Archive-name: feminism/info Version: 1.5 Last-modified: 9 September 1993 This is an informational post about the newsgroup soc.feminism. It is posted every 25 days. Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to rtfm.mit.edu under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/info. Or, send email to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with send usenet/news.answers/feminism/info in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty. NEW: the current charter for this group is included below. History of soc.feminism This group was formed in late 1989. There was considerable debate over the subject matter of the group, who would be allowed to post, who would moderate, and what the name of the group would be. There was a large contingent of people who were afraid that the purpose of soc.feminism would be to provide a women-only feminist-supportive environment, and they ensured that the charter of soc.feminism would allow pro-feminist and anti-feminist views, and be open to both women and men. In the end, four moderators were selected to moderate the group. As for the name of the group, it was nearly named talk.feminism, but soc.feminism won out. The decision was somewhat political, as it was felt that more sites carried soc. groups than talk. groups. It turns out that the subject matter of the group has evolved toward a basic assumption of the notion that women deserve a basic equality with men, with the disagreement focused on how to best achieve that, or the prices we pay for a certain route. Unfortunately, many of _these_ disagreements overwhelm the group at times, and we are working on ways to tone this down without invalidating different reader's points of views. Women and men both of diverse views have always been welcome to post. The original proposer of soc.feminism was Patricia Roberts, who collected the votes, worked with Greg Woods to set up a program allowing multiple moderators and chose the initial moderators. We were the first multiply moderated group: soc.religion.islam, rec.arts.sf.reviews and sci.physics.research have followed suit. The four original moderators of soc.feminism were Cindy Tittle [Moore], Miriam H. Nadel, Jean Marie Diaz and Valerie Maslak. Valerie dropped out about a year later when faced with increasing net-connection trouble. Jean Marie Diaz has not moderated since the summer of 1991, and Miriam Nadel has taken an extended leave of absence after taking up consulting work since mid 1992. Muffy Barkocy became a new moderator in December of 1991, and Paul Wallich joined us in the beginning of 1993. We always keep our eyes open for another moderator (send email to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu if interested). People who objected to soc.feminism's moderated format created the group alt.feminism in protest in the summer of 1992. Some dissatisfaction with how the group was progressing was discussed in the summer of 1993. A full scale discussion on a charter proposed by the moderators resulted and the charter was adopted at the end of the summer. Note that prior to this soc.feminism had had no charter, and used an informal set of guidelines instead. Charter Soc.feminism is a feminist discussion forum. Discussion on feminist theory, experiences, and opinion are all welcomed. The basic validity of feminism as a viewpoint, however, is not to be considered at issue. That is, no anti-feminist postings will be allowed. Note that "anti-feminist" does not necessarily include those who question feminist tenents so long as the intent is to find a better direction to take rather than to dismantle feminism. The overall goal of the newsgroup is to provide information to those wishing to learn more about feminism and to serve as a resource to those who consider themselves feminists. To this end, thoughtful, informational, well-organized and non-inflammatory articles will be preferred. Speculations and opinions should be clearly labelled as such, and sweeping generalizations about feminism (and women, and men) should be strictly avoided, in the spirit of recognizing that feminism takes many forms, opinions and positions. For the purposes of this newsgroup, a working definition of feminism is as follows: 1. The belief that women and men are, and have been, treated differently by our society, and that women have frequently and systematically been unable to participate fully in all social arenas and institutions. 2. A desire to change that situation. 3. That this gives a "new" point-of-view on society, when eliminating old assumptions about why things are the way they are, and looking at it from the perspective that women are not inferior and men are not "the norm." Obviously people will differ on the implications, opinions and course of action necessary that they derive from this basic position. Topical content is expected to be of interest to feminism. A wide variety of topics may be discussed; if the topic is no longer obviously feminist related, discussion may continue, as long as participants make it clear how their feminist views affect their opinions on the topic. The topics of rape and abortion are prohibited from this group, and discussion on these is directed to talk.rape and talk.abortion, respectively. Informational postings describing abortion rallies or Take Back the Night activities are the only exceptions. Inflammatory articles, ad-hominem or personal attacks are also prohibited. The parallel topic of equal rights for men is not to be the primary focus of this group. In particular, posts pointing an accusing finger at feminism for not being right there to create shelters for abused husbands or diverting/dismissing discussion on discrimination against women by pointing out where men are discriminated against instead are prohibited. Feminism is primarily concerned with eliminating bias against women; efforts to eliminate bias against men are equally laudable; but discussion of same will be steered toward soc.men, alt.dads-rights and other suitable forums. This is not to say that all discussion will ignore the situation of men, or how to make that better; most feminists do want to make things better for all people and in particular many radical feminists point out that you can't do one without the other. Discussion of men's rights is not prohibited, but such discussion may not be used as a means for invalidating other topics. Since there are many conflicting aspects of feminist thought, we know that posters to soc.feminism will disagree on some issues. Nevertheless, an attitude of *mutual respect* is expected. Soc.feminism is not to be a place for "conversion" -- people are not expected to convert non-feminists to feminism or vice versa. Neither are people expected to convert others from one flavor of feminism to another. Therefore, responses to a post that one disagrees with are not expected to pick apart that post but to describe alternate points of view and their supporting reasons. For example, if an article posts "a, b, and c" and you disagree, an article that says "I disagree, I think d, e, and f" will be preferred over "I disagree: not a, not b, and not c". Note that polite critiques, especially as part of minority views in feminism, will usually be accepted, but individuals who consistently post only critiques may be asked to contribute positive and informational articles about topics they're interested in instead. If we can't distinguish your article as an honest critique from an anti-feminist stance, we will ask you to clarify your position in your post. In borderline cases, depth of thought, originality and good writing will count. That is, an interesting posting will be preferred to a dull one. Decisions of the moderators based on these subjective factors are final. Those whose articles do not meet the above criteria are encouraged to explore alternative groups such as: alt.feminism, alt.dads-rights, soc.feminism.d (if created), soc.men, soc.women, talk.abortion, talk.politics.misc, and talk.rape. Soc.feminism FAQ's Soc.feminism publishes several FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions) on a monthly basis (this posting is one of them). The others are FAQ's on: References (books and articles on feminism, in three parts), Terminologies (descriptions of different "kinds" of feminism, esp. as used in this newsgroup), and Resources (a compilation of various organizations and groups of, for, and by, women). Two more: a history of feminism and a discussion of violence, are in the works. To obtain these FAQs, ftp to rtfm.mit.edu and look under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism. If you cannot use ftp, send email to the mail server at mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with no subject line, and any combinantion of the lines below (select the ones to get the FAQ's you're interested in) in the body of your message. send usenet/news.answers/feminism/info send usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms send usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1 send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2 send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3 Note that you must repeat the full path name for each included line. Digest There is a digest version of soc.feminism available. Write to feminism-digest@ncar.ucar.edu for details or to subscribe. It is mailed out about once a week or so depending on volume and consists of what has been posted (no editing). This is NOT automated; you are sending email to a person at feminism-digest. Submissions and Requests addresses To submit an article to soc.feminism, post as you normally do for other, non-moderated groups. This should work for most people. If you have trouble with this, email the article to feminism@ncar.ucar.edu. This will treat it exactly as any other article posted to soc.feminism (in fact, this is the address that your newsreader should email the intercepted article to). If you have questions about the group, you can send your questions to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu. This address will forward your mail to all active moderators (moderators take vacations, too). Please do not send email specifically to any one moderator unless you have been requested to do so, as email addresses may change. General Guidelines for submission You should first note that these guidelines are just that. They cannot precisely spell out exactly what will be accepted and what will be rejected. Much can depend on context, for example. In addition, there are always new takes on topics, and a set of guidelines could not hope to enumerate them all. Articles must be relevant to feminism. They may not contain ad-hominem attacks or flames. Discussion of the moderation of the group (what happened to an article, whether or not an article is really appropriate, etc.) must be sent to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu. Such discussion will not be posted to the newsgroup. This is not hard and fast, and discussion on the nature of the group's moderation has in the past occured on soc.feminism. Two topics that are of general feminist interest that are severely restricted here are abortion and rape. This is partly because the topics are inherently inflammatory and because there exist talk.abortion and talk.rape newsgroups to carry on full-fledged debates. Some discussion *is* allowed, mostly as long as the articles are not inflammatory and as long as the primary focus is on the topic's relationship with feminism. Informative articles (e.g., about specific groups, or calls for marches, or official positions of feminist organizations, etc) are allowed. You should note that while soc.feminism takes no official position on the question of abortion, the majority of abortion-related articles that are approved tend to be pro-choice simply because most of the articles submitted are. This should not be construed to reflect the personal opinions of the moderators, or of any individual posting to soc.feminism. Every now and then someone posts a question of the form "This is a feminist newsgroup, but I never see any women posting to it!" This may or may not be accompanied by a plea for men to reduce their posting. In the first place, simple demographics of USENET mean that there are overwhelmingly more men than women with access to USENET/email. The existence, however, of some groups that are almost totally female or balanced more 50-50, points to other problems than simple demographics. Many women have complained that soc.feminism is still "too hostile" for other women; there are undoubtedly many others that refrain from posting because of the negative aspects of being labelled or considered a feminist. If you are a woman and would like to see more women post, the only practical action you can take is ... to post. Asking men to refrain from posting is simply unfair, especially given USENET's public nature. There are a number of women-only forums, pointers to which appear in the Resources FAQ. There are many other topics that flare up into prolonged and protracted disagreements. Chief among these are 1) the question of gender neutral language, 2) the actual statistics on spouse-beating or other crimes in comparing which gender is "worse off," 3) the propriety of "women only" events when "men only" are always attacked as sexist (including the question of women-only colleges). These topics have come up many times and most regular readers would be appreciative if you check and even read some of the references given on these topics in the References post before jumping in or starting such a topic. This gives everybody a common basis to discuss from. While these topics are not forbidden, they may be stopped at the moderators' discretion when circularity starts to occur. Other articles that are otherwise perfectly acceptable may be rejected if a number of prior articles have made the same point, e.g., someone asks for a book title, or someone makes a point and a number of people make the same counterpoint. "Me too" and "What s/he said" articles are generally rejected as well. The aim is to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio as much as possible. The subject of homosexuality is relatively sensitive. We will not post anything we deem homophobic (we consider this to fall under unwarranted attacks that are already forbidden). Many articles on or about lesbianism are considered relevant to feminism because of the close association between feminism and lesbianism. Articles about gay males are accepted if there is a clear relevance to feminism present. The point is, there are ties between feminism and homosexuality, whether or not one disapproves of it. Those ties can be discussed so long as the question of whether or not homosexuality is "right" or "wrong" is avoided (since such discussion is irrelevant to feminism). Here's a check list: * Gay rights in general are structurally similar to women's rights, black rights, minority rights, etc. They may be acceptable (as would black or minority rights articles) if there are parallels drawn with feminism or some other clearly drawn link. * Because much of the theory of patriarchy revolves around how female sexuality is directed and used for the benefit of the patriarchy, Lesbianism is a direct challenge to the patriarchy, especially in Western cultures. Therefore most articles on Lesbianism are relevant. * Anti-gay rhetoric is not acceptable. Calm and reasoned arguments against homosexuality is not acceptable. Soc.feminism is not a forum for whether or not homosexuality is "right" or "wrong." If the post includes private email, be sure to obtain that individual's permission before posting it. There are no legal rules about this (yet), but it is requested as part of general net.etiquette for this group. If you are posting material that may be copyrighted, please give all information about where it comes from. Partial quotes, newspaper articles, book blurbs and the like are generally OK, but with full source information, we can decide whether such postings potentially infringe copyright law. We will not post articles that violate copyright law: examples include entire newspaper or magazine articles, or substantial portions of books. A review that extensively quotes such a source is OK, a commentary on such a source without as much quoting is better. Posting pointers alone to discussions in other groups is not generally allowed. However, a discussion of such a thread in another group is perfectly fine, eg, summarizing the discussion and adding your thoughts to it. Remember that we do not crosspost any soc.feminism articles in any case. Finally, please edit out all unnecessary quoted text and pay attention to your attributions. We have done some ourselves when it seemed necessary, but we do not feel that this should be part of our job. Therefore, your article may be returned with a request to streamline it if you do not take care to remove old signatures, excess text, unrelated points and the like. Multiple Moderation This group is moderated by several moderators, each working independently. Submissions are sent to feminism@ncar.ucar.edu, where one current moderator is selected, and the article forwarded to that moderator only. This means that there is some variation in what is approved or not, since there is inherent individual variation between different people. We do try to minimize this variation by consulting with each other on the occassional, problematic, article. However, the whole purpose of multiple moderation is to reduce the load on any one individual, therefore we do not consult each other over every posting we get. Please keep this in mind if you have a complaint which may be related to this. Anonymous Posting We have posted articles anonymously for contributors before. In general, you must satisfy us that you have a good reason for remaining anonymous. You will not be anonymous to the moderators, but your article will be posted without identifying material if we consent to posting it anonymously. For articles that you wish to be posted anonymously, you must preface it with your request and your reasons for the request. We will not post it if we think that your reasons are insufficient or deceitful; you will be informed via email of the decision. In any case, your identity will be kept confidential. Mail "handles" are not considered anonymous; anonymity is when there is no email address available to reach the person who posted the article. Soc.feminism has no policy regarding the common practice of using a fanciful name or nickname instead of the real name in the "handle" field. There are several anonymous mail servers that set up a double anonymous connection: when you send mail to it, it gives you an anonymous email address, and anyone responding to that email address gets an anonymous address of their own. We do not have any objections to people using this software (since you provide a valid email address to send to), but be aware that some of these services are a bit buggy and may cause us problems especially if we reject your article. Editorial Policy If the moderator who receives your article thinks that it is generally OK if it is somewhat edited, you will get your article back with comments. At this point, you can change it and send it back directly to that moderator. If you feel that changes are unreasonable, you can appeal to the feminism-request address. Articles that are rejected receive a "rejection notice"; again if you think it was unfounded, drop a note to feminism-request. If you sent an article and it has not appeared nor have you received email about it, you may wish to enquire via feminism-request. Do keep in mind, though, that articles may sit for a while; moderators do not necessarily check their mail over the weekends, and that site connectivity may mean that your site will not receive your article from the moderator's site within the time you expect. However, email is not perfect and has been known to send mail into giant black holes, so bear with us. The moderators may make cosmetic modifications to articles that have lines that are too long, have their attributions mixed up, or quote excessive material. Moderators will occasionally inject their comments, usually to the effect of advising people where followups are going to, warning of topic drift, or some other explanatory note. Any further modifications are always after consultation with the original author as described in the previous paragraph. -------------- Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu. Thank you, --Cindy Tittle Moore "The last thing feminism is about is exclusion. Feminists can be defined as those women and men who recognize that the earth doesn't revolve around anybody's son---or around any one group." -- Regina Barreca, _They Used to Call Me Snow White...But I Drifted_ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Area # 2120 news.answers 02-25-94 01:54 Message # 6640 From : TITTLE@NETCOM.COM To : ALL Subj : soc.feminism References ÿ@SUBJECT:soc.feminism References (part 1 of 3) ÿ@PACKOUT:03-01-94øFr Message-ID: Newsgroup: soc.feminism,soc.answers,news.answers Organization: Disorganized in Orange County, CA Archive-name: feminism/refs1 Version: 2.3 Last-modified: 15 February 1993 This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup soc.feminism. Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to rtfm.mit.edu under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1. Or, send email to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1 send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2 send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3 in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty. Summary of changes: Marked with |'s at beginning of lines. TABLE OF CONTENTS Prologue. 1. Academia and Sciences. 2. Families and Work. 3. Feminism and Psychology. (incl. sexualization, socialization, gender roles). 4. Education. 5. Feminist Theory and Overviews. 6. Folklore. 7. Gendered Communication and Language. 8. Gender Differences. [9-16 continued in part II, 17-24 continued in part III] Prologue. --------- This post contains commonly cited and/or useful references on various topics that come up in this newsgroup. Because of the nature of these discussions, it is helpful if you are familiar with at least some of the materials listed under the topic. This is NOT a "You Must Read Every Book On This List Before Participating In Soc.feminism" mandate, but be aware that some familiarity with books on a particular topic makes the ensuing discussion less frustrating for our regular readers who have seen many similar discussions before. ********************************************************************** ** In particular, if you have a question along the lines of "What ** ** can you tell me about ?" you would do better to check the ** ** sources listed here first before trying to garner explanations ** ** over the newsgroup. ** ********************************************************************** This list is undergoing continual modification and I welcome additional references for inclusion. In particular, I would like a wide variety of feminist opinion on each topic. I would also like your input on what "must reads" should be included under particular topics. Most of these books focus on feminism in the US; I would love more references to Canadian, British, European, Asian, African and Latin American feminism. If you have any corrections to point out, by all means, let me know if I've misspelled names or misattributed works. References marked with an asterisk are incomplete entries that I was unable to verify in the on-line catalogue. In most cases, I think these are references to articles in magazines or books. Any help with these would be appreciated. Disclaimer: The presence of any particular book in here does not necessarily reflect my views. There are often short blurbs contributed by many people along with the references; no guarantee is made as to their accuracy. If you wish to comment on any entry in here, please feel free to do so. I hope you are inspired to pick up any of these works and start reading! 1. Academia and Sciences. -------------------------- 1989 National Survey of Women Engineers, The Cooper Union. Available on request from the Albert Nerken School of Engineering, 51 Astor Place, New York, NY 10003. *See New Scientist, P. 8, 9/26/92, volume 135 for story on fighting sexism in astronomy. "Survey of Graduate Students", Presidential Committee on Women Students Interests, Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1987. "A Celebration of Women in Science," _Discover_, December 1991. Contains eleven profiles of successful women in a wide range of fields including Donna Cox in computer graphics. This is a great thing for us to read, to get young women and girls to read or to give as a gift to anyone you'd like to know about what women are doing. "Still a 'Chilly Climate' for Women?" _Science_, pp 1604-1606. June 21, 1991. Discusses the situation for women in physics and astronomy. It includes some pipeline statistics and results of a survey on the kinds of discrimination women perceive and men notice. Summary: blatant discrimination isn't so much a problem as a "pattern of micro-inequalities". _Notices of the American Mathematical Society_. No. 7, Sept. 1991. A special issue on women in mathematics. A variety of issues are covered. "Women and Computing", _Communications of the ACM_, ( Nov. 1990 vol. 33, no. 11.). "Women in Science and Engineering", Sept-Oct 1991 issue of the "American Scientist" (published by the Sigma Xi Scientific Society) (pp. 404-419). Abramson, Joan. _Discrimination in the Academic Profession_. Jossey-Bass, Inc., San Francisco. 1975. Aisenberg, Nadya and Mona Harrington. _Women in Academe: Outsiders in the Sacred Grove_. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst. 1988. Baum, Eleanor, "Recruiting and Graduating Women: The Underrepresented Student", IEEE Communications Magazine, December 1990, 47-50. Bernstein, D, "Comfort and experience with computing: are they the same for men and women?", SIGCSE, 23(3), 1990. Bernstein, D, "Understanding spreadsheets: Effects of computer training on mental model acquisition", _Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science Conference_, 164-172, 1990. Betz, Nancy E, "What stops women and minorities from choosing and completing majors in science and engineering", edited transcript of a Science and Public Policy Seminar given on June 15, 1990. Copies can be obtained from the Federation of Behavioral, Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, 1200 Seventeenth St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036. (202) 955-7758, fax no: (202) 955-7608, bitnet address: fed@gwuvm. Bruer, John T., Jonathan R. Cole, and Harriet Zuckermann. _The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community_. W. W. Norton & Co, New York. 1991, 351 pp. Presents the status of women in science today, as well as the reasons for this standing. Brush, Stephen G. "Women in Science and Engineering", _American Scientist_ 79, (Sep-Oct).404-419, 1991. This is an ambitious article. In about 12 pages (not including the list of 102 references), Stephen Brush discusses factors relevant to young girls through senior professionals, across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Butcher, D. and W. Muth. "Predicting performance in an introductory computer science course", _Communications of the ACM_, 27(11), 263- 268, 1985. Campbell, P. and G. McCabe. "Predicting the success of freshmen in a computer science major", _Communications of the ACM_, 27(11), 1108- 1113, 1984. Casserly, Patricia Lund. "Helping Able Young Women Take Math and Science Seriously in School", The College Board, New York. 1979. Reprinted, with revisions, from Colangelo Zaffrann, ed., _New Voices in Counseling the Gifted_. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 1979. Dambrot, F., M. Watkins-Malek, S. Silling, R. Marshall, and J. Garver. "Correlates of sex differences in attitudes toward and involvement with computers", _Journal of Vocational Behavior_, 27, 71-86, 1985. Dijkstra, E. "On the cruelty of really teaching computer science", _Communications of the ACM_, 32(12), 1397-1414, 1989. Erkut, Sumru. "Exploring Sex Differences in Expectancy, Attribution, and Academic Achievement", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 217-231. Ernest, John. "Mathematics and Sex", _The American Mathematics Monthly_, October 1976, 83:595-615. Ferry, Georgina and Jane Moore. "True Confessions of Women in Science", _New Scientist_ 95 (July 1, 1982), 27-30. Fidell, L. S. "Empirical Verification of Sex Discrimination in Hiring Practices in Psychology", in R. K. Unger and F. L. Denmark, eds., _Women: Dependent or Independent Variable_ Psychological Dimensions, New York. 1975. Franklin, Phyllis, et al. "Sexual and Gender Harassment in the Academy: A Guide for Faculty, Students and Administrators", Commission on the Status of Women in the Profession, The Modern Language Association of America, New York, NY. 1981. Frenkel, Karen A. "Women and Computing", _Communications of the ACM_, November 1990, 34-46. Gerver, E. "Computers and Gender". In Forester, Tom, ed. _Computers in the Human Context_. pp481-501. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1989. Gilbert, Lucia A., June M. Gallessich, and Sherri L. Evans. "Sex of Faculty Role Model and Students' Self-Perceptions of Competency", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 597-607. Gornick, Vivian. _Women in Science: 100 Journeys into the Territory_, Touchstone, Simon & Schuster, New York. 1990. Grinstein, Louise S. and Paul J. Campbell, eds. _Women in Mathematics. A Bibliographic Sourcebook_. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut. 1987. Describes ~50 women who were prominent in mathematics. Computer science is considered part of math since Grace Hopper and Ada Lovelace are included. The editors wanted to give a historical perspective of women's role in mathematics so they have only considered women born before 1930. Gries, David, and Dorothy Marsh. "The 1989-90 Taulbee Survey", _Communications of the ACM_, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1992. A survey of professors across the nation. Statistics. In particular, addresses what the survey tells us about women in academia. Gries, David and Dorothy Marsh. "CS Produced 734 Ph.D.s in 1989-90; CE Adds 173 for a Total of 907", _Computing Research News_, January 1991, 6-10. Gross, Jane. "Female Surgeon's Quitting Touches Nerves at Medical School", The New York Times, July 14, 1991, page 10. Hacker, Sally L. _Doing it the hard way_. Unwin Jyman, Boston. 1990. Hacker, Sally L. _Pleasure, power and technology_. Unwin Hyman, Boston. 1989. Hacker, Sally L., "Mathematization of Engineering: Limits on Women and the Field", in Joan Rothschild, ed., _Machina ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on Technology_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1983. pages 38- 58. Hess, Robert D. and Irene T. Miura. "Gender Differences in Enrollment in Computer Camps and Classes", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 13 (1985) 193-203. Hill, T., N. Smith, and M. Mann. "Role of efficacy expectations in predicting the decision to use advanced technologies: The case of computers", _Journal of Applied Psychology_, 72, 307-313, 1987. Holland, Dorothy C. and Margaret A. Eisenhart. _Educated in Romance: Woman, Achievement, and College Culture_. The University of Chicago Press. 1990. Homans, Hilary. "Man-made Myths: The Reality of Being a Woman Scientist in the NHS", in Spencer, Anne and David Podmore, eds, _In a Man's World: Essays on Women in Male dominated Professions_. Tavistock Publications, London and New York. 1987. Jacobus, Mary, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth, eds. _Body Politics: Women And The Discourses Of Science_. Routledge, NY, 1990. Kass-Simon, G. and P. Farnes, eds. _Women of Science. Righting the Record_. Indiana University Press. 1990. Reviewed in the March issue of IEEE Spectrum. A collection of 10 articles about women who have made important contributions to science and technology. Unclear that a computer scientist is included. Women mentioned in the review are Bertha Lamme, Edith Clarke, Jenny Rosenthal, Mildred Dresselhaus, Lillian Gilbreth, Marie Curie and Irene Curie. An encouraging aspect of these women's lives is that many of them were married and had families. Also includes a discussion of the differences in how men's and women's work are remembered. Keith, Sandra Z. and Philip Keith, eds. _Proceedings of the National Conference on Women in Mathematics and the Sciences_. St. Cloud, MN: St. Cloud University, 1990. Keller, Evelyn Fox. _Reflections on Gender and Science_. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1985. Examines how images of sex and gender have influenced the philosophy of knowledge and the progress of science, going back to Plato's "Symposium". Kelly, Alison, "Why Girls Don't Do Science", _New Scientist_, May 20, 1982. On women's lack of participation on science. "Teachers put extra effort into teaching boys to read to make up for any deficiency, whether its origin is biological or social. The same could be done to boost the spatial ability of girls if the problems were considered equally serious." (pg 497). Kelly, Alison, ed. _Science for Girls?_. Open University Press, London and Philadelphia. 1987. ISBN 0-355-10294-8. Kerr, Barbara A., Ph.D. _Smart Girls, Gifted Women_. Ohio Psychology Press. ISBN 0-910707-07-3 (paperback, $13.95). Why is it that so many gifted & talented girls STILL aren't realizing their ful l potential, despite the Women's Movement? More to the point, what exactly is it that a gifted girl needs but society or individual circumstances may fail to provide? The answers may surprise you. (I'm not just saying that to be arch; I really WAS surprised at some of them.) Kiesler, Sara, Lee Sproull, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles. "Pool Halls, Chips, and War Games: Women in the Culture of Computing", _Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 9 (1985) 451-462. Koblitz, Neal, "Are Student Ratings Unfair to Women?", _Newsletter of the Association for Women in Mathematics_, September-October 1990. Kramer, Pamela E. and Sheila Lehman. "Mismeasuring Women: A Critique of Research on Computer Ability and Avoidance", _Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society_ 16 (1990) 158-172. *Leveson, Nancy, "Women in Computer Science: A Report of the NSF CISE Cross-Disciplinary Activities Advisory Committee" Lockheed, Marlaine E. "Women, Girls, and Computers: A First Look at the Evidence", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 13 (1985) 115-122. Martin, Dianne, ed. "In Search of Gender-Free Paradigms for Computer Science", NECC, Eugene, OR., 1991. Ogozalek, Virginia Z. "A Comparison of Male and Female Computer Science Students' Attitudes Toward Computers", SIGCSE Bulletin, June 1989, volume 21, number 2, 8-14. Pearl, Amy, Martha E. Pollack, Eve Riskin, Becky Thomas, Elizabeth Wolf, and Alice Wu. "Becoming a Computer Scientist", _Communications of the ACM_, November 1990, 47-57. *Perry, Ruth and Lisa Greber. "Women and Computers: An Introduction" Pryor, Sally. "Thinking of Oneself as a Computer", _Leonardo_, Vol. 24, Issue 5 (1991). A very interesting and provocative article about the basic conflict between our gender-identity as women and our professional identity as computer professionals. Rossner, S. _Teaching science and health from a feminist perspective: A practical guide_, Elmsfor, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, 1986. Rothschild, Joan. _Machina Ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on Technology_. Pergamon Press. 1983. Rothschild, Joan. _Teaching Technology From a Feminist Perspective: A Practical Guide_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1988. Sanders, Jo Shuchat and Antonia Stone (for the Women's Action Alliance). _The Neuter Computer_. Neal-Schuman Publishers, New York. 1986. ISBN. 1-555-70006-3 (paper). Spertus, Ellen. _Why Are There So Few Female Computer Scientists?_, (1991). An in-depth examination of the many reasons there is a dearth of women in computer science. Available via ftp from ftp.ai.mit.edu under pub/users/ellens/womcs*.ps in postscript format. For information on receiving the bound version of the report (which is $8 + shipping costs), contact publications@ai.mit.edu with your mailing address (to compute shipping costs) and a request for AI TR 1315. A very useful, annotated bibliography as well. Tidwell, Jenifer, "Hackers in the Garden: A Case Study of Women in Computer Engineering", unpublished, 1990. Tijdens, K., M. Jennings, I. Wagner, & M. Weggelaar, "Women, Work, and Computerization: Forming New Alliances", Amsterdam: North- Holland, 1989. Tobias, Sheila. "They're Not Dumb, They're Different. Stalking the Second Tier." Can be purchased from Science News Books, 1719 N St., NW, Washington, DC 20036. The first copy is $2 and additional copies are $.50 each. Turkle, Sherry and Seymour Papert, "Epistemological Pluralism: Styles and Voices within the Computer Culture", Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 16 (1990), 128-157. Turkle, Sherry, "The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit", New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. Van Nostrand, Catharine Herr, "Gender-Responsible Leadership: Do Your Teaching Methods Empower Women?", pages 186-191 Sage Publications, Inc., in Spring 1991. Direct inquiries, with a SASE, to the author at: 36854 Winnebago Road, St. Cloud, MN 56303. Widnall, Sheila E. "AAAS Presidential Lecture: Voices from the Pipeline", _Science_ 241 (September 30, 1988), 1740-1745. *Widnall, Sheila, "Voices from the Pipeline" Wilson, Meg, ed. _OPTIONS for Girls. A Door to the Future_. Foundation for Women's Resources. The Anthology has been developed over the past 6 years. The best 1000 articles, books and studies [from an earlier project] were reviewed and pared down to a readable set of articles that described the problem of why girls don't take more science and math AND that describe strategies to overcome this problem. Between citations within articles and the supplemental reading list the anthology also presents a substantial bibliography. The target audience includes parents, teachers, school board members, community leaders and girls themselves. The anthology is $22 (includes shipping and handling, no tax assessed). Write to: Pro-Ed, 8700 Shoal Creek Blvd, Austin, TX 78758, attn. Linda Brown. Discounts available for large orders. Wolpert, Lewis and Alison Richards. _A Passion for Science_. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1988. Zappert, Laraine T. and Kendyll Stansbury, "A Comparative Analysis of Men and Women in Graduate Programs in Science, Engineering and Medicine at Stanford University", Working Papers, Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Stanford University, 1985. Single copies are available at no cost from the Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Stanford, University (415-723-1994). 2. Families and Work. ---------------------- Alcott, Louisa May. _Working_. Schocken Books. 1977. ISBN 0-8052-0563-2. Beneria, Lourdes and Catharine R. Stimpson, eds. _Women, Households and the Economy_. Series: The Douglass series on Women's Lives and the Meaning of Gender. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. 1987. Collection describing interrelationship between family and work, patriarchy and capitalism. Also often used as a text. Campbell, Bebe Moore. _Successful Women, Angry Men: backlash in the two-career marriage_ Random House, 1986. ISBN: 0-394-55149-4. It's less academic than _The Second Shift_, but gains a sense of immediacy Hochschild lacks. _SW, AM_ discusses how the realities of marriage have changed (mostly talking about the upper middle class) and how the expectations and social and technical education of both genders has failed to keep up. Cockburn, Cynthia. _Machinery of Dominance. Women, Men, and Technical Know-How_. Pluto Press, London and Dover, NH. 1985. Northeastern University Press, Bostion. 1988. A discussion of job segregation in the workplace and its relationship to gendered assumptions, patriarchy, and technology. Fassel, Diane. _Working Ourselves to Death: The High Cost of Workaholism, the Rewards of Recovery_. Harper, San Francisco. 1990. Dedication: "This book is for all those who struggle with the insidious killer disease called workaholism. It is for those who know that facing the reality of work addiction is to meet the wrath of society. It is for all who long for life-giving workplaces and a saner society." Sample chapters. -- Workaholism. Reality & Myths -- Women & Workaholism -- The Workaholic Organization -- Why Are We Doing This to Ourselves? Hertz, Rosanna. _More Equal Than Others: Women and Men in Dual-Career Marriages_. University of California Press. 1986. 0-520-05804-6. Blurb: "...offers a provocative glimpse of changing marital styles among young corporate couples. Frofessor Hertz describes with perception and wit the negotiations and ad hoc accommodations entailed as dual-career families succumb to the seduction of success. This book will surely give pause to those who believe that ideological commitments to gender equality will stimulate or sustain marriage and childrearing patterns in the post-feminist era. Rather, one detects the awesome power of corporations to shape the private lives of even the most privileged employees." Hochschild, Arlie and Anne Machung. _The Second Shift_. Viking Press. 1989. A well-reasearched look at the two-pay-check marriage, sheds a great deal of light on why so many men are still unwilling to share the housework and childcare. |Jeffreys, S., ed. _The Sexuality Debate_. | A collection of the major articles that fueled the feminist | campaigns and helped bringh about significant reforms in the area | of secual abuse of women and domestic violence. [British] Lang, Susan S. _Women without Children: The Reasons, the Rewards, the Regrets_. Pharos Books. 1991. ISBN 0-89687-532-3. Lang examines the issue of childlessness through a series of interviews as well as citations from the social science literature. She presents various reasons women don't have children, then cites the statistics on the financial and personal strains on a couple having children, the disproportionate amount of work women do for their kids, the freedom childfree living can bring, the fact that a majority of mothers are ambivalent about motherhood. She tries to debunk stereotypes of childless women as selfish, lonlier in their old age, less well off financially, etc. While many of the older women she interviewed said they went through a difficult period when they realized they would remain childless, they all seemed to adapt well and go on to find other sources of satisfaction in their lives. Milwid, Beth. _What You Get When You Go For It_. Dodd, Mead, New York. 1987. Women in the professions (USA). Milwid, Beth. _Working with Men: Professional Women Talk about Power, Sexuality and Ethics_. Revised edition. Beyond Words, Hillsboro, OR. 1990. Okin, Susan Moller. _Justice, Gender, and the Family_. BasicBooks, Harper Collins, Publishers. 1989. ISBN: 0-465-03703-8. Feminist critique of modern political theory that shows why and how, in order to include all of us, theories of justice need to apply their standards to the family itself. Fascinating reading. Contains an interesting demolition of libertarian philosophy. |Paul, Ellen Frankel. _Equity and Gender: the Comparable Worth |Debate_. 1990. | Begins by explaining how comparable worth -- or pay equity | imposed by law -- is a full frontal assault on the free market by | those who scoff at the market's ability to provide justice, and | argues that the free market, not the state, is the better ally of | feminism. Ruggie, Mary, _The State and Working Women: A Comparative Study of Britain and Sweden_. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1984. Sayers, Dorothy L. _Are Women Human?_. Reprint. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids. 1971. This may be the actual reference for the next entry, which I couldn't find. *Sayers, Dorothy L. _Not Quite Human_. This does a very good job of showing what it would be like for men to be judged on the basis of their gender the way that women are. Although it was written a long time ago, it is unfortunately still quite relevant. Schenkel, Susan, "Giving Away Success: Why Women Get Stuck and What to Do About It" Stephenson, June. _The Two-Parent Family Is Not The Best_. The book is a fairly academic report on a survey of adults who were raised in a variety of circumstances: by biological parents, single parents and biological/step parents. It evaluates both their perceptions of their happiness as children and a more objective evaluation of their current status as happy, well-adjusted adults. It presents extensive statistical reporting and analysis of the results of the survey. Some interesting points: Children in a two-parent family were more likely to have a parent who used alcohol excessively (with implied negative effects) and who abused them physically or sexually. "Negative impact on children's self-esteem was affected by parents not spending much time with their children, and greatly affected by persistent family discord." It appears that a child is better off with a single, interested parent than with one interested and one disinterested parent. "There are also indications that children growing up in two parent families where the mother does not work outside the home, may develop excessive dependency." "A family with a father and a mother who does not work outside the home represents only 8% of the families today." Stromberg and Harkess, eds. _Women Working: Theories and Facts in Perspective_. Mayfield Publications, Palo Alto, CA. 1978. Commonly used text in sociology of women and work classes. Discusses women and work across life course and by race and ethnicity and class, and proposals for change. Ward, Kathryn. _Women Workers and Global Restructuring_. ILR Press, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 1990. Impact of multi-national corporate structure on women in developing countries. Weitzman, Lenore. _The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America_. The Free Press/Mac Millian, 1985. Author is currently a member of the faculty at Harvard. Includes statistics on differences in standards of living after divorce (73% decline for women, 42% rise for men). Well documented and contains sociologically sound analysis. Williams, Christine L.. _Gender Differences at Work (Women and Men in Nontraditional Occupations)_ (University of California Press, 1989. ISBN 0-520-07425-4). A lucid discussion of occupational sex-segregation. 3. Feminism and Psychology. ---------------------------- Benhabib, Seyla. "The Generalized and Concrete Other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan Controversy and Moral Theory" in Kittay, Eva Feder; Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_, Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1987. Seyla Benhabib suggests that a functioning ethical system needs to recognize both the concrete and the generalized other in order to function. She uses the Kohlberg-Gilligan controversy as a reference in the discussion. Cancian, Francesca M. _Love in America: Gender and Self-Development_. Cambridge University Press, 1987. ISBN: 0-521-39691-3 (trade paperback). Blurb: "In the last 25 years, Americans have gained considerable freedom in their personal lives. Relationships are now more flexible, and self-development has become a primary goal for both men and women. Most scholars have criticized this trend to greater freedom, arguing that it undermines family bonds and promotes selfishness and extreme independence...she [instead] shows that many American couples succeed in combining self-development with commitment, and that interdependence, not independence, is their ideal. In interdependent relationships, love and self-development do not conflict but reinforce each other." Chodorow, Nancy. _The Reproduction of Mothering_. UC Press, 1978. This is a psychoanalytic account of how boys and girls establish different gender identities. The work focuses on the consequences of the fact that mothering is done by women in our society. This is an academic book, which means its by no means easy-going, and readers who are unsympathetic to Freudian and object relations psychology will dismiss it out of hand. Chodorow's book is really the seminal work on "relational" vs. "instrumental" differences in wo/men--concepts that are core to later writers like Gilligan, etc. Daly, Mary. _Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1978. Includes sections titled. "American Gynecology. Gynocide by the Holy Ghosts of Medicine and Therapy" "Nazi Medicine and American Gynecology: A Torture Cross-Cultural Comparison." Devor, Holly. _Gender Blending_. Indiana University Press, 1989. ISBN. 0-253-20533-6. Examines women who are often mistaken for men and discusses the impact on the women and reviews their childhood. An *excellent* book for anyone desiring to understand the differences between gender, gender roles and gender identity. Fransella, Fay and Kay Frost. _On Being a Woman_. Tavistock Publications, London and New York. 1977. A review of research on how women see themselves. Focuses on what women have to say about themselves, rather than what others say about them. The authors are interested in what it means to a woman to be a women; they also make people aware of the fact that it is uncommon to ask women what they think of themselves. Extensive bibliography. Gilligan, Carol. _In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development_. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1982. Standard, well known text on different modes of moral development between men and women. Widely cited, widely criticized. Gilligan, Carol. "Moral Orientation and Moral development" in Kittay, Eva Feder; Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_, Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1987. The article discusses the question of relationship between the care perspective and the rights perspective in moral development. Gilligan also continues her research begun in _In a Different Voice_. Golden, Carla. "Diversity and Variability in Women's Sexual Identities" in _Lesbian Psychologies_. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987. p. 28. Graddol, David and Joan Swann. _Gender Voices_. B. Blackwell, Oxford and New York. 1989. In particular, chapter 9, Problems of Power discusses male dominance of conversation in the classroom. Griffin, Susan. _Woman and Nature_. 1978. Author gives a description of the figurines on Freud's study together with ironic comments on his interpretation of myth and irrational "rationalism". It is a contrast of the voices of patriarchy with the voices of women done in a dramatic, poetic style. Harragan, Betty Lehan, _Games Mother Never Taught You_. Warner Books, New York. 1987. Haug, Frigga, ed. _Female Sexualization_. Verso, 6 Meard Street, London W1V 3RH. 1987. ISBN: 0-86091-875-0. Examines the way women are taught to see themselves as 'feminine' through the investment of parts of the body with a whole range of social and psychological significance. Originally published as _Sexualisierung: Frauenformen 2_, 1983. Heatherington, Laurie and Judith Crown, Heidi Wagner, and Scott Rigby, "Toward an Understanding of Social Consequences of `Feminine Immodesty' About Personal Achievements", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 20 (1989) 371-380. Heilbrun, Carolyn G.. _Toward A Recognition of Androgyny_. A search into myth and literature to trace manifestations of androgyny and to assess their implications for today. Horner, Matina S., "Femininity and Successful Achievement: A Basic Inconsistency", in Judith Bardwick, et al, eds. _Feminine Personality and Conflict_. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1970. Johnson, Miriam M.. _Strong Mothers, Weak Wives_. UC Press, Berkeley. 1988. Hypothesis is that the mother's role derives from a position of strength, while the wife's role reflects a position of weakness. Examines socialization and societal construction within this framework. Kundsin, Ruth B., ed. _Women and Success: The Anatomy of Achievement_. New York: William Morrow & Company, 1974. Lorber, Judith and Susan A. Farrel, eds. _The Social Construction of Gender_. SAGE publications, Newbury Park, CA. 1991. Broad collection of writings. "Principles of Gender Construction", "Gender Construction in Family Life", "Gender Construction in the Workplace", "Feminist Research Strategies", "Racial Ethnic Identity and Feminist Politics", "Deconstructing Gender." Masters, William H. and Virginia E. Johnson. _Human Sexual Response_. Boston, Little, Brown, 1966. Debunked the Freudian dichotomoy of vaginal vs. clitoral orgasms. Mednick, Martha Tamara Shuch, Sandra Schwartz Tangri, and Lois Wladis Hoffman, eds. _Women and Achievement: Social and Motivational Analyses_. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York. Distributed by Halstead Press. 1975. Meyers, Diana T. "The Socialized Individual and individual Autonomy" in Kittay, Eva Feder; Meyers, Diana T., _Women and Moral Theory_, Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ, 1987. Meyers defends the position exponents of the care perspective can be morally autonomous. Miller, Jean Baker, MD. _Toward a New Psychology of Women_. Second edition. Beacon Press, Boston. 1986. Blurb: On the tenth anniversary of the original publication of this revolutionary book, Dr. Jean Baker Miller reflects on where women are today, addressing both the enormous progress in some areas and the challenges still to be met. Celebrating the questions that have been raised and the actions women have taken, as well as looking toward future change, Miller affirms the strength and diversity of women. Raymond, Janice G. _The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1979. Subjects: Lesbians, sex roles, sex change, medicine (philosophy). Rheingold, H. L. and K. V. Cook, "The Contents of Boys' and Girls' Rooms as an Index of Parents' Behavior", _Child Development_, 46 (1975), 445-463. Rich, Adrienne Cecile. _Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution_. 10th anniversary ed. Norton, New York, 1986. Original copyright 1976. A book with a fine rage against patriarchy and ambivalence toward men, who are its most obvious standardbearers. (Rich recounts how she thought of herself as a fiery feminist until she went to France. When she told one woman their that she had three sons, the response was a contemptuous "Vous travailez pour l'armee, madame?") Riger, Stephanie. "Epistemological Debates, Feminist Voices: Science, Social Values, and the Study of Women," in _American Psychologist_, June 1992. A well-written article: Riger reviews several very important issues pertaining to women and social science (experimental psychology in particular). She calls for "a new vision of the psychological study of women that construes gender as a product of social interaction and links women's agency with the shaping power of the sociocultural, historical, and political context." Riger notes that an extended version of this paper will appear in _Psychology of Women: Biological Psychology and Social Perspectives_; that paper is "in preparation." Schaef, Anne Wilson. _Women's Reality: An Emerging Female System in the White Male Society_. New edition. Harper and Row, Publishers. 1985. ISBN: 0-86683-753-1. From blurb: "_Women's Reality_ is one of the few books that is supportive of women's changing roles without putting men down. It allows men and women to see each other as friends rather than enemies...A brillian dissection of the psycho-social differences between male and female experience." Schaef, Ann Wilson, _The Addictive Organization_. Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1988. ISBN 0062548417. *Schaef, Ann Wilson, "White Male System" Shainess, Natalie. "A Psychiatrist's View. Images of Women - Past and Present, Overt and Obscured," 1969. Reprinted in _Sisterhood is Powerful_ ed Robin Morgan (1970) It references the earlier work of Karen Horney from 1926, and Clara M. Thompson from 1942, which suggests *someone* has been asking questions about Freudian relevance, esp. for women, for a long time. Steinem, Gloria. _Revolution form Within_. This has been panned, and probably misjudged, as a woozy exercise in New Age thumb-sucking, but it is more about developing a good sense of self. A good thing about this book is that it keeps self-esteem firmly in context; she evidently recognizes that it is difficult to feel good about oneself if one has nothing of oneself to feel good about. Stern, Marilyn and Katherine Hildebrandt Karraker. "Sex Stereotyping of Infants: A Review of Gender Labeling Studies", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 20 (1989) 501-522. Ussher, Jane. _The Psychology of the Female Body_. Routledge, London and New York. 1989. Examines the role of the female body in women's identity and experience. the way menarche, menstration, pregnancy, and menopause affect women's lives, the ways the female body and reproduction have been used to confine and control women, and psychological evidence is given to refute many myths surrounding women's bodies. Originally part of Ph.D. thesis. 4. Education. -------------- Adelman, Clifford. "Putting Women's Education to Work Could Enrich U.S. Economy," _Los Angeles Times_, October 28, 1990, Opinion Section. Author is a senior associate in the Office of Research, US Dept. Ed. Fascinating discussion on the US Department of Education's study of the high-school class of 1972. Antler, Joyce and Sari Knopp Biklen, eds. _Changing Education: Women as Radicals and Conservators_. 1990. In particular, chapter 10: The Impact of Higher Education upon Career and Family Choices: Simmons College Alumnae, 1906-1926 deals with working/middle class women vs. elite. Astin, A.W. _From Critical Years: Effects of College on Beliefs, Attitudes and Knowledge_. 1977. Bennett, Sheila Kishler, "Student Perceptions of and Expectations for Male and Female Instructors: Evidence Relating to the Question of Gender Bias in Teaching Evaluation", _Journal of Educational Psychology_, 74 (1982), 170-179. Block, J.H. "Gender Differences and the Implications for Educational Policy," in Block, J.H. _Sex Role Identity and Ego Development_, 1984. pp207-252. Burstall, Sara A. _The Education of Girls in the United States_. 1984. Clarke, Hansen and Michael Meyers. "Should States Support Single-sex, Black Schools?" in _State Government News, 35(1), Jan. 1, 1992, p16. Brown vs. Board of Education / segregation argument. Clark, Shirley M. and Mary Corcoran. "Perspectives on the Professional Socialization of Women Faculty: A Case of Accumulative Disadvantage?", _Journal of Higher Education_, Vol. 57, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1986. Edwards, Elizabeth. "Educational Institutions or Extended Families? The Reconstruction of Gender in Women's Colleges in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries," in _Gender and Education_, 1990 2(1), pp 17-35. Women's colleges in Victorian Britain. Fennema, Elizabeth, and M. Jane Ayer. _Women and Education_. 1984. Graham, P.A. "Women in Higher Education: A Bibliographical Inquiry," at New York: Columbia University, Barnard College. 1974. ERIC Reproduction Document Service No: ED095742 Hall, Roberta M., with Bernice R. Sandler. "The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women?", Copyright 1986 by the Project on the Status and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges, Washington, DC, 1986. Hanzot, Elizabeth. _Myths of Coeducation_. 1984. Harrington, Susan Marie. "Barriers to Women in Undergraduate Computer Science: The Effects of the Computer Environment on the Success and Continuance of Female Students", PhD Thesis, Division of Teacher Education, University of Oregon, 1990. Howe, Florence. _Gender in the Classroom_. Huff, C. and J. Cooper. "Sex Bias in Educational Software: The Effect of Designers' Stereotypes on the Software They Design", _J. Applied Soc. Psych._, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 519-532, 1987. Jimenez, E. and M.E. Lockhead. "The Relative Effectiveness of Single-sex and Coeducational Schools in Thailand," in _Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis_, Summer 1989, 11(2) 117. Compares math achievement. Jimenez, Emmanuel and Marlaine E. Lockhead. "Enhancing Girls' Learning Through Single-sex Education: Evidence and a Policy Conundrum," in _Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Summer '89, 11(2), p117. Figures socio-economic factors into data. Kersteen, Z., M. Linn, M. Clancy, and C. Hardyck. "Previous experience and the learning of computer programming: The computer helps those who help themselves", _Journal of Educational Computing Research_, 4(3), 321-333, 1988. Kierstead, Diane, Patti D'Agostino, and Heidi Dill. "Sex Role Stereotyping of College Professors: Bias in Students' Ratings of Instructors", _Journal of Educational Psychology_, 80 (1988), 342-344. Klein, S.S, ed. _Handbook for Achieving Sex Equity Through Education_, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1985. Lee, V.E., and A.S. Bryk. "Effects of Single-sex Secondary Schools on Student Achievement and Attitude," in _Journal of Educational Psychology_, 78(5), 1986. One of the more well-known studies. Lee, Valerie E. and Helem M. Marks. "Sustained Effects of Single-sex Secondary School Experience on Attitudes, Behaviors and Values in College," in _Journal of Educational Psychology_, 82(3), Sept 1, 1990, p578. Re-examines subjects of '86 study in college. Lee, Valerie E. and Marlaine E. Lockhead. "The Effects of Single-sex Schooling on Achievement and Attitiudes in Nigeria," in _Comparative Education Review_, 34(2), May 1, 1990, p209. Same conclusions as Bryk & Lee '86 for USA. Leveson, Nancy, "Educational Pipeline Issues for Women", _Computing Research News_, October 1990 and January 1991. McPhie, Laura E. "Viability of Single-sex Education" in _Initiatives_, Falll 1990, 53(3), 23. Describes parallel histories of Amherst & Smith colleges. Marsh, Herbert W. "Effects of Attending Single-sex and Coeducational High Schools: Achievement, Attitude, Behaviors and Sex Differences," in _Journal of Educational Psychology_, Mar 1, 1989, 81(1), p70. Concludes that coeducation and single-sex are same Marsh, Herbert W. "Public, Catholic Single-sex and Catholic Coeducational High Schools: Their Effects on Achievement, Affect and Behaviors," in _American Journal of Education_, 99(3), May 1, 1991, p320. Contradicts Bryk & Lee; single sex = coeducation. Martin, Elaine. "Power and Authority in the Classroom: Sexist Stereotypes in Teaching Evaluations", _Journal of Women in Culture and Society_, 9 (1984), 482-492. Ndunda, Mutindi Mumbua Kiluva. "'Because I am a Woman': Young Women's Resistance to Science Careers in Kenya," in Thesis, Queen's University, Canada, Jul 1990. ERIC Reproduction Document Service No: ED326433. Boys & girls science experience differs in gender related ways Ott, Mary. "Female Engineering Students-- Attitudes, Characteristics, Expectations, Responses to Engineering Education", Final report for NSF grant #SMI-75-18013A01, ERIC Document #ED 160400. Pallotta-Chiarolli, Maria. "The Female Stranger in a Male School," _Gender and Education_ 1990 2(2), pp 169-183. Girls have higher level of gender awareness Riordan, C. "Public and Catholic Schooling: The Effects of Gender Context Policy," in _American Journal of Education_, v5, 1985. Weeds out "the catholic school effect" in data. Rubenfeld, Mona I. "Relationship Between College Women's Occupational Interests and a Single-sex Environment," in _The Career Development Quarterly_, 40(1), Sept. 1, 1991, p64. Sandler, Bernice R., with the assistance of Roberta M. Hall, "The Campus Climate Revisited: Chilly for Women Faculty, Administrators, and Graduate Students", Copyright 1986 by the Project on the Status and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges, Washington, DC, 1986. Sandler, Bernice R., "The Classroom Climate: Chilly for Women?", Deneef, et al, editors, The Academic Handbook, Durham: Duke University Press, 1988, pages 146-152. Sexton, Patricia. _Women in Education_. 1976. History of discrimination against women throughout all aspects of academia. Schneider, Frank W., Larry M. Coutts, and Meyer W. Starr. "In Favour of Coeducation: The Educational Attitudes of Students from Coeducational and Single-sex High Schools," in _Canadian Journal of Education_, Fall 88, 13(4), p479. Questionaire based research Sidner, Candace L. "On Being a Woman Student at MIT or How to Miss the Stumbling Blocks in Graduate Education", Unpublished report, 1980. Speck, Phoebe. "Jack Captured the Crown and Jill Came Tumbling After: The Gender Factor in Curriculum Policy..." in Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. Apr 1991. ERIC Reproduction Document Service No: ED331189 Role of gender in curriculum development Stables, Andrew. "Differences Between Pupils From Mixed and Single-sex Schools in Their Enjoyment of School Subjects and in Their Attitudes to Science and to School," in _Educational Review_, 1990 42(3), pp 221-230. Polarization of attitudes in mixed English schools. Statham, Anne, Laurel Richardson, and Judith A. Cook. _Gender and University Teaching_. A volume in the SUNY Series in Gender and Society, Cornelia Butler Flora, ed. State University of New York Press. 1991. ISBN: 0-7914-0704-7. Examines university teaching from several perspectives: what female and male professors do in the classroom, their perceptions and feelings about teaching, and how students respond. Stoecker, Judith L. and Ernest T. Pascarella. "Women's Colleges and Women's Career Attainments Revisited" in _Journal of Higher Education_, Jul-Aug 1991, 62(4), pp 394-406. Explores influence of women's college on career attainment Stowe, Laurence G. "Should Physics Classes be Single-sex?" in _Physics Teacher_, Sept. 1, 1991, 29(6), p 380. Tidball, M.D. and V. Kistiakowsky. "Baccalaureate Origins of American Scientists..." in _Science_ 1976, V 193, pp646-652. Tidball, M.D. "Women's Colleges and Women Achievers Revisited" in _Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society_, 1980, V 5, pp 504-515. This is one of the studies that claims the infamous "X% of all successful women came from women's colleges" Vedantham, Anu, "A Hostile Educational Environment", MIT, 6.001, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, in Spring, 1990, Wood, Sherree F. "Educational Access for Women in the United States," in _Community College Quarterly of Research and Practice_, Apr-Jun 1991, 15(2), pp225-233. Compares Bryn Mahr/Wellesley to Oberlin/U of Mich. 5. Feminist Theory and Overviews. ---------------------------------- Bowles, Gloria and Renate Duelli, eds. _Theories of Women's Studies_. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Boston. 1983. Standard, well known text on feminist research methodology. Begins the debate. Bowles, Gloria and Renate Duelli-Klein, eds. _Theories of Women's Studies II._ Women's Studies, University of California, Berkeley. 1981. Castro, Ginette. _American Feminism: A Contemporary History_. New York University Press. 1990. ISBN: 0-8147-1448-X. From a french point of view, an overview of feminist history and emerging though in the United States. Originally published in French as _Radioscopie du fe'minisme ame'ricain_ in 1984. de Beauvoir, Simone. _The Second Sex_. Translated and edited by H.M. Parshley. Vintage Books, New York. 1989. Original copyright in 1952. Echols, Alice. _Daring To Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975_. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1989. Covers radical and cultural feminist development. French, Marilyn. _The Women's Room_. Summit Books, New York, 1977. Jove Publications, New York, 1978. French, Marilyn. _Beyond Power: On Women, Men, and Morals_. Cape, London, 1985. Summit Books, New York, 1985. Ballantine, New York, 1986. *French, Marilyn. "Do You Have to be a Lesbian to be a Feminist?" Unions are valid only when both participants are free to make them, and that a woman who is economically supported by a man, whose children are economically supported by a man, whose house is owned by a man, and whose life revolves around a man is bound several ways, whether or not she actively chose that life. The freer she can be, the more powerful her choice to stay with her partner, male or female. Friedan, Betty. _The Feminine Mystique_. Norton, New York, 1963. 20th anniversary edition with new introduction and afterword by author. Dell Publishing Co., New York, 1984. A strong and angry book that stimulated many women who had hitherto accepted their lot into asking whether their lives could be improved. Friedan, Betty. _The Second Stage_. Revised edition, Summit Books, New York, 1986. This book, written 20 years later, advocates partnership between women and men in the ongoing development of feminism. Frye, Marilyn. _The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory_. Crossing Press, Trumansburg, New York. 1983. Grimshaw, Jean. _Feminist Philosophers_ (subtitle: Women's Perspectives on Philosophical Traditions). Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1986. ISBN 0-7108-0791-0. Published in the U.S. as _Philosophy and Feminist Thinking_ by University of Minnesota Press. "This book is an exploration into some tensions in feminist thinking and their relationship to philosophy." [from the preface] The book introduces feminist thinking to traditional philosophy, and summarizes the results. Extensive bibliography. Harding, Sandra, and Merrill B. Hintikka, eds. _Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science_. D Reidel, Boston and Holland. Sold and distributed in the USA and Canada by Kluwer Boston. 1983. Harding, Sandra. _The Science Question in Feminism_. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 1986. Critique of "knowledge," centering on three major epistemological approaches, feminist empiricism, feminist standpoint, feminist postmodernism. Harding, Sandra, ed. _Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues_. Indiana University Press, Bloomington; Open University Press, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. 1987. Harding, Sandra, and Jean F. O'Barr, eds. _Sex and Scientific Inquiry_. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1987. Harding, Sandra. _Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives_. Open University Press, Milton Keynes; Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 1991. Hooks, Bell. _Feminist Theory From Margin To Center_. South End Press, Boston MA. 1984. An excellent survey of different feminist philosophies and their relationships to one another. Jaggar, Alison M. _Feminist Politics and Human Nature_. Rowman & Allanheld, Totowa, New Jersey. 1983. What is human nature? Is there a "feminine" and a "masculine"? Looking at radical, liberal and socialist feminist perspectives in addressing this question. Jaggar, Alison M. and Paula Rothenberg Struhl. _Feminist Frameworks: Alternative Theoretical Accounts of the Relations between Women and Men_. Second edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1984. A worthwhile though incomplete reader that sorts out various schools of feminist thought. Jaggar, Alison M. and Susan R. Bordo, eds. _Gender/Body/Knowledge: Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing_. Rutgers University Press, New Jersey. 1989. Writings on feminist methodology. Koedt, Anne, Ellen Levine and Anita Rapone. _Radical Feminism_. Quadrangle Books, New York. 1973. An anthology of radical feminist work. Komisar, Lucy. _The New Feminism_. F. Watts, New York. 1971. La Follette, Suzanne. _Concerning Women_. Reprint. Series: American Women: Images and Realities. Arno Press, New York. 1972. Originally written in 1926. Espouses individualist feminism. *Leoff, Constance. _Bluff Your Way in Feminism_. ISBN: 8-948456-29-9. Provides an overview of (British) feminism; brief, amusing, occasionally mildly scurrilous, well researched and covers a lot of ground. May be hard to find. McElroy, Wendy, ed. _Freedom, Feminism and the State. An Overview of Individualist Feminism_. Second edition. Holmes & Meier, New York, 1991. Anthology of works by historical feminists as well as contemporary feminists expressing the individualist point of view. MacKinnon, Catharine. _Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law_. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1987. MacKinnon, Catharine. _Toward a Feminist Theory of the State_. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1989. The book, really, is an attempt to answer the question. "What would a form of government which is actively feminist be like?" Here the word 'feminist' is used in the sense of 'radical feminism.' The book and the analysis are definitely influenced by Marxist theory --- indeed the author calls it 'postmarxist'. In the same way as would a similar analysis of a Marxist state, some aspects of the hypothetical feminist state are incompatible with liberalism. Mitchell, Juliet and Ann Oakley, eds. _The Rights and Wrongs of Women_. Penguin, Harmondsworth, New York. 1976. Mitchell, Juliet and Ann Oakley, eds. _What Is Feminism? A Re-Examination_. Pantheon Books, New York. B. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. 1986. Morgan, Robin, ed. _Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement_. Random House, New York, 1970. Morgan Robin, ed. _Sisterhood is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology_. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York. 1984. Pateman, Carole and Elizabeth Gross, eds. _Feminist Challenges. Social and Political Theory_. Northeastern University Press, PO Box 116, Boston, Mass. 02117. 1986. ISBN: 1-55553-004-4. New and established scholars demonstrate the application of feminism in a range of academic disciplines including history, philosophy, politics, and sociology. Raymond, Janice G. _A Passion for Friends: Toward a Philosophy of Female Affection_. Beacon Press, Boston (also Women's Press, London). 1986. Sherwin, Susan. "Philosophical Methodology and Feminist Methodology: Are They Compatible?" in Code, Lorraine; Mullet, Sheila; Overall, Christine, (eds.) _Feminist Perspectives, Philosophical Essays on Method And Morals_, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1988. Susan Sherwin discusses why a paper of hers submitted to the Canadian Philosophical Association was rejected. She concludes feminist methodology is a valid methodology for philosophy. Smith, Dorothy E. _The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology_. Northeastern Universty Press, Boston. 1987. Explication of standpoint epistemology. Taylor, Joan Kennedy. _Reclaiming the Mainstream: Individualist Feminism Rediscovered_. 1992. "... reclaims feminism from the socialists and collectivists and what Taylor calls the 'appeal of victimization'. 'We feminists who believe in the inspiring history and classical liberal mainstream of American feminism should not give up our claim to the name _feminist_,' she writes, 'any more than institutions supporting limited government should give up their claim to the name liberal.' Taylor scrutinizes and reframes feminism from Mary Wollstonecraft to Anita Hill. I was struck by her generosity of spirit in dealing with the issues raised: most particularly her chapter on 'The Temptation of Political Expediency: Antipornography.' Hers is a thorough and satisfying examination of the attitudes surrounding this explosive issue. And she covers all the potentially divisive issues: abortion, comparable worth, rape, discrimination real and imagined. "Taylor 'holds it important to support the full flowering of the individual life' and calls for the advocacy of individual rights as a proper political stance for feminists." [Andrea Millen Rich] Winders, J. A. _Gender, Theory, and the Canon_. University of Wisconsin Press, 1991. 6. Folklore. ------------- Carter, Angela, ed. _The Virago Book of Fairy Tales_. Virago Press, London, 1990. (American edition may have different title?) A collection of "adult" fairy tales, all focusing on heroines, from all around the world. On back. "This stunning collection contains lyrical tales, bloody tales, hilariously funny and ripely bawdy stories, from countries around the world. And no drippy princesses or soppy fairies. Instead girls, women, crones, wise as serpents, gentle as doves and occasionally daft as brushes." Cole, Babbette. _Princess Smartypants_. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 1986. Children's book, where the princess rejects the prince. Munsch, Robert. _The Paper Bag Princess_. Annick Press Ltd., Toronto, Canada. 1980. Children's book, where the princess rejects the prince. Zipes, Jack, ed. _Don't Bet on the Prince_. Zipes is a folklorist who has collected feminist fairy tales in this book and provided some analysis. Some are entirely new tales, others are new takes on old tales. 7. Gendered Communication and Language. ---------------------------------------- Barreca, Regina. _They Used to Call Me Snow White, But I Drifted_. Viking Penguin/Penguin Books, New York. 1991. Examines the differences in how women and men use humor. The book itself is a very engaging and humorous read. Bratenberg, Gerd, _Egalias_dotre_ (in Norwegian Pax forlag/Ascheroug forlag). It is also available in English: _Egalia's_Daughters_, published in the U.S. by The Seal Press, Seattle, Wash., and in the UK by The Journeyman Press, London. (Also available in Swedish, German, Italian, Danish and Dutch.) The book turns the language and social stereotypes upside down. It is really interesting to see how easily one, as reader, gets used to the "unusual" language. This also illustrates how powerful the sexism of the language is. Cherry, Louise. _Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance_. Teacher-child interaction in pre-schools. Hofstadter, Douglas. _Metamagical Themas: Questing for Essence of Mind and Pattern_. Bantam, New York. 1985. Contains a chapter ("Changes in Default Words and Images, Engendered by Rising Consciousness") with an effective argument for gender inclusive speech. Frank, Francine and Frank Anshen. _Language and the Sexes_. State University of New York Press, Albany. 1983. Lakoff, Robin. _Language and Woman's Place_. Harper & Row, Publishers, New York. 1975. Miller, Casey and Kate Swift. _The Handbook of Non-Sexist Writing_. Second edition. Harper & Row, New York, 1988. A practical how-to book that also contains examples of how "men" has *not* included "women" in recent history. Miller, Casey and Kate Swift. _Words and Women_. Anchor Press, Garden City, New York. 1976. States the argument for gender neutral language much more forcefully. Penelope, Julia. _Speaking Freely: Unlearning the Lies of the Fathers' Tongues_. Athena Series, Pergammon Press. 1990. ISBN: 0-08-036555-8. A radical feminist treatise on all sorts of sexist aspects of language, including but not limited to the discussion of gender inclusive pronouns. Persing, Bobbye Sorrels. _The Nonsexist Communicator_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1983. Rothschild, Joan. _Turing's Man, Turing's Woman, or Turing's Person? Gender, Language, and Computers_. Wellesley College, Center for Research on Women, Welleseley, MA. 1986. Spender, Dale. _Man-Made Language_. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. Tannen, Deborah. _You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation_. Morrow, New York. 1990. Gender differences in communication, anecdotal. 8. Gender Differences. ----------------------- Benbow, Camilla Persson. "Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability in intellectually talented preadolescents. Their nature, effects, and possible causes," _Behavioral and Brain Sciences_, 11(1988).169-232. Talks about the reasons in variations on math scores between males and females. Her paper is nice in that it also reviews a lot of the literature. Benderly, Beryl Lieff. _The Myth Of Two Minds: What Gender Means and Doesn't Mean_. Doubleday, New York, 1987. Benderly had heard of scads of new research claiming to have proven innate biological differences between the brains of men and women, and decided to do a comprehensive overview of them. She was surprised to find that *none* of this research proved what it purported to. Deaux, K. and T. Emswiller. "Explanations of Successful Performance on Sex-Linked Tasks: What is skill for the male is luck for the female", _Journal of Personality and Social Psychology_, 29 (1974), 80-85. Fausto-Sterling, Anne. _Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men_. Basic Books, New York. 1985. Describes the methods used in research purporting to support intrinsic differences in women and men. Includes a clear explanation of intra-group variability: even if there are more men on the high end of the bell curve in math, the bell curves overlap so much that this makes no significant difference in the amount of mathematical aptitude of the sexes when compared against each other and tells nothing about a given woman and a given man. Frieze, Irene H. _et al_. _Women And Sex Roles: A Social Psychological Perspective_. Norton, New York. 1978. This is a social psychology textbook, and is a handy resource available for debunking all kinds of sexist claims about men and women. Gould, Steven Jay. _The Mismeasure of Man_. Norton, New York. 1981. A lucid description of how researcher expectations can influence experimental findings (gender issues is peripheral, but the analogies are clear). Halper, Diane F.. _Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities_. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdate, NJ. 1986. The author presents the hypotheses and research that point to the roles of nature and nurture in explaining differences in cognitive ability; final chapter has an excellent summary. Holloway, Marguerite, "Profile: Vive la Difference", _Scientific American_, October 1990, 18-42. Kimura, Doreen. "Sex Differences in the Brain," in _Scientific American_ September 1992. Based on her experiments and others', she concludes that intellectual differences in men and women cannot be purely environmental, because of the effects that sex hormones have on brains, even before puberty. Lewontin, Richard, Stephen Rose and Leon J. Kamin. _Not In Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature_. Panthon Books, New York. 1984. The authors are on a mission to dismantle biological determinism entirely, right down to its underpinnings in reductionist materialist philosophy. One needn't agree with them to the same extent to see the validity of the debunking. Check out the chapter on "The Determined Patriarchy." Medzian, Miriam. _Boys Will Be Boys: Breaking the Link between Masculinity and Violence_. It's a fascinating book, and if you're concerned about the problem you should read this. She cites some fascinating studies; for a teaser, let me mention a study by Hilda and Seymour Parker of the University of Utah on child abuse. They found a significant correlation between lack of involvement in child care and nurturance, and child abuse. This supports a major thesis of the book, which is that the willingness to commit unprovoked violent acts arises from inability to connect emotionally with others. Moir, Anne, and David Jessel. _Brain Sex: The Real Difference between Men and Women_. Carol Publishing Group, 1991. This book makes the same assertion as Kimura's article and discusses how the brain of a fetus is "imprinted" with a certain sex based on exposure to hormones at a certain critical time in its development in the womb (about six or seven weeks after conception). It goes on to explain how the brains of men and women actually function differently, e.g., men tend to use the right side of their brain when working on an abstract problem while women use both sides. Montagu, Ashley. _The Natural Superiority of Women_. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. c1952. New Revised Edition, 1974. [Author is male.] From foreword: "This book is designed to bring the sexes closer together, not to set them apart by placing one above the other. If in these pages the natural superiority of women is emphasized, it is because the fact has thus far received far too little attention, and the time is long overdue that both men and women become aware of it and fully understand its superiority." The author makes a distinction between *natural* or biological superiority and social equality of women and men. Petersen, Anne C. "Biopsychosocial Processes in the Development of Sex-related Differences", Jacquelynne E. Parsons, ed. _The Psychobiology of Sex Differences and Sex Roles_. Hemisphere Publishing Company, Washington. 1980. 31-56. Pomerleau, Andree, Daniel Bolduc, Gerard Malcuit, and Louise Cossette. "Pink or Blue: Environmental Gender Stereotypes in the First Two Years of Life", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 22 (1990) 359- 367. Travis, Carol. _The Mismeasure of Woman_. Simon and Schuster. 1992. The theme is that women are criticized for being too female, or not female enough - but are mismeasured - by how well they fit into a male world. Further that the social system dislikes *angry* women, and that men avoid the responsibility for changing laws and economic or political policies that hurt women. Travis takes a thoughtful rather than combative approach and is more likely to poke fun rather than harshly criticize. [continued in part II] -------------- Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu. --Cindy Tittle Moore "If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western Civilization would probably flunk." ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Area # 2120 news.answers 02-25-94 01:54 Message # 6646 From : TITTLE@NETCOM.COM To : ALL Subj : soc.feminism References ÿ@SUBJECT:soc.feminism References (part 2 of 3) ÿ@PACKOUT:03-01-94øFr Message-ID: Newsgroup: soc.feminism,soc.answers,news.answers Organization: Disorganized in Orange County, CA Archive-name: feminism/refs2 Version: 2.2 Last-modified: 15 February 1993 Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to rtfm.mit.edu under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2. Or, send email to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1 send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2 send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3 in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty. TABLE OF CONTENTS [1-8 in part I] 9. History. 10. Implications of Beauty. 11. Lesbian Feminism. 12. Literary Writings. 13. Media Depiction of Women. 14. Military, Law Enforcement. 15. Patriarchy. 16. Pornography. 17. Positive Children's Books. [18-25 in part III] [continuing from part I] 9. History. ------------ Adamson, Nancy, Linda Briskin, and Margaret McPhail. _Feminist Organizing For Change: The Contemporary Women's Movement in Canada_. Oxford University Press (Don Mills, Ontario). 1988. Blurb: "Beginning with a detailed history of the `second wave' (post-1960), it makes a primary distinction between grass-roots and institutionalized feminism, and by emphasizing the former reveals a part of feminist organizing that has most often been invisible." Anderson, Bonnie S. and Judith P. Zinsser. _A History of Their Own: Women in Europe from Prehistory to Present_. Vols I and II. Harper and Row, Publishers, New York. 1988. Blurb: "...A groundbreaking and controversial history of European women -- the first to approach the past from the perspective of women and to be organized by role." Bridenthal, Renate, and Claudia Koonz, eds. _Becoming Visible, Women in European History_. An anthology going from prehistory to present day. Carden, Maren. _The New Feminist Movement_. 1974. Coote and Campbell. _Sweet Freedom: The Struggle for Women's Liberation_. 1982. DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters: A Multi- Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_. Routledge, New York. 1990. DuBoise, Ellen Carol. _Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America 1848-1869_. Third printing. Cornell Paperbacks, Cornell University Press. 1985. ISBN: 0-8014-9182-7 (trade paperback). Blurb: "...Duboise provides a framework and an analysis which link present concerns with political events more than a century ago, and by so doing illuminates both our contemporary situation and our past. Hers is a rare blend of relevance and solid scholarship..." Eisler, Riane. _The Chalice and the Blade_. Harper, San Francisco. 1987. An interesting revisionist view of history; describes a conflict between "gylanic" (cooperative, giving of life honored, stereotypically feminine) and "androcratic" (competitive, taking of life honored, stereotypically masculine) tendencies in Western history. She suggests that the problem with the latter system is not men _per se_, but the expectation that men dominate women and a few men dominate all the rest. She follows Marija Gimbutas on European prehistory, suggesting that her "Old Europe" was a good example of the former system. Caution: any attempt at finding all-encompassing principles, as she does, is probably an oversimplification. Fraser, Antonia. _The Weaker Vessel_. Vintage Books, Random House, New York. 1985. ISBN: 0-394-73251-0. Blurb: "Fraser gives us life after woman's life in choice and telling detail. This is 'hidden history'...the history of ordinary women, and therefore of ordinary men. As such it is both tantalizingly familliar and utterly exotic, close and yet distant to our own lives." Fraser, Antonia. _The Warrior Queens_. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 1989. ISBN: 0-394-54939-2 (hardback). Blurb: "...Fraser gives us a singularly rich and provocative study of the Warrior Queens. Dramatising the often astonishing ways in which the world has perceived -- and still perceives -- women who wield power, she examines the paradox and the politics, the mythic and the real lives of the sovereign women who have led their nations in war." Gimbuta, Marija. _The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe_. c1974, 1982. Documents Neolithic Europe in detail, describing such things as settlement patterns, burial rites, a sacred script and inferences on its social structure. She proposes that "Old Europe" featured parity between the sexes, lack of interest in warfare, well-developed artistic traditions, and a belief system centered on female generative powers. Gimbuta, Marija. _The Language of the Goddess_(1989) and _The Civilization of the Goddess_(1991). Harper, San Francisco. Expands on the belief system proposed in the first book. Goreau, Angeline, ed. _The Whole Duty of a Woman: Female Writers in Seventeenth Century England_. Dial Press, Garden City, New York. 1985. Heilbrun, Carolyn G. _Writing a Woman's Life_. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-36256-X. Blurb: "With subtlety and great eloquence, Carolyn Heilbrun shows how, throughout the centuries, those who write about women's lives -- biographers AND autobiographers -- have suppressed the truth of the female experience, in order to make the "written life" conform to society's expectations of what that life should be." Hiley, Michael. _Victorian Working Women: Portraits from Life_. Gordon Fraser, London. 1979. A collection of Arther Munby's photography. It was his firm belief that women should be free to take on any job they wished. A fascinating compendium. Karlsen, Carol F. _The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England_. W.W. Norton and Company, New York and London. 1987. Blurb: "A pioneer work in what might be called the sex Newsgroup: soc.feminism,soc.answers,news.answers Organization: Disorganized in Orange County, CA Archive-name: feminism/refs3 Version: 2.2 Last-modified: 15 February 1993 This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup soc.feminism. Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to rtfm.mit.edu under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3. Or, send email to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1 send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2 send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3 in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty. TABLE OF CONTENTS [1-8 in part I, 9-17 in part II] 18. Public Policies Regarding Women. 19. Reactions to Feminism. 20. Religion. 21. Sex and/or Violence, Sexual Abuse. 22. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination. 23. Test Biases. 24. Women of Color. 25. Women's Health. (Auto)Biographies. Miscellaneous. Acknowledgements. [continuing from part II] 18. Public Policies Regarding Women. ------------------------------------- Abramovitz, Mimi. _Regulating the Lives of Women. Social Welfare Policy from Colonial Times to the Present_. An analysis of the impact of US social welfare policy, documents how the family ethic has been translated into punitive welfare approaches toward women Baldock, Cora V., and Bettina Cass, eds. _Women, Social Welfare, and the State in Australia_. Allen & Unwin, Sydney and Boston. 1983. Dahl, Tove Stang. _Women's Law: An Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudence_. Oxford University Press. 1987. Proposal for a "women's law" by Norwegian sociologist of law. Diamond, Irene, ed. _Families, Politics, and Public Policy_. New York. Longman. 1983. Enloe, Cynthia. _Bananas, Beaches and Bases_. A radical analysis of international politics revealing the crucial role of women in implementing government foreign policies. It deals with several problems, one of which is prostitution especially in asia, and also with regard to US military bases. Freeman, Michael D.A. . _The State, the Law, and the Family: Critical Perspectives_. Tavistock Publications, New York. 1984. A collection of articles, many British, on the interrelationship between the family, the state and patriarchy. Glendon, Mary Ann. _Abortion and Divorce in Western Law_. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA. 1987. Overview and analysis of abortion and divorce laws in several western countries. Gordon, Linda, ed. _Women, the State, and Welfare_. University of Wisconsin Press. 1990. Collection on women and the welfare state. Includes articles by Elizabeth Schneider on rights, and Frances Fox Piven. Hernes, Helga Maria. _Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State Feminism_. Scandinavian Library series. Norwegian University Press, Oxford. Distributed by Oxford University Press. 1987. Critique of the patriarchal nature of the Scandinavian welfare state. Mason, Mary Ann. _The Equality Trap_. Simon & Schuster, New York. 1988. Discusses how the push for equality laws has actually been to the detriment of women, particularly in the area of family law. The author is a lawyer. Mueller, Carol M., ed. _The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social Construction of Political Influence_. SAGE Publications, Newbury Park, CA. 1988. Ruggie, Mary. _The State and Working Women: A Comparative Study of Britain and Sweden_. Princeton University Press. 1984. Pateman, Carole. _The Sexual Contract_. Stanford University Press. 1988. The meaning of the social "contract" for women. Pateman, Carole. _The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory_. Stanford University Press. 1989. A discussion of women's role in the rise of democratic theory. The meaning of consent. Paul, Ellen Frankel. _Equity and Gender: the Comparable Worth Debate_. 1990. Begins by explaining how comparable worth -- or pay equity imposed by law -- is a full frontal assault on the free market by those who scoff at the market's ability to provide justice, and argues that the free market, not the state, is the better ally of feminism. Petchesky, Rosalind. _Abortion: A Woman's Choice_. 1990. Excellent study of abortion politics in America. Examines the patriarchal and capitalist roots underlying the abortion controversy, as well as (in 1990 edition) the meaning of the rights discourse for women. Re-imagining "rights." Tribe, Laurence H. _Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes_. W.W. Norton, New York, London. 1990. ISBN: 0-393-30699-2. Tribe is a professor of constitutional law and brings this expertise to his evaluation of the constitutional question of abortion. Besides drawing a sympathetically balanced view of the two extremes, he shows what that consequences for the constitution would be upon defining a fetus as a "person." Excellent and very readable, unlike many constitutional analyses of any sort. Sassoon, Anne Showstack, ed. _Women and the State_. Unwin Hyman, Winchester, MA. 1988. An international collection of articles on women and the welfare state. Stetson, Dorothy McBride. _Women's Rights in the USA. Policy Debates and Gender Roles_. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA. 1991. ISBN: 0-534-14898-0. The author examines the hottest current topics in the US that relate to women, and how the mjor controversies and policies affect gender roles and being female in this country. Wilson, Elizabeth. _Women and the Welfare State_. Tavistock Publications, London. 1977. 19. Reactions to Feminism. --------------------------- Faludi, Susan. _Backlash. The Undeclared War Against American Women_, (1991). Gives an overview of the reaction to feminism in America today. It is an incredible compendium of incorrect facts, bogus statistics, false logic and unfounded theories, all of which which are presented by society and the media in particular as "true" and "factual" in order to keep women subordinate. One caveat about this book is that the author seems unsympathetic to the difficult choices a woman must make if she wants to combine career and family. Kamen, Paula, "Feminism, a Dirty Word", The New York Times, November 23, 1990, page A37. Leidholdt, Dorchen and Janice G. Raymond, eds. _The Sexual Liberals and the Attack on Feminism_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1990. Essays which originated as speeches and panel presentations at a conferences on April 6, 1987, at the New York University Law School. Includes bibliographical references and index. Smith, Joan. _Misogynies: Reflections on Myths and Malice_. Fawcett Columbine Book, Ballantine Books, Publishers. 1989. ISBN:0-449-90591-8. From blurb: "Joan Smith has written a witty and bold collection of essays on the alarming subject of women-hating. She observes the phenomenon wryly and never succumbs to the fatuous generalizations which characterize misogyny itself...Misogyny, unlike sexism, grows in this way behind women's backs, which may be why we sometimes optimistcially believe it is no longer prevalent. It is aptly, intelligently and compassionately put before us again in this well-written book." (Literary Review). 20. Religion. -------------- Adler, Margot. _Drawing Down the Moon_. Revised edition. Beacon Press, Boston. 1986. ISBN: 0-8070-3253-0. This has a chapter on "Women, Feminism, and the Craft". It places feminist wicca in one of its contexts. Otherwise the book is mainly about neopaganism. Armstrong, Karen. _The Gospel According to Woman_. Anchor Books, Doubleday. 1987. ISBN: 0-385-24079-1 (trade paperback). A provocative interpretation of the history of women in Christianity. In particular, there are interesting parallels between the Virgins (who could stay separate from men) of Christian history and latter-day feminists. Beck, Evelyn Torton, ed. _Nice Jewish Girls. A Lesbian Anthology_. Revised and updated. Beacon Press, Boston. 1989. Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schussler. _Bread Not Stone_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1984. ISBN: 0-8070-1103-7 (trade paperback). Feminist biblical interpretation. Greenberg, Blu. _On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition_. Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia. 1981. This discusses conflicts between Orthodox Judaism and feminism, and suggests resolutions of the conflicts within the boundaries of Jewish law. Hampson, Daphne. _Theology and Feminism_. Basil Blackwell Ltd/Inc. 1990. ISBN: 0-631-14944-9. Discusses the limitations of Christianity from a feminist perspective, and suggests ways for moving beyond Christianity. Heine, Susanne. _Women and Early Christianity: A Reappriasal_. Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis. 1988. ISBN: 0-8066-2359-4. Documents the strength of influence women had in early Christianity, uses this as basis for concluding that Christianity need not be anti-woman. Originally published in German under _Frauen der Fru:hen Christenheit_. Heschel, Susannah. _On Being a Jewish Feminist: A Reader_. Schocken, 1984. Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie and Irena Klepfisz. _The Tribe of Dina: A Jewish Women's Anthology_. Beacon Press. 1989. Koltun, Elizabeth. _The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives_. Schocken Books, 1976. Miles, Margaret R. . _Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious Meaning in the Christian West_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1989. Looks at how images of the female body have shaped and been shaped by religious and social forces. Although most of the emphasis is mediaeval, It has a final chapter that looks at a modern perspective. Has an excellent section on Hildegard von Bingen, one of the few female writers of the middle ages. Pagel, Elaine. _Adam, Eve, and The Serpent_. Random House, New York. 1988. Also, _The Gnostic Gospels_. Vintage Books edition, Random House, New York. 1989. The former is a thorough exploration of how the Genesis myth is inextricably interwined with western culture views of women. The latter shows how the early Christian church although initially receptive to women became patriarchal. Plaskow, Judith. _Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism From A Feminist Perspective_. Harper Collins, 1990. ISBN 0-06-066684-6. Plaskow discusses conflicts between Judaism and feminism, and suggests ways to make Judaism into a feminist religion. Ruther, Rosmary Radford. _Women-Church. Theology and Practice of Feminist Liturgical Communities_. ISBN 0-06-066834-2. This is a collection of liturgies for unconventional purposes (i.e. A Coming-Out rite for a Lesbian). They are not so much pagan as they are feminist. They ignore the distinctions between Christian and non-Christian. The thesis of the book is in part that women should create their own ritual without waiting for the "church" to catch up with their reality. Ruther has written other books with similar themes. Schneider, Susan Weidman. _Jewish and Female_. Simon & Schuster. ISBN: 0-671-60439-2. Sprentak, Charlene, ed. _The Politics of Women's Spirituality: Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement_. 1982. ISBN. 0-385-17241-9. This is a thick (590pp) sampler with short pieces by a number of important authors. A few are written as responses to others which gives a bit more sense of the dialog. Starhawk. _The Spiral Dance_. 10th anniversary edition, revised. Harper & Row, San Francisco. 1989. ISBN 0-06-250814-8. This has clearly been a very influential book. Z. Budapest is another mother of feminist wicca from the same era; Starhawk seems a bit more readable and less cookbook-like. Stone, Merlin. _When God Was a Woman_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. 1976. ISBN: 0-15-696158-X (trade paperback). Historical revisionist view of early matriarchal & female-based worship. 21. Sex and/or Violence and Sexual Abuse. ------------------------------------------ *"Sexual Abuse as a Precursor to Prostitution and Victimization Among Adolescent and Adult Homeless Women." Journal of Family Issues. v12 n3 p361. *"Four Theories of Rape: A Macrosociological Analysis". _Social Problems_ 34, No. 5 (1986) General-social-disinhibition theory is used to model the correlation between sexual magazines and rape. *_Pornography and Sexual Aggression_ Barry, Kathleen. _Female Sexual Slavery_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979; New York University Press, London and New York, 1984. Bart, Pauline and Patricia O'Brien. _Stopping Rape: Successful Survival Strategies_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1985. Browne, Angela. _When Battered Women Kill_. Collier Macmillian, London; Free PRess, New York. 1987. Brownmiller, Susan. _Against Our Will_. Bantam. 1975. This is a disturbing, contradictory work. It is misrepresented both by feminist and anti-feminist camps; feminists lauding it as a quintessentially accurate portrayal of rape, the anti-feminists denouncing it as a virulently anti-male piece of propoganda. A landmark work that first documented the social and historical consequences of rape in our society. Caputi, Jane. _The Age of Sex Crime_. Bowling Green State University Popular Press, Bowling Green, OH. 1987. Case studies on murder and sex crimes. Ellis, Lee and Charles Beattie. "The Feminist Explanation for Rape. An Empirical Test," _Journal of Sex Research_, 19(1).74-93, Feb 1983. Abstract. The feminist explanation for rape includes the proposition that it derives from traditions of male domination in social, political, and economic matters. As a test of this thesis, official FBI and victimization statistics on rape were compared across 26 large United States central cities relative to various indicators of these cities' degree of social, political, and economic inequality between the sexes. Of 14 correlations, 4 were significant, 3 with a sign opposite to that predicted by the feminist explanation. When presumed effects of the two strongest control variables were removed by partial correlation techniques, only one coefficient was significant, and it was in the direction contrary to the feminist explanation. Rape rates appear unrelated to inequalities of earnings, education, occupational prestige, or employment. The belief that reducing sex disparities in social, political, and economic terms will reduce rape is not supported. 3 Tables, 55 References. Finkelhor, David and Kersti Yllo. _License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of Wives_. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985; Free Press, New York, 1987. Gauthier and Saucier. "Preliminary Study of Early Sexual Abuse." Canadian _Journal of Psychiatry_. 1991. v36 n6 p422. (In French) This paper is in french, but they have an English abstract in Medline. They compared sexually abused adolescents with non-abused. From the abstract: "...[of abused children] their perception of self and of the ideal self was not affected by the sexual abuse, a finding that will spark discussion." Griffin, Susan. _The Politics of Rape_. Third revision and updated edition. Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1986. Original copyright 1970. "Another canon in the apologetics of rape is that, if it were not for learned social controls, all men would rape."..."But in truth rape is not universal to the human species." Griffin, Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime" in _Rape: The Power of Consciousness_, Harper & Row, 1979. Haber, Joel D. "Abused Women and Chronic Pain," in _American Journal of Nursing_, v85, Sept. 1985, pp1010-1012. Study shows that abused women have more health problems than non-abused ones. Jones, Anne. _Women Who Kill_. Fawcett Crest, Ballantine Books, New York. 1981. From blurb: "When battered and abused women began to fight back -- and kill --- men began to fear that this would becom an epidemic. Some felt that women were getting away with murder: But were they? They were not. In fact, in many cases their punishment was harsher than that of men. But this book is much more than a desription of battered women who kill in self-defense. It is a social history and a fascinating story of women on the edge of society -- women driven to kill for a multitude of reasons. Here are tales of crime and punishment that reveal hard truths about American society and women's place in it." Kelly, Liz. _Surviving Sexual Violence_. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis; Polity Press, Cambridge UK. 1988. Kilpatrick, D.G. et al., "Mental health correlates of criminal victimization. A random community survey," _Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 53, 866-873. 1985. Koss, M.P. "Hidden rape. sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of students in higher education." Chapter 1. In A.W. Burgess, ed, _Rape and sexual assault II_ (pp. 3-25). NY. Garland. 1988. Controversial. This was a study that showed a good percentage of the men surveyed believed certain things could be expected if they paid for dinner, etc. There were questions designed in such a way that would find out if the men had raped without using the word rape. They would answer yes to these questions but no to the questions containing the word rape. McFarlane, Judith. "Violence During Teen Pregnancy: Health Consequences for Mother and Child," in Levy, Barrie, ed, _Dating Violence_, Seal Press, 1991, pp136-141. A study that found 26% of prengant teens were currently in an abusive relationship; many noted the abuse began when the pregnancy did. Mercy JA., Saltzman LE., Intentional Injury Section, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. May 1989. "Fatal violence among spouses in the United States," 1976-85. _American Journal of Public Health_. 79(5).595-9. Abstract. In this paper we examine patterns and trends in homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976 through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595 spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000 married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3 times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976 through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than 45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar. Morgan, Robin. _The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism_. W.W. Norton and Company. 1989. ISBN: 0-393-02642-6 (hardback). Controversial. Blurb: "Something in each of us, no matter how we deny it and no matter how much we may deplore terrorist tactics, is fascinated by the terrorist. We might even ambivalently admire such a figure: a fanatic of dedication, a mixture of volatile impetuosity and severe discipline, an archetype of self-sacrifice. ...In this brilliant marriage of theory and personal experience, Robin Morgan...sets forth the first feminist analysis of the phenomenon of terrorism." Quigley, Paxton. _Armed and Female_. E.P. Dutton, New York. 1989. Paperback may be ordered from Second Amendment Foundation, 12500 NE Tenth Place, Bellavue WA 98005 for US$5.00, includes postage. Former anti-gun activist tells why she joined millions of other women in choosing a firearm for self-defense. Randall, Teri. "Domestic Violence Intervention Calls for More than Treating Injuries," in _Journal of the American Medical Association_, 264(8), August 22-29, 1990, pp939-940. "Battery appears to be the single most common cause of injury to women -- more common that automobile accidents, muggings and rapes combined." Russell, Diana H. _Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and Workplace Harassment_. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA. 1984. Russell, Diana E. H. and Nancy Howell. "The Prevalence of Rape in the United States Revisited," _Signs_, 8(4). 688-695, 1983. Lead author is in the Department of Social Sciences, Mills College, Oakland CA, and has written several books on sexual violence. According to survey findings, assuming that the rape rate remains the same, there is a 26% probability that woman will be the victim of a completed rape, increasing to 46% for attempted rape. Seng. "Child Sexual Abuse and Adolescent Prostitution: A Comparative Study." _Adolescence_. 1989. v24 n95(really 95??) p665. Abstract: "...findings suggest that the relationship [abuse>prostitution] is not directed, but invokes runaway behavior as an intervening variable. It is not so much that sexual abuse leads to prostitution as it is that running away leads to prostitution." Scully, Diana. _Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted Rapists_. Series: Perspectives on Gender, vol 3. Unwin Hyman, Boston. 1990. Stark, Evan, Anne Flitcraft and William Frazier. "Medicine and Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a 'Private' Event," in _International Journal of Health Services_, 9(3), 1979, pp461-493. A study that found that medical records included the labels "neurotic," "hysteric," "hypochondriac," or "a well-known patient with multiple vague complaints" for one in four battered women compared to one in fifty non-battered women; one in four battered women are given pain medications/tranquilizers as compared to one in ten non-battered women. Strauss, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. _Behind closed doors: Violence in American families_. Doubleday, New York, 1980. Followup work "Intimate Violence" (no detailed reference). These studies show that spousal violence levels are relatively independent of gender. They do not, however, include any consideration of motivation or the issues of 'self defense'. Warshaw, Robin. _I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. report on Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape_. Afterword by Mary P. Koss. Harper and Row, New York. 1988. Wolfgang Marvin E., _Patterns in Criminal Homicide_. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1958. Also (*Curtis 1974), (*Mercy & Saltzman 1989). The situation appears to bethat the rate that men kill women and that women kill men, and also the rate at which husbands kill wives and wives kill husbands, are nearly *equal* when looked at from a mortality point of view, and ignoring the issue of 'who started it'. Yllo, Kerst, and Michele Bograd, eds. _Feminist Perspectives on Wife Abuse_. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. 1988. Includes important discussion of what statistics can or cannot show. Bibliographies. _National Crime Survey_ (NCS) This is an attempt to measure the actual victimization rates of how often people are affected by crimes. The survey is given to a population representative of all people over 12 years of age who live in a residence. There are two parts to the survey. a screening to determine who has been the victim of a crime; and a detailed questionnaire given to victims. The detailed questionnaire includes the details and date of the crime, and helps insure that crimes are classified properly (e.g., crimes falling outside the survey 'time window' are properly excluded). It is a large scale survey, covering approximately 60,000 households with 101,000 people. Approximately 96% of the selected population agreed to participate in the survey. _Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. - 1990_. Department of Commerce (Bureau of the Census), put out yearly. Cites the incidence of reported forcible rape as 37.6 per 100,000 total (i.e., men and women) population. _Uniform Crime Report_ (UCR) Based solely on police reports and is not intended to be a statistical measure of victimization The Uniform Crime Report is based on police reports. The data given by the UCR includes _only_ murder, not killings in self defense or deaths due to negligence - and the interpretation of which is which is left to the officer filing the report. _Uniform Crime Statistics_ (UCS, from the FBI) This derives the "one in four" figure given for the rate of rape among women. It used to be "one in five" until the FBI decided that marital rape counted as rape (in the mid 1980s). The FBI's definition of rape involves penetration of any orifice without consent. 1 in 4 is the rate at which girls are sexually abused (rape and molestation); 1 in 6 is the rate at which the same occurs for boys. 22. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination. ------------------------------------------ Baker, Douglas D., David E. Terpstra, and Kinley Larantz. "The Influence of Individual Characteristics and Severity of Harassing Behavior on Reactions to Sexual Harassment", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 5/6 (1990) 305-325. Bem, Sandra L. and Daryl J. Bem. "Does Sex-biased Job Advertising 'Aid and Abet' Sex Discrimination?", _Journal of Applied Social Psychology_, 3 (1973): 6-18. Chestler, Phyllis. [book review in psychology today, statistics on child custody awards] Dale, R.R. _Mixed or Single-sex Schools_. Vols. I & II. 1969. Wide range of research on secondary schools. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and William J. Goode, eds. _The other half; roads to women's equality_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1971. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and Rose Laub Coser, eds. _Access to power : cross-national studies of women and elites_. Allen & Unwin, London and Boston. 1981. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Deceptive distinctions : sex, gender, and the social order_. Yale University Press, New Haven; Russell Sage Foundation, New York. c1988. Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Woman's place; options and limits in professional careers_. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1970. *Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. "Bringing Women In: Rewards, Punishments, and the Structure of Achievement", pages 13-22. Game, Ann and Rosemary Pringle. _Gender at Work_. Allen and Unwin, Sydney and Boston. 1983. Sex discrimination in employment against women in Australia. *Goldberg, Philip, "Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?", _Trans- Action_, 5 (1986), 28-80. [am not sure what "Trans-Action" is] Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran, eds. _Women in Sexist Society_. New York: Basic Books, 1972. Kaschak, Ellyn. "Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors", _Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 2 (1978), 235-242. LaPlante, Alice. "Sexist Images Persist at Comdex", _Infoworld_, November 27, 1989, page 58. Lattin, Patricia Hopkins. "Academic Women, Affirmative Action, and Middle-America in the Eighties", in Resa L. Dudovitz, ed., _Women in Academe_. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1984. 223-230. MacKinnon, Catharine. _Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination_. Yale University Press, New Haven. 1979. MacKinnon, Catharine. "Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law," in _Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review_. Vol. 20, no. 2. 1985. Paludi, Michele A. and William D. Bauer. "Goldberg Revisited: What's in an Author's Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 387- 390. Paludi, Michele A. and Lisa A. Strayer. "What's in an Author's Name? Different Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 353-361. Pringle, Rosemary. _Secretaries Talk: Sexuality, Power and Work_, Verso, New York and London. 1989. Sex discrimination and sexual harrassment of women. Rowe, Mary P. "Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity", _Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal_, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990. 153-163. Rowe, Mary P. "Dealing with Sexual Harassment", _Harvard Business Review_, May-June 1981, 42-47. Russ, Joanna. _How to Suppress Women's Writing_. University of Texas Press, 1983, ISBN 0-292-72445-4 (pbk). This book analyzes the multitude of subtle and not-so-subtle ways in which women writers have been given less than full credit for their work throughout history. It is the perfect companion volume to Ellen Moers's _Literary Women_. Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. "Sexism in the Schoolroom of the 80's", _Psychology Today_, March 1985. Selvin, Paul. "Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?", _Science_ 252 (June 28, 1991), 1781-1783. Simeone, Angela. _Academic Women: Working Towards Equality_. Bergin and Garvey Publishers, Inc., Massachusetts. 1987. Sproull, Lee, Sara Kiesler, and David Zubrow, eds. "Encountering an Alien Culture", in _Computing and Change on Campus_. Cambridge University Press, UK. 1987, pages 173-194. Stewart, Elizabeth, Nancy Hutchinson, Peter Hemmingway, and Fred Bessai. "The Effects of Student Gender, Race, and Achievement on Career Exploration Advice Given by Canadian Preservice Teachers", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 21 (1989) 247-262. Sumrall, Amber Coverdale and Dena Taylor, eds. _Sexual Harassment: Women Speak Out_. The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA 95019, 1992. ISBN 0-89594-544-4. ($10.95) Highly recommended. This book consists of short (2-4 pages) essays by women about their experiences with Sexual Harassment, everything from taunts and whistles to rape and other physical abuse. Stories are interspersed with comics drawn by women and some poetry. Many of the stories describe the early conditioning that women receive that makes us put up with so much. The book is dedicated to Anita Hill. Top, Titia J., "Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Performance in the Scientific, Artistic, and Literary Professions: A Review.", Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 24 (1991) 73-106. Weinraub, Marsha and Lynda M. Brown, "The Development of Sex- Role Stereotypes in Children: Crushing Realities", Franks and Rothblum, editors, _The Stereotyping of Women: Its Effects on Mental Health_, Springer Publishing Company, New York. 1983, pages 30-58. Weitzman, Lenore. _The Marriage Contract_. "...child care decisions. Twentieth century case law has established the presumption that prefers mothers as the custodians of their children after divorce, particularly if the children are of "tender years." [Mnookin, "Custody Adjudication," p. 235.] This maternal presumption WAS ESTABLISHED ALMOST ENTIRELY THROUGH JUDICIAL DECISIONS RATHER THAN BY STATUTES. For while most statues have put the wife on an equal footing with the husband, and have instructed the courts to award custody in the best interest of the child, judges typically have held that *it is in the child's best interest not to be separated from the mother* --unless she has been shown to be unfit. [Ibid.] "The child's best interest" has thus evolved into a judicially constructed presumption that the love and nurturance of a fit mother is always in the child's (and society's) best interest. The result has been a consistent pattern of decisions that both justify and further reinforce the maternal presumption.... "Over the past fifty years the assumption that the mother is the natural and proper custodian of the children has been so widely accepted that it has rarely been questioned, and even more rarely challenged. As Alan Roth asserts, many of the rationales offered by the courts for the maternal preference have the ring of divine-right doctrine [Alan Roth, "The Tender Years Presumption in Child Custody Disputes," _Journal_of_Family_Law_ 15, no. 3 (1972)]" "More recently the social science adduced to support the maternal presumption has been challenged, but the presumption itself has been considered wise because it avoids "the social costs" of contested cases. [See, for example, R. Levy and P. Ellsworth "Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication," _Law_and_Society_Review_, Nov. 1969, p. 4] 23. Test Biases. ----------------- Brush, Stephen. _ibid_. When the SAT is used by college admissions to predict academic performance, it underpredicts the grades of women compared with those on men. If a man and a woman have the same SAT scores, the woman will tend to get higher grades in college. Thus an admissions process that gives the SAT significant weight will reject some women who would have done better than men who were accepted. In a reply to letters to the editor in the Jan-Feb 1992 _American Scientist_, Brush wrote: [A]ccording to Phyllis Rosser's study, "The SAT Gender Gap," the following question was answered correctly by males 27 percent more often than by females (a difference of 6 percent is significant to the 0.05 level of confidence). A high school basketball team has won 40 percent of its first 15 games. Beginning with the 16th game, how many games in a row does the team now have to win in order to have a 55 percent winning record? A) 3 B) 5 C) 6 D) 11 E) 15 With a strict time limit, the advantage goes to students who can quickly guess and verify the right answer without having to set up the equation first. Rosser, Phillis. "The SAT Gender Gap. Identifying the Causes," (Washington, D.C.: Center for Women Policy Studies, 1989). According to Phyllis Rosser, much of the SAT gender gap is an artifact of sex-biased test questions. Rosser points out that men have always received higher scores, on average, but their advantage in the mathematics part of the test was once offset by women's higher scores on the verbal part. Women lost this compensating factor in the early 1970s because of the gradual introduction of test questions about science, business and "practical affairs," and the elimination of some questions about human relations, the arts, and the humanities. There was no compensating change in the mathematics section. Block, Ned, ed. _The IQ Controversy_. Information on biases of all sorts found in IQ tests. 24. Women of Color. -------------------- Anzaldua, Gloria. _Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera_. Spinsters/Aunt Lute, San Francisco. 1987. Anzaldua, Gloria, ed. _Making face, making soul = Haciendo caras : creative and critical perspectives by women of color_. Aunt Lute Foundation Books, San Francisco. c1990. Collins, Patricia Hill. _Black Feminist Thought_. Unwin Hyman, Boston. 1990. Series title: Perspectives on Gender; v. 2. Maps out standpoint epistemology from African American feminist perspective. May also include under feminist epistemology. Davis, Angela. _Women, Race, and Class_. Random House, New York, 1981. DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters. A Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_. Routledge, New York. 1990. Excellent collection of articles, many historical studies and some narratives. Hooks, Bell. _Ain't I A Woman_. South End Press, 116 St. Botolph St., Boston, Mass. 02115. 1981. ISBN 0-89608-128-1. Examines the impact of sexism on black women during slavery, the historic devaluation of black womanhood, black male sexism, racism within the recent women's movement, and black women's involvement with feminism. The title comes from an address on the subject given by Sojourner Truth. Hooks, Bell. _Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black_. South End Press, Boston. 1989. Moraga, Cherrie, and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. _This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color_. Persephone Press, Watertown, MA, 1981. Kitchen Table Press, New York, 1983. Anthology of writings by women of color. Smith, Barbara, ed. _Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology_. First edition. Kitchen Table -- Women of Color Press, New York. 1983. 25. Women's Health. -------------------- Boston Women's Health Book Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves_. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1973. A very practical guide to women & our bodies. Boston Women's Health Collective. _The New Our Bodies, Ourselves_. Simon and Schuster, New York. 1984. Updated. Boston Women's Health Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves. Growing Older_. Oriented toward the 40+ crowd. ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group. _Women, AIDS, and Activisim_. South End Press, Boston, MA. 1990. New book on women and aids and politics. Corea, Gena. _The Hidden Malpractice_. A (sometimes alarmist) look at how medical practices overlooks and mistreats women. Raymond, Janice G., Renate Klein, and Lynette J. Dumble. _RU 486: Misconceptions, Myths and Morals_. Institute on Women and Technology, Cambridge, MA. 1991. Abortion, moral and ethical aspects; medical ethics. Includes bibliographical references. (Auto)Biographies. ------------------ Bateson, Mary Catherine. _Composing a Life_. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-452-26505-3 (paperback, $9.95). Bateson profiles five women in a wide variety of fields in an examination of how their careers happened to develop the way they did. Bennett, Betty T, )Mary Diana Dods, A Gentleman and a Scholar_. William Morrow and Company, New York. 1991. ISBN 0-688-08717-5 (hardcover). Komisar, Lucy. _Corazon Aquino: The Story of a Revolution_. G. Braziller, New York. 1987. Marlow, Joan. _The Great Women_. A&W Publishers, New York. 1979. ISBN: 0-89479-056-0. A compilation of 60 women of diverse ages and nations. Moers, Ellen, ed. _Literary Women_. Reprint. The Great Writers series. Oxford University Press, New York, 1985. Copywrite 1977. Describes women authors. Morgan, Robin. _Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist_. Random House, New York. 1977. Perl, Teri. _Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians and Related Activities_. Addison-Wesley. 1978. Miscellaneous. -------------- "Women on the Verge of an Athletic Showdown" in _Science News_, Jan 11, 1992, Vol 141, No. 2, p 141. Female track athletes are improving their performances at faster rates than men and, if the trend continues, should be running marathons as fast as men by 1998, says Brian J. Whipp, a physiologist at the University of California, Lost Angeles. He and UCLA co-worker Susan A. Ward predict that women will catch up with men in most track events by early next century. Adrian, M.J.: _Sports Women_. Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 24 Interesting essays ranging from physiology to Ancient Greece. Chopin, Kate, _The Awakening_. Capricorn Books. 1964. Garrett Press, Inc., New York, 1970. Norton, New York, 1976. Women's Press, London 1979. Cixous, Helene and Catharine Clement. _The Newly Born Woman_. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1986. (Published in French in 1975). Dyer, K.F.: _Catching up the Men -- Women in Sport_. Junction Books (UK), 1982. ISBN 086245-075-X. This book debunks a lot of myths about female inferiority and fragility by careful investigation and documentation, another must read. Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English, "For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women", New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978. |Kramarae and Treichler: _A Feminist Dictionary_. 1985. | Defines many things from a feminist's point of view. Includes | a good deal of history, figures in the movement, etc. Lenskij, Helen: _Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality_. Women's Press, Toronto, 1986. ISBN 0-88961-105-X. Very powerful book about the 20th century changes in how female sexuality, gender roles, and the waves of female athleticism have been perceived, and about how these factors influence each other. A must read. Mangan/Park (Eds.): _From Fair Sex to Feminism_. Frank Cass & Company Lim. 1987. ISBN 0-7146-4049-2. |Marine, Gene: _A Male Guide to Women's Liberation_. 1972. Sabo/Runfola (Eds.): _Jock -- Sports & Male Identity_. Spectrum/Prentice-Hall 1980. ISBN 0-13-510131-X. This book also contains several essays on female identity and sports. Steinem, Gloria. _Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions_. _Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem_ This is a collection of articles and essays written by her that was published sometime in the early 1980's. Some of them are a result of her earlier career as a journalist. The articles cover such things as: * Her becoming a Playboy Bunny (seriously!) in the early 1960's. * The presidential campaigns of 1968 and 1972. * "If Men Could Menstruate", a satirical piece in the vein of "If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament". * What present-day anti-abortionists have in common with Nazi Germany. Tuana, Nancy, ed. _Rereading the Canon_. Series. Penn State Press. This new series will consist of edited collections of essays, some original and some previously published, offering feminist reinterpretations of the writings of major figures in the Western philosophical tradition. Each volume will contain essays covering the full range of a single philosopher's thought and representing the diversity of approaches now being used by feminist critics. The series will begin with a volume on Plato; other early volumes will focus on Aristotle, Locke, Marx, Wittgenstein, de Beauvoir, Foucault, and Derrida. Inquiries should be directed to Nancy Tuana, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at Dallas, Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688. |Tuttle, Lisa: _Encyclopedia of Feminism_. 1986. Velden, Lee van der & James H. Humphrey: Psychology and sociology of sport, vol. 1. AMS Press Inc., NY 1986. ISBN 0-404-63401-X. Woolf, Virginia. _Three Guineas_. 1938. Extensively reprinted. Written 50 years ago and sadly still very relevant. Woolf, Virginia. _A Room of One's Own_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York. 1981, c1957. Winterson, Jeanette. _Oranges are not the only fruit_. Pandora Press (Unwin Hyman Limited, 15-17 Broadwick SAtreet, London). 1987. Acknowledgments. ---------------- My thanks to: Joseph Albert, Leslie Anderson, Rich Berlin, Mik Bickis, Anita Borg, Ed Blachman, Bob Blackshaw, Cindy Blank-Edelman, L.A. Breene, Janet L. Carson, Robert Coleman, Mats Dahlgren, David desJardins, Jublie DiBiase, Jym Dyer, Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing, Ronnie Falcao, Lisa Farmer, Sharon Fenick, Bob Freeland, Debbie Forest, Susan Gerhart, Jonathan Gilligan, Thomas Gramstad, Ron Graham, David Gross, Mary W. Hall, Stacy Horn, Kathryn Huxtable, Joel Jones, Bonita Kale, Joanne M. Karohl, Corinna Lee, Nancy Leveson, lip@s1.gov (Loren), Jim Lippard, Albert Lunde, Jill Lundquist, Brian McGuinness, Fanya S. Montalvo, Tori Nasman, Mirjana Obradovic, Vicki O'Day, Diane L. Olsen, Joann Ordille, Jan Parcel, J. Rollins, Stewart Schultz, Mary Shaw, Anne Sjostrom, Ellen Spertus, Jon J. Thaler, Dave Thomson, Carolyn Turbyfill, Sarah Ullman, Max Meredith Vasilatos, Bronis Vidiguris, Paul Wallich, Sharon Walter, Karen Ward, Marian Williams, Celia Winkler, Michael Winston Woodring, Sue J. Worden, and Daniel Zabetakis. Especial thanks to the MLVL library catalogue system. -------------- Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu. --Cindy Tittle Moore "If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western Civilization would probably flunk." ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Area # 2120 news.answers 02-25-94 01:54 Message # 6653 From : TITTLE@NETCOM.COM To : ALL Subj : soc.feminism Resources ÿ@PACKOUT:03-01-94øFr Message-ID: Newsgroup: soc.feminism,soc.answers,news.answers Organization: Disorganized in Orange County, CA Archive-name: feminism/resources Version: 1.6 Last-modified: 15 February 1993 This article, for the soc.feminism newsgroup, provides a list of various resources and feminist organizations. Much information is still needed, and any contributions are gratefully accepted. The preponderance of information here is for the USA; information about organizations in other countries would be greatly appreciated. Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to rtfm.mit.edu under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources. Or, send email to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with send usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty. Summary of changes: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Feminist Organizations II. Related Organizations III. Feminist and Women-Oriented Publications IV. Feminist and Women-Oriented Electronic Mailing Lists V. Catalogues/Bookstores. Disclaimer: This is intended to be an informational compilation of potential resources for women. No endorsement of any particular organization herein is to be inferred from its presence in this listing. I. Feminist Organizations. Association of Libertarian Feminists (ALF) [USA] P.O.Box 20252, London Terrace P.O. New York, New York 10011 Membership is $ 10 and includes 4 issues of the newsletter. Goals are to (quoting from their newsletter header): * encourage women to become economically self-sufficient and psychologically independent * publicize and promote realistic attitudes toward female competence, achievement and potential * oppose the abridgment of individual rights by any government on account of sex * work toward changing sexist attitudes and behavior exhibited by individuals * provide a libertarian alternative to those aspects of the women's movement that tend to discourage independence and individuality Association for Women in Computing [USA] AWC, Inc. National 41 Sutter Street Suite 1006 San Francisco, California 94104 This is a national organization which was begun 14 years ago. BACORR [USA] 5337 College Ave.#213 Oakland, CA 94618 tel: 415-541-5690 or 408-739-6505 reproductive rights CASSANDRA [USA] PO Box 341 Williamsville NY 14221 Network of radical feminist nurses. Federation of Feminist Women's Health Centers [USA] 6221 Wilshire Blvd., suite 419a Los Angeles, CA 90048 tel: 213-930-2512 (s:L&R 2/92) Feminist Network [HUNGARY] Budapest 1056, Szerb u.8. Hungary Feminists For Life (FFL) [USA] 811 E 47th Street Kansas City, Missouri 64110 816-753-2130. Feminists for Life is a pro-woman pro-life organization. The feminist part is they support equal opportunity and equal protection under the law for women, i.e., "mainstream" feminism minus the abortion rights agenda. The pro-life part means they are anti-abortion, anti-capital punishment, anti-euthanasia, etc., i.e., support a consistent life ethic. From the statement of purpose: "As seekers of peace and equality and protectors of life, we pursue constructive, non-violent solutions to human problems. Since feminism rests upon the principles of justice, non-violence, and non-discrimination, abortion and other forms of institutionalized killing are inconsistent with these founding principles. We seek to identify and correct those practices which exploit women and children and deny them their true equality. As feminist women and men, we must be consistent in our demand for human rights." FFL is a secular organization and a national one, though many states have state chapters. Femmes Libres [FRANCE] 61 rue Pauly F-33130 Begles, France International network with bulletin, independent of all political organizations, but accept anarcho-syndicalism as common strategy. Publication of Libertarian Free Women. Foundation for Women's Resources [USA] Frauenbuchladen [GERMANY] Bismarckstr. 98 D-2000 Hamburg 20 Women's bookstore, home of the group "Anarchafeministinnen Hamburg." Frauen Solidaritaet [AUSTRIA] Weyrgasse 5/1 1030 Wien tel: +43-222-713-3594/Kl. 80 Women solidarity, quarterly, women and third world, in German. Fund for the Feminist Majority, The [USA] (also called The Feminist Majority Foundation) P.O. Box 96780 Washington DC 20077-7277 The Fund for the Feminist Majority, located in Washington DC, was founded by Eleanor Smeal a few years ago [2-4], primarily as a research organization or a feminist institute. Eleanor Smeal is a former NOW president. Its status as an organization separate from NOW is unclear to me [and others too]. Some people include the Fund as part of NOW, others believe Ms Smeal still runs NOW. In any case, the methods of the two groups are different. The Fund does not "lobby" in the typical sense of the word, as NOW does. However, the Fund does maintain strong positions such as: - pro choice - anti pornography The Fund accumulates and disseminates information about the status of, and on issues pertaining to, women. The Fund's primary campaign has been the "5% campaign", referring to the fact that while women comprise the majority of the population, the have only a meager 5% representation in all forms of government. The goal of this campaign is to get more women elected to government positions. It seems to be the Fund's belief that social change will only happen through changes in government. International Network of Women in Technology (WITI) [USA] 4641 Burnet Avenue, Sherman Oaks CA 91403 WITI@cup.portal.com, 818 990-1987. Press Release in December 1991: The International Network of Women in Technology (WITI) today announced the formation of a grass roots organization of women in technology from all sectors. A cooperative, mutually supportive international organization, WITI seeks to form strategic alliances with industry, government and universities to dramatically improve the status of women in technology towards advancing into higher levels of management and fulfill significant leadership roles. "In industry and government, the role of technology is a critical factor in winning global markets and establishing timely competitive advantages. Women are positioned as never before to participate on an equal economic and political status with men!" said Carolyn Leighton, Founding Executive Director and President of Criterion Research. The recent Department of Labor "Glass Ceiling Report" recently concluded that women are not successfully pushing beyond mid-management boundaries - only a 3% difference in the last 10 years. In the executive management ranks, the track record is even more dismal, according to a recent Fortune survey. WITI's mission is to change this statistic dramatically by ensuring that its members can participate in opportunities where their capabilities and expertise can have significant positive impact and visible success. One key to success is the ready accessibility to and leverage of information and expertise available through the WITI worldwide electronic network. "It is time for us to return to a positive, entrepreneurial, pioneering spirit", continued Leighton. "Our energy should not be wasted on defensive or offensive tactics, but instead, affirm the power we already hold - our intelligence, intuitiveness, creativity and natural leadership skills. We want to team with top leaders to find better technological solutions to problems not being dealt with effectively. Instead of insisting on nonsexist terms, I would prefer to see and hear terms like 'Chairwoman of the Board' as frequently as 'Chairman of the Board'." WITI plans to link with other organizations to leverage others' efforts to the benefit of WIT members and looks forward to making contacts with other groups committed to improving women's participation in technical leadership. League of Women Voters, The [USA] PO Box 96045 Washington, DC 20077-7330 OR (don't know which is current) 1730 M Street Washington, DC 20036 (202) 429-1965 "Founded in 1920, the League of Women Voters is a nonpartisan political organization that encourages citizens to play an informed and active role in government. At the local, state, and national levels, the League works to influence public policy through education and advocacy. Any person of voting age, male or females, may become a League member. All members receive `The National Voter.'" The League DOES NOT endorse candidates! It does endorse issues at the local, state, and national levels. It currently holds the position, at the national level, that "public policy in a pluralistic society must affirm the right of privacy to make reproductive choices." The cover story in the April/May 1991 "National Voter" was on "Protecting the Right to Choose" -- full-page letter from the LWV President in that issue detailed the League's "Take Back the System" campaign. "Take Back the System" endorses: 1) Push for televised debates during primaries. 2) A 900 number for campaign watches, for voters to complain about or praise specific campaigns. 3) Expand the electorate -- improve and extend registration efforts, particularly among 18-25 year old Americans. 4) Push for campaign finance reform: limit the amount cadidates can receive from PACs; limits and disclosures of "soft money" donations; restore federal tax credits for small political contributions from individuals. 5) Push to reach "disaffected" citizens who have taken themselves out of the "system" because of frustration, anger, or confusion. Movement for the Establishment of Real Gender Equality (MERGE) [CAN] 10011 116th Street Suite 501 Edmonton, Alberta T5K 1V4 CANADA Phone: (403) 488-4593 MERGE was founded in mid 1987 by Professor Ferrel M. Christensen of the University of Alberta, as an organisation dedicated to gender equality, supporting both the women's movement and the men's movement, without showing bias towards either. Since MERGE incorporates the concerns of both men and women, its members consider themselves to be "equalists" and "humanists" working towards equitable treatment of both genders. MERGE has come under fire for not being dedicated enough towards men's issues, while many in the feminist movement have condemned MERGE for taking a stance which they consider to be "pro-male," "anti-feminist," and "anti- women". To counter these charges, MERGE has published an eight-part statement of purpose. Some of its major positions include: - Opposition to any imposition of sex roles and sex role stereotypes - Support for legal and educational issues of importance to both men as and women. - Equal costs for men and women in all economic matters, ie., insurance, services, etc. - Support for the principle that divorce settlements should be based on contributions of labour (including housework) and money, rather than on a presumption of equal contributions or a subjection determination of need for either party. - Support for a legal presumption of joint custody in divorce cases. - Support for the principle that whatever legal rights women have to claim or renounce legal parenthood, should also be matched by corresponding rights for men. This is a "Pro-Choice" stance which also includes the newly-growing groundswell of support for the concept of "Pro-Male Choice" in addition. - Equal support for all victims of violence, whether female or male, and the elimination of gender-based stereotypes regarding this subject. National Action Commitee on the Status of Women, The [CANADA] National Organization of Women (NOW) [USA] NOW is the National Organization for Women. It was headed by Molly Yard for many years; Patricia Ireland is the new president as of 1991. 1) Pro-choice. 2) Officially neutral on questions of banning pornography: ``We are, obviously, acutely aware of the dangers of limiting free speech and publications, because many feminist publications have been, at various points, subject to suppression.'' Patricia Ireland, [at the time] NOW's executive vice president. Nytkis-Naisjarjestojen yhteistyo-kvinno-organisationer i samerbete [FINLAND] c/o Saarinimenk 6 00530 Helsinki, Finland tel: +358-0-77511 Feminist organization. Project on the Status and Education of Women [USA] Association of American Colleges 1818 R Street, NW Washington DC 20009 "The Project on the Status and Education of Women of the Association of American Colleges provides information concerning women in education, and works with institutions, government agencies and other associations and programs affecting women in higher education. The Project is funded by Carnegie Corporation of New York and The Ford Foundation." They have a number of publications and articles available via mail for a modest fee (write to the above address, enclose the money). For a list of all PSEW publications, send a self-addressed, stamped envelope with your request. Among these publications are: * _In Case of Sexual Harassment: A Guide for Women_ ($2) * _"Friends" Raping Friends: Could it Happen to You?_ ($2) * Sexual Harassment Package ($5). Includes _Sexual Harassment: A Hidden Issue_ Selected Articles from ON CAMPUS WITH WOMEN _Title VII Sexual Harassment Guidelines and Educational Employment_ _What Can Students do about Sexual Discrimination?_ _Writing a Letter to the Sexual Harasser: Another Way of Dealing With the Problem_ _Harvard Issues Statement about Sexual Harassment and Related Issues_ * Campus Rape Packet ($5). Includes _Campus Gang Rape: Party Games?_ _The Problem of Rape on Campus_ * Student Climate Issues Packet ($7). Includes _The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women?_ _Selected Activities Using "The Classroom Climate: A Chilly One for Women?"_ _Out of the Classroom: A Chilly Campus Climate for Women?_ * _Looking for More Than a Few Good Women in Traditionally Male Fields_ ($5) Radical Women [USA] Valencia Hall 523-A Valencia (near 16th Street) San Francisco, CA 94110 USA tel: 415-864-1278 A multi-racial socialist feminist organization dedicated to achieving full equality for women, people of color, lesbians, gays, and working people. Society of Women Engineers [USA] United Engineering Center, Room 305 345 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 (212) 705-7855 (From the SWE Section Manual:) "The Society of Women Engineers is a non-profit, educational, service organization of graduate engineers, men and women with equivalent engineering experience, and men and women who are dedicated to the advancement of women in the the engineering profession. It is a national organization numbering in the thousands with some international members." "The Society of Women Engineers: - Stimulates women to achieve full potential in careers as engineers and leaders - Expands the image of the engineering profession as a positive force in improving the quality of life - Demonstrates the value of diversity." SWE is organized in local "sections" (both student and professional). Many sections of SWE have speaker's bureaus that give speaches/presentations to local schools, many are involved in Girl Scouts badge programs. One section actually began a "Teacher In Service Training Program", where local SWE members ran a course to teach more science to elementary school teachers. There are regional meetings and a national convention too. I attended a regional convention that focused upon skills development (e.g. negotiation skills, mentoring (giving and receiving), public speaking). Women's Action Alliance [USA] Women's Action Coalition (WAC) [USA] Women Against Imperialism [USA] 3543 18th St. #14 San Francisco, CA 94110 USA tel: 415-995-4735 A feminist activist group connecting issues of violence against women, reproductive freedom, lesbian liberation, political prisoners, anti-racism, anti-intervention, and...; opposing the Columbus Day celebration. Women's Campaign Fund [USA] 120 Maryland Avenue, NE Washington, DC 20002 202-544-4484 202-544-4517 (fax) Committed to increasing female representation in the US Senate. Bipartisan. Agenda includes: sexual equality, preserving Roe vs. Wade and wupporting women as agents of change. In 1992, WCF expects to contribute nearly 1,000,000 in cash and technical assistance to more than 200 candidates. They put out a short newsletter describing the candidates they support. Women in Engineering Program Advocates Network (WEPAN) [USA] WEPAN (Women in Engineering Program Advocates Network) was founded 2 years ago by Cathy Deno and directors of Women in Engineering Programs at Stevens Institute of Technology (Susan Metz) and the University of Washington (Suzanne Brainard). We had a national conference sponsored by NSF and several corporations in June, 1990 at which it was decided to form a new organization (rather than become a part of the Society of Women Engineers or the American Society of Engineering Education). The purpose of WEPAN is "to increase the number of young women who pursue careers in engineering by encouraging the initiation and expansion of Women in Engineering Programs at colleges and universities throughout the United States." WEPAN was incorporated in 1991 and held another National Conference. We now have a membership of some 239 individuals from more than 100 different institutions and companys. There are several publications which have resulted from the first two years of existence which may be of interest to you. All of them can be ordered from: Cathy Deno WEPAN Member Services Purdue University Women in Engineering Programs CIVL Bldg. - G293 West Lafayette, IN 47907 by e-mail: wiep@ecn.purdue.edu by phone: (317) 494-5387 * Proceedings, Women in Engineering Conference May 30-June 1, 1990 (257 pages, 41 papers) - no charge while quantities last * Proceedings, Women in Engineering Conference June 2-4, 1991 (178 pages, 23 papers) - $15 * Directory of College/University Programs for Women in Engineering (40 pages, listing of contact persons and program offerings of 187 institutions) - single copies, no charge * Catalogue of Resource Materials for Women in Engineering Programs (almost 1200 entries describing: Program Fundings, Program Offerings, Professional Networks, Publications Available and Prevalent Issues) - available on disc - $25 for non-members or hard copy $25 everyone; individual sections can also be reproduced at cost of copies and mailing. Membership in WEPAN is $30 for an individual, $200 for an institution (which can designate three individuals as members), $500 for a corporate membership (which can designate three individuals as members), or $1,000 for an endowing corporate member (which can designate five individuals as members). Women of Color Resource Center [USA] 2288 Fulton St, suite 103 Berkeley, CA 94704 USA tel: 510-848-9272 Publishes "National Directory of Women of Color Organizations and Projects" Women's Online Network (WON) [USA] The Women's Online Network (WON) will distribute information, aid in the coordination of useful political action, and provide a forum for devloping strategies to improve the position of women in our society. Carmela M. Federico and Stacy M. Horn founded WON in January 1992. It is based in New York City on ECHO, Ms. Horn's public BBS. Its members will include online women, women's organizations, and citizens throughout the United States who are interested in a just society. WON will focus on direct action, advocacy, and dissemination of the information that women need to "make decisions, work freely and play with abandon." Groups have already used WON to distribute information about silicone breast implants and to coordinate efforts to prevent the re-election of Congresspeople whot voted to confirm Judge Thomas. Through Internet mail, WON members will communicate with each other and post notices of political actions. A discussion forum on ECHO will also be established, the contents of which will be distributed electronically to members who choose not to join ECHO. ECHO membership will be offered at a reduced rate to WON members. To join WON, you can contact the co-founders at (212) 255-3839 (voice), (212) 989-8411 (ECHO) or via email to either: carmela@echo.panix.com or horn@echo.panix.com. Membership entails a yearly fee of $20, negotiable if necessary. II. Related Organizations. [By "related," I mean organizations that are not specifically feminist, but enjoy feminist support, or are for/by women.] AAUW [USA] American Association of University Women ATTN: Julia Severson 1111 16th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 202/785-7700 AWSDA [USA] American Women's Self Defense Association 713 N. Wellwood Avenue Lindenhurst, NY 11757 Attention: Elizabeth Kennedy (516) 226-8383 A non-profit organization, AWSDA is dedicated to promoting women's awareness about rape prevention and self defense. FBI statistics indicate that one in ten women will be raped. Some studies have shown that one in four women may be sexually assaulted in her lifetime. These figures, if correct, are abhorrent and AWSDA is trying to do something about it. AWSDA is in the process of setting up programs to do things such as national advertising campaigns, and maintaining a referral database of services available for victims of violent crimes. AWSDA helps to further educate male and female self defense and rape prevention instructors by holding an annual seminar and by publishing a quarterly newsletter. Through sharing our expertise (particularly via the newsletter and annual seminars) AWSDA brings together all of those people interested in women's self defense. In order to continue to achieve these goals and more, AWSDA needs the support of interested, motivated persons. We need you - men and women who care enough to show their support for AWSDA. Men and women from all walks of life and all backgrounds. Together we can make a difference. Call or write to the address above or e-mail to "eileen@camb.com" for more information and an application form. If you e-mail to me, please be sure to include your postal mailing address. We look forward to hearing from you. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) [USA] 132 West 43rd Street New York, NY 10036 Founded in 1920. Pro- reproductive choice; pro- lesbian & gay rights. [From ACLU Briefing Paper #1 (published in 1991):] "The ACLU is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, 250,000-member public interest organization devoted exclusively to protecting the basic civil liberties of all Americans, and extending them to groups that have traditionally been denied them." Archives Recherches et cultures Lesbiennes [FRANCE] B.P. n' 662 F-75531 Paris cedex 11 tel: +33-1-4805-2589 Lives, theories, politics, cultures: international documentation by, for, and about lesbians. Asian Lesbian Network Nippon [JAPAN] c/o Regumi Studio Tokyo Joki, Nakazawa Blde. 3F 23 Araki-cho Shinjuku-Ku Tokyo 160 Japan Autonomous Frauenzentrum Frauenbeisl [AUSTRIA] Michael Gaismair str. 8 A-6020 Innsbruck tel: +43-5222-275-845 Autonomous women's center. Center for Women's Resources, The [PHILLIPINES] #18 Sot. Lozano St. Quezon City, Phillipines tel: 921-21-68 Committee on Women in Science and Engineering (CWSE) [USA] The National Research Council (NRC) has established, within the Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel, the Committee on Women in Science and Engineering (CWSE) in 1990. The latter is responsible for activities for facilitating the entry and retention of a greater number of talented women into scientific and engineering careers. Therefore, they are mainly focused on the postsecondary segments of the Education/Employment pipeline. They held their first meeting in March 1991 and their activities are as follows: (1) collect and disseminate current data on the participation of women in science and engineering in the fields of academe, government, industry, and professional societies. (2) monitor the progress of efforts to increase the participation of women in S&E careers (3) conduct symposia, workshops and other meetings to explore the policy environment, to stimulate and encourage initiatives in program development for women in S&E, and to evaluate their effectiveness on a regular basis (4) propose research and conduct special studies on issues relevant to women scientists and engineers so as to develop reports to document evidence and articulate NRC recommendations for actions. E.coli-bri [GERMANY] Nernstweg 32-34 D-2000 Hamburg 50 Material against the politics of population control and genetechnology. Emily's List [USA] 1112 16th Street, NW Suite 750 Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 887-1957 EMILY (Early Money Is Like Yeast)'s List is a "donor network" -- the organization itself does not give money to candidates; instead, it recommends a list of candidates to the members of the network and the members write checks directly to the campaigns of the candidates they choose. Their focus is on electing pro-choice Democratic women to state and national office. They distribute a well-researched and very detailed (2 pages' worth) profile of each recommended candidate to the network membership. To become a member of EMILY's List, one must pay a membership fee of $100 every 2 years, and pledge to write a minimum of 2 checks a year, for a minimum of $100 each, to a minimum of 2 candidates. FFBIZ [GERMANY] Dankelmannstr. 15/47 D-1000 Berlin 19 tel: +49-30-321-2137 "Women's Research Education Information Center" -- women's archive. Frauen Literatur Vertrieb [GERMANY] c/o Anne Frey Erich-Ollenhauer Str. 231 D-6200 Wiesbaden tel: +49-611-410-780 Women's publishing and distributing house. Frauen-Wohnprojekt [GERMANY] Norderstr. 70 D-2390 Flensburg tel: +49-461-140-356 Autonomist women's project with Women Antifa. Freedom from Hunger [USA] 1644 Da Vinci Court Davis, CA 95617 916-758-6200 FFH has a "woman to woman" program that raises money to lend to impoverished women. The women use the money to start a business that allows them to raise their standard of living. Typically, a $40 loan is enough to start these women up and the loan repayment rate is very high. From their blurb: "In most villages, about 30 women form their own solidarity group, a kindof support network. Each woman brings her own income-earning proposal to the group for approval and support. Then, the group as a whole applies for the loan from FFH. The group distributes the lkoand funds to its individual members and is responsible for repayment...More than 80% of our borrowers use profits from their income-generating activities to purchase food for their children. They also purchase medicine and clothing. After the loans are made, the women continue to meet weekly or biweekly in their solidarity groups to share their progress, discuss any problems and make payments on their loans...The solidarity group structure is an integral part of the "Credit with Education" effort because it provides a positive, supportive environment for the spread of knowledge. It is hear that the women learn how to best use their earnings to imporve their family's nutrition and learn more about the use of family planning methods, including birth spacing, and how they contribute to the overall health and well-being of both mothers and children." Gay and Lesbian Organization of Witwatersrand, The [SOUTH AFRICA] PO Box 23017 Joubert Park 2044 Johannesburg, South Africa Hagazussa [GERMANY] Friesenstrasse 12 D-2800 Bremen tel: +49-421-74140 Lesbian and women's bookshop. Indigenous Womens's Network [USA] Winona LaDuke White Earth Land Recovery Project PO Box 327 White Earth, MN 56591 USA Institute for Women's Policy Research (IWPR) [USA] 1400 20th St. NW, Suite 104, Washington, DC 20036 202-785-5100 International archief vd Vrouwenbeweging [NETHERLANDS] Keizersgracht 10 NL-1015 CN Amsterdam, Netherlands tel: +31-20-6244-2685 International archive of the women's movement Internationalismus-Archiv [GERMANY] Geschichtswerkstatt Am Oelpfad 27 D-4600 Dortmund-Hoerde tel: +49-231-412-242 Women's Internationalism Archive. Korean Women's Associations United [KOREA] 1-23 Chung-ding Choon-ku Seoul, Korea tel: 738-2883 fax: 7222-9244 Umbrella group, 25 member groups campaigning to change the family laws. KWWA [KOREA] Kwanum Pogyowon Building, 3rd floor Guro Dong 482-1 Guro-Ku Seoul, Korea Korean Women Workers Association Ladies Lodge [THAILAND] Asian Lesbian network PO Box 322 Rajdamnern, Bankok, Thailand Don't use the word lesbian in the address! London Lesbian and Gay Centre [UK] 69 Cowcross Street. London EC1M 6BP United Kingdom tel: +44-71-490-7153 Out-rage group, publishes Queer Reality Moviemiento Homosexual de Lima [PERU] Apartado 110289 Lima 11, Peru Mujer a Mujer Toronto [CANADA] 606 Shaw St. Toronto, ONT, N16 G3L6 Women's group. National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL) [USA] National Breast Cancer Coalition (NBCC) [USA] PO Box 66373 Washington, DC 20035-6373 A grass-roots group that lobbies for additional funding of breast cancer research. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force [USA] National Institutes of Health: Office of Research on Women's Health [USA] 301-402-1770 National Museum of Women in the Arts, The [USA] 1250 New York Avenue NW Washington, DC 20005 Committed to preserving and disseminating knowledge of female artists throughout history. Formed in 1987. Looking for supporting memberships. They have a large and absolutely fascinating collection of women that have until now remained completely obscure. National Roundtable for Women in Prisons [USA] National Women's Health Network [USA] 1325 G Street, NW (Lower Level) Washington, DC 20005-2052 Provides information on many aspects of health care for women. There is a bimonthly newsletter as well as an informational resource center provided. The newsletter is informative and very interesting. They advocate reforms and legislation affecting research into women's health care, and availability of women's health care. For example: 1) Pushed for resources into women's reproductive health research: 2) Pushed for safe drugs and medical devices; 3) Provided information about menopause and "replacement" therapy drugs; 4) Fought for reproductive rights 5) Distributed information on women and AIDS 6) Pushed for funding and research into breast health and breast cancer; 7) Promoted maternal and child health care policies 8) Worked on occupational health issues 9) Pushed for a national health program National Women's Political Caucus [USA] National Women's Studies Association [USA] OGAS [POLAND] Beata Kubica Sieradzka 5 m.708 45-334 Opole, Poland Opole Group of Social Activity, part of the FA and Federacja Zielonych (the Green Federation). Especially women's rights, feminism, pacifism, environmentalism, animal rights. Older Women's League [USA] 666 11th Street, NW Suite 700 Washington DC 20001-4512 The First and only national membership organization dedicated to improving the lives of mid-life and older women, OWL is a leading advocate for economic and social justice, exerting its influence in Congress and state legislatures on a vast array of public policy fronts, such as pensions, Social Security, insurance and health care. They support expanded employer-sponsored pension coverage, increased access to housing, housing alternatives for the elderly poor, and the Family Medical Leave Act. Out of Control [USA] Box 30 3543 18th St. San Francisco, CA 94110 USA Lesbian committee to support women political prisoners Planned Parenthood [Int'l] Polish Feminist Association [POLAND] ul. Gorska 7/53 Warsaw, Poland Radical Women [USA] 32 Union sq. East New York, NY 10003 USA tel: 212-677-7002 or 491-5163 International socialist feminist organization Religious Coalition for Abortion Rights (RCAR) [USA] 100 Maryland Ave., NE Washington, D.C., 20002-5625 A coalition of diverse Christian and Jewish groups supporting a woman's right to abortion. They link reproductive freedom with religious freedom, noting that an anti-abortion law would impose a religious view held by some citizens upon all citizens (the notion of personhood). They present a distinct challenge to the notion that only "unbelievers" are pro-choice. Revolutionary Sisters of Color [USA] PO Box 191021 Roxbury, MA 02119 USA radical feminist, socialist and activist organization of women of color Rosa Lila Villa [AUSTRIA] Linke Wienzeile 102 A-1060 Wien tel: +43-222-568-150 Lesbian and Gay house. Schokofabrik [GERMANY] Mariannenstr. 6 HH D-1000 Berlin 36 Women's center. Schwarze Witwe [GERMANY] Achtermannstr. 10-12 D-4400 Muenster tel: +49-251-511-195 Women's group. Society for the Advancement of Women's Health Research, The [USA] Wimmin Prisoner Survival Network [CANADA] Box 770, Station P. Toronto, ONT M5S 2Z1 Women in Black [ISRAEL] PO Box 61128 Jerusalem 91060 Israel tel: +972-2-255-984 and 209 Dizengoff St. Tel Aviv, Israel tel: +972-3-410-452 Women who stand in vigil for one hour each Friday afternoon in over 30 locations throughout Israel (and several in Europe and North America) demanding an end to occupation. Women in House and Senate (WISH) [USA] Similar to Emily's List, but for Republican candidates. Women of Color Caucus [USA] Women's Action for Nuclear Disarmament (WAND) [USA] PO Box 153 New Town Branch Boston, MA 02258-9990 USA Women's Association [THAILAND] 64 Petchabur, Bankok, Thailand WHAM [USA] PO Box 733 New York, NY 10009 USA tel: 212-713-5966 Women's Health Action and Mobilization Women's Information Center (WIC) [THAILAND] Counseling for Prostitutes PO Box 747 Bankok 10700, Thailand Women's Society for Democracy [KOREA] 306, Chung Jeung Ro 3 GA, Seodaemoon-Ku Seoul 120-013, Korea Organizing among housewives and office workers Women's Studies Center [ISRAEL] PO Box 19591 East Jerusalem via Israel tel: +972-2-958-848 fax: +972-2-894-023 (address to S.Mani) WOFPP [ISRAEL] POB 31811 Tel Aviv, Israel tel/fax: +927-3-528-6050 Women's Organization for Political Prisoners III. Feminist and Feminist-Oriented Publications. Newsletters, articles, magazines, and journals. Crazy Quilt [USA] PO Box 390575 Mountain View, CA 94039 The first issue was published Sept. 1990. Subscription is $16/year, single copies $5. Publishes women's work -- any kind of writing, thoughts, poetry, etc., by women may be submitted for publication. Eigenverlag des Vereins Beitraege sur feministischen Theorie und Praxis [GER] Herwartstr. 22 D-5000 Koeln 1 tel: 49-221-526-422 Journal, essays on feminist theory and practice, three times yearly. FraZ [SWITZERLAND] Postfach 648 CH-8025 Zuerich, Switzerland tel: +41-1-272-7371 Feminist magazine, "Lesbian, resistance", in German Health [USA] 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016 Women's health issues. Lesben Stich [GERMANY] Postfach 360549 D-1000 Berlin 36 "The lesbian magazine for the upright gang." LesCon [USA] 584 Castro Street San Francisco, CA 94114 Lesbian contradiction, a journal of irreverent feminism Ms. [USA] P.O. Box 50008 Boulder, CO 80321-0008 An advertisement-free magazine devoted to a variety of feminist issues. Ms. has had a long history as a feminist magazine. Network News, The [USA] National Women's Health Network 1325 G St., N.W. Washington DC, 20005 Women's health issues. off our backs [USA] 2423 18th st, NW, 2nd floor Washington, DC 20009 USA tel: 202-234-8072 a women's newsjournal, monthly Radiance [USA] PO Box 30246 Oakland, CA 94604 A feminist magazine for large women. Shocking Pink [UK] c/o 121 Railton Rd. London SE24 United Kingdom Feminist youth magazine SPEAK [SOUTH AFRICA] P.O. Box 45213 Mayfair 2018 South Africa Women's journal Women and Guns [USA] Second Amendment Foundation James Madison Building 12500 N.E. Tenth Place Bellevue, WA 98005 Practical advice on self-defense from the woman's point of view. Besides gun reviews, includes topics such as self-protection at home, effective cover, who should (and should not) own a gun, gun storage options, teaching children to stay away from guns. A refreshing feminist editor provides intriguing editorials. Women's International Network News [USA] Fran P. Hosken 187 Grant Street Lexington, MA 02173 617-862-9431 "All the news that is fit to print by, for, and about women". Four issues a year, institutional subscriptions $40, individual $30, previous years, $15. Fran will mail out a copy to anyone contributing information. Fran is Austrian, graduated Smith in 1940, joined the Coast Guard, has done field work worldwide, particularly in Africa. She has written and taught widely on architecture, urban studies, women's development and communication, is working on a series of educational childbirth materials for worldwide use, is famous for her human rights/ health action network, which agitated unto the UN on genital and sexual mutilation of women and is listed in most WHO'S WHO's. Women's Review of Books, The [USA] The Women's Review Inc 828 Washington Street Wellesley, MA 02181 $16/year-monthly except August--newprint--usually about 25 pages Editorial Policy: The Women's Review of Books is feminist but not restricted to any one conception of feminism; all writing that is neither sexist, racist, homophobic, nor otherwise discriminatory will be welcome. We seek to represent the widest possible range of feminist perspectives both in the books reviewed and in the content of the reviews. We believe that no one of us, alone or in a group, can speak for feminism , or women, as such; all of our thinking and writing takes place in a specific political, social, ethnic and sexual context, and a responsible review periodical should reflect and further that diversity. The Women's Review takes no editorial stance; all the views expressed in it represent the opinion of the individual authors. Women to Women Communications [USA] PO Box 161775 Cupertino, CA 95016 Publishes an international listing of over 400 women's magazines IV. Feminist and Women-Oriented Electronic Mailing Lists. A number of universities and companies have local women-only or women-oriented mailing lists; you may wish to inquire the postmaster at your site for any specific local information. A number of lists are managed with automated software; a widely used one is "LISTSERV". When you see a LISTSERV address, the correct format to use for subscription is SUB Your Name, where is substituted with the name of the list (e.g., WMST-L, WOMEN, etc) and where Your Name is simply your real name, not your login or account name. You will be sent more information following such a subscription on how to unsubscribe, suspend mail, and retrieve archived information. Other addresses may or may not be managed by automated software; be SURE to include your name and email address at the end of any message you send to these other addresses. The date indicates when the information was last verified. Amazons International (8/92) Amazons International is an electronic newsletter for and about Amazons (physically and psychologically strong, assertive women who don't like or fit in with femininity as weakness, wimpiness and subordination and who are not afraid to break free from traditional ideas and restrictions about gender roles), and their friends and lovers. Amazons International is dedicated to the image of the female hero in fiction and in fact, as it is expressed in art and literature, in the physiques and feats of female athletes, and in sexual values and practices. Contact: thomas@smaug.uio.no. Note that some women have pointed out that to them the list seemed rather male-oriented, very physical. BIFEM-L (8/92) A moderated mailing list for women only. Its purpose is to provide a safe space primarily for bisexual women. Subscription messages should be sent to listserv@brownvm.brown.edu (internet) or listserv@brownvm (bitnet). EDUCOM-W (8/92) EDUCOM-W is an unmoderated list to facilitate discussion of issues in technology and education that are of interest to women. The list is intended to promote discussion of how EDUCOM can help address those issues in its services to members. To subscribe, send a message to listserv@bitnic (bitnet) or listserv@bitnic.educom.org (internet). femail (1/93) Femail is intended to provide a forum for discussion of issues of interest to women, in a friendly atmosphere. The basic tenets of feminism and the day-to-day experiences of women do not have to be explained or defended. Men and women can join, but everyone requesting to be added to the mailing list MUST provide the moderator with: 1) a full name; 2) a complete uucp path to a well-known host or a fully specified Internet address; 3) the correspondent's gender (for records and statistics only). NO exceptions. To subscribe, send email to femail-request@lucerne.eng.sun.com This list has many requests for additions and deletions, so please allow some time for your request to be processed. (Despite the huge membership, the traffic is very reasonable.) FEMECON-L (8/92) For feminist economists. Send subscription requests to listserv@bucknell.edu (internet). feminism-digest (1/93) This is a simple collation of the articles that appear on usenet's soc.feminism. It is not a mailing list in its own right, although subscribers are told how to send their articles via email to the newsgroup. It is intended for anyone unable to access soc.feminism or simply wishing a digest format. At present, the articles are not filtered. Anyone can join. To subscribe, send email to feminism-digest@ncar.ucar.edu. FEMINIST (9/92) This list is owned by the Feminist Task Force of the American Library Association. It deals with issues such as sexism in libraries and librarianship, pornography and censorship in libraries, and racism and ethnic diversity in librarianship. Subscription messages (SUB FEMINIST Your Name) should be sent to listserv@mitvma (bitnet) or listserv@mitvma.mit.edu (internet). FIST (8/92) This list discusses feminism and science and technology. This is an unmoderated list and open to all. The idea of this list is to discuss critiques of science and move beyond those critiques into the realm of how to create feminist science. Send your request to listserv@dawn.hampshire.edu. All new members are requested to send in an introduction of themselves first thing. FEMREL-L (8/92) A list concerning women and religion and feminist theology. Send subscription requests messages to listserv@umcvmb (bitnet). GENDER (8/92) Devoted especially to "discussion of issues pertaining to the study of communication and gender." To subscribe, send email to comserve@rpiecs (bitnet) or comserv@vm.ecs.rpi.edu (internet) with SUBSCRIBE GENDER Your Name in the message. Kol-Isha (1/93) Halachic questions and issues concerning women's roles in Judaism. It is a moderated list available through the courtesy of israel.nysernet. The list encourages Achdut Yisrael and so is open to a member of any group, so long as other group member's positions are respected. To subscribe, send a message to listserv@israel.nysernet.org. MAIL-MEN (9/92) Self-described as "a place of openness and support [for discussing men's issues, such as] those problems or experiences that affect male humans." Open to women and men. Send subscription requests to mail-men-request@usl.com. SAIS-L (8/92) Science awareness and promotion. Send email to listserv@unbvm1 (bitnet) or listserv@unb.ca (internet). sappho (12/92) Purpose: A forum and support group for gay and bisexual women. The list is not moderated, but may become so if the volume and/or content begins to warrant it. A digest version is available; if you want it, be sure to mention it in your addition request. Men who want to "listen in," for whatever reason, are requested to try other mailing lists instead; sappho membership is limited to women. To subscribe, send email to sappho-request@mc.lcs.mit.edu. SASH (8/92) Sociologists against sexual harrassment discussion list. As a subscriber, regardless of your experience with sexual harassment, your theoretical framework, your disciplinary focus, your socio-economic location, your organizational status--you are invited to shape the sexual harassment discourse through participation on this discussion board. However, those whose behaviors the moderator finds to be consistently harassing, disrespectful, and offensive to the subscribers of this list will be unsubscribed. To subscribe, send email to Phoebe M. Stambaugh at (internet) azpxs@asuvm.inre.asu.edu or (bitnet) azpxs@asuacad. South-Asian Women list (12/92) There is an email discussion group for south asian women which has been set up recently. Women from the south asian countries as well as women from other parts of the world interested in the issues that concern south asian women are welcome to join this discussion group. This group is not open to men as it is set up now. Women who would like to join this mailing list should send mail to usubrama@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu OR susanc@helix.nih.gov. SWIP-L (9/92) Feminist Philosophy. Send email to listserv@cfrvm (bitnet) or listserv@cfrvm.cfr.usf.edu (internet). systers (1/93) Systers is a mailing list intended for professional and technical women in computer science. This is a women-only list. Academic and industry people are both welcome. In general, you should be finished with undergraduate studies and either working in Computer Science (in industry or academics) or completing Masters/PhD. work in Computer Science. To subscribe, send email to Dr. Anita Borg at systers-request@decwrl.dec.com. She will give you all the addresses that you will need for participation on systers. WISENET (8/92) Women in science, mathematics or engineering and students interested in those disciplines are encouraged to join a newly established network to help them progress in their careers. WISENET/Midwest is a Midwest network that promotes women and girls of diverse backgrounds in science, mathematics and engineering. To subscribe, send email to listserv@uicvm (bitnet) or listserv@uicvm.uic.edu (internet). WIML-L (8/92) Women's Issues in Music Librarianship. For more information about WIML-L, contact Laura Gayle Green, LGREEN@IUBVM (bitnet). WINGS (1/93) PO Box 5307 Kansas City, MO 64131 tel: 1-800-798-9703 or 816-361-7161 email: wings@igc.org Women's International News Gathering Service, produces a monthly audio newsletter WITI (described above) Send email to WITI@cup.portal.com. WMST-L (1/93) WMST-L has been formed to facilitate discussion of Women's Studies issues, especially those concerned with research, teaching, and program administration, and to publicize relevant conferences, job announcements, calls for papers, publications, and the like. The list also serves as a repository for syllabi and other files related to Women's Studies. To subscribe to WMST-L, send email to listserv@umdd (bitnet) or listserv@umdd.umd.edu (internet). For more information, or if you have materials that you'd be willing to put on file, please contact Joan Korenman, Women's Studies Program, U. of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228-5398 (korenman@umbc or korenman@umbc2.umbc.edu). WOMEN (8/92) A "general purpose list, intended to be a connection between all women's groups and areas of interest for women and their friends." Subscription requests should be sent to women-request@athena.mit.edu. WON (described above) (8/92) Send email to carmela@echo.panix.com or horn@echo.panix.com. V. Catalogues/Bookstores. Just Books [UK] 7 Winetavern Street Smithfield BT1 1JQ Belfast North Ireland Tel: +44-232-225-426 Women/Anarchist. National Women's History Project 7738 Bell Road Windsor, CA 95492 (707) 838-6000 8-5 Pacific Time The blurb on the cover says that the catalog is a resource for "Posters, Women's History Month Celebration Supplies, Gifts, Books, Videos, Display Materials, Classroom Materials". The function of the project is to promote women's history in classrooms, workplaces and communities. The catalog gets bigger every year, and reading through it is always inspiring. RAFKO [NETHERLANDS] Postbus 902 NL-9700 AX Groningen, Netherlands tel: +31-50-143-927 Revolutionair Anarchisties Feministies Kollektief. "Political bookstore started by a revolutionary anarchist feminist collective." Scarecrow Press Catalogue 52 Liberty Street PO Box 4167 Metuchen NJ 08840 1-800-537-7107 Silver Moon Women's Bookshop [UK] 64-68 Charing Cross Road tel: 011 44 71 836 7906 London WC2HH 0BB, fax: 011 44 71 379 1018 United Kingdom Europe's largest women's bookshop, lesbian owned and run, stocks more than 10,000 books, as well as calendars, video-tapes and various other items. They also publish lesbian fiction under their own imprint. With close contact with many publishing houses they know of most forthcoming works and host signings, so can sometimes supply signed copies of new publications. They do not stock second-hand or antiquarian books, but could probably advise on sources of these that specialise in women's titles. They accept American Express, Visa and MasterCard, and will do overseas orders. Xantippe [NETHERLANDS] Prinsengracht 290 NL-1016 HJ Amsterdam, Netherlands tel: +31-20-623-5854 fax: +31-20-624-8013 'The largest women's bookstore in the world' -------------- My thanks to: Nancyjane Bailey, Anita Borg, Natalie Cohen, Janet Chin, Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing, Kathleen Freeman, Thomas Gramstad, Mary Dee Harris, Stacy Horn, Eileen S. Kostolni, Joan Korenman, Dian Lopez, Diane L. Olsen, Linda C. Will Steeves, Perry, Carolyn Turbyfill, Heidi Wolf, and Sue J. Worden. -------------- Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu. --Cindy Tittle Moore "A woman with a mind is fit for all tasks." --Christine de Pizan (c.1363 - c.1431) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Area # 2120 news.answers 02-25-94 01:54 Message # 6659 From : TITTLE@NETCOM.COM To : ALL Subj : soc.feminism Terminologi ÿ@PACKOUT:03-01-94øFr Message-ID: Newsgroup: soc.feminism,soc.answers,news.answers Organization: Disorganized in Orange County, CA Archive-name: feminism/terms Version: 1.5 Last-modified: 15 February 1993 Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to rtfm.mit.edu under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms. Or, send email to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with send usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms in the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty. A variety of movements in feminism means that calling one's self a feminist can mean many things. In general, members of the following categories of feminism believe in the listed policies; however as with any diverse movement, there are disagreements within each group and overlap between others. This list is meant to illustrate the diversity of feminist thought and belief. It does not mean that feminism is fragmented (although it often seems that way!). Much of the definitions presented here are inspired from _American Feminism_ by Ginette Castro; there is a definite American bias here. Other sources were _Feminist Frameworks_ (2nd ed.) by Jaggar and Rothenberg (which is a worthwhile but incomplete reader that tried to sort out these various schools of feminist thought). Any additional, balancing information from other countries and/or books is more than welcome (and will be incorporated). Defining various kinds of feminism is a tricky proposition. The diversity of comment with most of the kinds presented here should alert you to the dangers and difficulties in trying to "define" feminism. Since feminism itself resists all kinds of definitions by its very existence and aims, it is more accurate to say that there are all kinds of "flavors" and these flavors are mixed up every which way; there is no set of Baskin Robbins premixed flavors, as it were. Amazon Feminism Amazon feminism is dedicated to the image of the female hero in fiction and in fact, as it is expressed in art and literature, in the physiques and feats of female athletes, and in sexual values and practices. Amazon feminism is concerned about physical equality and is opposed to gender role stereotypes and discrimination against women based on assumptions that women are supposed to be, look or behave as if they are passive, weak and physically helpless. Amazon feminism rejects the idea that certain characteristics or interests are inherently masculine (or feminine), and upholds and explores a vision of heroic womanhood. Thus Amazon feminism advocates e.g., female strength athletes, martial artists, soldiers, etc. [TG] Anarcho-Feminism Anarcho-feminism was never a huge movement, especially in the United States, and you won't find a whole lot written about it. I mention it mostly because of the influential work of Emma Goldman, who used anarchism to craft a radical feminism that was (alas!) far ahead of her time. Radical feminism expended a lot of energy dealing with a basis from which to critique society without falling into Marxist pleas for socialist revolution. It also expended a lot of energy trying to reach across racial and class lines. Goldman had succeeded in both. Radical feminist Alix Schulman realized this, but not in time to save her movement. She's put out a reader of Goldman's work and a biography, both of which I recommend highly. [JD] Cultural Feminism As radical feminism died out as a movement, cultural feminism got rolling. In fact, many of the same people moved from the former to the latter. They carried the name "radical feminism" with them, and some cultural feminists use that name still. (Jaggar and Rothenberg don't even list cultural feminism as a framework separate from radical feminism, but Echols spells out the distinctions in great detail.) The difference between the two is quite striking: whereas radical feminism was a movement to transform society, cultural feminism retreated to vanguardism, working instead to build a women's culture. Some of this effort has had some social benefit: rape crisis centers, for example; and of course many cultural feminists have been active in social issues (but as individuals, not as part of a movement). [JD] Cultural feminists can sometimes come up with notions that sound disturbingly Victorian and non-progressive: that women are inherently (biologically) "kinder and gentler" than men and so on. (Therefore if all leaders were women, we wouldn't have wars.) I do think, though, that cultural feminism's attempts to heighten respect for what is traditionally considered women's work is an important parallel activity to recognizing that traditionally male activities aren't necessarily as important as we think. [CTM] I have often associated this type of statement [inherently kinder and gentler] with Separatist Feminists, who seem to me to feel that women are *inherently* kinder and gentler, so why associate with men? (This is just my experience from Separatists I know...I haven't read anything on the subject.) I know Cultural Feminists who would claim women are *trained* to be kinder and gentler, but I don't know any who have said they are *naturally* kinder. [SJ] As various 1960s movements for social change fell apart or got co-opted, folks got pessimistic about the very possibility of social change. Many of then turned their attention to building alternatives, so that if they couldn't change the dominant society, they could avoid it as much as possible. That, in a nutshell, is what the shift from radical feminism to cultural feminism was about. These alternative-building efforts were accompanied with reasons explaining (perhaps justifying) the abandonment of working for social change. Cultural feminism's justification was biological determinism. This justification was worked out in great detail, and was based on assertions in horribly-flawed books like Elizabeth Gould Davis's _The First Sex_ and Ashley Montagu's _The Natural Superiority of Women_. So notions that women are "inherently kinder and gentler" are one of the foundations of cultural feminism, and remain a major part of it. A similar concept held by some cultural feminists is that while various sex differences might not be biologically determined, they are still so thoroughly ingrained as to be intractable. There is no inherent connection between alternative-building and ideologies of biological determinism (or of social intracta- bility). SJ has apparently encountered alternative-builders who don't embrace biological determinism, and I consider this a very good sign. [JD] I should point out here that Ashley Montagu is male, and his book was first copyright in 1952, so I don't believe that it originated as part of the separatist movements in the '60's. It may still be horribly flawed; I haven't yet read it. [CTM] Erotic Feminism [European] This seemed to start (as a movement) in Germany under the rule of Otto von Bismarck. He ruled the land with the motto "blood and iron". In society the man was the _ultra manly man_ and power was patriarchal power. Some women rebelled against this, by becoming WOMAN. Eroticism became a philosophical and metaphysical value and the life-creating value. [RG] Eco-Feminism: This branch of feminism is much more spiritual than political or theoretical in nature. It may or may not be wrapped up with Goddess worship and vegetarianism. Its basic tenet is that a patriarchical society will exploit its resources without regard to long term consequences as a direct result of the attitudes fostered in a patriarchical/hierarchical society. Parallels are often drawn between society's treatment of the environment, animals, or resources and its treatment of women. In resisting patriarchical culture, eco-feminists feel that they are also resisting plundering and destroying the Earth. And vice-versa. [CTM] This is actually socially-conscious environmentalism with a tiny smattering of the radical and cultural feminist observation that exploitation of women and exploitation of the earth have some astonishing parallels. The rest of "eco-feminism" turns out to be a variation on socialism. The Green movements of Europe have done a good job of formulating (if not implementing) an environmentally aware feminism; and while Green movements were not originally considered a part of eco-feminism, they are now recognized as a vital component. [JD] (If I remember correctly, a couple of feminist groups, including NOW have joined up with Green parties. [CTM]) Feminazi: This term was "invented" by the radio/tv host Rush Limbaugh. He defines a feminazi as a feminist who is trying to produce as many abortions as possible. Hence the term "nazi" - he sees them as trying to rid the world of a particular group of people (fetuses). This term is of course completely without merit, but there's the definition of it FYI. [CTM] Feminism and Women of Color: In _feminist theory from margin to center_ (1984), bell hooks writes of "militant white women" who call themselves "radical feminists" but hooks labels them "reactionary" . . . Hooks is refering to cultural feminism here. Her comment is a good introduction to that fractious variety of feminism that Jaggar and Rothenberg find hard to label any further than to designate its source as women of color. It is a most vital variety, covering much of the same ground as radical feminism and duplicating its dynamic nature. Yet bad timing kept the two from ever uniting. For more information you might want to also read hooks' book and her earlier reader, _ain't i a woman?_ Whereas radical feminism was primarily formulated by educated white women focusing on women's issues, this variety was formulated by women who would not (because they could not) limit their focus. What is so extraordinary is that the two converged in so many ways, with the notable exception that the women of color were adamantly opposed to considering one form of oppression (sexism) without considering the others. [JD] I think an important work in the history of feminism and women of color is Gloria Anzaldua and Cherrie Moraga's anthology, _This Bridge Called My Back: Writings By Radical Women of Color_. It's my belief that the unique contribution of women of color, who experience at least two forms of discrimination daily, provides balance and reality to much of the more theoretical forms of academic feminism favored by educated white women. [EE] Individualist, or Libertarian Feminism Individualist feminism is based upon individualist or libertarian (minimum government or anarchocapitalist) philosophies, i.e. philosophies whose primary focus is individual autonomy, rights, liberty, independence and diversity. Lesbianism: There are a couple of points to make here. First is that Lesbianism is not necessarily a *de facto* part of feminism. While it is true that merely being a lesbian is a direct contravention of "traditional" concepts of womanhood, Lesbians themeselves hold a wide variety of opionions on the subject of feminism just as their straight sisters do. On the other hand, Lesbianism has sometimes been made into a political point by straight women "becoming" lesbian in order to fully reject men. However, it is never accurate to characterise all feminists as Lesbians nor all Lesbians as feminists. The reader should also note that homophobia is as present among feminists as it is in any other segment of society. Lesbianism and feminism, for all their common points and joint interests, are two very different groups. [CTM] Liberal Feminism: This is the variety of feminism that works within the structure of mainstream society to integrate women into that structure. Its roots stretch back to the social contract theory of government instituted by the American Revolution. Abigail Adams and Mary Wollstonecraft were there from the start, proposing equality for women. As is often the case with liberals, they slog along inside the system, getting little done amongst the compromises until some radical movement shows up and pulls those compromises left of center. This is how it operated in the days of the suffragist movement and again with the emergence of the radical feminists. [JD] Marxist and Socialist Feminism Marxism recognizes that women are oppressed, and attributes the oppression to the capitalist/private property system. Thus they insist that the only way to end the oppression of women is to overthrow the capitalist system. Socialist feminism is the result of Marxism meeting radical feminism. Jaggar and Rothenberg point to significant differences between socialist feminism and Marxism, but for our purposes I'll present the two together. Echols offers a description of socialist feminism as a marriage between Marxism and radical feminism, with Marxism the dominant partner. Marxists and socialists often call themselves "radical," but they use the term to refer to a completely different "root" of society: the economic system. [JD] Material Feminism A movement in the late 19th century to liberate women by improving their material condition. This meant taking the burden of housework and cooking off their shoulders. _The Grand Domestic Revolution_ by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is one reference. [RZ] Moderate Feminism: This branch of feminism tends to be populated by younger women or other women who have not directly experienced discrimination. They are closely affiliated with liberal feminism, but tend to question the need for further effort, and do not think that Radical feminism is any longer viable and in fact rather embarrassing (this is the group most likely to espouse feminist ideas and thoughts while denying being "feminist"). [CTM] 'pop-feminism' This term has appeared several times on soc.feminism. It appears to be a catch-all for the bogey"man" sort of feminism that everyone loves to hate: you know, the kind of feminism that grinds men under its heel and admits to no wrong for women. It is doubtful that such a caricature actually exists, yet many people persist in lumping all feminists into this sort of a category. [CTM] Radical Feminism: Provides the bulwark of theoretical thought in feminism. Radical feminism provides an important foundation for the rest of "feminist flavors". Seen by many as the "undesireable" element of feminism, Radical feminism is actually the breeding ground for many of the ideas arising from feminism; ideas which get shaped and pounded out in various ways by other (but not all) branches of feminism. [CTM] Radical feminism was the cutting edge of feminist theory from approximately 1967-1975. It is no longer as universally accepted as it was then, nor does it provide a foundation for, for example, cultural feminism. In addition, radical feminism is not and never has been related to the Maoist-feminist group Radical Women. [EE] This term refers to the feminist movement that sprung out of the civil rights and peace movements in 1967-1968. The reason this group gets the "radical" label is that they view the oppression of women as the most fundamental form of opression, one that cuts across boundaries of race, culture, and economic class. This is a movement intent on social change, change of rather revolutionary proportions, in fact. [JD] Ironically, this get-to-the-roots movement is the most root-less variety of feminism. This was part of its strength and part of its weakness. It was always dynamic, always dealing with factions, and always full of ideas. Its influence has been felt in all the other varieties listed here, as well as in society at large. [JD] To me, radical feminism is centred on the necessity to question gender roles. This is why I identify current "gender politics" questions as radical feminist issues. Radical feminism questions why women must adopt certain roles based on their biology, just as it questions why men adopt certain other roles based on theirs. Radical feminism attempts to draw lines between biologically- determined behavior and culturally-determined behavior in order to free both men and women as much as possible from their previous narrow gender roles. [EE] The best history of this movement is a book called _Daring to be Bad_, by Echols. I consider that book a must! [JD] Another excellent book is simply titled _Radical Feminism_ and is an anthology edited by Anne Koedt, a well-known radical feminist [EE]. Radical feminist theory is to a large extent incompatible with cultural feminism. The reason is that the societal forces it deals with seem so great in magnitude that they make it impossible to identify any innate masculine or feminine attributes except those which are results of the biological attributes. (This is what I think the [above] "view[s] the oppression of women as the most fundamental form of oppression," [is getting at] although I don't agree with that statement in its context.) [DdJ] Separatists: Popularly and wrongly depicted as Lesbians, these are the feminists who advocate separation from men; sometimes total, sometimes partial. Women who organize women-only events are often unfairly dubbed separatist. Separatists are sometimes literal, sometimes figurative. The core idea is that "separating" (by various means) from men enables women to see themselves in a different context. Many feminists, whether or not separatist, think this is a necessary "first step", by which they mean a temporary separation for personal growth, not a permanent one. [CTM] There is sometimes some overlap between separatist and cultural feminists (see below). [SJ] It is equally inaccurate to consider all Lesbians as separatist; while it is true that they do not interact with men for sexual fulfillment, it is not true that they therefore automatically shun all interaction with men. [CTM] And, conversely, it is equally inaccurate to consider all separatists Lesbians. Additionally, lesbian feminism may be considered a category distinct from separatist feminism. Lesbian feminism puts more emphasis on lesbianism -- active bonding with women -- than separatism does, in its emphasis on removing bonds with men. [EE] [Other categories? Both formal and informal are welcome.] Men's Movements: [Largely contributed by Dave Gross. Exceptions noted.] It may seem odd to include some notes on men's movements in a description of feminism. However, many of these movements were started in reaction to feminism: some inspired by and others in contra-reaction to it. In this context, examining men's movements tells of some specific reactions to feminism by men. [CTM] Most men's movement historians date the men's movement back to the early seventies. In 1970, according to Anthony Astrachan ("How Men Feel" p. 291) the first men's center opened in Berkeley, Calif. and the magazine "Liberation" published an article by Jack Sawyer entitled "On Male Liberation." The men's movement equivalent to the catalyst provided to the women's movement by Betty Friedan, was "The Male Machine" by Mark Feigen Fasteau in 1975. My edition has a forward by Gloria Steinem in which she writes: "This book is a complement to the feminist revolution, yet it is one no woman could write. It is the revolution's other half." But a reexamination of the male gender role certainly predates the 1970s. In fact, the book "The American Male" by Myron Brenton, complained that "when the plight of woman is given such intense scrutiny, a curiously distorting effect tends to be created. Suddenly the world is seen only through the feminist prism." This quote, which would be comfortable coming out of Warren Farrell's mouth in the 1990s, was published in 1966. The book was essentially a male-friendly, pro-feminist examination of the male sex role, and started a theme of portraying masculinity as dangerous and destructive (physically and emotionally) to men -- a theme that was to also provide the basis for the works of Fasteau, Goldberg and Farrell in the 1970s. And R.F. Doyle, who was to form one of the rare traditionalist men's groups, was already fighting for male-friendly divorce reform in the early 1960s (his Divorce Racket Busters in 1960 is in a direct line of parentage to his Men's Rights Association in 1973). Barbara Ehrenreich in "The Hearts of Men" traces the men's movement back even further. She believes that the current men's movement is only the latest representation of a long-term male revolt against the "breadwinner ethic:" "I will argue that the collapse of the breadwinner ethic had begun well before the revival of feminism and stemmed from dissatisfactions every bit as deep, if not as idealist- ically expressed, as those that motivated our founding 'second wave' feminists." -- p. 12 Furthermore, she writes that "The great irony... is that the right-wing, antifeminist backlash that emerged in the 1970s is a backlash not so much against feminism as against the male revolt." -- p.13 In the mid- to late-1950s (although she traces the roots even further back than this), non-conformity becomes a hip topic. Playboy magazine started publishing in 1953, and by the early sixties had started offering "something approaching a coherent program for the male rebellion" (p. 50). The magazine's trademark T&A was only a side-issue, designed to make the rebellion against the male sex role (aka The Playboy Philosophy) a safely heterosexual one. The Beat movement "establish[ed] a vantage point from which the 'normal' could be judged, assessed and labeled -- square" (p. 67) and then "cardiology... passed its own judgement on the 'normal' masculine condition, and [came] down, without fully realizing it, on the side of the rebels" (p. 87). The Human Potential Movement combined with cardiological concerns encouraged a change in men's lives; the Vietnam War further tarnished the image of masculinity; the 60s counter culture allowed androgyny; the second-wave of the women's movement pushed for a critique of gender roles; gay liberation groups differentiated themeselves from heterosexuals, allowing straight men to change their roles without being accused of homosexuality. Voila! The genesis of the men's movement in a nutshell! The men's movement, as a movement, has from almost the beginning been split into various camps based both on ideology and on what concerns the members most wish to concentrate on. What were once scattered "consciousness raising groups" have evolved into the following sub-movements: Feminist Men's Movement: ------------------------ These groups are closely aligned ideologically with the feminist movement. They believe that we live in a patriarchal system in which men are the oppressors of women, and that the men's movement should identify this oppression and work against it. Most of the [City-name] Men Against Rape groups fall under this category. The largest feminist men's group is the National Organization for Men Against Sexism (Formerly the National Organization for Changing Men). Some publications from this viewpoint are "Changing Men," the journal of NOMAS, and the following books: "The Liberated Man" by Warren Farrell, "The Male Machine" by Marc Feigen Fasteau, "The 49% Majority" ed. by Deborah David & Robert Brannon, and "Refusing to Be a Man" by John Stoltenberg. "For these men," according to James Doyle ("Sex & Gender" p. 341), "the question of unfair divorce settlements, child-custody cases, and the like are a ruse used by some men who favor perpetuating their own dominant status in society." This perhaps is a little harsh, but many in the feminist men's movement are suspicious of those who would work for men's political concerns without first relinquishing the patriarchal reins of political power. "They may feel only a vague pricking of conscience about their own complicity in the imbalance," writes Anthony Astrachan of the feminist wing of the movement (How Men Feel, p. 302), "or they may openly acknowledge that men as a class (which does not mean all men) oppress women as a class (which does not mean all women). In either case, what they feel is guilt." (Astrachan dismisses what I will call the Men's Liberation movement as "the no-guilt wing.") As can be expected, there is much debate among feminists, women, and other men about the validity or real intentions of such groups. The entire question of "feminist men," especially ones that disagree with aspects of "conventional feminism" sparks much debate. Some accuse them of pandering to the feminist movement, others of having a hidden agenda that's really against feminism. Female feminists disagree wither men can be feminist, some arguing that there is nothing to prevent men from being feminists, and others arguing that you have to know what it is like to be a woman -- or even BE a woman -- to be a feminist. [CTM] Men's Liberation Movement: -------------------------- Other names: Masculist movement, Men's Rights movement. These groups, while quite similar to feminists in several areas (gay rights, belief in equal opportunity in the workplace, etc.) generally do not believe in the theory that we live in a patriarchy in which men oppress and women are oppressed. "My thinking has led me to conclude that men as a class do /not/ oppress women as a class. Nor do I believe that women as a class oppress men as a class. Rather, I feel that men and women have cooperated in the development of contemporary male and female sex-roles, both of which appear to have advantages as well as disadvantages, but which are essentially restrictive in nature, growth inhibiting, and, in the case of the male, physically as well as psychologically lethal." -- Richard Haddad "Concepts and overview of the men's liberation movement" Characterization of the men's liberation wing as being a reactionary or traditionalist movement is common among feminists, but doesn't seem to hold under closer observation. Fred Hayward addressed this view in his keynote speech to the National Congress for Men in 1981: "We must not reverse the women's movement; we must accelerate it... [Men's liberation] is not a backlash, for there is nothing about traditional sex roles that I want to go back to... "We must give full credence to the seriousness of women's problems and be willing to work toward their solution, but if the others do not return the favor, it is they who are the sexist pigs. It is they who are reactionary. When I look at feminists today, I don't want to call them names -- I only want to call their bluff." Some of the groups with this viewpoint are: Men's Rights Inc., National Coalition of Free Men, National Congress for Men, National Center for Men. Some of the publications from this viewpoint are "Transitions," the journal of the NCFM, and the following books: "Why Men Are the Way They Are" by Warren Farrell "The Hazards of Being Male" by Herb Goldberg "Men's Rights" by Bill & Laurie Wishard "Men Freeing Men" ed. by Francis Baumli. Mythopoetic Men's Movement: --------------------------- These are the ones you see on TV and in magazines wearing masks and beating drums. Robert Bly, the father-figure of this movement, says: "I see the phenomenon of what I would call the 'soft male' all over the country today. They're not interested in harming the Earth, or starting wars, or working for corporations. There's something favorable toward life in their whole general mood and style of living. But something's wrong. Many of these men are unhappy. There's not much energy in them. They are life-preserving, but not exactly life-giving...." "Men are suffering right now -- young males especially. But now that so many men are getting in touch with their feminine side, we're ready to start seeing the wild man and to put its powerful, dark energy to use. At this point, many things can happen." -- interview by Keith Thompson Utne Reader, Nov/Dec 1989 This talk of "powerful, dark energy" worries some, including Bly's ex-wife, who compared this movement to fascism: "The men's separatist movement is frightening. Separatism, breeds feelings of superiority and imbalance -- male bonding usually offers permission to regress." -- "The danger in men's groups" Utne Reader, Nov/Dec 1989 A more common reaction to these groups by outsiders is bewilderment and ridicule. "[T]heir words revealed a kind of gooeyness wrapped in clinical psych jargon," wrote Jon Tevlin of his Wild Man Weekend. It's possible though, that these groups outnumber all other men's groups combined. There are a surprising number of magazines, books, journals, retreats and gurus associated with the mythopoetic men's movement. "Iron John" led sales of hardcover nonfiction longer than any other best seller in 1991, according to the 1993 Writer's Market. "What I'm interested in is the return of mythology, and he timportance of initiation -- I think that's essential... I'm not interested in all the men having opinions on men's rights, and attacking women. I'm not interested in a national men's movement." -- Robert Bly, quoted by Tim Warren in the Baltimore Sun, 28 October 1990 On the other hand, "I don't want to omit people like Warren Farrell and Herb Goldberg who are doing men's stuff; they get omitted far oo toften when the Men's Movement is discussed. If Robert [Bly] is one of the leaders and perhaps the father of the mythopoetic Men's Movement, then Goldberg, Farrell and Pleck are the Grandfathers..." -- John Lee, quoted by Woody Harper in the Men's Council Newsletter, August 1990 This movement is less political than spiritual, and it's difficult to identify just what these folks stand for. But if you want to try, check out the interviews with Bly and with Shepherd Bliss in the Nov/Dec 1989 Utne Reader, or pick up "Men's Council News" or Robert Bly's surprise best-seller "Iron John." The New Traditionalists: ------------------------ I don't know much about these groups. The only one I'm aware of is the National Organization for Men run by Penthouse columnist Sidney Siller. Maybe R.F. Doyle's Men's Rights Association (if it still exists) qualifies as well. These groups look, on the surface, much like the Men's Liberation groups, but underneath there is a current of resentment that the old sex roles have dissolved. Some openly say that women just aren't men's equals, and should have stayed home with the kids. This is that "male backlash" you've probably read about. Read "The Rape of the Male" by R.F. Doyle for a good idea of how these folks think (the front cover is a picture of the crucifiction). Also, Esther Vilar's "The Manipulated Man" (written by a woman in 1972, and pretty scary). The Father's Movements: ----------------------- Some people hold that this is a separate group from the Men's Liberation Movement. There are some groups that are only interested in issues like divorce reform, and ignore issues like violence toward men, gay rights, and the draft. Many of these groups are very similar to Men's Liberation groups, and only differ by their concentration. Some explicitly exclude issues like gay rights in order to not risk offending some of their members, and this could itself be considered an ideological position which would separate them from the Men's Liberation groups. Anthony Astrachan ("How Men Feel," p. 311) reports that some Father's Rights men boycotted the 1983 National Congress for Men meeting in Los Angeles, and speculates that this was because men's liberation members had proposed resolutions supporting gay rights. Publications would include: "How to Win Custody" by Louis Kiefer "Weekend Fathers" by Gerald and Myrna Silver -------------- My thanks to: Ellen Eades[EE] David desJardins [DdJ] Jym Dyer [JD] Thomas Gramstad [TG] Rebecca Grinter [RG] David Gross [DG] (incl. all info on men's movements) Stacy Johnson [SJ] Rudy Zalesak [RZ] -------------- Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu. I reserve all rights to edit material for brevity, clarity, and constructiveness. --Cindy Tittle Moore "I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a doormat, or a prostitute." -- Rebecca West, 1913 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------