FORM S72-1092A
AI-ADA.HLP

Ada Information Clearinghouse, 1-800-AdaIC-11, 1-703-685-1477

                    ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND Ada

Report of a product, service, or event is for informational purposes and does 
not constitute an endorsement by the Ada Joint Program Office (AJPO) or by the 
Ada Information Clearinghouse (AdaIC).

The following is a list of some of the documents or articles that relate to 
Ada and artificial intelligence.  The abstracts have been written by the 
author, the Defense Technical Information Center or the National Technical 
Information Service.

The list has been divided into three sections.  The citations listed in the 
first section have been alphabetized by the authors' last names.  The authors 
of the documents listed in section two are unknown and those documents have 
been alphabetized by title.  Section three is a list of the publishers or 
vendors that were cited frequently, from which many of the documents or 
articles can be obtained.

Every effort has been made to make each citation as complete as possible to 
enable you to acquire the document or article from a library or vendor.  
However, if you are not able to acquire an article because the information 
provided is incomplete, or if you know of an article that is not on this list, 
please notify us.

                      ALPHABETICAL LIST (BY AUTHOR)

Abraham, Alex, et al.  "Military; knowledge-based systems; expert systems; 
data collection; laser printers; fonts; add-in-on software; program 
development tools; microcomputers."  In PC Week (News Briefs), Vol. 6, No. 28.

Abrams, B., and T. Doran.  "Methodology for implementing artificial 
intelligence systems in Ada."  In Proceedings of Sixth National Conference on 
Ada Technology, pp. 602-8, March 14-18, 1988, Washington, D.C.  Published by 
U.S. Department Commerce, Springfield, Virginia.

Aletan, S.  "Current and future trends in artificial intelligence 
architectures and programming languages."  In proceedings of IEEE 
International Workshop on Tools for Artificial Intelligence: Architectures, 
Languages and Algorithms, pp. 215-21, October 23-25, 1989, Fairfax, Virginia.  
Published by IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, xiii+724 
pp.

Ardouin, C., et al.  "XRete: a means to integrate."  Thomson CSF-LCR, Orsay, 
France.  In Ada User, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 88-97.  1990.  (Published in the 
United Kingdom)

Baker, L.  "NonHorn clause logic programming in Ada."  In Proceedings of AIDA 
'88, pp. 16/1-7.  Fourth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, 
November 15-16, 1988, Fairfax, Virginia.  George Mason University, Fairfax, 
Virginia.

Barrie, D.  "Today's task force: her majesty's MIPS," (processing power 
against manpower).  In Computer Weekly, No. 1180, September 7, 1989, pp. 
22(2).

Becker, L., et al.  Translating Expert System Rules into Ada Code with 
Validation and Verification.  National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 
Washington, D.C.  116p.  June 1991.  (Order from NTIS No. N91-26800/3/XAB)

      The purpose of this ongoing research and development program is to 
      develop software tools which enable the rapid development, upgrading, 
      and maintenance of embedded real-time artificial intelligence systems.  
      The goals of this phase of the research were to investigate the 
      feasibility of developing software tools which automatically translate 
      expert system rules into Ada code and develop methods for performing 
      validation and verification testing of the resultant expert system.  A 
      prototype system was demonstrated which automatically translated rules 
      from an Air Force expert system was demonstrated which detected errors 
      in the execution of the resultant system.  The method and prototype 
      tools for converting AI representations into Ada code by converting the 
      rules into Ada code modules and then linking them with an Activation 
      Framework based run-time environment to form an executable load module 
      are discussed.  This method is based upon the use of Evidence Flow 
      Graphs which are a data flow representation for intelligent systems.  
      The development of prototype test generation and evaluation software 
      which was used to test the resultant code is discussed.  This testing 
      was performed automatically using Monte-Carlo techniques based upon a 
      constraint based description of the required performance for the system.

Bollinger, T., and B.H. Barnes.  "Reuse rules: an adaptive approach to reusing 
Ada software."  In Proceedings of AIDA '88, pp. 14/1-8.  Fourth Annual 
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, November 15-16, 1988, George 
Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Brauer, D.C., et al.  "Ada and knowledge-based systems: A prototype combining 
the best of both worlds."  In Proceedings -- Space Congress 25th, pp. 35-6, 
40.  Published by Canaveral Council of Technical Societies, Cape Canaveral, 
Florida.

Brink, J.L., and R.B. Haynes.  "An avionics software expert system design."  
In Software Engineering and its Application to Avionics proceedings 
(AGARD-CP-439), pp. 23/1-8, (NATO), April 25-29, 1988, Cesme, Turkey.  
Published by AGARD, Neuilly sur Seine, France, 1988, viii+420.

Brooks, Frederick P., Jr.  "No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of 
Software Engineering."  In Computer, Vol. 20, No. 4, April 1987, pp. 10-19.

Brown, C.  "Catalog programming could save time."  (Developing a catalog of 
military programs, since no commercially available software -- in Spotlight on 
Ada), Government Computer News, Vol. 6, No. 19, September 25, 1987, pp. 80(1).

Buck, F.L.  "Integrating expert system diagnostics within ATE system 
software."  In AUTOTESTCON 90, proceedings of IEEE Systems Readiness 
Technology Conference, pp. 85-92.  Advancing Mission Accomplishment, September 
17-21, 1990, San Antonio, Texas.  Published by IEEE, New York, New York, 1990.  
(Order from IEEE Catalog Service Center: No. 90CH2793-8)

Buoni, F.B., et al.  "Comparison of performance for fuzzy expert system shell 
implementations in Pascal and in Ada."  In Proceedings of AIDA '89, pp. 52-62.  
Fifth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, November 1989, 
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1989.

Canales, T.W., and J.C. Smart.  "An expert system for automating security 
incident assessment using OPS5 in an Ada environment," Computer Security 
Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 23-30, 1990.

Cardow, J.E., and V.S. Dobbs.  "Toward an expert system shell for a Common Ada 
Programming Support Environment" In Proceedings of the IEEE 1989 National 
Aerospace and Electronics Conference, NAECON 1989, pp. 1042-7 (Vol. 3), May 
22-26, 1989, Dayton, Ohio.  Published by IEEE, New York, New York, 1989.  
(Order from IEEE Catalog Service No. 89CH2759-9).

Cianci, M.A., and D.G. Linton.  "Design and implementation of an Ada-based 
inference engine."  In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on Computers 
and Industrial Engineering, pp. 107-110, Vol. 19, No. 1-4, March 12-14, 
Orlando, Florida.

Coffee, P.  "Software dictionary: 'A' is for Ada, 'E' is for ease of use."  
(Cast in Code) (column), in PC Week, December 25, 1989, Vol. 6, No. 51, pp. 
26(1).

Collard, P., and A. Goforth.  "Knowledge based systems and Ada: an overview of 
the issues."  In Ada Letters, Vol. 8, No. 6, November/December 1988, pp. 
72-81.

Collard, Philippe E., and A. Goforth.  "Ada in AI or AI in Ada?  On developing 
a rationale for integration."  In Fourth Conference on Artificial Intelligence 
for Space Applications, pp. 411-419, Huntsville, Alabama, 1988 November 15-16.  
NASA Conference Publication No. 3013.  Published by NASA, Washington, D.C.  
(Also available from DTIC or NTIS: No. N89-15602/0/XAB)

      The use of Ada as an Artificial Intelligence (AI) language is gaining 
      interest in the NASA Community, i.e., by parties who have a need to 
      deploy Knowledge Based-Systems (KBS) compatible with the use of Ada as 
      the software standard for the Space Station.  A fair number of KBS and 
      pseudo-KBS implementations in Ada exist today.  Currently, no widely 
      used guidelines exist to compare and evaluate these with one another.  
      The lack of guidelines illustrates a fundamental problem inherent in 
      trying to compare and evaluate implementations of any sort in languages 
      that are procedural or imperative in style, such as Ada, with those in 
      languages that are functional in style, such as Lisp.  Discussed are the 
      strengths and weakness of using Ada as an AI language and a preliminary 
      analysis provided of factors needed for the development of criteria for 
      the integration of these two families of languages and the environments 
      in which they are implemented.  The intent for developing such criteria 
      is to have a logical rationale that may be used to guide the development 
      of Ada tools and methodology to support KBS requirements, and to 
      identify those AI technology components that may most readily and 
      effectively be deployed in Ada.

Collins, W.R., and L.P. Slothouber.  "Expert system control in Ada."  In 
Proceedings of AIDA '88, pp. 17/1-11.  Fourth Annual Conference on Artificial 
Intelligence and Ada, November 15-16, 1988, Fairfax, Virginia.  Published by 
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Corbin, M.J., and G.F. Butler.  "Object-oriented Ada for knowledge-based 
system and neural network applications."  In UK IT 1990 Conference 
Proceedings, pp. 311-317, Southampton, England, March 19-22, 1990.  IEE 
Conference Publication No. 316.  Published by IEE, Michael Faraday House, 
Stevenage, England.

Courte, J.E., and V.S. Dobbs.  "A development interface for an expert system 
shell."  In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual National Conference on Ada 
Technology, pp. 623-32, March 5-8, 1990, Atlanta, Georgia.  U.S. Army 
Communication-Electronic Command, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey.

Croghan, J.W., et al.  "Implementing advanced artificial intelligence concepts 
in Ada: a case study of a prototype expert system for a real-time electronic 
warfare application."  In Proceedings of the Seventh Washington Ada Symposium, 
pp. 255-9, June 25-28, 1990.  Published by the ACM, New York, New York.  1990.

Davis, C.K., et al.  "Automatic development of parallel simulation models in 
Ada."  In Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings -- 1988, pp. 339-343, 
December 12-14, 1988, San Diego, California.  Published by IEEE, Piscataway, 
New Jersey.  Order from IEEE Service Center Catalog No. 88CH25122-2).

Davis, G.J.  "Translation of an AI application from Lisp to Ada: a case 
study."  In Proceedings of AIDA '90, pp. 101-8.  Sixth Annual Conference on 
Artificial Intelligence and Ada, November 14-15, 1990, George Mason 
University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1990.

Diaz-Herrera, J.L. "The Ada-AI interface."  In AFIPS Conference Proceedings, 
pp. 67-72 (Vol. 56).  1987 National Computer Conference, June 15-18, 1987, 
Chicago, Illinois, AFIPS Press, Reston, Virginia.

Dobbs, V.S.  "Reusable Ada modules for artificial intelligence applications."  
In Conference Proceedings of Sixth National Conference on Ada Technology, pp. 
381-9, March 14-18, 1988, Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, 
Springfield, Virginia.

Donzelli, P.  Study of Software Requirements and Artificial Intelligence 
Techniques for Robotics, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 
Washington, D.C., 93p, January 1988.  (Order from NTIS: No. N88-30365/6/XAB)

      Software requirements to be applied on space service manipulator systems 
      (SMS) were determined.  An architectural design for the higher levels of 
      the SMS control software organization was defined.  The proposed 
      architecture makes wide use of AI paradigms and provides indications on 
      implementation aspects.  Programming languages and development 
      environments suitable for the implementation of the proposed 
      architecture were studied, for robotics and general purpose languages.  
      Ada is the preferred option in combination with AI languages.  The state 
      of the art of AI techniques and concepts applied to robotic problems to 
      be experimented and verified in the frame of the SMS control as outlined 
      in the software architecture was reviewed.

Edwards, S.J., and A.K. Caglayan.  Expert Systems for Real-Time Monitoring and 
Fault Diagnosis.  National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, 
D.C.  116p, April 1989.  (Order from NTIS: No. N89-23209/4/XAB)

      Methods for building real-time onboard expert systems were investigated, 
      and the use of expert systems technology was demonstrated in improving 
      the performance of current real-time onboard monitoring and fault 
      diagnosis applications.  The potential applications of the proposed 
      research include an expert system environment allowing the integration 
      of expert systems into conventional time-critical application solutions, 
      a grammar for describing the discrete event behavior of monitoring and 
      fault diagnosis systems, and their applications to new real-time 
      hardware fault diagnosis and monitoring systems for aircraft.

Eliot, L.B.  "Ada and embedded AI."  In AI Expert (AI Insider), Vol. 6, No. 4, 
April 1991, pp. 11(3).

Elrad, T., and F. Maymir-Ducharme.  "Preference control: a language feature 
for Ada applications," 14 pp.  In Proceedings of AIDA '87, Third Annual 
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, October 14-15, 1987, Fairfax, 
Virginia.  Published by George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1987.

Ernst, G.W., et al.  "Modular verification of Ada generics," Computer 
Languages, Vol. 16, No. 3-4, pp. 259-80, 1991.  (Published in the United 
Kingdom)

Fages, F.  "Rule-based extension of programming languages: a proposal to 
integrate expert systems into applications at the target language level."  In 
Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop -- Expert Systems and their 
Applications, pp. 383-95, Vol. 2(3 Vol), Central de Recherches, Orsay, France, 
30 May-3 June 1988, Avignon, France, EC2, Nanterre, France, 1989.  
(642+726+647).

Fiala, H.E.  SDI Satellite Autonomy Using AI and Ada."  National Aeronautics 
and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.  12p.  May 1990.  (Order from NTIS: 
No. N90-27336/8/XAB)

      The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the programming language Ada 
      to help a satellite recover from selected failures that could lead to 
      mission failure are described.  An unmanned satellite will have a 
      separate AI subsystem running in parallel with the normal satellite 
      subsystems.  A satellite monitoring subsystem (SMS), under the control 
      of a blackboard system, will continuously monitor selected satellite 
      subsystems to become alert to any actual or potential problems.  In the 
      case of loss of communications with the earth or the home base, the 
      satellite will go into a survival mode to reestablish communications 
      with the earth.  The use of an AI subsystem in this manner would have 
      avoided the tragic loss of the two recent Soviet probes that were sent 
      to investigate the planet Mars and its moons.  The blackboard system 
      works in conjunction with an SMS and a reconfiguration control subsystem 
      (RCS).  It can be shown to be an effective way for one central control 
      subsystem to monitor and coordinate the activities and loads of many 
      interacting subsystems that may or may not contain redundant and/or 
      fault-tolerant elements.  The blackboard system will be coded in Ada 
      using tools such as the ABLE development system and the Ada Production 
      system.

Filman, R.E., et al.  Compiling Knowledge-Based Systems from KEE to Ada.  
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.  10p.  May 
1990.  (Order from NTIS: No. N90-27334/3/XAB)

      The dominant technology for developing AI applications is to work in a 
      multi-mechanism, integrated, knowledge-based system (KBS) development 
      environment.  Unfortunately, systems developed in such environments are 
      inappropriate for delivering many applications -- most importantly, they 
      carry the baggage of the entire Lisp environment and are not written in 
      conventional languages.  One resolution of this problem would be to 
      compile applications from complex environments to conventional 
      languages.  Here the first efforts to develop a system for compiling KBS 
      developed in KEE to Ada (trademark).  This system is called KATYDID, for 
      KEE/Ada Translation Yields Development Into Delivery.  KATYDID includes 
      early prototypes of a run-time KEE core (object-structure) library 
      module for Ada, and translation mechanisms for knowledge structures, 
      rules, and Lisp code to Ada.  Using these tools, part of a simple expert 
      system was compiled (not quite automatically) to run in a purely Ada 
      environment.  This experience has given us various insights on Ada as an 
      artificial intelligence programming language, potential solutions of 
      some of the engineering difficulties encountered in early work, and 
      inspiration on future system development.

Fonkoua, A.B.  Une Application de l'Intelligence Artificielle a la Synthese 
Architecturale des Circuits Integres Vlsi (Application of Artificial 
Intelligence to the Architectural Synthesis of VLSI Integrated Circuits.  
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.  220p.  1989.  
(Order from NTIS: No. N90-26589/3/XAB)

      The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods for the automatic 
      synthesis of integrated circuit architectures is investigated.  The 
      architectural synthesis problem is introduced.  An analysis of the 
      encountered difficulties justifies the use of artificial intelligence 
      methods to automate this task.  A critical description of a few expert 
      system generators is given.  These concepts are cast in an expert system 
      building tool called ODSE, conceived and programmed in Ada.  The 
      knowledge representation formalism, the inference mechanisms, and the 
      implementation are described.  The use of ODSE to realize a tool for 
      Architectural Synthesis Aid (ASA) is shown.  The methods used by ASA are 
      shown and their expression using ODSE formalism given.  The ASA approach 
      is compared to others used in similar tools.  Results for a test case 
      using ASA to synthesize a numeric 9th order LEAPFROG filter are given.

Fornarino, C., and B. Neveu.  "Ada and Le-Lisp: a marriage of convenience for 
AI."  In Proceedings of AIDA '89, pp. 4-16.  Fifth Annual Conference on 
Artificial Intelligence and Ada, November 16-17, 1989, Reston, Virginia.  
Published by George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Goranson, H.T.  "CALS Knowledge Bases for Assurance Technologies."  In 
Proceedings -- Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, pp. 196-201, 
January 27-29, 1987, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  Published by IEEE, New York, 
New York.  (Order from IEEE Service Center Catalog No. 87CH2397-8).

Grygo, G.  "Inference, DEC develop Ada expert systems tool."  In Digital 
Review (ART-Ada software package) (product announcement), Vol. 6, No. 44, 
November 6, 1989, pp. 29(2).

Hall, G.A., III, and J.T. Thompson.  "Satellite control using Ada and expert 
systems."  In Proceedings of AIDA '88, pp. 7/1-10.  Fourth Annual Conference 
on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, November 15-16, 1988, Fairfax, Virginia.  
Published by George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Hall, W., and B. Staveley-Taylor.  "An IKBS to support the learning of Ada as 
a second programming language."  In Journal of Pascal, Ada & Modula-2, Vol. 7, 
No. 1, January/February 1988, pp. 32-5.

Hanley, L.G., and Wang Chi-Wei.  "Rule based expert system in Ada."  In 
Proceedings of the ISA/88 International Conference and Exhibit; Advances in 
Instrumentation, pp. 1467-1477 (Vol. 43, Pt. 4), October 16-21, Houston, 
Texas.  Published by ISA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Hartrum, T.C., and G.B. Lamont.  "Development of a Comprehensive Software 
Engineering Environment."  In First Annual Workshop on Space Operations 
Automation and Robotics (SOAR '87), pp. 31-38, August 5-7, Houston, Texas.  
Published by NASA, Publication No. 2491, Washington, D.C.

Hays, D.  Languages for Artificial Intelligence: Implementing a Scheduler in 
LISP and in Ada.  National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, 
D.C.  92p.  October 1988.  (Order from NTIS: No. N89-13985/1/XAB)

      A prototype scheduler for space experiments originally programmed in a 
      dialect of LISP using some of the more traditional techniques of that 
      language, was recast using an object-oriented LISP, Common LISP with 
      Flavors on the Symbolics.  This object-structured version was in turn 
      partially implemented in Ada.  The Flavors version showed a decided 
      improvement in both speed of execution and readability of code.  The 
      recasting into Ada involved various practical problems of implementation 
      as well as certain challenges of reconceptualization in going from one 
      language to the other.  Advantages were realized, however, in greater 
      clarity of the code, especially where more standard flow of control was 
      used.  This exercise raised issues about the influence of programming 
      language on the design of flexible and sensitive programs such as 
      schedule planners, and called attention to the importance of factors 
      external to the languages themselves such as system embeddedness, 
      hardware context, and programmer practice.

Hendler, J.A., et al.  "AIRS: an AI-based Ada reuse tool."  In Proceedings of 
AIDA '87, pp. 22.  Third Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, 
October 14-15, 1987, Fairfax, Virginia.  Published by George Mason University, 
Fairfax, Virginia, 1987.

Hintz, J.C., et al.  "Using Ada in expert systems development -- Make Your 
Mark."  In Test Engineering Conference Proceedings: Your Weapon for Success in 
Today's Test Market, pp. 545-56, 24-27 June 1991, Miller Freeman Expositions, 
Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 1990.

Hirshfield, S.H.  "ERS: an expert system shell designed and implemented in 
Ada."  In Proceedings of AIDA '88, pp. 10/1-34.  Fourth Annual Conference on 
Artificial Intelligence and Ada, November 15-16, 1988, Fairfax, Virginia.  
Published by George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Ice, S., et al.  "Raising ALLAN: Ada logic-based language."  In Proceedings of 
AIDA '87, pp. 11.  Third Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, 
October 14-15, 1987, Fairfax, Virginia.  Published by George Mason University, 
Fairfax, Virginia, 1987.

Jaronowski, E.  "Perseus Project extends defense expert system," (Department 
of Defense's artificial intelligence project) Government Computer News 
(Spotlight on Ada), Vol. 6, No. 19, September 25, 1987, pp. 116(2).

Jaworski, A., et al.  "A Lisp-Ada connection for expert system development."  
In Proceedings of AIDA '87, pp. 16.  Third Annual Conference on Artificial 
Intelligence and Ada, October 14-15, 1987, Fairfax, Virginia.  Published by 
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1987.

Katz, A.  "OBD: a truth maintaining inference engine implemented in Ada."  In 
Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Artificial Intelligence and 
Simulation: The Diversity of Applications, pp. 188-93, February 3-5, 1988, San 
Diego, California.

Kelly, C., et al.  "The migration of an Expert System Application from Lisp to 
Ada."  In Proceedings of AIDA '89, pp. 108-19.  Fifth Annual Conference on 
Artificial Intelligence and Ada, November 16-17, 1989, Reston, Virginia.  
Published by George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Kester, J.E. "Pain and triumph: lessons learned from converting or interfacing 
other languages into Ada."  In Proceedings of the IEEE 1991 National Aerospace 
and Electronics Conference NAECON 1991, pp. 620-2(Vol 2), May 20-24, 1991.  
Published by IEEE, New York, New York.  Order from IEEE Catalog Service 
Center: No. 90CH3007-2)

Khatibi, F., and W.L. Schultz.  "DIGITS: an intelligent tutoring system using 
the Ada programming language."  In Proceedings of AIDA '87, pp. 18.  Third 
Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, October 14-15, 1987, 
Fairfax, Virginia.  Published by George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 
1987.

Kimble, C.  "Gaining control of reasoning through Ada designed AI tools for 
real-time."  In Proceedings of AIDA '90, pp. 70-84.  Sixth Annual Conference 
on Artificial Intelligence and Ada," November 14-15, 1990, George Mason 
University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1990.

Kitchen, T.L.  Object Oriented Design and Implementation of the IDEF sub 0 
Essential Data Model Using Ada and an Ada Based Expert System.  173p.  
December 1990.  (Order from DTIC or NTIS: No. AD-A230 814/6/XAB)

      This thesis develops and implements an Ada based object oriented design 
      (OOD) of the IDEF sub 0 Essential Data Model called the Essential 
      Subsystem, which includes an Ada based expert system for IDEF sub 0 
      model syntax checking.  IDEF sub 0 is a graphic approach to system 
      description development by SofTech, Inc., for the U.S. Air Force Program 
      for Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) and is a subset of 
      the Structured Analysis (SA) language (30, 36).  The IDEF sub 0 
      Essential Data Model is an entity-relationship (E-R) model of the IDEF 
      sub 0 language and represents the fundamental (essential) information of 
      an IDEF sub 0 model.  The Essential Subsystem is so named because of its 
      intended use as a subsystem for integration with the Ada based, IDEF sub 
      0 CASE tool, SAtool II, that is under concurrent development.  The 
      development of SAtool II is part of ongoing research at the Air Force 
      Institute of Technology (AFIT), with the Strategic Defense Initiative 
      Organization (SDIO), on the use of the IDEF sub 0 as a software 
      requirements modeling methodology.

Klus, W.J.  Space Station Mission Planning System (MPS) Development Study.  
Volume 1: Executive Summary, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 
Washington, D.C.  50p.  March 1987.  (Order from NTIS: No. N88-10047/4/XAB)

      The basic objective of the Space Station (SS) Mission Planning System 
      (MPS) Development Study was to define a baseline Space Station mission 
      plan and the associated hardware and software requirements for the 
      system.  A detailed definition of the Spacelab (SL) payload mission 
      planning process and SL Mission Integration Planning System (MIPS) 
      software was derived.  A baseline concept was developed for performing 
      SS manned base payload mission planning, and it was consistent with 
      current Space Station design/operations concepts and philosophies.  The 
      SS MPS software requirements were defined.  Also, requirements for new 
      software include candidate programs for the application of artificial 
      intelligence techniques to capture and make more effective use of 
      mission planning expertise.  A SS MPS Software Development Plan was 
      developed which phases efforts for the development software to implement 
      the SS mission planning concept.

Kramer, J.F., Jr.  "AI applications, real-time systems, and Ada."  In 
Proceedings of AIDA '88, pp. 2/1-12.  Fourth Annual Conference on Artificial 
Intelligence and Ada, November 15-16, 1988, Fairfax, Virginia.  Published by 
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Labhart, J., and K. Williams "Ada MeriTool: a software tool for 
knowledge-based systems."  In Proceedings of AIDA '89, pp. 63-73.  Fifth 
Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, November 16-17, 1989, 
Reston, Virginia.  Published by George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Lee, P.N., et al.  "Concurrent simulation with entity life modeling: an 
airport simulator using Ada."  In 1990 Winter Simulation Conference 
Proceedings, pp. 911-18, December 9-12, 1990.  Published by IEEE, New York, 
New York.  (Order from IEEE Catalog Service Center: No. 90CH2926-4)

Lee, S.D.  Framework for Building Real-Time Expert Systems," National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.  8p.  January 1991.  
(Order from NTIS: No. N91-20688/8/XAB)

Lee, S.D., and B.P. Allen "Deploying expert systems in Ada."  In TRI-Ada '89 
conference proceedings, pp. 181-90, October 23-26, 1989, Pittsburgh, 
Pennsylvania.  Published by the ACM, New York, New York, 1989.

Lee, S.D., and B.P. Allen, ART-Ada: An Ada-Based Expert System Tool, National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.  8p, January 1991.  
(Order from NTIS: No.  N91-20698/7/XAB)

      The Department of Defense mandate to standardize on Ada as the language 
      for software systems development has resulted in increased interest in 
      making expert systems technology readily available in Ada environments.  
      NASA's Space Station Freedom is an example of the large Ada software 
      development projects that will require expert systems in the 1990's.  
      Another large scale application that can benefit from Ada based expert 
      system tool technology is the Pilot's Associate (PA) expert system 
      project for military combat aircraft.  Automated Reasoning Tool (ART) 
      Ada, an Ada Expert system tool is described.  ART-Ada allow applications 
      of a C-based expert system tool called ART-IM to be deployed in various 
      Ada environments.  ART-Ada is being used to implement several prototype 
      expert systems for NASA's Space Station Freedom Program and the U.S. Air 
      Force.

Leeper, K.R.  "Artificial intelligence programming in Ada."  In IEEE/AIAA/NASA 
9th Digital Avionics Systems Conference Proceedings, pp. 159-64, October 
15-18, 1990.  Published by IEEE, New York, New York.  (Order from IEEE Catalog 
Service Center: No. 90CH2929-8)

Masotto, T., et al.  Knowledge Representation into Ada Parallel Processing.  
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C.  139p.  July 
1990.  (Order from NTIS: No. N91-13934/5/XAB)

      The Knowledge Representation into Ada Parallel Processing project is a 
      joint NASA and Air Force funded project to demonstrate the execution of 
      intelligent systems in Ada on the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory 
      fault-tolerant parallel processor (FTPP).  Two applications were 
      demonstrated -- a portion of the adaptive tactical navigator and a real 
      time controller.  Both systems are implemented as Activation Framework 
      Objects on the Activation Framework intelligent scheduling mechanism 
      developed by Worcester Polytechnic Institute.  The implementations, 
      results of performance analyses showing speedup due to parallelism and 
      initial efficiency improvements are detailed and further areas for 
      performance improvements are suggested.

Miles, J.A.H., et al.  "Real-time performance comparison of a knowledge-based 
data fusion system using Muse, ART and Ada."  In Conference Ninth 
International Workshop -- Expert Systems and their Applications -- Specialized 
Conference -- Artificial Intelligence and Defense, pp. 247-59.  EC2, Nanterre, 
France, 1989.

Mossberg, T.  "Ada and expert systems: the Intelligent Missile Project."  In 
Proceedings -- IEEE/AIAA/NASA 9th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, pp. 
177-82, October 15-18, 1990, IEEE, New York, New York, USA, 1990.  (Order from 
IEEE Catalog Service Center: Cat No. 90CH2929-8)

Norville, V.  "Navy builds AI system for weapons diagnosis."  In Federal 
Computer Week (artificial intelligence), Vol. 4, No. 14, April 9, 1990, pp. 
10(1).

Palanisamy, S.  "LAT: an Intelligent Ada Tutor."  In Conference Proceedings of 
Eighth Annual National Conference on Ada Technology, pp. 205-13, March 5-8, 
1990, Atlanta, Georgia.  Published by U.S. Army Communication-Electronic 
Command, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, 1990.

Ramanna, S., and J.F. Peters.  "Design of integrity kernels for distributed 
systems."  In Conference Proceedings of Eighth Annual National Conference on 
Ada Technology, pp. 226-35, March 5-8, 1990, Atlanta, Georgia.  Published by 
U.S. Army Communication-Electronic Command, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, 1990.

Rayment, P.J.  "Some techniques for advanced embedded expert systems."  In 
Conference KBS 87 Knowledge Based Systems, pp. 173-80.  Proceedings of the 
International Conference, June 23-25, 1987, London, England.  Published by 
Online Publications, London, England.

Reynolds, R.G., and J.J. Brewster.  "Metric-based reasoning about pseudocode 
design in PMS."  In First Annual ESD/SMI Expert Systems Conference and 
Exposition for Advanced Manufacturing Technology Proceedings, pp. 119-28, June 
9-11, 1987, Dearborn, Michigan.  Engineering Society Detroit, Detroit, MI, 
1987, University; Automotive Ind. Action Group.

Santhanam, V.  "STYLEMAN: an expert style editor for Ada."  In Proceedings of 
AIDA '89, pp. 12-31.  Fifth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and 
Ada, November 16-17, 1989, Reston, Virginia.  Published by George Mason 
University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Saunders, V.M., and V.S. Dobbs.  "Explanation generation in expert systems."  
In Conference Proceedings of the IEEE 1990 National Aerospace and Electronics 
Conference -- NAECON 1990, pp. 1101-6 (Vol 3/3), May 21-25, 1990, Dayton, 
Ohio.  Published by IEEE, New York, New York.  (Order from IEEE Catalog 
Service Center: No. 90CH2881-1).

Sayrs, B.G., and J.C. Ross.  "Rule-based configuration control mechanisms."  
In Twenty-Fifth Space Congress, Proceedings: Heritage, Dedication, Vision, pp. 
9, April 26-29, 1988, Cocoa Beach, Florida.  Canaveral Council of Technical 
Society.

Schwartz, K.D. "Software written in Ada diagnoses weapons systems," Government 
Computer News, Vol. 9, No. 11, May 28, 1990, pp. 58(1).

Shannon, T.C.  "DEC makes expert-system tool easier to integrate with C, Ada," 
Digital Review (product announcement), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 11, 1988, pp. 
104(1).

Sheppard, S.V., and U. Chandra.  "Parallel simulation environments for 
multiprocessor architectures."  In Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on 
Distributed Simulation, pp. 109-14, February 3-5, 1988, San Diego, California.  
SCS, San Diego, California, 1988.

Stockman, S.P.  "ABLE: an Ada-based blackboard system."  In Proceedings of 
AIDA '88, pp. 18/1-5.  Fourth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and 
Ada, November 15-16, 1988, Fairfax, Virginia.  Published by George Mason 
University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Taft, D.K.  "Art-Ada marries expert systems, Ada technology."  (Inference Corp 
and DEC produce Art-Ada expert system tool) in Government Computer News 
(product announcement), Vol. 9, No. 1, January 8, 1990, pp. 33(1).

Taft, D.K.  "NASA's Eli applies AI to Ada systems."  In Government Computer 
News (artificial intelligence), Vol. 7, No. 19, September 12, 1988, pp. 6(1).

      The Space Station Freedom is an example of complex systems that require 
      both traditional and artificial intelligence (AI) real-time 
      methodologies.  It was mandated that Ada should be used for all new 
      software development projects.  The station also requires distributed 
      processing.  Catastrophic failures on the station can cause the 
      transmission system to malfunction for a long period of time, during 
      which ground-based expert systems cannot provide any assistance to the 
      crisis situation on the station.  This is even more critical for other 
      NASA projects that would have longer transmission delays (e.g., the 
      lunar base, Mars missions, etc.).  To address these issues, a 
      distributed agent architecture (DAA) is proposed that can support a 
      variety of paradigms based on both traditional real-time computing and 
      AI.  The proposed testbed for DAA is an autonomous power expert (APEX) 
      which is a real-time monitoring and diagnosis expert system for the 
      electrical power distribution system of the space station.

Tsai, J.J.P., et al.  "A knowledge-based system for Ada software development."  
In Proceedings of AIDA '89, pp. 137-48.  Fifth Annual Conference on Artificial 
Intelligence and Ada, November 16-17, 1989, Reston, Virginia.  Published by 
George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Van Tassel, John P., and David Hemmendinger.  "Specifying and automatically 
generating Ada tasks in Prolog."  In Cooperation 1990 ACM 18th Annual Computer 
Science Conference Proceedings, pp. 121-127, Washington, D.C., February 20-22, 
1990.  Published by ACM, New York, New York.

Wallen, A.R., and S. Lubash.  "A high performance Ada-based real-time 
embeddable expert system shell."  In Proceedings of AIDA '90, pp. 21-32.  
Sixth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, 14-15 November 
1990, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA, 1990.

Wallnau, K.C., et al.  "Construction of knowledge-based components and 
applications in Ada."  In Proceedings of AIDA '88, pp. 3/1-21.  Fourth Annual 
Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, November 15-16, 1988, Fairfax, 
Virginia.  Published by George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Warn, K.  "Expert system shell standardization -- the controversy."  In 
Conference IEEE 1987 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference: NAECON 
1987, pp. 1384-7, Vol. 4(4 Vols), May 18-22, 1987, Dayton, Ohio.  Published by 
IEEE, New York, New York, 1987.  (Order from IEEE Catalog Service Center: No. 
87CH2450-5.)

Williams, K.A.  "Ada: a language for artificial intelligence?"  Conference 
Proceedings of the Third Annual Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Computer 
Technology Conference, pp. 98-110, April 22-24, Long Beach, California, 
Published by Tower Conference Manage, Wheaton, Illinois, 1987.

Wood, K., et al.  "Shuttle failure detection," IBM Aerospace America, Vol. 27, 
No. 7.

Wright, P.A.  "Ada real-time inference engine (ARTIE)."  In Proceedings of 
AIDA '89.  Fifth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, 
November 16-17, 1989, Reston, Virginia.  Published by George Mason University, 
Fairfax, Virginia.

                      ALPHABETICAL LIST (BY TITLE)

"AIRS: an AI-based Ada reuse tool."  In Proceedings of AIDA '87, pp. 22.  
Third Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ada, October 14-15, 
1987, Fairfax, Virginia, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1987.

"Apollo offers object-oriented programming facility."  (Apollo Computer Inc.'s 
Domain-C++ programming language) in Government Computer News, Vol. 7, No. 15.

Conference Proceedings MILCOMP 87: Military Computers, Graphics and Software.  
Microwave Exhibitions & Publishers, Tunbridge Wells, United Kingdom, 1987, 416 
pp., 29 Sept.-1 Oct. 1987, London, England, pp. 83-93.

Explanation Generation in Expert Systems (A Literature Review and 
Implementation).  155p.  1989.  (Order from DTIC or NTIS No. AD-A218 
741/7/XAB)

      Today's technology provides tremendous amounts of information at 
      incredible speeds.  In order to make this information useful for more 
      complex, significant problem solving applications, intelligent computer 
      software systems are needed.  The Expert System (ES) technology of 
      Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one solution that is emerging to meet 
      this need.  However, as this technology continues to develop and we 
      begin to use expert machines more and more, it is crucial that we demand 
      the same explanatory capability from these mechanical experts as we do 
      from human experts.  The credibility of human expertise is established 
      by an expert's ability to explain his expertise.  The credibility of 
      mechanical expertise must be established in the same way.  Additionally, 
      ESs are very complex, sophisticated systems.  In order to verify their 
      accuracy and correctness, ESs must be able to explain what they are 
      doing and why.  This thesis examines the Explanation Facilities (EFs) of 
      ESs by first conducting an extensive literature review of this topic, 
      and second, by implementing an EF for a frame-based ES shell.  The 
      purpose of the literature review is to gain a general understanding of 
      EF research and development while the purpose of the implementation 
      effort is to investigate the specifics of: explaining a frame-based ES, 
      adding an EF to an existing ES, and using Ada as the implementation 
      language for this AI application.

IEEE 1987 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference: NAECON 1987.  18-22 
May 1987, Dayton, Ohio.  IEEE, New York, New York, 1987.  4 vol., 1540 pp.  
(Order from IEEE Catalog Service Center: No. 87CH2450-5)

Proceedings of AIDA '87.  Third Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence 
and Ada, October 14-15, 1987, Fairfax, Virginia.  Published by George Mason 
University, Fairfax, Virginia, 1987.

Proceedings of AIDA '88.  Fourth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence 
and Ada, November 15-16, 1988, Fairfax, Virginia.  Published by George Mason 
University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Proceedings of AIDA '89.  Fifth Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence 
and Ada, November 16-17, 1989, Reston, Virginia.  Published by George Mason 
University, Fairfax, Virginia.

Proceedings of the IEEE 1989 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference 
NAECON 1989.  22-26 May 1989, Dayton, Ohio.  4 vol., 2102 pp.  IEEE, New York, 
New York, 1989.  (Order from Catalog Service Center: No. 89CH2759-9)

Proceedings of the IEEE 1990 National Aerospace and Electronics Conference -- 
NAECON 1990.  21-25 May 1990, Dayton, Ohio.  3 vol., 1378 pp.  IEEE, New York, 
New York, 1990,(Order from Catalog Service Center: No. 90CH2881-1)

"Software Engineering and its Application to Avionics."  (AGARD-CP-439) AGARD, 
Neuilly sur Seine, France, 1988.  viii+420 pp., 25-29 April 1988, Cesme, 
Turkey.

"USANN: A neural network simulator in Ada with application to process control 
problems."  In Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Pittsburgh Conference 
Part 2 (of 5), May 3-4, 1990.

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