Now for a more substantive variable: warfare for plunder. This map was also made with MAPTAB option 7, mapping variable 117 (912 in the larger database) and saving the map to a disk file. If you examine this map carefully you will see large "patches" of warfare for plunder: one includes much of (precolonial) Africa and the Circum- Mediterranean; another through the Central Asian steppes, parts of Indo-China and the Indo-pacific; another from Central Australia up to eastern New Guinea and out to the southernmost Pacific islands; another from Northern Europe (Tundra) across (largely aboriginal) North America down through Central America and the central-eastern side of South America. There is a definite historical pattern to the distribution: most of the areas in which warfare for plunder is absent are those under the dominion of large civilizations, empires, or colonial powers at the time of observation. As an exercise, you can try to identify the large civilization impacting on these societies at the pinpointed ethnographic dates, and sketch the rules for "pacified" areas. This is not to say that warfare is not a part of life of civilizations. The type of warfare, however, changes to the state-level, and the motives are no longer primarily those of plunder or captives, but those of extending trading areas, conquest, territorial expansion, colonization, and the control of key resources. Perhaps "civilized" war another form of plunder, but if so, it is clearly at a different level. Variable 117 (912): Warfare for plunder, including captives for slaves, (see note below) hostages, or adoption CODES: . = Missing data 1 = Present 2 = Absent West <-|-> East Longitude 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 West <-- 2 1<|>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<|>7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ____ _______________/|__________ _________(__)__ / 2 |/ 1 1 ) . / _ n60 _____|_//_________________________1// _/___(1__1_1_1_____|__|_\ _________ \\ ^/ / - || 1/ \ \ | \ n50 2\|_| 2 2 )1 |/ V 11 . V1 \ __/ __2 __ 2 / ]11 11 _1-O n40 __|2/\1\1|__2( (___1_________|__1________________2[12__11___2/__O________ L/ \\U\2 1 \/ 1 \2_/| 2121 / n30 -1-- 112_ 2 2 2/ \\211 21( / \---\ \2___ 221 1 / \\ | v n20 /____1_1__1.___) \ 2.2.2/_._________________________\._|_______________ | 2 1 .\_/ | 2/| \ 1 \1..1 2 1 n10 1 12 1 . 112\__ |2/ 1212) O \| 1___ 1_1111 11..1/ \/2 2\. 2 11 2 2 12/ 22\ 00 _____)2__211_/__________2\1|_.________2_____________________21_11_\______ \ 1 .11 \|1 (1211 1 \ s10 |. 11 212 2 112 1 (2 1 2 ) \1 . | ^ -2-/\ 2 1 \1 112 | s20 ______(_1__/_ //____________/_____|__2_1_____________________\1__2_2/____ (2 | 1/ \ 1 \ 1 | 12 1 s30 1 1/ \___ / | 1 1 \__/ \_/ | / s40 ______________________________________1______________________1__/________ WEST| EAST Societal Values of Variable 117 (912) |12 WEST 2 1 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7e|w7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Note: In the Cumulative Codebook this is Variable 912, from Study 40 by Valerie Wheeler: A Study of the Nature of Warfare We should be careful not to overgeneralize the "pattern" of pre-state warfare- for-plunder vs. state-level warfare. There are exceptions: warfare for plunder is lacking among a number of technologically simple societies -- !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari, the Mbuti Pygmies of the Ituri (Congo) Forest, the Andamanese Islanders of the Indian Oceaan, the Copper Eskimo, the Yahgan of Tierra del Fuego, to name a few. The Aranda of Central Australia, also a technologically simple society, have intergroup warfare and capture of women, which fits our definition (above) of warfare for plunder. Thus we see a second "pattern" (also with exceptions), overlaid on the first: marginalized food collectors also tend to lack warfare for plunder. On a scale of technological complexity, it is tempting to see warfare-for- plunder as having a curvilinear or U-shaped distribution: low at the simplest band level, high at the intermediate level, low again at the highest levels associated with states and civilizations Did you know that "pacification" -- the absence of warfare for plunder -- is linked to monogamy? No causal relationship is intended, but at the time of these early ethnographic descriptions, 55% of the "pacified" societies in this sample were monogamous, compared to only 18% of the societies with warfare for plunder. Conversely, 66% of the monogamous societies lacked warfare for plunder, compared to only 25% of the polygynous (allowing multiple wives) societies. Where did we get these percentages? MAPTAB did the tables for us, using option 8 (Cross-Tabs) for variables 88 (Cultural Basis of Polygyny) and 117 (Warfare for Plunder). MAPTAB generated a count of the number of socities with each possible combination of characteristics on the two variables: 117 ___ ___ 88 |_ 1|_ 2| CULTURAL BASIS OF POLYGYNY 1 6 16 Monogamy Prescribed 2 12 19 Monogamy Preferred 3 25 15 Polygyny Limited to indiv. men with leadership abilities 4 23 5 Polygyny Limited to men of a higher social class 5 34 8 Polygyny Preferred by most men, and attained by most men of rank or sufficient years To get the break between monogamy and polygyny, we used MAPTAB option 6 to dichotomize variable 88, and then ran option 8 (Cross-Tabs) again as follows: 117 ___ ___ 88 |_ 1|_ 2| CULTURAL BASIS OF POLYGYNY 1-2 18 35 Monogamy Prescribed or Preferred 3-5 82 28 Polygyny, Limited or Preferred Option 8 (Cross-Tabs) also allows percentaging on the rows: 117 ___ ___ 88 |_ 1|_ 2| CULTURAL BASIS OF POLYGYNY 1-2 34% 66% Monogamy Prescribed or Preferred 3-5 75% 25% Polygyny, Limited or Preferred To percentage in the other direction, we put 88 as the column variable and 117 as the row variable: 88 ___ ___ 117 |1-2|3-5| CULTURAL BASIS OF POLYGYNY 1 18% 82% Monogamy Prescribed or Preferred 2 55% 45% Polygyny, Limited or Preferred These variables, and 183 others, are contained in the Cultural Diversity Database codebook. When you finish here, the MAPTAB program will be started for you. Select the CDIVERS database, your sample, and a preliminary topic or variables. Then go back and forth between MAPTAB option 2, to choose a topic to get variables you may be interested in, and option 5 to see codebook definitions for your current set of variables. You can use the options demonstrated above (8 Tabulate, 7 Map, 6 Recode), to produce your own cross-tabs and percentages, maps, and recodings, or other options (1 New or find cases, 2 New or add variables, 3 Show data, 5 Show Codebooks) to explore other samples of cases, select other variables, view the data file, or review the defitions of the variables and coding categories.