FTP FILE: MAGNESIUM CATASTROPHE INDEX Article 1. Status Summary of Magnesium Catastrophe--2/4/95 Article 2. Calculations of American Deaths Caused By Magnesium Deficiency, As Projected From International Data Article 3. JUSTIFICATION OF THE INTERMEDIATE CALCULATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE ARTICLE, "Calculations of American Deaths Caused By Magnesium Deficiency, As Projected From International Data" Article 4. Citizen's Petition to the FDA in support of voluntary fortification of beverages with magnesium Article 5. The Economics of Magnesium Fortification of Beverages Article 6. A Short History of the Magnesium Catastrophe in the United States Article 7. Letter to the Freedom of Information Act Office Article 8. Summary of Magnesium Seminar Article 9. Magnesium Deficiency and Suicide in Finland Article 10. A Personal Experience with Magnesium Article 11. Magnesium Deficiency and Asthma Article 12. List of 80 water sources containing 90 mg/L or more magnesium in the state of Texas, and 61 such water sources in California. This file is Copyrighted (1994). Permission is granted for copying this material electronically, and for single hard copies for personal use and for quotes in the media with attribution. =============================================================================== Article 1 ***** CURRENT STATUS OF THE MAGNESIUM CATASTROPHE--2/4/95 1. In January, 1994 I sent Dr. Troxell at the FDA my paper, " Calculations of American Deaths Caused by Magnesium Deficiency, As Projected From International Data" which indicated that nearly 8 MILLION Americans have died from magnesium deficiency since 1940. Dr. Troxell recently informed me that he is not qualified to review my paper, nor is anyone else at the FDA. He informed me that only the Senior Science Advisor, a consultant to the FDA, could review it. He didn't know when the Senior Science Advisor's report would be completed. He informed me that the Senior Science Advisor was Dr. Elkan Blout, but did not have an address or telephone number for him. 2. The FDA invited me to submit a Citizen's Petition for the voluntary fortification of beverages with magnesium. The petition is enclosed. The FDA has by law 6 months to answer petitions from the date of submittal. Due Date: 4/3/95. On Jan. 12, 1995 I also submitted a request to the FDA under the Freedom of Information Act for all the FDA's files on water and water-based beverages, which may include tons of documents. I have not heard back from the FDA as of today, 2/4/95. 3. The National Institute of Health may be planning a General Review of magnesium, according to Dr. Mildred Seelig. 4. Governor Wilson of California on March 23, 1994 instructed Dr. Larry Barrett to examine the magnesium problem and report back to the governor. That report is not yet complete as of this writing, 11/17/94. 5. Dr. C. Everett Koop, retired Surgeon General of the United States, wrote me that "A good case can be made for the correlation of cardio-vascular death with magnesium deficient water." 6. Mr. John Albers, Chairman and CEO of Dr. Pepper/Seven-Up Cos., wrote me a friendly letter open to the possibility of fortifying beverages with magnesium, contingent on the approval of the FDA and other agencies. 7. United States Senator Barbara Boxer of California wrote me, "Scientific research suggests that magnesium deficiency may increase the risk of a variety of medical conditions, including heart attacks and high blood pressure. I would certainly support additional efforts to inform Americans about the health risks associated with magnesium deficiency." 8. Dr. Michael Jacobson at the Center For Science In The Public Interest in Washington writes that his institute may be getting "more involved" in bringing the magnesium problem to the attention of the public. ========================================================================== Article 2 ***** CALCULATIONS OF AMERICAN DEATHS CAUSED BY MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY, AS PROJECTED FROM INTERNATIONAL DATA SUMMARY: Magnesium deficiency appears to have caused Eight Million sudden coronary deaths in America during the period 1940-1994, based on census data and studies of similar deaths from magnesium deficiency conducted in Canada, Great Britain, Finland, and India. This global pattern of death from magnesium deficiency is important in terms of setting priorities for further research and setting standards of nutrition. The needless drag on the U. S. economy from magnesium deficiency exceeds $86 Billion per year. INTRODUCTION: The United States Dept. of Agriculture reported that only 25% of 37,000 consumers surveyed had a dietary magnesium intake that equalled or exceeded the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), and 39% of those surveyed ingested less than 70% of the magnesium RDA (22). Many others have reported widespread magnesium deficiency (1,2,3,4,7,8,10,12,17,18,19,20,23,32,34). Fatal Chronic magnesium deficiency shows few recognized symptoms until cardiac arrhythmia occurs (1,21,31). Magnesium deficiency may cause migraine and premenstrual syndrome (13,14,15,16,24,26,27,28,33). To calculate the probable number of American deaths caused by magnesium deficiency since 1940, I have calculated the numbers of the American population that would correspond by age and sex to those in each of the foreign studies. In each study, foreign populations were divided into groups receiving magnesium-rich water or a magnesium-rich diet, and a second group receiving less magnesium. By obtaining the two annual death rates for each set of two groups, it is possible to calculate the difference in death rates and apply that rate to the corresponding American population group, limited by age and sex. This may understate the true U. S. deaths caused by magnesium deficiency, as deaths occurring outside the age or sex limits of each study are not represented. A global pattern emerges of large numbers of sudden cardiac deaths which can be correlated to magnesium deficiency, and it seems reasonable to suppose that American rates of such deaths would fall within or near the parameters experienced by the benchmark countries of Great Britain, Finland, Canada, and India. CALCULATIONS: In Great Britain (8) sudden coronary death was recorded for the M/F population ages 25-64 in Glasgow (low Mg in water) and London (high Mg in water), and the difference in death rates was found to be .001813. The average number of Americans 25-64 in the period 1940 to 1994 is 90,131,722, which, when multiplied by the difference in annual death rates between high and low magnesium intake gives 163,409, which, when multiplied by 54 years gives 8,824,076 American deaths in that age group during the period 1940-1994 which can be projected to have occurred from magnesium deficiency. Note that sudden coronary deaths occurring before age 25 and after age 64 are not included, so the projection may be understating total American deaths from magnesium deficiency. In Finland (25) only male deaths were studied, ages 40-59, which had a coronary heart disease annual death rate that was .004578 different between the areas of high and low magnesium intake from water. The corresponding American male population aged 40-59 averaged 20,335,107 from 1940-1994. When that population is multiplied by the difference in death rates between areas of high and low magnesium intake, it gives 93,094, which, when multiplied by 54 years gives 5,027,082 American deaths in that sex and age group during the period 1940-1994 which can be projected to have occurred from magnesium deficiency. Note that coronary death among all women and deaths by men before age 40 or after age 59 are not included, so the projection may be understating total deaths from magnesium deficiency. In Ontario, Canada (3), sudden ischemic heart disease deaths were compared for two M/F populations aged 35-74 ingesting different levels of magnesium in water. The annual difference in sudden death rates was .000750. The equivalent age group in the U. S. numbered an average of 73,351,322 from 1940-1994, which, when multiplied by .000750 gives 55,013, which, when multiplied by 54 years gives 2,970,729 American deaths in that age group that can be projected to have occurred from magnesium deficiency. Note that sudden coronary deaths by people under 35 or over 74 are not included, so the projection may be understating total American deaths from magnesium deficiency. In India (32) two groups composed almost totally of males aged 25-63 were given two different diets, one averaging 1142 mg magnesium per day, and the other averaging 418 mg magnesium per day. The annual difference in death rates was .006241. The equivalent male population in the U. S. averaged 44,185,470 during the period 1940-1994, which, when multiplied by the difference in death rates gives 275,762 per annum; multiplied by 54 years gives 14,891,122 American deaths in that sex and age group which can be projected to have occurred from magnesium deficiency. Note that women, and all men under 25 or over 63, were not included, so the projection may be understating total deaths from magnesium deficiency. PROJECTIONS TO AMERICAN POPULATION LIMITED BY AGE AND SEX Benchmark Difference in U.S. Deaths U.S. Deaths Country Death Rate by 1940-94 by 1994 by Mg Rich/Poor Mg Mg Deficit Deficiency Great Britain (8) .001813 8,824,076 242,342 Finland (25) .004578 5,027,082 131,955 Ontario (3) .000750 2,970,729 84,465 India (32) .006241 14,891,122 403,580 Benchmark Average .003345 7,928,252 215,585 CONCLUSION: It can be inferred from these foreign studies that nearly eight million Americans have needlessly died from a deficiency of magnesium, which apparently could have been easily and cheaply avoided by drinking magnesium-rich water, or by a major change to the traditional Asian diet, which is generally twice as magnesium-rich as the Western diet (5). In view of the average 590 American deaths caused each day by magnesium deficiency, I recommend that the FDA require all bottled water sold in the U. S. to contain at least 90 mg/L magnesium, which can easily and cheaply be accomplished by filtering non-spring waters through Akdolit, Neutralite, or Magno (10), or by adding magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, or magnesium carbonate. The FDA or other governmental agencies should sponsor further research, as magnesium is too cheap and common for any business to justify spending the millions necessary to produce the 4,000 pounds of documents required by the FDA for new drug or nutrient approval. The current literature on magnesium and Sudden Death weighs perhaps less than 100 pounds, although the evidence is overwhelming. DISCUSSION: Water-borne magnesium is more completely and readily absorbed by the gut than is food-borne magnesium (10). Changing a population's diet to include magnesium-rich foods appears to be less practical and less likely than improving the magnesium content of drinking water, particularly bottled water, and water-based beverages. European brands of water commonly contain 27 mg/L or more magnesium, while domestic American brands average 3 mg/L magnesium. WATER NAME COUNTRY MAGNESIUM RDI%* (mg/Liter) (8 oz) -------------------------------------- --------- ---------- ----- Adobe Springs USA 96 6 S. Pellegrino ITALY 57 3 Penafiel MEXICO 41 2 Vittel FRANCE 38 2 Evian FRANCE 24 1 Naya CANADA 22 1 Volvic FRANCE 7 0 Saratoga Mineral Water USA 7 0 Perrier FRANCE 5 0 Alhambra USA 5 0 Arrowhead USA 5 0 Sparkletts Drinking Water USA 5 0 Calistoga Mineral Water USA 2 0 Cobb Mountain USA 2 0 Polar Spring Water USA 2 0 aSante Mineral Water USA 1 0 Black Mountain USA 1 0 Crystal Geyser Sparkling Mineral Water USA 1 0 * RDI = Recommended Daily Intake, which for Mg is 400 mg/day. RDI% = % of Recommended Daily Intake per 8 oz. serving. The source of information on mineral content of various brands was "The Pocket Guide to Bottled Water" (35), except that it did not mention Naya or the Adobe Springs. French medical literature has recommended that bottled water contain at least 30-90 mg/L magnesium (22). Except in the presence of renal failure, there is no need to limit magnesium intake (6); at extremely high dosages, magnesium is commonly used as a laxative, but does not have that effect at a low dosage of 90 mg/L. The poor showing of American brands is probably due to historic campaigns by the FDA and AMA against health claims for minerals in water. In 1880 America had many brands of mineral-rich water, but by 1950 Americans had been educated to believe that "pure" water was best, meaning no minerals. The European tradition is just the opposite, placing a high value on minerals in water. The Europeans were right, at least in regard to magnesium. Some magnesium literature stresses that the calcium/magnesium ratio in water should be about 2 to 1 to benefit the heart (10,11,18,37,38), and that corrosiveness should be avoided as lead and cadmium can be leached out of pipes (11). The Langelier and Ryznar Indexes of corrosivity work only with waters containing calcium carbonate. Such indices are "more useful after the fact, in helping to understand possible causes of the problem (corrosion) rather than being useful in a predictive sense" (36). Empirical tests need to be invented of the leaching capability for lead and cadmium of all municipal waters (11,29). Bottled spring water contacts primarily cooking utensils, so leaching may be of less concern. What are the characteristics of the ideal bottled water? 1. Most important, it should have as much magnesium as possible without triggering the laxative effect, which seems to start at about 300 mg/L. 2. It should have as little sodium as possible. 3. It should have a high magnesium-to-calcium ratio (18). Here is how existing brands rate in those categories. WATER NAME COUNTRY MAGNESIUM CALCIUM SODIUM (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Adobe Springs USA 96 3.3 5 S. Pellegrino ITALY 57 203 46 Penafiel MEXICO 41 131 159 Vittel FRANCE 38 181 3.7 Evian FRANCE 24 78 5 Naya CANADA 22 38 6 Volvic FRANCE 7 10 10.7 Saratoga Mineral Water USA 7 64 9 Perrier FRANCE 5 143 15.2 Alhambra USA 5 9.5 5.4 Arrowhead USA 5 20 3 Sparkletts Drinking Water USA 5 4.6 15.2 Calistoga Mineral Water USA 2 8 163 Cobb Mountain USA 2 5.6 4.6 Polar Spring Water USA 2 13.2 8.9 aSante Mineral Water USA 1 4.2 160 Black Mountain USA 1 25 8.3 Crystal Geyser Sparkling Min USA 1 1.5 30 Many bottled waters are sold for their purity or healthfulness which, in fact, cause death due to their magnesium deficiency. Based on epidemiological evidence, these deaths would not occur if the consumers instead drank water from springs richer in magnesium, such as Vittel, Penafiel, S. Pellegrino, or Adobe Springs. To get some idea of the number of deaths caused by each company selling deficient bottled water, I have invented the "Mg-Deficiency Death Index", or MDDI-Bottled. The formula is: GAL/YR * Benchmark Death Rate * (90-mg/L) = Deaths per year 182 90 The way I arrived at this is: The RDA for water is eight 8-oz. servings, (64 oz. per day) which works out to 182 gallons per annum. Dividing a particular company's total annual gallonage by 182 gives the maximum number of possible customers who drink only their brand. Multiplying by the benchmark average death rate of .003465 caused by magnesium deficiency will give a ballpark estimate of the maximum number of consumers killed by that company per annum if the magnesium content were zero. Most domestic bottled waters contain 1 to 7 mg/L, so to reflect that I subtract the mg/L Mg in the subject water from 90, and divide that figure by 90. A negative number of deaths would mean the water was richer than 90 mg/L Mg, and a positive score would be the probable number of deaths caused, if indeed 90 mg/L would have been adequate Mg. This formula will work for any bottled water except one with 90 mg/L, as that would mean dividing into zero. Since nearly all domestic brands of water are very magnesium deficient, it makes little difference if the consumer drank just one brand or several different brands. EXAMPLE: If company A sells 100,000,000 gallons per annum of bottled water with 5 mg/L magnesium, the formula gives how many deaths per annum that company has caused by selling magnesium deficient water: (100,000,000 / 182) * .003345 * (90 - 5) / 90 = 1735 Deaths per year (4.75 deaths per day) In a similar fashion, municipal water supplies can be rated for deaths caused by magnesium deficiency (MDDI-Municipal) by ascertaining by survey how many customers drink tap water, and multiplying that by the death rate, etc. 84.2% of U. S. liquid consumption is water based, (see below), so it is possible to simply multiply the total number of tap customers by 84.2%, and multiply that figure by the death rate, etc. Most U.S. tap waters are slightly richer in magnesium (mean 5.5 mg/L) than domestic bottled water, but in some cases this benefit may be offset by lead or cadmium contaminants in plumbing (36). Tap consumers * .003345 * (90 - mgs per liter) /90 = Deaths per year These formulas represent the entire population, including the high risk groups of infants and the aged. If the benchmark death rate should prove to be inapplicable to all age and sex groups, the formulas could overstate or understate the deaths. To apply the formulas to only the average of benchmark subsets, multiply the results by .248. (The .248 figure can be derived from a subsequent article, "Calculations Of Deaths Caused By Magnesium-Deficient Bottled Water In California", which is to be published in MAGNESIUM AND TRACE ELEMENTS in a future issue.) In addition to bottled water, attention should be paid to fortifying beverages that use water as a major ingredient, such as soft drinks, beer, coffee, tea, and powdered drinks. U.S. Liquid Consumption Trends Estimated for 1992 by %* Soft Drinks 26.3 Coffee 14.3 Beer 12.7 Milk 10.5 Tea 3.7 Bottled Water 5.4 Juices 3.6 Powdered Drinks 3.1 Wine 1.0 Distilled Spirits .7 Imputed Tap Water Consumption 18.7 *BEVERAGE INDUSTRY Annual Manual, 1993-1994. 84.2% of U. S. liquid consumption is water-based, including beer but not including wine, spirits, milk, or juice. The economic impact of magnesium deficiency is very considerable. Conservatively, Mg-deficiency kills 215,585 Americans per annum, mostly men in their peak earning years (30); the very old were not included in the projections, nor were the very young. If each death had an economic value (lost life-time earnings) of only $200,000, that would be $43,117,000,000 per year of economic loss caused by Mg deficiency. If there is just one other incapacitated survivor for each fatality, the total economic loss exceeds $86 Billion per annum, and that does not include billions more spent on medical care and supporting the incapacitated. These projections from international data represent an average of subsets of only .248 of the population; (this figure can be derived from information in a subsequent article, "Calculations of Deaths Caused By Magnesium-Deficient Bottled Water In California", which is to be published in this Journal). If the same rate of death proves to be applicable to the entire population, including the high-risk groups of infants and the aged, there would be 4.03 times as many deaths; so the deaths from magnesium deficiency since 1940 would be nearly 32 million, and the annual U. S. deaths from magnesium deficiency would be 869,700. Annual lost earnings would exceed $347 Billion. Sudden cardiac death is known to peak between 0 and 6 months, and between 45-75 years, according to Zipes, D. P., SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH, American Journal of Cardiology, Feb. '79. By comparison, the deaths from the Hiroshima atom bomb were only 80,000 to 200,000, so magnesium deficiency is equivalent to the atomic bombings of several small American cities each year. For another comparison, all American war deaths in the history of the country total much less than 2,000,000, so magnesium deficiency is a much greater catastrophe than all American wars combined. Another comparison is Hitler's Holocaust, which claimed 6,000,000 lives. COMPARISONS OF Mg-DEFICIENCY DEATHS TO OTHER CATASTROPHES CAUSE OF DEATH LOW ESTIMATE HIGH ESTIMATE Mg Deficit 1940-1994 8,000,000 32,000,000 Annual USA Mg Deficit 215,000 869,000 Hiroshima Atom Bomb 80,000 200,000 All American War Deaths - 2,000,000 Hitler's Holocaust - 6,000,000 Unless the problem is addressed, magnesium deficiency is likely to get worse over the years because modern farming methods of tilling the soil probably cause magnesium to leach from the soil. The Illinois-American Water Co. has reported that at Alton, Illinois, the Mississippi River contains 17 mg/L dissolved magnesium, not including the undissolved dirt load. If the same concentration exists at the Mississippi's mouth, the annual loss of magnesium from Mid-western soils would be 343,590,400 cubic feet, not including the undissolved dirt load. Unlike nitrogen and other nutrients, it is not current practice in agriculture to replace the soil magnesium that is harvested or leached. Soil magnesium is so easily leached that apparently much of it has run off to the oceans; commercial magnesium is generally obtained from seawater rather than mining, as it is cheaper. Geologic formations containing ancient ocean beds commonly contain the highest concentrations of magnesium. Magnesium is a cheap commodity, one of the most common elements on the planet. The cost of implementing fortification of bottled water-based products is a minuscule fraction of the $90-341 Billion of annual losses caused by Mg deficiency, and could be implemented in less than a year. The fortification of milk with vitamin D provides a good benchmark for gauging costs. Economists should be in the forefront of advocating the end of Magnesium deficiency; it would boost the economy greatly, as well as save precious lives. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I wish to particularly thank Dr. Mark J. Eisenberg, Dr. Egelius Spierings, and Dr. Burton Altura for sharing journal reprints or other information with me. Any faults or wrong conclusions in this article are mine alone, and no fault of theirs. I applaud my wife, Janet, for her excellent suggestions, hard work, and technical support. Paul Mason P. O. Box 1417 Patterson, Ca. 95363 1/5/94 tel (408) 897-3023 Expanded 9/3/94 fax (408) 897-3028 REFERENCES 1. Altura, B. M., Sudden-death ischemic heart disease and dietary magnesium: Is the target site coronary vascular smooth muscle?, Medical Hypotheses 5:843-848, 1979. 2. Anderson, T. W., Neri, L. C., Schreiber, G. B., Talbot, F. D. F., Zdrojewski, A., Ischemic heart disease, water hardness and myocardial magnesium, CMA Journal 113:199-203, 1975. 3. Anderson, T. W., Leriche, W. H., Hewitt, D., Neri, L. C., Magnesium, water hardness, and heart disease, Magnesium in Health and Disease, pp. 565-571, 1980. 4. Anderson, T. W., Hewitt, D., Neri, L. C., Schreiber, G., Talbot, F., Water hardness and magnesium in heart muscle, Lancet, pp. 1390-1391, December 15, 1973. 5. Chu, H. I., Liu, S. H., Hsu, H. C., Choa, H. C., and Cheu, S. ., Calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and magnesium metabolism in normal young Chinese adults, Chinese M. J., 59: 1, 1941. 6. Contribution of Drinking Water to Mineral Nutrition, Drinking Water and Health, pp. 273-274. 7. Crawford, Margaret D., Gardner, M. J., Morris, J. N., Changes in water hardness and local death-rates, Lancet, pp. 327-329, August 14, 1971. 8. Crawford, T., Crawford, Margaret D., Prevalence and pathological changes of ischaemic heart-disease in a hard-water and in a soft-water area, Lancet, pp. 229-232, February 4, 1967. 9. Durlach, J., Durlach, V., Rayssiguier, Y., Ricquier, D., Goubern, M., Bertin, R., Bara, M., Guiet-Bara, A., Olive, G., Mettey, R., Magnesium and thermoregulation. I. Newborn and infant. Is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome a magnesium-dependent disease of the transition from chemical to physical thermoregulation?, Magnesium Research, 4, 3/4, 137-152, 1991. 10. Durlach, J., Bara, M., Guiet-Bara, A., Magnesium level in drinking water and cardiovascular risk factor: A hypothesis, Magnesium 4: 5-15, 1985. 11. Durlach, J., Bara, M., Guiet-Bara, A., Magnesium level in drinking water: its importance in cardiovascular risk, Magnesium in Health and Disease, pp. 173-182, 1989. 12. Durlach, J., Recommended dietary amounts of magnesium: Mg RDA, Magnesium Research 2, 3, 195-203, 1989. 13. Gallai, V., Sarchielli, P., Morucci, P., Abbritti, G., Red blood cell magnesium levels in migraine patients, Cephalagia, pp. 94-98, 1993. 14. Gallai, V., Sarchielli, P., Coata, G., Firenze, C., Morucci, P., Abbritti, G., Serum and salivary magnesium levels in migraine. Results in a group of juvenile patients, Headache, pp. 132-135, March, 1992. 15. Facchinetti, F., Sances, G., Borella, P., Genazzani, A. R. Nappi, G., Magnesium prophylaxis of menstrual migraine: effects on intracellular magnesium, Headache, pp. 298-301, May, 1991. 16. Facchinetti, F., Borella, P., Sances, G., Fioroni, L., Nappi, Rossella, E., Genazzani, A. R., Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes, Obstetrics & Gynecology, pp. 177-181, Vol. 78, No. 2, August 1991. 17. Jones, John E., Manalo, Romualda, Flink, Edmund B., Magnesium requirements in adults, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 632-635, June, 1967. 18. Karppanen, H., Epidemiological studies on the relationship between magnesium intake and cardiovascular diseases, Artery 9:190-9, 1981. 19. Karppanen, H., Neuvonen, P. J., Ischaemic heart-disease and soil magnesium in Finland, Lancet, p. 1390, December 15, 1973. 20. Karppanen, H., Tanskanen, A., Tuomilehto, J., Puska, P., Vuori, J., Jantti, V., Seppanen, M., Safety and effects of potassium- and magnesium-containing low sodium salt mixtures, Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 6:s236-s243, 1984. 21. Kubena, K. S., Durlach, J., Historical review of the effects of marginal intake of magnesium in chronic experimental magnesium deficiency, Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease, pp.219-226. 22. Marier, J. R., Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern-day world, Magnesium 5:1-8, 1986. 23. Marier, J. R., Nutritional and myocardial aspects of magnesium in drinking-water, Magnesium Bull 1a:48-54, 1981. 24. Mauskop, A., Altura, B. T., Cracco, R. Q., Altura, B. M., Deficiency in serum ionized magnesium but not total magnesium in patients with migraines. Possible role of ICa 2+ /IMg 2+ ratio, Headache,pp. 136-138, March 1993. 25. Punsar, S., Karvonen, M. J., Drinking Water Quality and Sudden Death: Observations from West and East Finland, Cardiology, 64:24-34, 1979. 26. Ramadan, N. M., Halvorson, H., Vande-Linde, A., Levine, Steven R., Helpern, J. A., Welch, K. M. A., Low brain magnesium in migraine, Headache, pp. 416-419, 1989. 27. Sarchielli, P., Coata, G., Firenze, C., Morucci, P., Abbritti, G., Gallai, V., Serum and salivary magnesium levels in migraine and tension-type headache. Results in a group of adult patients, Cephalagia, pp. 21-21, 1992. 28. Schoenen, J., Sianard-Gainko, J., Lenaerts, M., Blood magnesium levels in migraine, Cephalagia, pp. 97-99, 1991. 29. Schroeder, Henry, Kraemer, Luke A., Cardiovascular mortality, municipal water, and corrosion, Arch Environ Health, Vol 28, pp. 303-311, June 1974. 30. Lown, Bernard, Sudden cardiac death: the major challenge confronting contemporary cardiology,The American Journal of Cardiology, Vol 43, p. 313, Feb 1979. 31. Seelig, Mildred S., The requirement of magnesium by the normal adult, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 14, pp. 342-389, June 1964. 32. Singh, R. B., Effect of dietary magnesium supplementation in the prevention of coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death, Magnesium Trace Elem 9: 143-151, 1990. 33. Swanson, Don R., Migraine and magnesium: Eleven neglected connections, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 31, 4 pp. 526-557, 1988. 34. Tzivoni, Dan, Keren, Andre, Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias by magnesium, American Journal of Cardiology, pp. 1397-1399, June 1, 1990. 35. Von Wiesenberger, Arthur, The Pocket Guide to Bottled Water. Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books, 1991. 36. Water Quality and Treatment, A Handbook of Community Water Supplies, American Water Works Association, Frederick W. Pontius, Technical Editor, 4th ed., p. 1073. 37. Durlach, J., Recommended Dietary Amounts Of Magnesium: Mg RDA, Magnesium Research, (1989) 2, 3, pp. 195-203. 38. Seelig, M., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 14, p 342, 1964 =============================================================================== Article 3 ***** JUSTIFICATION OF THE INTERMEDIATE CALCULATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE ARTICLE, "Calculations Of American Deaths Caused By Magnesium Deficiency, As Projected From International Data" I N D E X SECTION 1. Mg Death Rates in Benchmark Countries SECTION 2. Projected U. S. Populations From Each Article SECTION 3. Special Calculation for Projection: Age 65-74 SECTION 4. Statistical Sources of Calculations of American Populations of Comparable Age and Sex Ranges SECTION 5. Final Calculations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- SECTION 1: Mg DEATH RATES IN BENCHMARK COUNTRIES ***** GREAT BRITAIN Crawford, T., Crawford, Margaret D., Prevalence and pathological changes of ischaemic heart-disease in a hard-water and in a soft-water area, Lancet, pp. 229-232, February 4, 1967. On page 299, from Table 1 (death rates per 100,000): Total all cardiovascular disease in Glasgow (soft): 85+855+44+454=1438 Total all cardiovascular disease in Greater London (hard): 49+581+22+242=894 Subtract 894 from 1438 giving 544. Divide by 100,000 giving .00544. Divide by 3 years giving a death rate of .001813 ***** FINLAND Punsar, S., Karvonen, M. J., Drinking Water Quality and Sudden Death: Observations from West and East Finland, Cardiology, 64:24-34, 1979. On page 27, from Table 1: Total coronary deaths and other cardiac deaths in E. Finland (soft):121+18=139 Divide by 823 to get 16.889 percent. Total coronary deaths and other cardiac deaths in W. Finland (hard):77+12=89 Divide by 888 to get 10.023 percent. Subtract 10.023 from 16.889 giving 6.867 percent. Express as a decimal, .06867. Divide by 15 years giving a death rate of .004578. ***** ONTARIO, CANADA Anderson, T. W., Leriche, W. H., Hewitt, D., Neri, L. C., Magnesium, water hardness, and heart disease, Magnesium in Health and Disease, pp. 565-571, 1980. On page 567 of the study (document 63), from table, Deaths/100,000, find the numbers for soft, 195 and hard, 120. (Exact numbers are confirmed in doc.#75.) Subtract 120 from 195 giving 75. Divide by 100,000 giving a death rate of .00075. ***** INDIA Singh, R. B., Effect of dietary magnesium supplementation in the prevention of coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death, Magnesium Trace Elem 9: 143-151, 1990. On page 148, from table 4, total SCD and deaths due to myocardial infarction for Group B, soft: 24+6=30. Divide by 194 to get 15.464 percent. Total SCD and deaths due to myocardial infarction for Group A, hard: 16+3=19. Divide by 206 to get 9.223 percent. Subtract 9.223 from 15.464 giving 6.241 percent. Express as a decimal, .06241. Divide by 10 years giving a death rate of .006241 _______________________________________________________________ SECTION 2. Projected U. S. Populations From Each Article Projections for American Populations in 1994 were taken from the World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1988, edited by Mark S. Hoffman, page 536. Projections of the Total Population by Sex and Age: 1990 to 2000 (in thousands). ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculations for Great Britain Middle Series 1990 1995 These figures are from the World Almanac and Book of Facts. male age 25-44 40,624 41,320 age 45-64 22,221 25,192 female age 25-44 40,753 41,195 age 45-64 24,231 27,130 The numbers in the above male and female groups were added. total m/f age 25-64 127,829 134,837 The 1990 number was subtracted from the 1995 number. The difference was divided by six for the six years 1990 through 1995, multiplied by 5, and added to the 1990 number to estimate the 1994 projection. This was multiplied by 1000. 133,669,000 is the 1994 projected U. S. population from the British article: Crawford, T., Crawford, Margaret D., Prevalence and pathological changes of ischaemic heart-disease in a hard-water and in a soft-water area, Lancet, pp. 229-232, February 4, 1967. ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculations for Finland Middle Series 1990 1995 These figures are from the World Almanac and Book of Facts. male age 25-44 40,624 41,320 age 45-64 22,221 25,192 We needed the male age range from 40-44. The age range 25-44 from the book was used to calculate this range. We divided by 20 years and multiplied by five years. We also needed the male age range from 45-49. The age range 45-64 was used to calculate this range. We divided by 20 years and multiplied by 15 years. age 40-44 10,156 10,330 age 45-59 16,666 18,894 The numbers in the above male groups were added. total males age 40-59 26,822 29,224 The 1990 number was subtracted from the 1995 number. The difference was divided by six for the six years 1990 through 1995, multiplied by 5, and added to the 1990 number to estimate the 1994 projection. This was multiplied by 1000. 28,823,625 is the projected 1994 U. S. population from the Finland article: Punsar, S., Karvonen, M. J., Drinking Water Quality and Sudden Death: Observations from West and East Finland, Cardiology, 64:24-34, 1979. ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculations for India Middle Series 1990 1995 These figures were taken from the World Almanac and Book of Facts: male age 25-44 40,624 41,320 age 45-64 22,221 25,192 Here we needed the age range for 45-63. We divided the age range 45-64 by 20 and multiplied by 19. age 25-44 40,624 41,320 age 45-63 21,110 23,932 The numbers in the above groups were added. total age 25-63 61,733 65,252 The 1990 number was subtracted from the 1995 number. The difference was divided by six for the six years 1990 through 1995, multiplied by 5, and added to the 1990 number to estimate the 1994 projection. This was multiplied by 1000. 64,665,992 is the projected 1994 U. S. population from the Indian article: Singh, R. B., Effect of dietary magnesium supplementation in the prevention of coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death, Magnesium Trace Elem 9: 143-151, 1990. ------------------------------------------------------------ Calculations for Ontario, Canada Middle Series 1990 1995 These figures were taken from the World Almanac and Book of Facts: male age 25-44 40,624 41,320 age 45-64 22,221 25,192 age 65+ 12,637 13,440 female age 25-44 40,753 41,195 age 45-64 24,231 27,130 age 65+ 19,061 20,447 We needed the male age range from 35-44. The male age range from 25-44 was used to calculate the new range by dividing by 20 years and multiplying by 10 years. The age range 65-74 was calculated by multiplying the 65+ age range by .60.* male age 35-44 20,312 20,660 age 45-64 22,221 25,192 age 65-74 7,582 8,064 We needed the female age range from 35-44. The female age range from 25-44 was used to calculate the new range by dividing by 20 years and multiplying by 10 years. The age range 65-74 was calculated by multiplying the 65+ age range by .60.* female age 35-44 20,376 20,598 age 45-64 24,231 27,130 age 65-74 11,437 12,268 The numbers in the above male and female groups were added. total m/f age 35-74 106,159 113,912 The 1990 number was subtracted from the 1995 number. The difference was divided by six for the six years 1990 through 1995, multiplied by 5, and added to the 1990 number to estimate the 1994 projection. This was multiplied by 1000. 112,619,833 is the projected 1994 U. S. population from the Ontario article: Anderson, T. W., Leriche, W. H., Hewitt, D., Neri, L. C., Magnesium, water hardness, and heart disease, Magnesium in Health and Disease, pp. 565-571, 1980. * See SECTION 3, Special Calculation for Projection: Age 65-74 SECTION 3. Special Calculation for Projection: Age 65-74 The projection from the Ontario article required the U. S. population in the age range of 65-74, but that information was not directly available from our census data sources; however, the percentage of the population in that age group was available from another source, which led to the following calculations to obtain the figure we needed. The following table is derived from: Statistical Abstract of the United States (112th Edition), 1992, The National Data Book, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, page 38. No. 39. Population 65 Years Old and Over, by Age Group and Sex: 1970 to 1991, page 38. This table was used to determine an estimate of the percentage of total population over 65 that falls within the 65-74 age range. Age Group & Sex Percent Distribution 1970 1980 1990 1991 All persons 65-69 years old 35.0 34.3 32.4 31.6 70-74 years old 27.3 26.6 25.7 26.0 ---------------------------------- All persons total 62.3 60.9 58.1 57.6 AVG=59.7 The average percent of persons in the 65-74 age group was 59.7 for the years 1970-1991. Note that the earlier years figures are higher because more people are living longer now. Thus, since we are going back to 1940, 60 percent is our estimate of the number of people falling in this age range. From HISTORICAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES, Colonial Times To 1970, Part 1, Series A 119-134, Population, by Age, Sex, Race, and Nativity: 1790 to 1970, we converted the following number from a 65-years-and-over range to a 65-74 age range: 65 years 65-74 and over TOTAL 1970 20,065,502 * .60 = 12,039,301 1960* 16,559,580 * .60 = 9,935,748 1960 16,525,032 * .60 = 9,915,019 1950 12,269,537 * .60 = 7,361,722 1940 9,019,314 * .60 = 5,411,588 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SECTION 4. Statistical Sources of Calculations of American Populations of Comparable Age and Sex Ranges From the total population table below, the average numbers of persons in each age range from 25-64 were totaled giving an American population of the sex and age range used in the BRITISH study: 90,131,722 From the male population table below, the average numbers of males in each range from 40-59 were totaled giving an American population of the sex and age range used in the FINNISH study: 20,335,107 From the total population table below, the average numbers of persons in each age range from 35-74 were totaled giving an American population of the sex and age range used in the CANADIAN study: 73,351,322 From the male population table below, the average numbers of males in each range from 25-64 were totaled giving an American population of the approximate sex (the study actually included 6.5% females) and approximate age range used (25-63) in the INDIAN study. The total was adjusted down one year by dividing by 40 years and multiplying by 39 years. 43,080,833 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 1990 21,328,000 21,833,000 19,846,000 17,589,000 1980 19,521,000 17,561,000 13,965,000 11,669,000 1970 13,476,993 11,430,436 11,106,851 11,980,954 1960* 10,869,124 11,949,186 12,481,109 11,600,243 1960 10,803,977 11,881,172 12,414,091 11,545,677 1950 12,242,260 11,517,007 11,246,386 10,203,973 1940 11,096,638 10,242,388 9,545,377 8,787,843 avg 14,191,142 13,773,456 12,943,545 11,910,956 continued 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-74 1990 13,744,000 11,313,000 10,487,000 10,625,000 18,045,000 1980 11,090,000 11,710,000 11,615,000 10,088,000 15,581,000 1970 12,115,939 11,104,018 9,973,028 8,616,784 12,039,301 1960* 10,879,485 9,605,954 8,429,865 7,142,452 9,935,748 1960 10,834,998 9,571,934 8,402,132 7,123,256 9,915,019 1950 9,070,465 8,272,188 7,235,120 6,059,475 7,361,722 1940 8,255,225 7,256,846 5,843,865 4,723,340 5,411,588 avg 10,855,730 9,833,420 8,855,144 7,768,330 11,184,197 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- male 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 1990 10,702,000 10,862,000 9,833,000 8,676,000 1980 9,705,000 8,677,000 6,862,000 5,708,000 1970 6,621,567 5,595,790 5,412,423 5,818,813 1960 5,333,075 5,846,224 6,079,512 5,675,881 1960* 5,298,813 5,811,157 6,044,485 5,646,279 1950 5,972,078 5,624,723 5,517,544 5,070,269 1940 5,450,662 5,070,312 4,745,659 4,419,135 avg 7,011,885 6,783,887 6,356,375 5,859,197 male continued 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 1990 6,739,000 5,493,000 5,008,000 4,947,000 1980 5,388,000 5,621,000 5,482,000 4,670,000 1970 5,851,334 5,347,916 4,765,821 4,026,972 1960 5,357,925 4,734,829 4,127,245 3,409,319 1960* 5,331,969 4,714,262 4,110,628 3,398,572 1950 4,526,366 4,128,648 3,630,046 3,037,838 1940 4,209,269 3,752,750 3,011,364 2,397,816 avg 5,343,409 4,827,486 4,305,015 3,698,217 The following were used to compile the tables of total U. S. population by age group and male U.S. population by age group. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Part 1, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Washington, D.C., 1975, page 19. No. 19. Resident Population, by Age and Sex: 1979 to 1991. (Figures from this table are shown in standard type.) Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Part 1, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Washington, D.C., 1975, page 15. Series A 119-134. Population, by Age, Sex, Race and Nativity: 1790 to 1970. (Figures from this table are shown in italic type.) Statistical Abstract of the United States (112th Edition), 1992, The National Data Book, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, page 38. No. 39. Population 65 Years Old and Over, by Age Group and Sex: 1970 to 1991, page 38. This table was used to determine an estimate of the percentage of total population over 65 that falls within the 65-74 age range. Figures from Series A 119-134 were multiplied by 60 percent. (These estimated figures are shown in bold type.) For details see SECTION 3, Special Calculation for Projection: Age 65-74. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- SECTION 5. FINAL CALCULATIONS AVG 1940-94 AVG 1940-94 DEATH AMERICAN AM. POP 54 PROJECTED PROJ. 1994 COUNTRY RATE POPULATION DEATHS YEARS 1994 POP. DEATHS GREAT B .001813 90,131,722 163,409 8,824,076 133,669,000 242,342 FINLAND .004578 20,335,107 93,094 5,027,082 28,823,625 131,955 ONT, CAN .000750 73,351,322 55,013 2,970,729 112,619,833 84,465 INDIA .00624 44,185,470 275,762 14,891,122 64,665,992 403,580 BENCHMARK AVERAGE .003345 57,000,905 146,819 7,928,252 84,944,612 215,585 Projected Mg deaths in the U.S. in 1994 is: 215,585 Projected minimum Mg deaths per day in U.S. in 1994 is: 215,585/365 = 590 Estimated minimum Mg deaths in the U.S. in the period from 1940 to present is: 7,928,252 If the same rate of death from magnesium deficiency is applicable to the entire population, including the high-risk groups of infants and the aged, the following calculation can be made, (assuming that the current population of the United States is 260,000,000, as I have heard on the radio): 260,000,000 * .003345 = 869,700 U.S. deaths per annum from Mg deficiency Dividing 215,585 by 869,700 gives .248, which is the ratio of U. S. Benchmark Average deaths in 1994 (limited by age and sex) to the possible total of U. S. deaths from Mg-deficiency in the entire population in 1994. This ratio is relevant to the Magnesium Deficiency Death Index (MDDI) formulas given in the article, Calculations of American Deaths... To apply the average benchmark Mg death rate to the entire population 1940-1994, including the high risk groups of infants and the aged, make this calculation: 1 * 7,928,252 = 31,968,758 Mg deaths .248 Sudden cardiac death is known to peak between 0 and 6 months, and between 45-75 years, according to Zipes, D. P., SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH, American Journal of Cardiology, Feb. '79. 8/4/94 Paul Mason Janet Mason P O BOX 1417 Patterson, Ca. 95363 tel: (408) 897-3023 fax: (408) 897-3028 =============================================================================== Article 4 ***** October 3, 1994 Dockets Management Branch DOCKET 94P-0361/CP1 Food and Drug Administration Room 1-23 12420 Park Lawn Drive Rockville, MD 20857 CITIZEN PETITION The undersigned submits this petition under the relevant statutory sections of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act or the Public Health Service Act, or under any other statutory provision for which authority has been delegated to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs under 21 CFR 5.10 to request the Commissioner of Food and Drugs to make a public recommendation announced to the media. ACTION REQUESTED I request that the Commissioner of Food and Drugs make the following public announcement to the media: "A good case can be made for the correlation of cardiovascular death with magnesium deficient water. Numerous studies show that many Americans get less than the Recommended Daily Intake of magnesium. To correct that deficiency, the FDA recommends that bottlers fortify bottled or canned water and water-based beverages, including soft drinks and beer, to provide at least 90 mg of bio-available magnesium per liter of beverage. The recommended additive is magnesium carbonate because it has been more widely tested in practice than other compounds. Excluded beverages are naturally magnesium-rich beverages which need no fortification, such as orange juice (110 mg/L), milk (140 mg/L), and grape juice (130 mg/L). Bottlers who wish to fortify to more than 90 mg magnesium per liter of beverage are cautioned to be aware that excessive magnesium may cause a laxative effect in some individuals. Individuals having kidney failure are advised to consult their doctor before consuming fortified beverages. Consumers are urged to use only magnesium-rich water in all cooking or boiling of food, as magnesium is leached out of foods boiled in soft water." STATEMENT OF GROUNDS 1. Mg deficiency is widespread in the United States (1,7,24,44,45,54,61,68,70,73,82,88,93) 2. Mg deficiency causes atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, and cardiovascular death.(5,7,9,20,25,51,78,79,80,81,82,85,87) 3. A global pattern exists which positively correlates cardiovascular death with magnesium-deficient water supplies. (8,9,10,11,13,18,19,20,57,58,66,74,75,76,85). 4. Supplementation has been shown by intervention or cohort studies to be effective in lowering the rate of cardio-vascular death.(69,85) Mg intake predicted future IHD events (35). 5. Extensive data suggests that if the Ca/Mg ratio exceeds 2/1, cardiovascular death is positively correlated with the rising Ca/Mg ratio. (45, also: Karpannen; Minerals, coronary heart disease, and sudden coronary death. Advances in Cardiology 25:9-24, 1978. 6. The NIH has recently recommended a calcium intake of 1500 mg per day. Studies show American Mg intake is 300 mg/day, which would make an unprecedented ratio of Ca/Mg of 5/1, with the possibility of a much increased rate of cardiovascular death. (expert: Dr. Mildred Seelig). 7. Boiling food in soft water leaches out more magnesium than does boiling of food in magnesium-rich water (40,50). 8. Mg in water is absorbed 30% better and much faster than Mg in food. (23,25,27,40,50) 9. Mg may be toxic to persons with kidney dysfunction, but at levels above what is normally found in wine (110 mg/L Mg). METAL CONTENT OF CALIFORNIA WINES ; OUGH, C. S., CROWELL, E. A., BENZ. J.; 1985, JUNE Besides the references cited above, Dr. Burton Altura has informed me that he will be submitting a written comment in support of this petition within two weeks which will include additional citations of the literature of magnesium. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT I claim a categorical exclusion under paragraph 25.24 of 21 CFR. UNFAVORABLE INFORMATION 1. Magnesium is commonly sold over-the-counter as a laxative. Hearsay indicates that the bottled water from a spring in Bartlett, California, sometimes has a laxative effect due to its 360 mg/L magnesium content. Bottled water from the Adobe Springs in California contains 96 mg/L magnesium, and no laxative effect has been reported to the bottler. If assorted brands of foods and beverages are voluntarily fortified with various amounts of magnesium without guidelines, there is a strong chance of some consumers experiencing a laxative effect while other consumers remain deficient in magnesium. 2. Consumers having kidney failure may tolerate only mineral-free water. OTHER VIEWS Dr. C. Everett Koop, retired Surgeon General of the United States, has written me, "A good case can be made for the correlation of cardiovascular death with magnesium-deficient water." Dr. Mildred Seelig has identified a new health hazard caused by a new policy of the NIH which may vastly increase the number of cardiac deaths in this country: To explain the problem, Dr. Seelig first quotes Karpannen's article, "Minerals, Coronary Heart Disease, And Sudden Coronary Death" published in ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY in 1978. Abstract: Loss of myocardial K and Mg and increased myocardial Ca predispose to ventricular arrhythmias and Sudden Coronary Death. Reference to animal studies and epidemiological studies. Finland has highest Ca/Mg ratio (4/1) and SCD rate. Line graph showing direct correlation of rising IHD with increasing Ca/Mg ratio. USA is next with ratio of 3/1. Japan, Greece, and Yugoslavia have lowest IHD rate and lowest Ca/Mg ratio. "As the Ca/Mg ratio rises, so does the heart attack death rate. "Now that the NIH has recommended a Ca intake of 1500 mg/day, the ratio of Ca/Mg will be about 5/1 since large scale surveys have shown that Americans (on average) consume no more than 300 mg Mg/day. "Providing Mg in water or soft drinks (especially sports drinks--since surveys show that Mg is likely to be deficient in athletes, and that this may cause sub-optimal performance) may well be a practical means to correct the Mg deficiency." It appears that the NIH's recommendation of a Ca intake of 1500 mg/day may increase substantially the cardiac death rate in this country because it destroys the proper Ca/Mg ratio. Dr. Burton Altura's view is: "The mean value of about 0.60 mM for ionized Mg2+ is approximately one-half what it is for Ca2+ and thus represents a Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio in human blood of about 2.0. This ratio may be of more than passing interest considering that Mg2+ acts as a natural Ca channel blocker and that variability in either of their concentrations could influence the interpretation of the effects of the other on conduction, contraction, vasomotor tone, and numerous functions of cells and tissues." ANOTHER VIEW: Most companies selling bottled spring water in America advertise their water's "purity", and are loath to admit that the lack of magnesium in their spring water is a problem. The bottled water industry has been hostile to foreign medical journal articles examining the correlation between cardiovascular death rates and the magnesium content of tap water. I have repeatedly brought the problem to the attention of senior officers of the International Bottled Water Association, but they have expressed no interest whatever, and some IBWA members have been overtly hostile to the study of magnesium in water. Over dinner at a meeting of the California Bottled Water Association a couple years ago I was told most emphatically that bread should be fortified instead of beverages. The problem with the Mg-fortification of food is the dosage. The most common foods are bread and salt, yet some people eat almost no bread or salt and other people eat a lot. To get a uniform Mg intake without resorting to pills, there are three possibilities: 1. Fortify all processed foods with "X"* Mg per Kg of food. (This method penalizes people who don't eat processed foods, but maybe they don't need fortification as much, depending on which unprocessed foods they eat. Processing often removes Mg.) 2. Fortify all processed foods/beverages with "X" Mg per Kg of food/beverage. 3. Fortify beverages with "X" Mg per liter. *"X" = an adequate amount of Mg fortification to prevent deficiency without triggering a laxative effect. Any other method than one of the three above will result in uneven dosages, with the possibility of some consumers getting the runs and other consumers not getting enough Mg. Of the three alternatives above, beverage-borne Mg is 30% more bio-available, and the cheapest to implement, as there are far fewer beverages than foods. Undissolved magnesium carbonate in foods might wear the enamel off teeth. Mr. John Albers, Chairman and CEO of the Dr. Pepper/Seven-Up Cos., wrote me a letter that was friendly and open to the possibility of fortifying beverages with magnesium, contingent on a favorable reaction from the FDA and other agencies. Discussions with isotonic bottlers have also been friendly. I have supplied all interested parties with a copy of my paper, "The Economics of Magnesium Fortification of Beverages" (60). Dr. Arthur Marx at the California Environmental Health Investigations Branch (510) 540-3657, has voiced his opinion to me that magnesium chloride, magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, and many other magnesium compounds have not been tested on a large scale for possible unwanted effects. It is common knowledge that magnesium carbonate is natural in nearly all ground waters, and magnesium carbonate is found in some historic European bottled waters at concentrations yielding more than 90 mg/L magnesium content: Apollinaris 122 mg/L Gerolsteiner 112 mg/L St. Gero 120 mg/L Adelheidquelle 107 mg/L Rosbacher 128 mg/L (ref: The Best Bottled Waters In The World, by M & T Green, 1985). Natural magnesium carbonate in water has been so widely tested in practice for so many centuries that there is negligible chance of any problem with it. To test the feasibility of fortifying with magnesium carbonate, I obtained a pound of USP grade magnesium carbonate in light powder form, 4MgCO3 * Mg(OH)2 * 5H2O. I mixed .5 teaspoon of it with one cup of distilled water, and got these results: 1. One hour after adding Mg, there was no flavor, but it did end the flatness of the distilled water. The water was clear. I thought I detected some sweetness, but it was not as sweet as Adobe Springs. It tasted OK to me, about the same as a good grade of tap water. 2. The mouth-feel was a little bit slippery, which some people also notice in the Adobe Springs' water. 3. I tested the TDS using a Myron L "DS" meter. One hour after adding the Mg, the meter read 110 ppm TDS, and the undissolved white residue lay in the bottom of the cup. Three days later, the meter read 220 ppm TDS, and there was noticeably less residue in the bottom. The flavor was unchanged. After one week, the TDS levelled off at 350 ppm, with some residue still left in the bottom. With a lesser amount of magnesium carbonate, dissolution is complete. More views are contained in the 94 articles listed in the Enclosures section of this petition. CERTIFICATION The Undersigned certifies, that, to the best knowledge and belief of the Undersigned, this petition includes all information and views on which the petition relies, and that it includes representative data and information known to the petitioner which are unfavorable to the petition. (Signature)_________________________________________________ PAUL W. MASON P O Box 1199 Livermore, Ca. 94551 tel: (408) 897-3023 fax: (408) 897-3028 REFERENCES AND ENCLOSURES 1. Absorption and Excretion of Magnesium; Gastrointestinal Absorption of Magnesium; Renal Excretion of Magnesium; etc.: 1984. 2. Alfrey, A. C.; Miller, N. L.; Butkus, D.: Evaluation of body magnesium stores: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine: Aug., 1974. 3. Alpers, D.; Clouse, R.: Magnesium: Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics: 1979?. 4. Altura, B. M.; Altura, B. T.: Cardiovascular risk factors and magnesium: relationships to atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease and hypertension: Magnesium and Trace Elements: 1991-92; 10:182-192. 5. Altura, B. M.: Sudden-death ischemic heart disease and dietary magnesium intake: is the target site coronary vascular smooth muscle?: Medical Hypotheses: 5:843-848 1979. 6. Anderson, T. W.; Le Riche, W. H.; MacKay, J. S.: Sudden death and ischemic heart disease, correlation with hardness of local water supple: New England Journal of Medicine: Vol 280, No. 15: Apr. 10, 1969. 7. Anderson, T. W.; Neri, L. C.; Schreiber, G. B.; Talbot, F. D. F.; Zdrojewski, A.: Ischemic heart disease, water hardness and myocardial magnesium: CMA Journal: Aug. 9, 1975. 8. Anderson, T. W.; Le Riche, W. H.: Sudden death from ischemic heart disease in Ontario and its correlation with water hardness and other factors: CMA Journal: July 24, 1971. 9. Anderson, T. W.; Hewitt, D.; Neri, L. C.; Schreiber, G.; Talbot, F.; Water hardness and magnesium in heart muscle: The Lancet: Dec. 15, 1973. 10. Anderson, T. W.; Le Riche, W. H; Hewitt, D.; Neri, L. C.: Magnesium, water hardness, and heart disease: Magnesium in Health and Disease: 1980. 11. Belojevic, G.: [The hardness of drinking water and cardiovascular disease]: Srp Arh Celok Lek: Sep.-Oct., 1992. Unavailable 12. Berkelhammer, C.; Bear, R. A.: A clinical approach to common electrolyte problems:* 4. Hypomagnesemia: Can Med Assoc J: Feb 15, 1985. 13. Bigg, R. P. C.; Chia, R.: Magnesium deficiency: The Medical Journal of Australia: April 4, 1981. 14. Cannon, L. A.; Heiselman, D. E.; Dougherty, J. M.; Jones, J.: Magnesium levels in cardiac arrest victims: relationship between magnesium levels and successful resuscitation: Annals of Emergency Medicine: Nov., 1987. 15. Chipperfield, B.; Chipperfield, J. R.; Behr, G.; Burton, P.: Magnesium and potassium content of normal heart muscle in areas of hard and soft water: The Lancet: Jan. 17, 1976. 16. Chipperfield, B.; Chipperfield, J. R.: Cot deaths and mineral salts: The Lancet: Jan. 27, 1979. 17. Contribution of Drinking Water to Mineral Nutrition: Drinking Water and Health: 1977?. 18. Crawford, M. D.; Gardner, M. J.; Morris, J. N.: Changes in water hardness and local death-rates: The Lancet: Aug. 14, 1971. 19. Crawford, M. D.: Gardner, M. J.: Morris, J. N.: Mortality and hardness of local water-supplies: The Lancet: April 20, 1968. 20. Crawford, T.;: Prevalence and pathological changes of ischaemic heart-disease in a hard-water and in a soft-water area: The Lancet: Feb. 4, 1967. 21. Dirks, J. H.: The kidney and magnesium regulation: Kidney International: 1983. 22. Durlach, J.; Durlach, V.: Rayssiguier, Y.; Ricquier, D.; Goubern, M.; Bertin, R.; Bara, M.; Guiet-Bara, A.; Olive, G.; Mettey, R.: Magnesium and thermoregulation. I. Newborn and infant. Is sudden infant death syndrome a magnesium-dependent disease of the transition from chemical to physical thermoregulation?: Magnesium Research: 1991. 23. Durlach, J.; Bara, M.; Guiet-Bara, A.: Magnesium level in drinking water and cardiovascular risk factor: a hypothesis: 1985. 24. Durlach, J.: Recommended dietary amounts of magnesium: Mg RDA: Magnesium Research: 1989. 25. Durlach, J., Bara, M., Guiet-Bara, A.: Magnesium level in drinking water: its importance in cardiovascular risk: Magnesium in Health and Disease: 1989. 26. Durlach, J.; Durlach, V.; Rayssiguier, Y.; Bara, M.; Guiet-Bara, A.: Magnesium and the cardiovascular system: II. Clinical data. A critical review: Molecular biology of atherosclerosis: 57th European Atherosclerosis Society Meeting: 1992. 27. Durlach, J.; Durlach, V.; Rayssiguier, Y.; Bara, M.; Guiet-Bara, A.: Magnesium and blood pressure. II. Clinical studies: Magnesium Research: 1992. 28. Dyckner, T.; Wester, P. O.: Effect of Magnesium on blood pressure: British Medical Journal: June 11, 1983. 29. Dyckner, T.; Wester, P. O.: Relation between potassium, magnesium and cardiac arrhythmias: 1980?. 30. Dyckner, T.; Wester, P. O.: Magnesium in cardiology, Acta Med Scand: 1982. 31. Dyckner, T.: Serum magnesium in acute myocardial infarction, relation to arrhythmias: Acta Med Scand: 1980. 32. Ebel, H.; Gunther, T.: Role of magnesium in cardiac disease: Clin Chem Clin Biochem: 1983. 33. Eisenberg, M. J.: Magnesium deficiency and sudden death: American Heart Journal: Aug., 1992. 34. Eisenberg, M. J.: Magnesium deficiency and cardiac arrhythmias: New York State Journal of Medicine: March, 1986. 35. Elwood, P. C.; Fehily, A. M.; Sweetnam, P. M.; Yarnell J. W. G.: Dietary magnesium and prediction of heart disease: The Lancet: Aug. 22, 1992. 36. Flink, E. B.: Magnesium deficiency. Etiology and clinical spectrum: 1980?. 37. Halpern, G. M.; Van de Water, J.; Delabrois, A.; Keen, C.; Gershwin, M. E.: Comparative uptake of calcium from milk and a calcium-rich mineral water in lactose intolerant adults: American Journal of Preventive Medicine: 1991: 7(6) 379. 38. Hankin, J. H.; Margen, S.; Goldsmith, N. F.: Contribution of hard water to calcium and magnesium intakes of adults: Journal of the American Dietetic Association: Jan. 31, 1969. 39. Hardness Of Drinking Water And Public Health. Proceedings of the European Scientific Colloquium, Luxembourg, May 1975. Commission of the European Communities. 40. Haring, B. S. A.; Van Delft, W.: Changes in the mineral composition of food as a result of cooking in "hard" and "soft" waters: Archives of Environmental Health: Jan./Feb. 1981. 41. Iseri, L. T.; French, J. H.: Magnesium: Nature's physiologic calcium blocker: American Heart Journal: July 1984. 42. Jones, J. E.; Manalok, R.; Flink, E. B.: Magnesium requirements in adults: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: June 6, 1967. 43. Karppanen, H.; Neuvonen, P. J.: Ischaemic heart-disease and soil magnesium in Finland; Water hardness and magnesium in heart-muscle: The Lancet, Dec. 15, 1973. 44. Karppanen, H.; Tanskanen, A.; Tuomilehto, J.; Puska, P.; Vuori, J.; Jantti, V.; Seppanen, M.: Safety and effects of potassium- and magnesium-containing low sodium salt mixtures: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology: 1984. 45. Karppanen, Heikki: Epidemiological studies on the relationship between magnesium intake and cardiovascular diseases; Artery: 1981. 46. Kubena, K. S.; Durlach, J.: Historical review of the effects of marginal intake of magnesium in chronic experimental magnesium deficiency: 1990?. 47. Lacey, R. F.; Shaper, A. G.: Changes in water hardness and cardiovascular death rates: International Journal of Epidemiology: 1984. 48. Leary, W. P.; Reyes, A. J.; Lockett, C. J.; Arbuckle, D. D.; Van der Byl, K.: Magnesium and deaths ascribed to ischaemic heart disease in South Africa. A preliminary report.: SA Medical Journal: Vol 64: November 5, 1983. 49. Levine, B. S.; Coburn, J. W.: Magnesium, The mimic/antagonist of calcium: The New England Journal of Medicine: May 10, 1984. 50. Lowik, M. R. H.; Groot, E. H.; Binnerts, W. T.: Magnesium and public health: the impact of drinking water: Toxic Substances in Environmental Health: 1982. 51. Luoma, H.; Aromaa, A.; Helminen, S.; Murtomaa, H.; Kiviluoto, L.; Punsar, S.; Knek, P.: Risk of myocardial infarction in Finnish men in relation to fluoride, magnesium and calcium concentration in drinking water: Acta Med Scand: 1983. 52. Magnesium: Coming of Age: editorial: Harvard Heart Letter: Aug. 1991. 53. Marier, J. R.: Cardio-protective contribution of hard waters to magnesium intake: Review of Canadian Biology: Vol. 37, No. 2: June 1978: p 115-125. 54. Marier, J. R.: Magnesium Content of the Food Supply in the Modern-Day World: 1986. 55. Marier, J. R.; Neri, L. C.: Quantifying the role of magnesium in the interrelationship between human mortality/morbidity and water hardness: Magnesium: #4, 53-59: 1985. 56. Masironi, R.: Geochemistry and cardiovascular disease: Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. 1979. Cardiovascular Disease Unit, World Health Organization. 57. Mason, P.; Mason, J.: Calculations of American deaths caused by magnesium deficiency, as projected from international data: 1994, publication pending. (Available free (408) 897-3023.) 58. Mason, P.; Mason, J.: JUSTIFICATION OF THE INTERMEDIATE CALCULATIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE ARTICLE, "Calculations of American deaths caused by magnesium deficiency, as projected from international data": 1994 publication pending. (Available free (408) 897-3023.) 59. Mason, P.; Mason, J.: Calculations of deaths caused by magnesium deficient bottled water in California: 1994, publication pending. (Available free (408) 897-3023.) 60. Mason, P.; Mason, J.: The economics of magnesium fortification of beverages: 1994, publication pending. (Available free (408) 897-3023.) 61. Molloy, D. W.; Dhingra, S.; Solven, F.; Wilson, A.; Mccarthy, D. S.: Hypomagnesemia and respiratory muscle power: Concise Clinical Studies: 1984. 62. Neri, L. C.; Hewitt, D.; Mandel, J. S.: Risk of sudden death in soft water-area: American Journal of epidemiology: Aug., 1971. 63. Neri, L. C.; Johansen, H. L.: Water hardness and cardiovascular mortality: Annals New York Academy of Sciences: 1978. 64. Peterson, D. R.; Thompson, D. J.; Nam, J.: Water hardness, arteriosclerotic heart disease and sudden death: 1970. 65. Pocock, S. J.; Shaper, A. G.; Cook, D. G.; Packham, R. F.; Lacey, R. F.; Powell, P.; Russell, P. F.: British Regional Heart Study: Geographic Variations in Cardiovascular Mortality, and the Role of Water Quality: Feb. 20, 1980. 66. Punsar, S.; Karvonen, M. J.: Drinking water quality and sudden death: observations from West and East Finland: Cardiology: 1979. 67. Rasmussen, H. S.; McNair, P.; Goransson, L.; Balslov, S.; Larsen, O. G.; Aurup, P.: Magnesium deficiency in patients with ischemic heart disease with or without acute myocardial infarction uncovered by an intravenous loading test: Arch Intern Med: Feb., 1988. 68. Rayssiguier, Y.; Gueux, E.: Magnesium and lipids in cardiovascular disease: Journal of the American College of Nutrition: 1986. 69. Rayssiguier, Y.; Gueux, E.; Durlach, V.; Durlach, J.; Nassir, F.; Mazur, A.: Magnesium and the cardiovascular system: I. New experimental data on magnesium and lipoproteins: Molecular biology of atherosclerosis: 57th European Atherosclerosis Society Meeting: 1992. 70. Reinhard, R. A.; Desbiens, N. A.: Hypomagnesemia in patients entering the ICU: Critical Care Medicine: 1985. 71. Reyes, A. J.; Leary, W. P.: Pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic changes due to magnesium depletion: SA Medical Journal: Aug. 27, 1983. 72. Rylander, R.; Bonevik, H.; Rubenowitz, E.: Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and cardiovascular mortality: Scand J Work Environ Health: 1991. 73. Ryzen, E.; Wagers, P. W.; Singer, F. R.; Rude, R. K.; Magnesium deficiency in a medical ICU population: Critical Care Medicine: 1985. 74. Schroeder, H. A.: Municipal drinking water and cardiovascular death rates: JAMA: Jan. 10, 1966. 75. Schroeder, H. A.: Relation between mortality from cardiovascular disease and treated water supplies: JAMA: April 23, 1960. 76. Schroeder, H. A.; Kraemer, L. A.: Cardiovascular Mortality, Municipal Water, and Corrosion: Arch Environ Health: Vol 28: June 1974. 77. Schuette, S. A.; Hartmann, S. C.; Ting, B. T. G.; Janghorbani, M.: Feasibility of measuring organ magnesium turnover in vivo by continuous feeding of a stable isotope: J Nutr Biochem: January 1992. 78. Seelig, M. S.; Heggtveit, H. A.: Magnesium interrelationships in ischemic heart disease: a review: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Jan. 1974. 79. Seelig, M. S.: Magnesium Requirements in Human Nutrition: Contemporary Nutrition: Vol. 7, No. 1: Jan. 1982. 80. Seelig, M. S.: Overview: recognizing the problem of magnesium deficiency: Proceedings of the University of Missouri's 22nd annual conference on trace substances in environmental health: May 23, 1988. 81. Seelig, M. S. : Nutritional status and requirements of magnesium with consideration of individual differences and prevention of cardiovascular disease: Magnesium Bulletin: no. 8: 1986. 82. Seelig, M. S.: The requirement of magnesium by the normal adult; summary and analysis of published data: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Vol. 14: June 1964. 83. Seelig, M. S.: Possible Role of Magnesium in disorders of the aged: Modern Aging Research: p 279-305: 1983. 84. Shine, K. I.; Myocardial effects of magnesium: The American Physiological Society: 1979. Not available. 85. Singh, R. B.; Effect of dietary magnesium supplementation in the prevention of coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death. Magnesium And Trace Elements, 1990; 9. 86. Singh, R. B.; Cameron, E. A.: Relation of myocardial magnesium deficiency to sudden death in ischemic heart disease: American Heart Journal, Letters to the editor: March 1982. 87. Turlapaty, P.; Altura, B. M.: Magnesium deficiency produces spasms of coronary arteries: relationship to etiology of sudden death ischemic heart disease: Science: April 1980. 88. Tzivoni, D.; Keren, A.: Suppression of ventricular arrhythmias by magnesium: The American Journal of Cardiology: June 1, 1990. 89. Ventricular arrhythmias and magnesium: Patient Care: October 15, 1990. 90. Water Hardness and Cardiovascular Disease: Drinking Water and Health: 1979?. 91. Wester, P. O.: Magnesium--effect on arrhythmias: International Journal of Cardiology: 1986. 92. Whang, R.; Oei, T. O.; Aikawa, J. K.; Watanabe, A.; Vannatta, J.; Fryer, A.; Markanich, M.: Predictors of clinical hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia: Arch Intern Med: Sept. 1984. 93. Wong, E. T.; Rude, R. K.; Singer, F. R.; Shaw, S. T.: A high prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia in hospitalized patients: American Society of Clinical Pathologists: March 1983. 94. Zipes, D. P.: Sudden cardiac death: The American Journal of Cardiology: Feb. 1979. ============================================================================== Article 5 ***** THE ECONOMICS OF MAGNESIUM FORTIFICATION OF BEVERAGES The cost of magnesium fortification of all water-based canned or bottled beverages in California, bringing them up to 90 mg/L by the addition of magnesium chloride hexahydrate, is about $42 Million per annum. The savings, as previously reported, are between 24,886 and 100,350 lives per annum in California (2). The economic benefit of magnesium fortification can be estimated at $200,000 per life, if the consumer earns only $20,000 per year for an additional 10 years. Perhaps an equal number of consumers would have been incapacitated by heart disease (or fear of heart attack), and so their earnings would also have been lost due to the lack of magnesium. There may be a few Billions more savings in medical care and supporting incapacitated heart-attack victims. So the economic benefits in California of magnesium fortification would be at least $10 Billion per annum, and the cost/benefit ratio is better than 1/237. The cost of preventing these 24,886 to 100,350 deaths is between $418 and $1,687 each per annum. The cost per consumer is $1.40 per annum, as obtained by dividing the $42 Million cost by the 30 Million California consumers. These calculations of the cost of magnesium fortification are based on these assumptions: 1. That the cost of food grade magnesium chloride is $1.46 per lb., (truck-load price as quoted by Mallinkrodt Chemical Corp. in St. Louis). I assume that economies of scale would at least cover the transport cost. 2. That based on atomic weights, magnesium chloride contains only 12% magnesium by weight. 3. That the established formula for determining the quantity of additive is: Dosage mg/L * Millions of Gal. * 8.34 = lb of elemental Mg. 4. That the population of California is 30,000,000. 5. That the liquid consumption in California is the RDA of 182.5 gallons per annum. 6. That 84.2% of the liquid consumption is water-based (1), including beer, but excluding milk, fresh juices, and wine. (Note that milk, most juices, and wine are all rich in Mg.) 7. That homemade beverages such as coffee, tea, and lemonade will be made only with Mg-rich bottled water. And all water consumption will be from bottles, not tap. 8. That the source of ingredient water contains only an insignificant amount of natural magnesium. (Los Angeles' water actually contains 9-30 mg/L Mg, but San Francisco has less than 1 mg/L; some bottlers "strip" the water of minerals with reverse osmosis before flavoring or carbonating it.) 9. That annually magnesium deficiency causes the death of .003345 of a subset comprising .248 of the population. It is unknown if the same rate of death affects the rest of the population, including the high-risk groups of infants and the aged. Based on the above assumptions, the following calculation can be made: 30,000,000 population multiplied by 182.5 gallons per annum is 5,475,000,000 gallons, which when multiplied by .842 yields 4,609,950,000 gallons of water-based beverages consumed per annum in California. 90 mg/L * 4,610 Million Gal. * 8.34 = 3,460,266 lb. Mg. Since magnesium chloride hexahydrate is only 12 % magnesium by weight, it will take 28,835,550 lb. of magnesium chloride hexahydrate per annum to treat all the water-based bottled or canned beverages in the State of California. At $1.46 per lb., that works out to $42,099,903 per annum. Projecting that to the United States as a whole, the cost of fortifying all water-based bottled or canned beverages in the U.S. would be $350,832,500 per annum, and the benefits would be at least $86 Billion, plus Billions more saved in medical care and supporting the incapacitated survivors of heart attacks. So the cost/benefit ratio is better than 1/237, and more than pays for itself. One Dollar's worth of magnesium chloride would treat 1,171 twelve-ounce servings of beverage. It is clear that magnesium chloride is too expensive to be used for treating municipal supplies; the American Water Works Association reports that the 58,000 community water systems in the country process 38.5 Billion gallons per day, which would cost $121 Billion per annum to treat with magnesium chloride. It may be much cheaper to filter municipal water through a large bed of crushed magnesium ore, leaching the magnesium into the water. Until now, the International Magnesium Producer's Association has been primarily concerned with metallic magnesium, but that market is only about $900 Million per annum world-wide; the global market for food-grade magnesium compounds for bottled beverages appears to be much larger than the metallic market. Bottlers will benefit from the stronger economy and the larger "Share of Stomach" that their fortified products will win from tap water. Magnesium fortification of bottled beverages can be implemented much sooner than fortification of municipal supplies, as much less work needs to be done to implement bottled fortification. Currently, bottlers have a Share of Stomach of about 60%, and tap water has about a 40% Share of Stomach, as it is used for fresh-brewed coffee, tea, powdered drinks, and as drinking water (1). If consumers are advised by government agencies to use fortified bottled water or other fortified beverages instead of tap water, bottlers may see their Share of Stomach rise from 60% to 80% or more, which would increase their sales volume by at least 33%. Fortification is a more certain way of gaining added sales volume than the uncertainty of advertising campaigns. Fortification of bottled and canned beverages could be implemented sooner by voluntary, profitable compliance than by government decree. Instead of the government subsidizing magnesium fortification with inefficient tax dollars, it would be cheaper and faster to simply announce the benefits of magnesium-rich beverages, which, combined with the new labelling law, would create a market incentive for bottlers to fortify. Later, after the initial marketing frenzy, the government can mandate a minimum standard for all bottlers. It is possible that magnesium chloride is not the most ideal additive in terms of taste--it is reportedly bitter. Adobe Springs' water is sweet, not bitter, and contains 96 mg/L magnesium which is thought to be in the form of magnesium carbonate. Milk, most juices, and wine are also rich in magnesium without bitterness. So perhaps magnesium carbonate or magnesium citrate would be tastier additives. I have heard bottlers say that bread should be fortified instead of beverages. One problem with bread is the dosage; some people eat almost no bread, and others eat a lot. Only beverages show a uniform pattern of consumption, providing a stable dosage. And water-borne magnesium is 30% more bio-available than food-borne magnesium. Athletes or others who drink a lot also sweat and urinate a lot, losing magnesium; so magnesium fortified beverages are the perfect vehicle for replacing lost magnesium. June 18, 1994 Revised Aug. 29, 1994 Paul Mason P.O. Box 1417 Patterson, CA 95363 tel (408) 897-3023 fax (408) 897-3028 REFERENCES 1. BEVERAGE INDUSTRY Annual Manual, 1993-1994, p 12. 2. Formula for Magnesium Deficiency Death Index - Municipal, as given in the article, Calculations of American Deaths Caused By Magnesium Deficiency, As Projected From International Data, publication pending in Magnesium And Trace Elements, 1994. ============================================================================= Article 6 ********** A SHORT HISTORY OF THE MAGNESIUM CATASTROPHE IN THE UNITED STATES Since 1940, between 8 million and 32 million Americans have died from magnesium deficiency, which causes cardiac disease, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac death, and suicide, among other causes of death (1,2). Currently, annual American deaths from magnesium deficiency are between 215,000 and 869,000 (1). By comparison, the deaths from the Hiroshima atom bomb were only 80,000 to 200,000, so magnesium deficiency is equivalent to the atomic bombings of several small American cities each year. For another comparison, all American war deaths in the history of the country total much less than 2,000,000, so magnesium deficiency is a much greater catastrophe than all American wars combined. Another comparison is Hitler's Holocaust, which claimed 6-10 million lives. COMPARISONS OF Mg-DEFICIENCY DEATHS TO OTHER CATASTROPHES CAUSE OF DEATH LOW ESTIMATE HIGH ESTIMATE Mg Deficit 1940-1994 8,000,000 32,000,000 Annual USA Mg Deficit 215,000 869,000 Hiroshima Atom Bomb 80,000 200,000 All American War Deaths 1,500,000 2,000,000 Hitler's Holocaust 6,000,000 10,000,000 No doubt each of the intelligence agencies will argue that Mg deficiency is a problem outside their special mandate, and so is no fault of theirs. Those assigned to foreign territories will claim that even though almost all the research has been conducted outside the U.S., the deaths occurred inside the U.S., so it is of no concern to the external intelligence agencies. And intelligence agencies covering the domestic beat will argue just the opposite, that nearly all the information lay outside of the U.S., and therefore outside their jurisdiction. And all the intelligence agencies will argue that it's not their job to keep track of the failures of domestic agencies, such as NIH, NAS, FDA, CDC, and the Surgeon General. And they will argue that these are not 8 million to 32 million cases of manslaughter or criminal negligence, but merely 8-32 million cases of accidental death, and therefore not their concern. How did such a catastrophe occur? By the myopia caused by venality, hubris, and power struggles, similar to the gridlock that enveloped NASA for several decades. From reading and personal discussions, I have gained the following historical overview. Until 1940, medicine in this country was regulated by the American Medical Association, which functioned as part medieval guild, part old-boy social club, and as a quasi-governmental regulatory agency. The AMA would finger charlatans, who would then be prosecuted or hounded out of business. From the very first, the AMA has been very conscious of the financial aspects of the medical profession, generally choosing the most expensive procedures rather than the simple cures. Home remedies and folk medicine were suspect because they were cheap, and the practitioners were outside the club. Many mineral spring waters were commonly thought to have curative powers, which was an old European tradition still practiced in Europe. But mineral water was cheap and not within the control of the AMA, so it was gradually suppressed, and Americans were taught that "pure" water was best, meaning no minerals. In 1880, American mineral waters were popular, but by 1950, "pure" was in. Evidently, the AMA's conflicts of interest caused the government to wish for an "arm's length" regulatory agency, and so the FDA was born in 1940, an offspring of New Deal legislation. But the FDA was staffed by AMA doctors and others who had been educated in the way the AMA thought, so little changed. The FDA had its own reasons for suppressing the benefits of minerals in water; the FDA wanted only "proven" benefits, meaning proofs that had required vast quantities of FDA man-hours. It was not sufficient that something worked; it had to enhance the FDA bureaucracy by requiring thousands or millions of pages of documentation. The mineral water industry, lacking patents to protect any investment, and prohibited from any health claims, was slowly strangled and replaced with companies peddling "pure" water. As the decades rolled along, it became increasingly evident that water-borne Mg plays a major role in the prevention of all kinds of cardiac disease and cardiac death, and a hundred other ailments. But by 1980, magnesium had become an embarrassment to the American medical establishment as the magnitude of the blunder and cover-up became evident, so an even stronger, informal campaign of denial and suppression began. Numerous blue-ribbon committees stated that magnesium deficiency had no connection to any chronic diseases, etc, etc. In the 1950's through the present, Dr. Mildred Seelig has carried the banner of magnesium in the U.S., but she has been ignored, and has received negligible funding. In the 1970's through 1994, Doctors Bella and Burton Altura have carried the banner of magnesium, and the evidence has become overwhelming, but the FDA, NAS, NIH, and others have simply ignored or denied the evidence. By then these agencies could not bear to acknowledge that they had blundered, covered up, and killed millions in the process. And so things stand: overwhelming evidence, mostly foreign, that magnesium can prevent much heart disease and cardiac death; and a huge heart-disease industry loathe to destroy itself by admitting that much heart disease is easily and cheaply preventable with magnesium; thousands of heart specialists who will be out of work if magnesium intakes are increased to 10 mg per Kg of body weight; dozens or hundreds of cardiac hospitals that will go bankrupt if magnesium intake is increased to 10 mg/Kg; and a host of guilty government health agencies who don't wish to admit their bad advice has killed millions; and all the brave intelligence agencies who don't want to be involved, and would rather let millions die than get into a turf war with the FDA and AMA, et al. So what to do now? BLOW THE WHISTLE! July 4, 1994 Paul Mason P.O. Box 1417 Patterson, CA 95363 USA Tel: (408) 897-3023 FAX: (408) 897-3028 REFERENCES 1. Mason, P., publication pending, Calculations of American Deaths Caused By Magnesium Deficiency, As Projected From International Data, 1/5/94, p 2. Order from: Paul Mason, P.O. Box 1417, Patterson, CA 95363, USA. Available free. 2. Lesser. Nutrition and Vitamin Therapy. p 112. ============================================================================= Article 7 ********** Jan. 10, 1995 Food And Drug Administration Freedom of Information Act Office HFI-35, Room 12A-16 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Md. 20857 (301) 443-6310 Dear Sir or Ms: This is a request under the Freedom of Information Act. I request that I receive from you copies of documents obtained by a complete and thorough search of all filing systems and locations for all records maintained by your agency pertaining to the mineral content of water, or health benefit/disbenefit of water, or health claims concerning water. I also request the same information concerning water-based beverages such as soft drinks and beer. This search is to include any policy statements, research, records, letters, media announcements, and reports, and any other written materials. The time frame is Jan. 1, 1776 to Jan. 15, 1995. I also request any written materials adressed to, or from, or copied to, or which mention, Dr. Elkan Blout, consultant to the Commissioner of Food and Drugs, concerning water, other beverages, magnesium, or calcium, during the period Jan. 1, 1985 to Jan. 12, 1995. I also request specifically that I receive copies of any communications on any of the above subjects to or from the following entities: 1. any office of the FDA 2. any predecessor agency of the FDA, such as the American Medical Association 3. the International Bottled Water Association 4. any predecessor to the International Bottled Water Association 5. any associations related to water and water-based beverages, such as soft drinks and beer. 6. any bottlers or distributors of water and water-based beverages such as soft drinks and beer. 7. any owners or operators of water sources such as municipalities, private water companies, wells, springs, streams, and bodies of water. 8. The American Water Works Association, or any other association of water system operators. 9. any other state, federal or local agency, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or foreign governments, or any elected or appointed official or judge of any state, local, or federal entity. 10. any other affected or interested private party. I also request all "see references" to these names, a search of the ELSUR Index or any similar technique for locating records of electronic surveillance. Please place any "missing" files pertaining to this request on "special locate" and advise that you have done this. If documents are denied in part or in whole, please specify which exemption(s) is(are) claimed for each passage or whole document denied. Please provide a complete itemized inventory and detailed factual justification of total or partial denial of documents. Please specify the number of pages in each document and the total number of pages pertaining to this request. For classified material denied, please include the following information: the classification rating (such as confidential, secret, or top secret); identify the classifier; date or event for automatic declassification, classification review, or downgrading; if applicable, identify the official authorizing extension or deferral of automatic declassification or review; and, if applicable, give the reason for extended or deferred classification. I request that excised material be "blacked out" rather than "whited out" or "cut out". I expect, as provided by the Freedom of Information Act, that the remaining non-exempt portions of documents will be released. Please send a memo (copy to me) to the appropriate units in your office or agency to assure that no records related to this request are destroyed. Please advise of any destruction of records and include the date of and authority for such destruction. As I expect to appeal any denials, please specify the office and address to which such an appeal should be directed. I believe my request qualifies for a waiver of fees since the release of the requested information would primarily benefit the general public and be "in the public interest" for these reasons: The attached research papers, "Calculations of American Deaths Caused By Magnesium Deficiency As Projected From International Data" and the paper, "A Short History Of The Magnesium Deficiency Catastrophe In The United States", strongly suggests that 8 million Americans have died from magnesium deficiency since 1940, and that these 8 million deaths are in large part due to the actions of the FDA since 1940 and the actions of the FDA's functional predecesssor, the American Medical Association since about 1880, in that these agencies did discourage and disparage the consumption of minerals in water so that now American bottled waters contain only 15% as much magnesium as European bottled waters, and, unlike Europe, consumption of low-TDS municipal water has been encouraged and approved by the FDA in the U.S. These policies have apparently killed 8 million Americans since 1940. This subject is a matter of "genuine public interest" in that hundreds of messages on this subject have been posted and exchanged on the Internet in the last three months, and the State of California's Dept. of Health has been conducting a related investigation, and this matter is the subject of a related Citizen Petition to the FDA, Docket 94P-0361/CP1. Furthermore, as author of the Citizen Petition and the articles previously cited, I am qualified to interpret and disseminate the information to the public, and my over-riding concern is the public interest of preventing about 215,000 deaths per annum. I can be reached at the phone listed below. Please call rather than write if there are any questions or if you need additional information from me. I expect a response to this request within ten (10) working days, as provided for in the Freedom Of Information Act. Sincerely, Paul W. Mason P O Box 1417 Patterson, Ca. 95363 Tel: (408) 897-3023 FAX: (408) 897-3028 encl: 1. Calculations of American Deaths Caused By Magnesium Deficiency, As Projected From International Data 2. A Short History of The Magnesium Catastrophe In The United States 3. Citizen Petition to the FDA, Docket 94P-0361/CP1 ============================================================================= Article 8 ********** Summary of Magnesium Seminar Jan. 9, 1995 Prof. Ragnar Rylander of Goteborg University, Sweden, was the lead speaker at a seminar on magnesium in Emeryville, Ca., on Jan. 9, 1995. Prof. Rylander is the author of Magnesium And Calcium In Drinking Water And Cardiovascular Mortality, and has written many other papers on magnesium and public health. Prof. Rylander is a consultant to the Swedish government concerning the health impacts of magnesium deficiency and public health policy. Prof. Rylander has kindly given me permission to summarize my notes on his talk for distribution on the Internet. Prof. Rylander had to catch a plane, so he has not reviewed these notes, and any errors are mine alone. -- Paul Mason Prof. Rylander began by noting that there is an abundance of literature on the health impacts of hard water, indicating that hard water is healthier than soft water. Prof. Rylander noted that serum Mg levels have been a poor indicator of intra-cellular Mg levels, and it is the intra-cellular levels that really count. At the moment there is no good indicator of intra-cellular Mg levels. Mg is involved in 300 enzymes, which gives some indication of its importance. Intake of Mg is not the same as Uptake. When Mg is ingested with fatty foods, it turns to Mg soaps, and passes through without doing much good; perhaps only 1% is then utilized by the body. Calcium also reduces the body's uptake of Mg. Mg uptake is increased by protein, sodium, and phosphorus. Mg deficiency has many clinical symptoms. In muscles the symptoms include weakness, tremor, convulsions, ataxia, nystagmus. In the central nervous system Mg deficiency causes apatia. Mg deficiency in the heart muscle causes tachycardia, fibrillation, arterial hypotension, atherosclerosis, and sudden death. And in the metabolism Mg deficiency causes sensitivity to digitalis and hypocalcemia. There is an extremely high plausibility of a causal connection between Mg deficiency and heart disease. Studies in Switzerland, Germany, and Sweden all noted that when the Mg content of drinking water exceeds 10-15 mg/L, the rate of mortality falls in comparison to neighboring communities having lower Mg in drinking water. Some problems presented by Mg are: 1. Why is Mg in water so critical compared to Mg in food? 2. Why is the Mg relation (mortality) weaker for females than for males? 3. Does Mg protect only people genetically susceptible to Mg deficiency, or is everyone protected? 4. More intervention studies need to be done. The only big one so far for dietary Mg was Dr. R. B. Singh's in Moradabad, India, which for 10 years gave one group 1,142 mg/day while the control group got 418 mg/day. The higher-intake group had a much lower rate of death. Effect Of Dietary Magnesium Supplementation In The Prevention Of Coronary Heart Disease And Sudden Cardiac Death. RB Singh, Magnesium and Trace Elements, 1990;9:143-151. The data supporting the importance of Mg in preventing heart disease is "quite convincing". The Mg deficiency problem is as important as the smoking problem. The case for the Mg deficiency problem is more solid than the case for air pollution as a health problem. As a public health problem, Mg deficiency should have a "high priority". Many Thanks to Prof. Rylander for his informative presentation, which may be a first step toward solving the Mg deficiency problem in California. Paul Mason ============================================================================= Article 9 ********** MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY AND SUICIDE IN FINLAND Many Finns are magnesium-deficient because northern and eastern Finland have magnesium-deficient soil and water [1,2]. In these magnesium-deficient areas, the suicide rate is particularly high [46]. Magnesium deficiency is implicated in the development of ischaemic heart disease [3]. Finns have a decades-old habit of drinking hard liquor in fierce binges [46]. Alcohol is magnesium-depleting [4, 5, 6, 7]. Twenty minutes after ingesting one ounce of alcohol, magnesium losses in the urine have increased by 167 percent [48]. The latest sharp rise in the suicide rate coincided with a boom economy [46]. The refined modern diet in industrialized countries is low in magnesium and is magnesium-depleting [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Synthetic fertilizers and destructive cooking practices also contribute to deficiency [49]. Approximately three fourths of Finnish suicide deaths are men [46]. Men require more magnesium and are more likely to be magnesium deficient than women [13]. Men also tend to drink more alcohol at a time and more often than women. Some symptoms of magnesium deficiency are irritability and belligerence [14]. Sociologists and police say Finns can be quite violent [46]. A study of criminals in Finland who committed acts of wanton violence discovered low levels of serotonin [50], which is related to magnesium deficiency [20,21,22,23]. Another symptom of magnesium deficiency is depression [15]. Depression is a mood disorder which can lead to suicide [16]. The majority of Finnish suicide victims in a random sample of suicide victims from a nationwide suicide population suffered from depressive disorders (59%) and/or alcohol dependence or abuse (43%) [17]. The activity of serotonin receptors are affected by changes in magnesium levels [19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary says that serotonin is a potent vasoconstrictor and is thought to be involved in neural mechanisms important in sleep and sensory perception. Abnormal serotonin activity is implicated in migraine headaches. A relationship between migraine and magnesium has been established [18]. There is also a connection between migraine and major depression [19]. It has also been found that magnesium relieves the depression of premenstrual syndrome by changing serotonin activity [24]. Serotonin has been shown to suppress harmful behaviour impulses [25]. Abnormality in the brain serotoninergic system is associated with depression and suicidal behaviour [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. It is suggested that suicidal behaviour be treated with drugs with serotoninergic effects [34, 35]. However, magnesium can give dramatic results in a short time and is natural and easily available. A connection between magnesium and suicide has been found. In a study of suicide statistics, French scientist M. L. Robinet discovered that: The comparison of geological maps and statistics establishes in a striking manner the influence of the magnesium content of the soil on the number of suicides...It is evident that one doesn't commit suicide because the soil is poor in magnesium. But, those who regularly absorbed a good amount of magnesium salts have a more stable equilibrium, they support adversity with more calm and do not renounce everything to avoid some sorrow... The use of magnesium permits one to support adversity with more serenity [47]. It is often 20 or 30 years before research results reported each month on animal experimental diets are studied and applied to humans [36]. However, magnesium supplementation is inexpensive and safe [37]. A supplement of 750 to 1000 milligrams of magnesium per day can relieve depression within a few days. It is commonly advised that calcium be taken with magnesium in a ratio of 2:1. I have suggested to the Finnish Dept. of Health that the accuracy of these explanations be confirmed by correlating Finland's high suicide areas with high ischaemic heart disease areas and with magnesium-deficient areas. Also, autopsies of suicides should be performed to determine if magnesium deficiency was present. Supplementation could be accomplished with either oral magnesium salts or the consumption of water with a high magnesium content. Water containing ionized magnesium provides the highest degree of bioavailability [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. J. K. Mason Adobe Springs P.O. Box 1417 Patterson, CA 95363 March 12, 1994 REFERENCES 1. Karppanen, H.; Neuvonen, P.J. Ischaemic heart-disease and soil magnesium in Finland; water hardness and magnesium in heart muscle. The Lancet. 1973 Dec 15. 2. Punsar, S.; Karvonen, M. J. Drinking water quality and sudden death: observations from West and East Finland. Cardiology. 1979. 3. Rayssiguier, E.; Gueux, E.; Durlach, V.; Durlach, J.; Nassir, F.; Mazur A. Magnesium and the cardiovascular system: I. New experimental data on magnesium and lipoproteins. Molecular Biology of Atherosclerosis. 1991. 4. Chadda, Kul D.; Lichstein, Edgar; Gupta, Prem. Hypomagnesemia and refractory cardiac arrhythmia in a nondigitalized patient. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1973 Jan. 5. Durlach, J. Societe Internationale pour le Developpement des Recherches sur le Magnesium. 1992 Nov 16. 6. Dirks, John H.; Alfrey, Allen C. Normal and abnormal magnesium metabolism. Renal Research. 1984. 7. Dirks, John H. The kidney and magnesium regulation. Kidney International. 1983. 8. Morton, B. C.; Nair, R. C.; Smith, F. M.; McKibbon, T. G.; Poznanski, W. J. Magnesium therapy in acute myocardial infarction--a double-blind study. 1984. 9. Johnson, Carl J.; Peterson, Donald R.; Smith, Elizabeth K. Myocardial tissue concentrations of magnesium and potassium in men dying suddenly from ischemic heart disease. 1979 May. 10. Anderson, T. W.; Neri, L. C. Schrieber, G. B.; Talbot, F. D. F.; Zdrojewski, A. Ischemic heart disease, water hardness and myocardial magnesium, CMA Journal. 1975 Aug 9. 11. Karppanen, Heikki. Epidemiological studies on the relationship between magnesium intake and cardiovascular diseases; relation of water hardness, and magnesium content of water and soil, to cardiovascular diseases, Artery. 1981. 12. Marier, J. R. Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern-day world. 1986. 13. Seelig, Mildred S. The requirement of magnesium by the normal adult. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1964 June. 14. Davis, Adelle. Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. New York. 1970. 15. Bricklin, Mark. New respect for nutritional healing. (Editorial). v44, Prevention. Feb 1992. 16. Mondimore, Francis Mark. Depression, The Mood Disorder. The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. 1990. 17. Henriksson, M. M.; Aro, H. M.; Marttunen, M. J.; Heikkinen, M. E.; Isometsa, E. T.; Kuoppasalmi, K. I.; Lonnqvist, J. K. Mental disorders and comorbidity in suicide. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Jun. 18. Facchinetti, Fabio; Sances, Grazia; Borella, Paola; Genazzani, Andrea R.; Nappi, Giuseppe. Magnesium prophylaxis of menstrual migraine: effects on intracellular magnesium, Headache. 1991 May. 19. Breslau, N.; Davis, G. C. Migraine, physical health and psychiatric disorder: a prospective epidemiologic study in young adults. J Psychiatr Res. 1993 Apr-Jun. 20. Swanson, Don R. Migraine and magnesium: eleven neglected connections, Perspectives in biology and medicine. 1988 Summer. 21. Mauskop, A.; Altura, B. T.; Cracco, R. Q.; Altura, B. M. Deficiency in serum ionized magnesium but not ICa 2+ /IMg 2+ total in patients with migraines. Possible role of ratio. Headache. 1993 March. 22. Gallai, Virgilio; Sarchielli, Paola; Morucci, Piero; Abbritti, Giuseppe. Red blood cell magnesium levels in migraine patients. Cephalagia. 1993. 23. Gallai, Virgilio; Sarchielli, Paola; Coata, Giuliana; Firenze, Caterina; Morucci, Piero; Abbritti, Giuseppe. Serum and salivary magnesium levels in migraine. Results in a group of juvenile patients, Headache. 1992 March. 24. Facchinetti, Fabio; Borella, Paola; Sances, Grazia; Fioroni, Loredana; Nappi, Rossella E; Genazzani, Andrea R. Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes, Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 August. 25. Hawthon, K; Cowen, P.; Owens, D.; Bond, A.; Elliot, M. Low serum cholesterol and suicide. Br J Psychiatry. 1993 Jun. 26. Hrdina, P. D.; Demeter, E.; Vu, T. B.; Sotonyi, P.; Palkovits, M. 5-HT uptake sites and 5-HT2 receptors in brain of antidepressant-free suicide victims/depressives: increase in 5-HT2 sites in cortex and amygdala. Brain Res. 1993 Jun 18. 27. Trasskman-Bendz, L.; Alling, C.; Alsen, M.; Regnell, G.; Simonsson, Pl; Ohman, R. The role of monoamines in suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1993. 28. Naranjo, C. A.; Bremner, K. E. Behavioural correlates of alcohol intoxication. Addiction. 1993 Jan. 29. Stein, D. J.; Hollander, E.; Liebowitz, M. R. Neurobiology of impulsivity and the impulse control disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1993 Winter. 30. Spoont, M. R. Modulatory role of serotonin in neural information processing: implications for human psychopathology. Psychol Bull. 1992 Sep. 31. Nordstrom, P.; Asberg, M. Suicide risk and serotonin. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992 Jun. 32. Linnoila, V. M.; Virkkunen, M. Aggression, suicidality, and serotonin. J Clin Psychiatry, 1992 Oct. 33. Mann, J. J.; McBride, P. A.: Anderson, G. M.; Mieczkowski, T. A. Platelet and whole blood serotonin content in depressed inpatients: correlations with acute and life-time psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Aug 1. 34. Cooper, S. J.; Kelly, C. B.; King, D. J. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and prediction of suicidal behaviour in schizophrenia, Lancet. 1992 Oct 17. 35. Filtear, M. J.; Lapierre, Y. D.,; Bakish, D.; Blanchard, A. Reduction in suicidal ideation with SSRIS: a review of 459 depressed patients. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 1993 May. 36. Davis, Adelle. Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit. Adelle Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. New York. 1970. 37. Facchinetti, Fabio; Borella, Paola; Sances, Grazia; Fioroni, Loredana; Nappi, Rossella E; Genazzani, Andrea R. Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes, Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 August. 38. Anderson, T. W.; Neri, L. C.; Schreiber, G. B.; Talbot, F. D. F.; Zdrojewski, A. Ischemic heart disease, water hardness and myocardial magnesium. CMA Journal. 1975 Aug 9. 39. Lowik, M. R. H.; Groot, E. H.; Binnerts, W. T. Magnesium and public health: the impact of drinking water. Toxic Substances in Environmental Health. 1982. 40. Marier, J. R. Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern-day world. 1986. 41. Durlach, J. Recommended dietary amounts of magnesium: Mg RDA, Magnesium Research. 1989. 42. Durlach, J.; Bara, M.; Guiet-Bara, A. Magnesium level in drinking water: its importance in cardiovascular risk, Magnesium in Health and Disease. 1989. 43. Durlach, J.; Durlach, V.; Rayssiguier, Y.; Bara, M.; Guiet-Bara, A. Magnesium and blood pressure. II. Clinical studies, Magnesium Research. 1992. 44. Durach, J.; Durlach, V. Deux Symposia Internationaux sur le Magnesium, en Inde, La Revue Francaise D'Endocrinologie Clinique. 1992. 45. Seelig, Mildred S.; Heggtveit, H. Alexander. Magnesium interrelationships in ischemic heart disease: a review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1974 Jan. 46. Hockstader, Lee. High suicide rate for Finnish men prompts government investigation. Washington Post. Reprinted in San Jose Mercury news. Tuesday, February 22, 1994. 47. Lesser. Nutrition and Vitamin Therapy. p.112. 48. Kalbfleish, J. M., et al. Effects of Ethanol Administration on Urinary Excretion of magnesium and other electrolytes in alcoholic and normal subjects. Journal of Clinical Investigations. Vol. 42. 1963. 49. Davis, Adelle. Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. New York. 1970. 50. Allman, William F. The Evolution of Aggression. U.S. News and World Report. May 11, 1992, p.58. ============================================================================= Article 10 ********** A Personal Experience with Magnesium. Female, age 48. I started taking a magnesium supplement on January 6th, 1994. I had been reading medical studies that had convinced me that by getting more magnesium I might avoid a heart attack or stroke someday. My mother had triple bypass surgery when she was in her early sixties and, at 72, had a stroke. My father had just died from a stroke. I didn't want to have these kinds of problems. This was my motivation for starting the magnesium supplement and I had no expectation that I would notice any difference. I was 48 years old and very overweight. I have type II diabetes which I had kept under control through exercise and diet only. I was taking vitamin C and vitamin E. I took metamucil once a day and Tylenol occasionally for headaches or general aches and pains. I used no other drugs and did not smoke or drink. I was addicted to diet coke and rarely drank water. I was feeling tired and depressed. I often had foot and leg cramps. I had frequent insomnia and when I woke up in the morning, I felt worse than I went to bed. It hurt to move at first; I felt stiff and achy all over. When I first looked in the mirror in the morning, it was more like looking at my mother than myself. My skin was becoming thinner and less resilient. The third day after I began taking a chelated 375 mg magnesium supplement from Great Earth I woke up feeling better than I had in a long time. I had slept through the night. My hands and feet felt warm. In looking at my hands, I noticed that my fingernails had gone from white to pink. I felt a real increase in energy and the depression that had bothered me since my father's death had lifted. My head felt clearer and I felt more decisive. I felt less irritable. There was no need to take metamucil. At this time I decided I had been stupid to continue drinking almost nothing but diet coke when our own water was a source of bioavailable magnesium and I began cutting back on the diet coke, eventually down to about 3 diet cokes per week. After three weeks I was noticing all kinds of improvement in my skin. My hands looked younger; it seemed to be more elastic and was shrinking all over. A large scar on my right elbow had become much smaller. My upper eyelids had stopped drooping so my eyes looked a lot bigger and younger. My crow's feet were less noticeable. My face had cleared up. My gums had become pinker and bled less. When I woke up in the morning I felt relaxed and had no achiness or stiffness. My back and shoulders weren't getting so tense. I wasn't having leg and foot cramps anymore. My finger and toe joints had lost the stiffness and pain they had before I started the magnesium. I was more flexible. I noticed that my lung capacity was greater; there seemed to be a lot more air going in and out. My senses of smell and taste were much more acute. My ears were more sensitive. My skin was a lot more sensitive all over. Upon doing a breast self-examination I found that my previously lumpy cystic breasts had no lumps. I had short hair sprouting all over my head. My disposition was better and I continued to have more energy and no depression. My last child had been born in April of 1989. She weighed 11 pounds 8 ounces and my pelvic floor had not been the same since her birth. My Kegel muscles didn't work; I had uterine prolapse; I had to urinate frequently and I had a problem with stress incontinence. Three weeks after starting the magnesium supplement everything was back where it belonged. My muscles worked. The stress incontinence was almost gone and urinary frequency was back to normal. My doctor had told me I would have to have an operation to fix this and I could hardly believe how easily, quickly and cheaply my problem had been fixed. I was amazed that a simple nutritional change could make such a difference. I had taken nutrition in college, spent a lot of time discussing nutrition with a friend who was a nurse, and had a lot of nutritional training from the Obesity and Risk Factor Clinic in connection with a weight loss program. I was always careful about getting around the food groups because I was always told that a well-balanced diet provides all the nutrition that is required. Obviously, this was not true. Because of this, I decided that it might be wise to take a complete vitamin and mineral supplement in addition to the magnesium. Other changes I've noticed: a. I can write longhand as long as I want without hand cramps. b. My feet have no calluses. c. Burns are less painful and heal more quickly. d. My fingernails are stronger and my toenails easier to cut. e. I feel stronger when carrying heavy objects or opening jars. f. I have more endurance. g. I get less tired and sleepy when driving even long distances. h. I have not had any menstrual cramps since taking magnesium. i. My ankles don't swell up anymore. j. I don't have crepitus in my knees when I go upstairs. k. I have not had any headaches. l. I don't have a problem with vertigo near dropoffs. I have been taking magnesium supplement for a year now. I get around 1000 mg per day. When I tried a product with magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulfate, I felt awful. When I tried adding calcium so that I was getting a 2:1 ratio, I felt awful. I continue to use the Great Earth product and keep my calcium magnesium ratio at about 1:1. I take a 375 mg tablet morning and evening and get an additional 300 mg from a mineral tablet. ============================================================================= Article 11 ********** MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY AND ASTHMA A quick search of Medline brought up numerous references to the connection between magnesium deficiency and asthma. In the past the connection was clouded because researchers were trying to connect asthma to the SERUM level of magnesium, but serum levels cloak the intracellular deficiencies of Mg, so they found no connection. There is still no easy test for Mg deficiency, but by using tissue samples it is with difficulty possible to determine the intracellular deficiency, so now the connection to asthma is becoming clear. Dietary Magnesium, Lung Function, Wheezing, And Airway Hyperreactivity In a Random Adult Population Sample. Lancet 1994 Aug 6;344(8919):357-62. Low magnesium intake may therefore be involved in the aetiology of asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease. Effect of Parenteral Magnesium Sulphate On Pulmonary Functions In Bronchial Asthma. J. Asthma 1994;31(2):109-15. They infused MgSO4 and found: It is concluded that modest improvement in airways resistance and specific conductance and only small improvement in maximal expiratory flow rates is consistent with a predominant effect of MgSO4 on large airways in patients with bronchial asthma. Clinical Studies With The Nova ISE for IMg2+. Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest Suppl 1994;217:53-67. The Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio appears to be an important guide for signs of vascoconstriction and/or spasm and possibly enhanced athergenesis. Overall, the data point to important uses for ISE's for IMg2+ in the diagnosis and treatment of disease states. (He studied asthma). The Role Of Disorders In The Homeostasis Of Divalent Cations In The Pathogenesis And Clinical Picture Of Bronchial Asthma. (Russian) Ter Arkh 1994; 66(3):8-12. Lack of Mg and excess of Ca in blood cells (seem to be)... responsible for bronchial hyperreactivity. Rapid Infusion Of Magnesium Sulphate Obviates Need For Intubation In Status Asthmaticus. Am J Emerg Med 1994 Mar;12(2):164-6. Rapid infusion of MgSO4 .... obviated the need for endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Magnesium Sulphate Potentiates Several Cardiovascular And Metabolic Actions of Terbutaline. Chest 1994 Mar;105(3):701-5. MgSO4 has been shown to be efficacious .... for the emergency treatment of asthma. Magnesium And Its Therapeutic Uses; A Review. Am J Med 1994 Jan; 96(1):63-76 Evidence investigating magnesium's use is presented, with a number of studies suggesting it should be seriously considered in such conditions as .... asthma. Role of Magnesium In Regulation Of Lung Function. J Am Diet Assoc 1993 Jun;93(6):674-7 (Indicates patients should be monitored routinely for Mg deficiency). Intravenous Magnesium For Acute Asthma. Ann Emerg Med 1993 Mar;22(3):617-9 (letter) Hypomagnesemia Due to beta 2-agonist Use In Bronchial Asthma (letter). J Assoc Physicians India 1992 May;40(5):346 There were many other studies and references to magnesium and asthma. Many of the studies noted that drugs used in the treatment of asthma caused loss of magnesium. A great many drugs, including alcohol, cause rapid loss of magnesium. Common sense would suggest that instead of waiting for an asthma attack before administering magnesium, oral magnesium supplementation should be a part of treatment for asthma as a preventive. I suggest treating physicians advise asthmatics to consume at least 6 mg magnesium per day for each kilogram of body weight. An even higher intake of 10 mg/day per Kg of body weight may be desirable provided that it does not trigger a laxative effect. Breaking the dosage into three or four parts taken at different times of day helps prevent laxative effect. Magnesium hydroxide is NOT recommended because of poor bio-availability and because I know of no instance of it having any beneficial use other than as a laxative. Other Mg compounds appear to be better, including Mg oxide, Mg bi-carbonate, and Mg citrate. Mg carbonate/bi-carbonate in water is 30% more bioavailable than Mg in food or pill, and has a much greater cardio-protective effect, judging by epidemiological evidence. Paul Mason Researcher ============================================================================ Article 12 ***** List of 80 water sources containing 90 mg/L or more magnesium in the state of Texas, and 61 such water sources in California The magnesium levels for the California water sources came from a mainframe at the Calif. Office of Drinking Water, and some of them are apparently erroneous, for some unknown reason. IN TEXAS: The following is a list of 80 licensed wells in Texas having 90 mg/L magnesium content or more. ACUFF STEAK HOUSE C/O TOMMY FISHER RT 1 BOX 269-A LUBBOCK TX 79401 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 92 CALCIUM: 124 SODIUM: 127 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: SILVER: TOTALALK: 221 FLUORIDE: 2.8000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 243 BCARBALK: 270.000000000 IRON: NITRATE: 26.640000 HARD: 689 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.80000 TDS: 1290 AMERADA HESS CO2 RECOVERY PLANT C/O PLANT ENGINEER P O BOX 1080 SEMINOLE TX 79360 COUNTY: GAINES MAGNESIUM: 103 CALCIUM: 152 SODIUM: 147 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 179 FLUORIDE: 3.1000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 424 BCARBALK: 218.000000000 IRON: 0.6300000 NITRATE: 2.380000 HARD: 803 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 1319 ANTON CITY OF C/O WATER UTILITIES OFFICIAL P O BOX 127 ANTON TX 79313 COUNTY: HOCKLEY MAGNESIUM: 176 CALCIUM: 176 SODIUM: 144 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 232 FLUORIDE: 1.4000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 620 BCARBALK: 283.000000000 IRON: 0.0500000 NITRATE: 7.840000 HARD: 1164 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.02400000 TDS: 1737 APPLES PIZZA DELI C/O STEVE SMITH RT 1 BOX 141 LUBBOCK TX 79401 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 143 CALCIUM: 165 SODIUM: 110 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 180 FLUORIDE: 2.2000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 303 BCARBALK: 220.000000000 IRON: 0.0800000 NITRATE: 20.290000 HARD: 998 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 1432 BAR 5 SUBDIVISION WATER SYSTEM C/O JALPZ INCORPORATED 3422 SOUTH HWY 281 EDINBURG TX 78539 COUNTY: HIDALGO MAGNESIUM: 118 CALCIUM: 198 SODIUM: 1518 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0300 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 300 FLUORIDE: 1.6000 MERCURY: 0.00060000SULFATE: 818 BCARBALK: 366.000000000 IRON: 0.0700000 NITRATE: 3.300000 HARD: 981 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.01090000 TDS: 5038 BAR 7 SUBDIVISION WATER SYSTEM C/O JALOZ INCORPORATED 3422 SOUTH HWY 281 EDINBURG TX 78539 COUNTY: HIDALGO MAGNESIUM: 138 CALCIUM: 430 SODIUM: 782 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.1800 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 247 FLUORIDE: 0.5000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1211 BCARBALK: 301.000000000 IRON: 0.4900000 NITRATE: 0.040000 HARD: 1641 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00400000 TDS: 4097 BAR-H RV PARK C/O KENNETH HARPER HC 31 BOX 56-40 MIDLAND TX 79707 COUNTY: MIDLAND MAGNESIUM: 107 CALCIUM: 252 SODIUM: 210 CADMIUM: 0.00000 MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: 0.0000 TOTALALK: 125 FLUORIDE: MERCURY: 0.00000000SULFATE: BCARBALK: 153.000000000 IRON: 0.0200000 NITRATE: 6.760000 HARD: 1072 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.00000000 SELENIUM: 0.00800000 TDS: BROWN KARHAN HEALTH CARE INC C/O JAMES KARHAN - PRESIDENT P O BOX 33280-317 AUSTIN TX 78764 COUNTY: HAYS MAGNESIUM: 150 CALCIUM: 218 SODIUM: 64 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 299 FLUORIDE: 2.5000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 902 BCARBALK: 365.000000000 IRON: 0.0200000 NITRATE: 0.050000 HARD: 1160 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 1600 CATALPA VILLA MOBILE HOME PARK C/O CATALPA VILLA MHP WATER BOARD P O BOX 7501 AMARILLO TX 79114 COUNTY: RANDALL MAGNESIUM: 153 CALCIUM: 129 SODIUM: 42 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 271 FLUORIDE: 1.9000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 686 BCARBALK: 331.000000000 IRON: 0.0600000 NITRATE: 5.480000 HARD: 950 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.04000000 TDS: 1259 CEDAR HILL SUBDIVISION C/O CEDAR HILL HOME OWNERS ASSOC ROUTE 1 BOX 69A MARION TX 78124 COUNTY: BANDERA MAGNESIUM: 156 CALCIUM: 468 SODIUM: 11 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 222 FLUORIDE: 3.3000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1554 BCARBALK: 271.000000000 IRON: 0.2900000 NITRATE: 0.270000 HARD: 1811 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 2351 CIELO AZUL RANCH C/O HENRY GARZA - OWNER PO BOX 1834 WIMBERLEY TX 78676 COUNTY: HAYS MAGNESIUM: 111 CALCIUM: 328 SODIUM: 15 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 256 FLUORIDE: 0.8000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1011 BCARBALK: 312.000000000 IRON: 5.3600000 NITRATE: 0.300000 HARD: 1277 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 1648 COKE COUNTY WATER SUPPLY CORP C/O BOBBY BAKER - PRESIDENT P O BOX 533 ROBERT LEE TX 76945 COUNTY: COKE MAGNESIUM: 121 CALCIUM: 162 SODIUM: 639 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 35 FLUORIDE: 0.2000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 884 BCARBALK: 43.000000000 IRON: 0.1000000 NITRATE: 0.050000 HARD: 900 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 2810 CONCHO RURAL WATER - WATER VALLEY C/O BENJAMIN WIESE 8174 U S HWY 87 NORTH SAN ANGELO TX 76901 COUNTY: TOM GREEN MAGNESIUM: 108 CALCIUM: 196 SODIUM: 155 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 314 FLUORIDE: 0.8000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 432 BCARBALK: 383.000000000 IRON: 0.3700000 NITRATE: 3.960000 HARD: 934 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00500000 TDS: 1428 CONNALLY WATER SYSTEM C/O RAY CONNALLY ROUTE 11 BOX 254 LUBBOCK TX 79407 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 119 CALCIUM: 34 SODIUM: 138 CADMIUM: 0.00000 MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: 0.0000 TOTALALK: 310 FLUORIDE: 4.4000 MERCURY: 0.00000000SULFATE: 384 BCARBALK: 378.000000000 IRON: 0.0000000 NITRATE: 2.100000 HARD: 573 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.00000000 SELENIUM: 0.03890000 TDS: 1019 COUNTRY BURGER C/O ABRAHAM MATHEW 5009 59TH ST LUBBOCK TX 79414 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 122 CALCIUM: 124 SODIUM: 78 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 176 FLUORIDE: 2.4000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 192 BCARBALK: 215.000000000 IRON: 0.0200000 NITRATE: 17.920000 HARD: 810 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.20000 TDS: 1106 DEER CREEK RANCH WATER SYSTEM C/O SAM HAMMETT P O BOX 436 DRIPPING SPRINGS TX 78620 COUNTY: TRAVIS MAGNESIUM: 96 CALCIUM: 172 SODIUM: 525 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 163 FLUORIDE: 0.9000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1280 BCARBALK: 199.000000000 IRON: 0.0700000 NITRATE: 0.070000 HARD: 824 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 2533 DOMINICAN ACADEMY OF AUSTIN C/O MIKE GARTNER 2525 WALLINGWOOD - SUITE 103 AUSTIN TX 78746 COUNTY: HAYS [ADDRESS NOT CURRENT] MAGNESIUM: 161 CALCIUM: 232 SODIUM: 24 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 347 FLUORIDE: 4.4000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 889 BCARBALK: 423.000000000 IRON: 0.0400000 NITRATE: 7.160000 HARD: 1243 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 1591 EXECUTIVE MOBILE HOME VILLAGE C/O LOYD COWAN 8008 WEST 34TH STREET LUBBOCK TX 79407 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 90 CALCIUM: 68 SODIUM: 180 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0700 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 320 FLUORIDE: 5.3000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 323 BCARBALK: 390.000000000 IRON: 0.0300000 NITRATE: 10.020000 HARD: 543 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.02000000 TDS: 1097 FLAT CREEK CROSSING C/O ROGER BOYD - PRESIDENT P O BOX 1703 SAN MARCOS TX 78667 COUNTY: BLANCO MAGNESIUM: 354 CALCIUM: 761 SODIUM: 335 CADMIUM: 0.01490 MANGANESE: 0.2800 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 510 FLUORIDE: 1.2000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1513 BCARBALK: 622.000000000 IRON: 6.0600000 NITRATE: 0.010000 HARD: 3360 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 4808 FLOREY PARK - ANDREWS COUNTY PARK C/O ANDREWS COUNTY JUDGE ANDREWS COUNTY COURTHOUSE ANDREWS TX 79714 COUNTY: ANDREWS MAGNESIUM: 112 CALCIUM: 103 SODIUM: 255 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: SILVER: TOTALALK: 331 FLUORIDE: 4.7000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 489 BCARBALK: 404.000000000 IRON: NITRATE: 2.690000 HARD: 717 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.30000 TDS: 1498 FRANKLIN ESTATES - NORTH C/O VIRGINIA FRANKLIN P O BOX 8300 - 126 DALLAS TX 75205 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 92 CALCIUM: 132 SODIUM: 99 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 228 FLUORIDE: 1.9000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 279 BCARBALK: 278.000000000 IRON: 0.0300000 NITRATE: 6.920000 HARD: 708 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.01790000 TDS: 1069 FRANKLIN ESTATES - SOUTH C/O VIRGINIA FRANKLIN P O BOX 8300 - 126 DALLAS TX 75205 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 92 CALCIUM: 118 SODIUM: 111 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 252 FLUORIDE: 2.1000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 256 BCARBALK: 307.000000000 IRON: 1.6700000 NITRATE: 12.410000 HARD: 673 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.04000000 SELENIUM: 0.01790000 TDS: 1073 FRIDAY MOUNTAIN BOYS CAMP C/O WALTER KIDD 8800 SAM CARTER DR AUSTIN TX 78736 COUNTY: HAYS MAGNESIUM: 157 CALCIUM: 209 SODIUM: 29 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: SILVER: TOTALALK: 283 FLUORIDE: 3.3000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 880 BCARBALK: 345.000000000 IRON: NITRATE: 2.100000 HARD: 1170 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.70000 TDS: 1660 FRIDAY MOUNTAIN GIRLS CAMP C/O WALTER KIDD 8800 SAM CARTER DR AUSTIN TX 78736 COUNTY: HAYS MAGNESIUM: 193 CALCIUM: 416 SODIUM: 17 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 269 FLUORIDE: 3.5000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 1490 BCARBALK: 328.000000000 IRON: 0.1600000 NITRATE: 0.050000 HARD: 1832 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.10000 TDS: 2300 FRIENDSHIP BAPTIST CHURCH C/O JOEL THIELEPAPE ROUTE 6 BOX 57-T AUSTIN TX 78737 COUNTY: HAYS MAGNESIUM: 139 CALCIUM: 170 SODIUM: 21 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0300 SILVER: TOTALALK: 320 FLUORIDE: 2.5000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 683 BCARBALK: 390.000000000 IRON: 0.1600000 NITRATE: 0.390000 HARD: 996 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.50000 TDS: 1241 FRONTIER RESTAURANT C/O NATHAN MATHIS PO BOX 718 JUNCTION TX 76849 COUNTY: KIMBLE MAGNESIUM: 95 CALCIUM: 144 SODIUM: 93 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 329 FLUORIDE: 1.7000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 345 BCARBALK: 401.000000000 IRON: 0.1300000 NITRATE: 1.390000 HARD: 752 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.10000 TDS: 1060 FT JACKSON MOBILE ESTATES C/O GEORGE W JACKSON 2903 76TH STREET LUBBOCK TX 79423 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 98 CALCIUM: 64 SODIUM: 212 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 374 FLUORIDE: 5.3000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 322 BCARBALK: 456.000000000 IRON: 0.0500000 NITRATE: 10.790000 HARD: 565 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.05990000 TDS: 1207 GAINES COUNTY PARK C/O THE COUNTY JUDGE P O BOX 847 SEMINOLE TX 79360 COUNTY: GAINES MAGNESIUM: 126 CALCIUM: 88 SODIUM: 188 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 409 FLUORIDE: 4.3000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 358 BCARBALK: 499.000000000 IRON: 0.1200000 NITRATE: 5.460000 HARD: 738 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.30000 TDS: 1311 GAP WATER COMPANY C/O OAKS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY P O BOX 340 BUFFALO GAP TX 79508 COUNTY: TAYLOR MAGNESIUM: 109 CALCIUM: 168 SODIUM: 133 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 517 FLUORIDE: 0.5000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 265 BCARBALK: 631.000000000 IRON: 0.0300000 NITRATE: 0.190000 HARD: 870 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.01000000 TDS: 1258 GRASSLAND WATER SUPPLY CORPORATION C/O JAMES ATEN - PRESIDENT ROUTE 3 POST TX 79356 COUNTY: LYNN MAGNESIUM: 93 CALCIUM: 92 SODIUM: 298 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 245 FLUORIDE: 5.3000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 257 BCARBALK: 299.000000000 IRON: 0.1100000 NITRATE: 7.670000 HARD: 611 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.02000000 TDS: 1467 HACKBERRY CO-OP GIN C/O MORTON SMITH - MANAGER ROUTE 2 POST TX 79356 COUNTY: LYNN MAGNESIUM: 115 CALCIUM: 90 SODIUM: 133 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 341 FLUORIDE: 5.8000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 324 BCARBALK: 416.000000000 IRON: 0.1700000 NITRATE: 20.380000 HARD: 699 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.02590000 TDS: 1170 HIGH VALLEY WATER SUPPLY CORP C/O CHARLES CROCKER RT 6 BOX 464 AUSTIN TX 78737 COUNTY: TRAVIS MAGNESIUM: 249 CALCIUM: 440 SODIUM: 30 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 303 FLUORIDE: 3.0000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1805 BCARBALK: 370.000000000 IRON: 0.1400000 NITRATE: 0.060000 HARD: 2123 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 2755 HIGHLAND TERRACE C/O W & W WATER COMPANY P O BOX 1687 CANYON LAKE TX 78130 COUNTY: COMAL MAGNESIUM: 139 CALCIUM: 562 SODIUM: 9 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 238 FLUORIDE: 3.5000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1717 BCARBALK: 290.000000000 IRON: 0.3800000 NITRATE: 0.330000 HARD: 1975 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 2593 KEMP HILLS UTILITY COMPANY C/O GUARANTY FEDERAL SAVINGS P O BOX 1149 AUSTIN TX 78767 COUNTY: HAYS MAGNESIUM: 91 CALCIUM: 182 SODIUM: 55 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 279 FLUORIDE: 1.1000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 612 BCARBALK: 340.000000000 IRON: 0.2200000 NITRATE: 0.040000 HARD: 829 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 1164 KNOTT FARMERS COOP GIN C/O LEE ROMAN STAR ROUTE BOX 57 KNOTT TX 79748 COUNTY: HOWARD MAGNESIUM: 122 CALCIUM: 139 SODIUM: 558 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 350 FLUORIDE: 5.8000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 517 BCARBALK: 427.000000000 IRON: 0.0500000 NITRATE: 17.570000 HARD: 848 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.10000 TDS: 2469 LA CHIMENEA C/O MIKE WALSH RT 6 BOX 58-A AUSTIN TX 78737 COUNTY: HAYS [ADDRESS NOT CURRENT] MAGNESIUM: 167 CALCIUM: 219 SODIUM: 49 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.1200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 309 FLUORIDE: 3.1000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 894 BCARBALK: 377.000000000 IRON: 0.0600000 NITRATE: 0.010000 HARD: 1235 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.50000 TDS: 1574 LA FONDITA CAFE C/O ELIDA GUICOZA 805 SOUTH 2ND LA MESA TX 79331 COUNTY: DAWSON MAGNESIUM: 128 CALCIUM: 127 SODIUM: 237 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: SILVER: TOTALALK: 306 FLUORIDE: 4.4000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 328 BCARBALK: 373.000000000 IRON: NITRATE: 16.340000 HARD: 846 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.20000 TDS: 1586 LA MESA COUNTRY CLUB C/O KENNETH SIMPSON P O BOX 380 LAMESA TX 79331 COUNTY: DAWSON MAGNESIUM: 91 CALCIUM: 79 SODIUM: 239 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 394 FLUORIDE: 5.2000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 251 BCARBALK: 481.000000000 IRON: 0.0000000 NITRATE: 11.570000 HARD: 572 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.80000 TDS: 1257 LEVELLAND STOREHOUSE AMOCO P O BOX 832 BROWNFIELD TX 79316 COUNTY: HOCKLEY MAGNESIUM: 120 CALCIUM: 100 SODIUM: 82 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0800 SILVER: TOTALALK: 236 FLUORIDE: 3.3000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 276 BCARBALK: 288.000000000 IRON: 0.0200000 NITRATE: 0.820000 HARD: 742 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 1040 LIBBY'S GROCERY & LOUNGE C/O LIBBY AND CHARLES DAVIS 13825 FM 2769 AUSTIN TX 78726 COUNTY: TRAVIS MAGNESIUM: 267 CALCIUM: 354 SODIUM: 157 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 311 FLUORIDE: 3.4000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 1951 BCARBALK: 379.000000000 IRON: 0.1400000 NITRATE: 0.420000 HARD: 1982 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.20000 TDS: 3014 LOST CREEK MUNICIPAL UTILITY DIST C/O BILL FLOOD 1305 QUAKER RIDGE DRIVE AUSTIN TX 78746 COUNTY: TRAVIS MAGNESIUM: 122 CALCIUM: 220 SODIUM: 79 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 350 FLUORIDE: 1.7000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 670 BCARBALK: 427.000000000 IRON: 0.0000000 NITRATE: 0.000000 HARD: 1050 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.00000 TDS: 1780 LUBBOCK KOA CAMPGROUND C/O RON HOLLIDAY - PRESIDENT RT 8 BOX 140-E LUBBOCK TX 79416 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 91 CALCIUM: 64 SODIUM: 137 CADMIUM: 0.00000 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0000 TOTALALK: 274 FLUORIDE: 4.4000 MERCURY: 0.00000000SULFATE: 254 BCARBALK: 334.000000000 IRON: 0.0700000 NITRATE: 5.360000 HARD: 533 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.00000000 SELENIUM: 0.02500000 TDS: 967 MEDINA HIGHLANDS C/O TOM GIBSON P O BOX 398 LAKEHILLS TX 78063 COUNTY: BANDERA MAGNESIUM: 208 CALCIUM: 374 SODIUM: 29 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 249 FLUORIDE: 3.5000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 1545 BCARBALK: 304.000000000 IRON: 0.4500000 NITRATE: 0.010000 HARD: 1791 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.80000 TDS: 2347 MERIDIAN OIL COMPANY C/O DEAN PREIEST - SUPERINTENDENT HC 34 BOX 63 MIDKIFF TX 79755 COUNTY: UPTON MAGNESIUM: 105 CALCIUM: 302 SODIUM: 181 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 159 FLUORIDE: 2.5000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1204 BCARBALK: 194.000000000 IRON: 0.5900000 NITRATE: 6.710000 HARD: 1187 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.01290000 TDS: 2009 MILES CITY OF C/O WERNER HARSCH P O BOX 398 MILES TX 76861 COUNTY: RUNNELS MAGNESIUM: 112 CALCIUM: 332 SODIUM: 247 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 248 FLUORIDE: 1.7000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 803 BCARBALK: 303.000000000 IRON: 0.1200000 NITRATE: 16.090000 HARD: 1292 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.01000000 TDS: 2208 OAK COUNTRY PROPERTY OWNERS ASSN C/O ROBERT CHURNSIDE - PRESIDENT BOX 1087 HELOTES TX 78023 COUNTY: BANDERA MAGNESIUM: 121 CALCIUM: 126 SODIUM: 20 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 257 FLUORIDE: 5.3000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 571 BCARBALK: 314.000000000 IRON: 0.0400000 NITRATE: 0.490000 HARD: 815 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 1024 OAK ISLAND ICE HOUSE C/O ROBERT A RAMIREZ RT 5 BOX 385-KA SAN ANTONIO TX 78221 COUNTY: BEXAR MAGNESIUM: 96 CALCIUM: 389 SODIUM: 150 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.9700 SILVER: TOTALALK: 101 FLUORIDE: 0.4000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 1000 BCARBALK: 123.000000000 IRON: 2.4500000 NITRATE: 0.150000 HARD: 1367 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 2130 PARRISH & COMPANY C/O DAN PARRISH 26995 HWY 281 NORTH SAN ANTONIO TX 78260 COUNTY: BEXAR MAGNESIUM: 90 CALCIUM: 136 SODIUM: 14 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 280 FLUORIDE: 2.1000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 426 BCARBALK: 342.000000000 IRON: 0.0300000 NITRATE: 0.190000 HARD: 710 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.90000 TDS: 856 PARTNERS PIZZA C/O MAC PYBURN P O BOX 141 COMANCHE TX 76442 COUNTY: COMANCHE MAGNESIUM: 121 CALCIUM: 178 SODIUM: 192 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 388 FLUORIDE: 0.9000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 693 BCARBALK: 473.000000000 IRON: 0.0800000 NITRATE: 2.720000 HARD: 942 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 1599 PAYMASTER GIN C/O RAY LONG ROUTE 1 ACKERLY TX 79713 COUNTY: MARTIN MAGNESIUM: 103 CALCIUM: 51 SODIUM: 308 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 468 FLUORIDE: 7.6000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 458 BCARBALK: 571.000000000 IRON: 0.0400000 NITRATE: 38.070000 HARD: 552 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.30000 TDS: 1537 PENNINGTON WSC C/O JOY BLAGG P O BOX 895 BROWNFIELD TX 79316 COUNTY: TERRY [ADDRESS NOT GOOD] MAGNESIUM: 124 CALCIUM: 132 SODIUM: 198 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 214 FLUORIDE: 3.9000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 543 BCARBALK: 261.000000000 IRON: 0.0400000 NITRATE: 12.210000 HARD: 840 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.20000 TDS: 1530 PINKIES MINI MART #53 C/O PINKIES INCORPORATED P O BOX 3988 LUBBOCK TX 794533988 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 106 CALCIUM: 150 SODIUM: 238 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 355 FLUORIDE: 2.1000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 311 BCARBALK: 433.000000000 IRON: 0.0200000 NITRATE: 16.900000 HARD: 811 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.40000 TDS: 1528 PUNKIN CENTER GIN C/O RALPH MIRES HCR 06 BOX 38 LAMESA TX 79331 COUNTY: DAWSON MAGNESIUM: 127 CALCIUM: 90 SODIUM: 92 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 245 FLUORIDE: 4.3000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 411 BCARBALK: 299.000000000 IRON: 0.0300000 NITRATE: 9.220000 HARD: 747 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 1130 RANCH HILLS WATER SUPPLY CORP C/O ALAN C POWER - PRESIDENT 23941 GERONIMO HELOTES TX 78023 COUNTY: BANDERA MAGNESIUM: 118 CALCIUM: 394 SODIUM: 11 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 206 FLUORIDE: 2.0000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1230 BCARBALK: 251.000000000 IRON: 0.1000000 NITRATE: 0.070000 HARD: 1470 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 1902 RANKIN CITY OF C/O WATER UTILITIES OFFICIAL P O BOX 61 RANKIN TX 79778 COUNTY: UPTON MAGNESIUM: 103 CALCIUM: 178 SODIUM: 200 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0300 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 260 FLUORIDE: 2.5000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 785 BCARBALK: 317.000000000 IRON: 0.3300000 NITRATE: 3.970000 HARD: 870 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00400000 TDS: 1624 RED WAGON BAR-B-QUE DRIVE IN C/O ALBERT JONES ORIENT STAR ROUTE SAN ANGLEO TX 76901 COUNTY: TOM GREEN [ADDRESS NOT CURRENT] MAGNESIUM: 319 CALCIUM: 534 SODIUM: 117 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 1.4200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 329 FLUORIDE: 0.5000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 2018 BCARBALK: 401.000000000 IRON: 4.7400000 NITRATE: 0.010000 HARD: 2649 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 3511 REGAL OAKS WATER COMPANY INCORP C/O JOHN LIGHTFOOT RT 27 #4 ANGLIN LANE AUSTIN TX 78737 COUNTY: HAYS MAGNESIUM: 176 CALCIUM: 216 SODIUM: 70 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 309 FLUORIDE: 2.9000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1014 BCARBALK: 377.000000000 IRON: 0.0700000 NITRATE: 0.080000 HARD: 1265 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 1736 ROBERT LEE CITY OF C/O WATER UTILITIES DEPARTMENT P O BOX 26 ROBERT LEE TX 76945 COUNTY: COKE MAGNESIUM: 125 CALCIUM: 160 SODIUM: 682 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 110 FLUORIDE: 0.5000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 810 BCARBALK: 134.000000000 IRON: 0.6000000 NITRATE: 0.100000 HARD: 916 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 2898 ROOSEVELT INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DIST C/O THE SUPERINTENDENT ROUTE 1 BOX 402 LUBBOCK TX 79401 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 94 CALCIUM: 80 SODIUM: 89 CADMIUM: 0.00000 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0000 TOTALALK: 288 FLUORIDE: 3.0000 MERCURY: 0.00000000SULFATE: 196 BCARBALK: 351.000000000 IRON: 0.2700000 NITRATE: 8.400000 HARD: 588 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.00000000 SELENIUM: 0.02190000 TDS: 884 S W WATER IMPROVEMENT GROUP-WSC C/O RONALD HEYNS - PRESIDENT 802 COMMONS FORD RD AUSTIN TX 78733 COUNTY: TRAVIS MAGNESIUM: 117 CALCIUM: 152 SODIUM: 462 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0500 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 297 FLUORIDE: 3.3000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1137 BCARBALK: 362.000000000 IRON: 4.4000000 NITRATE: 0.010000 HARD: 863 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 2343 SIDNEY INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT C/O THE SUPERINTENDENT P O BOX 190 SIDNEY TX 76474 COUNTY: COMANCHE MAGNESIUM: 100 CALCIUM: 94 SODIUM: 104 CADMIUM: 0.00000 MANGANESE: 0.0300 SILVER: 0.0000 TOTALALK: 471 FLUORIDE: 1.4000 MERCURY: 0.00000000SULFATE: 144 BCARBALK: 575.000000000 IRON: 0.0200000 NITRATE: 0.760000 HARD: 649 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.00000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 927 SIGNAL HILLS 24 COOPERATIVE C/O ALLEN LINDEMAN 10710 MILLER LANE AUSTIN TX 78737 COUNTY: HAYS MAGNESIUM: 174 CALCIUM: 279 SODIUM: 46 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 290 FLUORIDE: 2.9000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1091 BCARBALK: 354.000000000 IRON: 0.3800000 NITRATE: 0.170000 HARD: 1414 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 1823 SILVER SPUR CLUB C/O WATER UTILITIES OFFICIAL P O BOX 377 JOHNSON CITY TX 78636 COUNTY: BLANCO [ADDRESS NOT CURRENT] MAGNESIUM: 116 CALCIUM: 342 SODIUM: 35 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 277 FLUORIDE: 2.0000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 1049 BCARBALK: 338.000000000 IRON: 0.2900000 NITRATE: 0.100000 HARD: 1335 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.90000 TDS: 1766 SILVER WATER SYSTEM C/O SYSTEM MANAGER P O BOX 163 SILVER TX 76949 COUNTY: COKE MAGNESIUM: 118 CALCIUM: 154 SODIUM: 677 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 123 FLUORIDE: 0.6000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 818 BCARBALK: 150.000000000 IRON: 0.1400000 NITRATE: 0.800000 HARD: 871 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00200000 TDS: 2881 SMITH MOBILE HOME PARK C/O RAMANBHAI S PATEL HC 34 BOX 7C MIDLAND TX 79701 COUNTY: MIDLAND MAGNESIUM: 191 CALCIUM: 447 SODIUM: 560 CADMIUM: 0.00000 MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: 0.0000 TOTALALK: 253 FLUORIDE: 1.8000 MERCURY: 0.00000000SULFATE: 1109 BCARBALK: 309.000000000 IRON: 0.0500000 NITRATE: 27.550000 HARD: 1902 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.00000000 SELENIUM: 0.02800000 TDS: 3739 SOUTH TOWER ESTATES WATER SYSTEM C/O JALOZ INCORPORATED 3422 SOUTH HWY 281 EDINBURG TX 78539 COUNTY: HIDALGO MAGNESIUM: 130 CALCIUM: 438 SODIUM: 862 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.2000 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 225 FLUORIDE: 0.5000 MERCURY: 0.00050000SULFATE: 1213 BCARBALK: 275.000000000 IRON: 0.0400000 NITRATE: 2.180000 HARD: 1628 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00400000 TDS: 4266 TIMMONS AND SIMPSON SHED C/O RANDY SIMPSON OR RICKY TIMMONS RT 5 BROWNFIELD TX 79316 COUNTY: TERRY MAGNESIUM: 147 CALCIUM: 131 SODIUM: 153 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 234 FLUORIDE: 3.3000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 564 BCARBALK: 285.000000000 IRON: 0.2200000 NITRATE: 9.760000 HARD: 933 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.40000 TDS: 1508 TODDLES CONVENIENCE STORE C/O HOWARD BOOK 8066 HWY 67 NORTH BOX 717A SAN ANGELO TX 76905 COUNTY: TOM GREEN MAGNESIUM: 142 CALCIUM: 520 SODIUM: 121 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 171 FLUORIDE: 0.9000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 1510 BCARBALK: 209.000000000 IRON: 0.0500000 NITRATE: 5.100000 HARD: 1882 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.01490000 TDS: 2740 TOWN & COUNTRY MOBILE ESTATES C/O WAYNE HELMSTETLER ROUTE 8 BOX 33 LUBBOCK TX 79407 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 93 CALCIUM: 89 SODIUM: 130 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 305 FLUORIDE: 3.9000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 239 BCARBALK: 372.000000000 IRON: 0.0200000 NITRATE: 4.620000 HARD: 606 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.01090000 TDS: 1018 TOWN AND COUNTRY INCORPORATED C/O TONY SNOOK - MANAGER RT 6 BOX 300 LUBBOCK TX 79412 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 92 CALCIUM: 60 SODIUM: 133 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 300 FLUORIDE: 5.6000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 221 BCARBALK: 366.000000000 IRON: 0.0300000 NITRATE: 4.580000 HARD: 528 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.80000 TDS: 937 UNCLE WILLIES C/O TOM LANGLEY 13400 FM 2769 AUSTIN TX 78726 COUNTY: TRAVIS MAGNESIUM: 201 CALCIUM: 190 SODIUM: 79 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 303 FLUORIDE: 3.4000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 1076 BCARBALK: 370.000000000 IRON: 0.1500000 NITRATE: 0.280000 HARD: 1302 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 1807 UNITED SKATES OF AMERICA C/O KEVIN BAKER - OWNER 3229 - 92ND STREET LUBBOCK TX 794233712 COUNTY: LUBBOCK MAGNESIUM: 98 CALCIUM: 52 SODIUM: 111 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 366 FLUORIDE: 4.3000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 207 BCARBALK: 447.000000000 IRON: 0.0300000 NITRATE: 9.110000 HARD: 535 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.10000 TDS: 888 VALLEY VIEW MOBILE HOME PARK C/O MRS E L SMITH - OWNER HC 34 BOX 7C MIDLAND TX 79701 COUNTY: MIDLAND MAGNESIUM: 151 CALCIUM: 374 SODIUM: 364 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 247 FLUORIDE: 1.5000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 916 BCARBALK: 301.000000000 IRON: 0.0500000 NITRATE: 8.110000 HARD: 1553 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.00800000 TDS: 2855 VENUS MOTEL AND TRAILER PARK C/O HOWARD HALE ROUTE 1 BOX 48 SEYMOUR TX 76380 COUNTY: BAYLOR MAGNESIUM: 129 CALCIUM: 250 SODIUM: 286 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 404 FLUORIDE: 0.7000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 263 BCARBALK: 493.000000000 IRON: 0.0300000 NITRATE: 14.380000 HARD: 1157 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.50000 TDS: 1980 VILLAGE PARK MHP C/O HAROLD HOLIGAN 2720 STEMMONS HWY STE 203 S TOW DALLAS TX 75207 COUNTY: MIDLAND [ADDRESS NOT CURRENT] MAGNESIUM: 302 CALCIUM: 563 SODIUM: 564 CADMIUM: 0.00000 MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: 0.0000 TOTALALK: 145 FLUORIDE: 3.4000 MERCURY: 0.00000000SULFATE: 1821 BCARBALK: 177.000000000 IRON: 0.0400000 NITRATE: 21.030000 HARD: 2652 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.00000000 SELENIUM: 0.02990000 TDS: 4736 VINCENTS BBQ BAR AND GRILL C/O VINCENT CANZONERI LESSEE 10900 FM 2222 AUSTIN TX 78730 COUNTY: TRAVIS MAGNESIUM: 90 CALCIUM: 132 SODIUM: 29 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 318 FLUORIDE: 3.0000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 405 BCARBALK: 388.000000000 IRON: 0.0400000 NITRATE: 0.840000 HARD: 699 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.20000 TDS: 884 WAGON WHEEL MOBILE HOME ESTATES C/O DREX TREADWELL ROUTE B 612 NORTH LYNN LAMESA TX 79331 COUNTY: DAWSON [ADDRESS NOT CURRENT] MAGNESIUM: 156 CALCIUM: 116 SODIUM: 155 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 341 FLUORIDE: 3.8000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 323 BCARBALK: 416.000000000 IRON: 0.0300000 NITRATE: 18.370000 HARD: 933 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.01600000 TDS: 1434 WALLACE MOBILE HOME PARK C/O MR J WALLACE ROUTE 2 BOX 178 MIDLAND TX 79701 COUNTY: MIDLAND MAGNESIUM: 118 CALCIUM: 200 SODIUM: 239 CADMIUM: 0.00000 MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: 0.0000 TOTALALK: 323 FLUORIDE: 4.8000 MERCURY: 0.00000000SULFATE: 394 BCARBALK: 394.000000000 IRON: 0.0400000 NITRATE: 15.540000 HARD: 987 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.00000000 SELENIUM: 0.01200000 TDS: 1737 WATERHOLE C/O JOE HARBISON P O BOX 42 MIDKIFF TX 79755 COUNTY: REAGAN MAGNESIUM: 90 CALCIUM: 296 SODIUM: 387 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 226 FLUORIDE: 1.9000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 1248 BCARBALK: 276.000000000 IRON: 0.0700000 NITRATE: 9.780000 HARD: 1112 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 2519 WELCH WATER SUPPLY CORPORATION C/O DANNY GRAY P O BOX 36 WELCH TX 79377 COUNTY: DAWSON MAGNESIUM: 132 CALCIUM: 98 SODIUM: 150 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0300 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 264 FLUORIDE: 3.7000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 362 BCARBALK: 322.000000000 IRON: 0.7700000 NITRATE: 15.540000 HARD: 785 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.04000000 TDS: 1302 WELLS FARMERS CO-OP GIN C/O EUDELL BAUCUM - MANAGER ROUTE 2 BOX 110 ODONNELL TX 79351 COUNTY: LYNN MAGNESIUM: 112 CALCIUM: 123 SODIUM: 167 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: TOTALALK: 251 FLUORIDE: 3.1000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 400 BCARBALK: 306.000000000 IRON: 0.1200000 NITRATE: 21.070000 HARD: 767 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 8.00000 TDS: 1360 WESTERN MOBILE HOME ESTATES C/O WATER UTILITIES OFFICIAL ROUTE 4 102 PERRY LANE MIDLAND TX 79701 COUNTY: MIDLAND [ADDRESS NOT CURRENT] MAGNESIUM: 96 CALCIUM: 259 SODIUM: 252 CADMIUM: 0.00000 MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: 0.0000 TOTALALK: 158 FLUORIDE: 2.5000 MERCURY: 0.00000000SULFATE: 756 BCARBALK: 193.000000000 IRON: 0.0300000 NITRATE: 12.750000 HARD: 1043 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.00000000 SELENIUM: 0.02690000 TDS: 1948 WESTERN MOTEL C/O ROBERT & VIRGINIA FLEMING RT 1 BOX 225 PLAINS TX 79355 COUNTY: YOAKUM MAGNESIUM: 151 CALCIUM: 277 SODIUM: 305 CADMIUM: MANGANESE: 0.0000 SILVER: TOTALALK: 265 FLUORIDE: 4.0000 MERCURY: SULFATE: 1353 BCARBALK: 323.000000000 IRON: 0.0500000 NITRATE: 12.430000 HARD: 1315 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: SELENIUM: PH: 7.50000 TDS: 2483 WHITEFACE INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DIST C/O SUPERINTENDENT BOX 7 WHITEFACE TX 79379 COUNTY: COCHRAN MAGNESIUM: 117 CALCIUM: 109 SODIUM: 70 CADMIUM: 0.00000 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0000 TOTALALK: 228 FLUORIDE: 2.9000 MERCURY: 0.00000000SULFATE: 322 BCARBALK: 278.000000000 IRON: 0.0900000 NITRATE: 3.350000 HARD: 755 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.00000000 SELENIUM: 0.01090000 TDS: 1024 WHITHARRAL WATER SUPPLY CORP C/O GLEN THROCKMORTON - PRESIDENT P O BOX 177 WHITHARRAL TX 79380 COUNTY: HOCKLEY MAGNESIUM: 130 CALCIUM: 132 SODIUM: 120 CADMIUM: 0.00500 MANGANESE: 0.0200 SILVER: 0.0100 TOTALALK: 209 FLUORIDE: 3.9000 MERCURY: 0.00020000SULFATE: 503 BCARBALK: 255.000000000 IRON: 0.1400000 NITRATE: 9.470000 HARD: 865 CARBALK: 0 LEAD: 0.02000000 SELENIUM: 0.02100000 TDS: 1335 IN CALIFORNIA: Bartlett Springs contains 67 mg /L Calcium, 360 mg/L magnesium, and 4.3 mg/L sodium. This unique spring water has been bottled since 1869, and is reputed to have a laxative effect due to its 360 mg/L magnesium content. Vittel of France bought it and bottled it under the name Vittel, but it failed in the marketplace. It is rumored to be for sale complete with a new bottling plant for $10 million. The laxative effect could be removed by diluting it with low TDS water to give a magnesium content of 90 mg/L. It is not being currently bottled. Flow: 55 GPM. Adobe Springs in Stanislaus County, California contains 3.8 mg/L calcium, 96 mg/L magnesium, and 6.4 mg/L sodium. Adobe Springs is family owned and operated. Water is sold in bulk to bottlers for $.03 per gallon. It is bottled by the 7-Up plant in Modesto under their brand name, "Noah's Spring Water", which is sold in supermarkets in the vicinity in PET bottles, and also in the 5 gallon returnable size for home and office delivery. The taste is commonly described as sweet. Flow: 142 GPM. 59 MORE CALIFORNIA WATER SOURCES WITH 90 OR MORE mgs OF MAGNESIUM PER LITER COUNTY WATER SOURCE Mg Ca Ratio Alameda CALIFORNIA WATER SERVICE - LIVERMORE 100 46 0.460 Alameda EBMUD 604 4 0.007 Alameda ACFC&WCD-ZONE 7 129 227 1.760 Contra Costa ANTIOCH 110 25 0.227 Contra Costa CONTRA COSTA CWD 170 13 0.076 Fresno CITY OF CLOVIS 3230 21 0.007 Fresno CITY OF FRESNO 168 33 0.196 Fresno CARUTHERS CSD 396 2 0.006 Kern LAIDLAW ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES 116 202 1.741 Kern CALIFORNIA WATER SERVICE-BAKERSFIELD 95 37 0.389 Kings CITY OF HANFORD 140 7 0.050 Lake CITY OF LAKEPORT 173 28 0.162 Lake BUCKINGHAM PARK CWD 98 88 0.898 Lake HIDDEN VALLEY LAKES CSD 130 12 0.092 Los Angeles DOMINGUEZ WATER CORP - CARSON 189 31 0.165 Los Angeles LOS ANGELES CWWD-LANCASTER PALMDALE 93 37 0.402 Los Angeles CITY OF SANTA MONICA 102 147 1.441 Los Angeles SUBURBAN WATER SYS-SAN JOSE-W COVINA 912 94 0.103 Monterey CALIFORNIA-AMERICAN WC - MONTEREY 621 66 0.106 Monterey CITY OF GREENFIELD 110 140 1.273 Monterey CALIFORNIA WATER SERVICE - LAS LOMAS 439 58 0.132 Monterey MARINA CWD 315 540 1.714 Riverside COACHELLA VALLEY CWD - COVE 112 33 0.295 San Bernardino CITY OF NEEDLES 111 83 0.749 San Joaquin SAN JOAQUIN RIVER CLUB 130 59 0.458 San Luis Obispo CITY OF SAN LUIS OBISPO 94 36 0.389 San Luis Obispo SAN LUIS OBISPO CWWD 01 - SAN MIGUEL 522 47 0.090 San Luis Obispo MORRO BAY WD 99 54 0.545 San Luis Obispo SAN LUIS OBISPO CSA 09A-BAYWOOD PARK 396 41 0.104 San Luis Obispo CALIFORNIA CITIES WATER-ROLLING HILLS 94 92 0.977 San Luis Obispo SAN LUIS OBISPO CSA 08 - CAYUCOS 106 52 0.491 San Luis Obispo NACIMIENTO WC - OAK SHORES 120 210 1.750 San Luis Obispo HEARST MEMORIAL STATE BEACH 150 86 0.573 San Luis Obispo SAN SIMEON CREEK STATE BEACH 90 54 0.600 San Luis Obispo CALIFORNIA MENS COLONY 105 18 0.166 San Luis Obispo CALIFORNIA MENS COLONY 109 18 0.161 Santa Barbara LOMPOC WD 90 228 2.533 Santa Barbara MONTECITO WD 213 30 0.140 Santa Barbara CITY OF SANTA BARBARA 109 95 0.874 Santa Barbara CITY OF SOLVANG 90 105 1.163 Santa Barbara SANTA YNEZ RIVER WATER CONS DIST 117 116 0.988 Santa Barbara GAVIOTA BEACH STATE PARK 160 136 0.850 Santa Barbara VANDENBERG AFB 127 0 0.000 Santa Clara SAN JOSE WATER COMPANY 99 62 0.626 Santa Cruz SOQUEL CREEK CWD - CAPITOLA 939 79 0.084 Solano CALIFORNIA WATER SERVICE - DIXON 92 48 0.522 Solano CITY OF FAIRFIELD 108 19 0.176 Sonoma SONOMA CWA 302 22 0.073 Stanislaus HILLSVIEW HOMES (WESTLEY) 90 77 0.853 Stanislaus WALNUT ACRES - PATTERSON 100 84 0.837 Stanislaus DEL ESTE WC - GRAYSON 92 48 0.516 Sutter HILLCREST WC - 1,2,3 & 4 92 57 0.620 Ventura NYELAND ACRES MWC 106 243 2.292 Ventura WARRING WATER SERVICE - PIRU 90 155 1.722 Ventura UNITED WTR CONSRVTIN DST-OXNARD PLAIN 91 156 1.714 Ventura CHANNEL ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK 186 85 0.457 Ventura U.S. NAVY - SAN NICOLAS ISLAND 1100 45 0.041 Yolo CITY OF DAVIS 95 46 0.484 Yolo U.C. DAVIS 99 15 0.152 ============================================================================= This file is Copyrighted (1994). Permission is granted for copying this material electronically, and for single hard copies for personal use. All other hard copy reproduction is prohibited. e-mail comments for Paul Mason to: magnesum@ix.netcom.com Useful articles may be added to this FTP if author's permission is granted.