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NAPOLEON
"The power-hungry and vicious pig, who emerges as the dictatorial leader of Animal Farm. His character is based jointly on two real dictators - Napoleon Bonaparte and Josef Stalin."
LENIN
"One of the early leaders of the Russian Revolution. He is represented in the novel by Major."
TROTSKY
"Trotsky is represented by Snowball in the novel. He was a joint leader of the Russian Revolution, but he was later discredited by Stalin and exiled in disgrace. He was killed in 1940 (probably by Stalin's Secret Police)."
SNOWBALL
"One of the two boars who lead the rebellion on Animal Farm. Later, he is driven out by Napoleon (and possibly killed). His character corresponds closely to Leon Trotsky in real life."
STALIN
"Josef Stalin emerged as the ruthless winner of power struggles that took place in Russia after the Revolution. He set up the Secret Police to brutally repress any opponents. He is represented by Napoleon."
RUSSIA
"One of the largest and most powerful countries in the world. In 1917, Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown in a violent revolution. Represented by Animal Farm."
ANIMALS
"All the animals on the farm represent different individuals or classes in Russia."
JONES
"The inefficient, drunkard owner of Manor Farm. He represents Tsar Nicholas II (and monarchy in general)."
BOXER
"The great draught-horse, the hardest worker on Animal Farm. Boxer stands for the ordinary working man, exploited by cruel leaders."
CLOVER
"Like Boxer, Clover the cart-horse represents the ordinary people, who suffer from the harsh treatment of those in power."
MURIEL
"The white goat. Perhaps represents the slightly better educated classes in Russia."
BENJAMIN
"The cynical old donkey of Animal Farm.  Benjamin seems to understand what is happening on the farm, but he does nothing to prevent it. He represents those who choose to survive by not causing trouble."
SQUEALER
"One of the leading pigs, a great talker, who could 'turn black into white.' Squealer corresponds to the state propaganda machine."
MINIMUS
"A pig, composer of songs and poems in praise of the leaders. He corresponds to similar propagandists."
MOLLIE
"The foolish, pretty white mare. She represents the vain, idle hangers-on in the court of the Tsar."
SHEEP
"Notice that the sheep always do everything together. They stand for the ignorant, unthinking masses of the Russian people who blindly follow whatever leadership is thrust upon them."
FREDERICK
"A tough, shrewd man, proprietor of Pinchfield Farm. He represents the leaders of Germany (Hitler at the end of the book)."
PILKINGTON
"The easy-going proprietor of Foxwood Farm. He represents the leadership of Britain and the USA (Churchill and Roosevelt at the end of the book)."
WHYMPER
"A sly, greedy solicitor who acts as the animals' agent in dealings with the outside world. He stands for corrupt, money-hungry businessmen with no loyalty to anyone."
FOXWOOD
"A neighbouring farm, rather poorly kept. It stands for Britain, and probably the USA as well."
COWSHED
"An important building on Animal Farm. The site of the ambush which gave the animals victory when Jones attempted to re-take control."
BATTLE
"There are two important battles described in the book: the Battle of the Cowshed stands for Russia's victory over allied forces in 1921. The Battle of the Windmill corresponds to the Battle of Stalingrad in 1941."
FARMHOUSE
"The home of Jones before the Rebellion, the farmhouse eventually becomes home for the pigs, revealing how they have become like Jones."
WINDMILL
"The windmill was planned by Snowball, but Napoleon eventually claims credit for it. It represents industrialisation in Russia, especially their famous Five-Year Plans."
MOSES
"The tame raven. Moses disappears after the Rebellion, but reappears later. He tells the animals about going to Sugarcandy mountain when they die. He stands for religion."
PIGEONS
"The thirty-five pigeons are not really important on the farm, but they do take part in the Battle of the Cowshed, flying over the men and 'muting' upon them from mid air."
MANOR
"The original name of Animal Farm. Significantly, Napoleon restores this name at the end of the book, signalling that things have returned to their previous state."
MAJOR
"The old Middle White boar who inspires the Rebellion by recounting his dream and urging his ideas on the other animals. He represents Karl Marx (and partly Lenin)."
BLUEBELL
"One of the three dogs on the farm at the beginning. Mother of some of the pups which Napoleon trains as his 'Secret Police'."
JESSIE
"One of the three dogs on the farm at the beginning. Mother of some of the pups which Napoleon trains as his 'Secret Police'."
PITCHER
"One of the three dogs on the farm at the beginning."
MOLLIE
"The foolish, pretty white mare. Mollie 'defects' back to the world of men in Chapter 5."
COMMUNISM
"The political theory that all wealth should be shared. Corresponds to 'Animalism'."
KNACKER
"Someone who buys and slaughters useless horses for dog-food and to make glue etc."
COMMANDMENTS
"Special Rules to live by. The seven original commandments (Chapter 2) are all gradually perverted by the pigs."
ORCHARD
"An area of fruit trees near the farmhouse. The pigs benefit from the fruit."
FLAG
"The symbol of Animal Farm was a white horn and hoof, painted on a green table cloth. After the Rebellion, this flag was hoisted every Sunday on the flagpole in the farmhouse garden."
ANIMALISM
"The Animal Farm equivalent of Communism. The belief that all animals are equal and everything should be shared equally."
COMRADE
"The title by which communists (and the animals of Animal farm) refer to each other."
WILLINGDON
"The name of the town nearest to Animal Farm."
HARVEST
"The animals have to perform the difficult job of harvesting the grain from the fields immediately after the Rebellion."
REBELLION
"An uprising against one's leaders. The Rebellion on Animal Farm corresponds to the Russian revolution of 1917."
HOOF
"One of the symbols of Animal Farm painted on the flag along with a horn. The two together resemble the sickle and hammer of Communism."
HORN
"One of the symbols of Animal Farm painted on the flag along with a hoof. The two together resemble the sickle and hammer of Communism."
PINCHFIELD
"One of the two neighbouring farms (owned by Mr Frederick). It corresponds to Germany."