surface being divided into 12 major7plates, as scientists long believed, there are now 13.B   The theory of plate tectonics holds that continents and oceansAare carried on huge plates that ride atop the Earth's semimoltenAinterior. These plates move only a few centimeters a year, which@is fast enough to cover great distances when measured over tensBof millions of years. The movement of tectonic plates account for0the formation of mountain ranges and volcanoes.@   Scientists have known that for the last 50 million years the?Indian subcontinent has been drifting northward, slamming intoBthe southern belly of Asia and pushing up the Tibetan Plateau and9the Himalayan Mountains, the highest mountains on Earth.B   Geologists report that India's northward pressure continues toAdistort Asia today, pushing Tibet east relative to the main body>of the continent and resulting in the Altyn Tagh fault, which<stretches over 2,200 kilometers in western China. Satellite?images suggest that since the most recent ice age 10,000 years>ago, the Tibetan side of the fault has slipped as much as 360
meters east.=   The latest research by Lamont-Doherty scientists suggests>that, starting about eight million years ago, the accumulated9mass of the Indian subcontinent became so great that the:Indo-Australian Plate buckled and broke under the stress.?   "The result of this critical stage in the collision between?India and Asia is the breakup of the Indo-Australia Plate into<separate Indian and Australian Plates," says Lamont-Dohertyscientist Jeffrey Weissel.8   "In the Central Indian Ocean, nature is conducting aBlarge-scale laboratory experiment for us, showing us what happens?to the oceanic lithosphere (Earth's outer layer) when force is>applied," he adds. Essentially, when pushed into an immovable-object, "it can buckle like a piece of tin."@   The research "gives insight into how strong and rigid platesAare, how they respond to stress and what their limits are before<they break," says Lamont-Doherty scientist James Cochran, aco-author of the report.B   Using drilled samples, scientists discovered in the 1970s thatAa broad zone of the Indian Ocean floor, stretching more than 960?kilometers from east to west along the equator, was compressed?and deformed. They later found that newly created seafloor had?spread outward from mid-ocean ridges in the zone and theorizedAthat the movements of the seafloor could only be accommodated if8a distinct boundary existed between separate Indian andAustralian plates.@   To test the theory, the Lamont-Doherty team used sound wavesBto probe the oceanic rock layers in the region believed to be the=new plate boundary during two separate research voyages, one>aboard the French research vessel Marion Dufresne. The imagesBshowed scores of systematically aligned cracks, or faults, in the@oceanic lithosphere created as the once-whole plate buckled and	cracked.A   The data suggests that the giant Australian Plate is rotating4and pushing against the Indian plate in a northwardAcounterclockwise direction. The new plate boundary in the Indian=Ocean south of India resembles a giant hinge between the two<plates. In the western part of the boundary, the plates are>moving away from each other, while in the eastern part of theAboundary the Australian Plate is converging on the Indian Plate,*compressing and buckling the ocean floor.@   Scientists believe that continents have been drifting around>the planet throughout history, repeatedly coming together and>breaking up. They theorize that on several occasions this has@resulted in the formation of supercontinents containing all the<land on Earth. It is believed that Pangaea, the most recent?supercontinent to exist on Earth, began to break up around 160million years ago.>   According to Paul Hoffman, professor of geology at Harvard=University, when Pangaea broke up the Atlantic Ocean opened,>splitting North America from Eurasia, then South America from?Africa. Australia, Antarctica and India separated from Africa,creating the Indian Ocean.@   Today, Hoffman says, the Atlantic and Indian Oceans continue=to widen, while the Pacific gets smaller, and in 100 millionAyears or so North America and Asia will probably drift into eachBother. Hoffman has already named the new supercontinent "Amasia."   ---------------   ---------------   NASA'S NEW MISSION CONTROL   DAVID MCALARY   WASHINGTON?   The current flight of the U.S. Space Shuttle "Discovery" is@the first to be monitored by a new, ultramodern mission control=center. The 250 million dollar facility is designed take the2space agency NASA into a new century of activity.A   Viewers of the movie "Apollo 13" will be familiar with NASA'sBold mission control room in Houston, Texas. Its 30 year legacy is?one of triumph and tragedy, triumphs including the 1969 mannedAmoon landing and the tragedy of the 1986 shuttle explosion whichkilled seven astronauts.:   But 30 years is an eon in terms of technology, and the=obsolescence of mission control computers has forced NASA to0inaugurate a modern, more spacious replacement.@   Flight controllers made the changeover last week [July 13th]Bafter "Discovery" commander Tom Henricks and his crew were safely
in orbit.?   The old mission control was the envy of the computing world<when it was commissioned in 1965, but is now antiquated. AnBentire first floor is devoted to a huge mainframe computer of the?type that have long since vanished. Linked to it are more thanB200 workstation computers with black and white screens that flashrows of numbers.:   The new mission control uses fewer than 200 individual@computer workstations all linked together as in modern offices,1with advanced graphic displays on color screens.>   The computers connected by the world's largest local fiber=optic network. More than 38 kilometers of thin glass strands<carry signals by pulses of light rather than by the flow ofelectrons as in copper wires.@   The chief of NASA's control center operations, John MuratoreA['myur-uh-tore], says the new facility allows the agency to reap6the benefits of a computer industry it helped create:?   "NASA, with its hard requirements for a very small size and=very low weight, were the drivers for the production and the?start of a whole industry in modern, miniature electronics and?the software that runs in them. When we went back to build the@new mission control center, rather than driving the technology,>we went out and found the best computer hardware and softwareAthat was out there in the market. So it's sort of like the seeds;that NASA sowed back in the sixties, now we're reaping the
harvest."A   To keep the old mission control functioning, NASA has to keepAa warehouse full of spare parts and a staff of 80 technicians to@run it. Maintenance requires analyzing which circuit boards are)faulty and painstakingly replacing them.>   In the new center, repair is modular: Instead of replacing:intricate parts, a technician simply exchanges a troubled@workstation with another. John Muratore says the command center.will always be easy to modernize as a result:@   "As computer technology improves, we'll be able to introduceBnew technology here so that this control center will never really?become outdated. It will just evolve with the technology as itmoves ahead."A   The new control room will save NASA 30 million dollars a year@in maintenance and operations. Besides being cheaper, it offers;more capability and flexibility to flight controllers. All>workstations in the old center have to be devoted to a single<mission, but the ones in the new flight control room can be5assigned to different duties. According to Muratore::   "We're able to build up operations of small numbers ofBconsoles so that if we have a small spacecraft, we can put two or:three consoles together and do an operation and run it in9parallel with the other, bigger operations we're doing."@   The old mission control room is not retired yet. Until early@next year, the proven, reliable system will be used for shuttle;launches and landings, the most dangerous parts of a spaceflight.A   Mr. Muratore says he has mixed feelings about deactivating it,when its replacement takes over completely:>   "There's been a lot of history and a lot of amazing thingsAhappen in that room. But NASA's about the future and we're going?to make lots of really interesting history in this new mission?control center. We're going go to build a space station in it,>this control center will be around to back to the moon and go	beyond."   ---------------    "CLIP" NEWS SERVICE0    INEWS DAILY IS NOW AVAILABLE THROUGH E-MAIL    FREE TRIAL8    LOW COST ROYALTY FREE REPRODUCTION RIGHTS AVAILABLE;   International News E-Wire Service (INEWS) is an English<language daily, covering news of the world.  INEWS provides;up-to-date and accurate world news.  It also includes many@features and interviews covering such topics as current events,=politics, economics, science, medicine, history, technology,"agriculture, religion, and music.A   Low cost republication rights are available allowing articlesAto be used on BBSs, in newsletters, advertising, LANs, weeklies,@community newspapers, school newspapers, brochures, media kits,+presentations, church bulletins, and more.<   Every day, INEWS gathers reports filed by correspondentsBstationed at 26 news bureaus throughout the world.  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Public domain and freeware UUENCODE encoding/decodingsoftware are available.?UUXFER20.ZIP can be found at the following Internet ftp sites:address: ftp.clarkson.edu'path: /pub/simtel20-cdrom/msdos/filutladdress: pc.usl.edupath: /pub/msdos/usenetaddress: plaza.aarnet.edu.aupath: /micros/pc/oak/decodeaddress: pc.usl.edupath: /pub/msdos/usenetaddress: medusa.k12.ar.us path: /pub/simtel2/disc2/decode=   We recommend that you use the shareware program UUXFER20.+If you receive the following encoded file:  INWS1231.UUE>   At the command line of the directory containing the encode$files and UUXFER20 you should type:   UUXFER20 -D<FILENAME>@   The file name is always the encoded file with the, UUE or .1)extension. In this case you would enter:   UUXFER20 -DINWS1231.UUE6   This would convert the encoded files into the file>INWS1231.EXE, the self-running December 31st edition of INEWSDaily.,If you receive the following encoded files:   INWS1231.1   INWS1231.2   INWS1231.3   INWS1231.4   INWS1231.5>   At the command line of the directory containing the encode$files and UUXFER20 you should type:    UUXFER20 -M -D<FILENAME>8   The file name is always the encoded file with the .1)extension. In this case you would enter:    UUXFER20 -M -DINWS1231.16   This would convert the encoded files into the file>INWS1231.EXE, the self-running December 31st edition of INEWSDaily.4               *****TERMS FOR REPRODUCTION USE*****EYou may edit, use, and publish an unlimited number of INEWS articles:royalty free, for commercial or non-commercial use, under*the following conditions and limitations:9---You may only reproduce articles sent directly to you.?---You may only reproduce entire INEWS issues on a BBS or LAN.>---Articles may only be used in an "end" product. 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