Note to Printer: This is our all-time favorite Customer Information Sheet. I have used this or something similar for over twenty years. You do not need to edit this other than running it through your spellcheck and deleting the extra spaces used to justify this ASCII text. The filename is PAPER.TXT. GLOSSARY OF PAPER TERMS Announcements - Folded or flat cards fitting matched envelopes and generally used for social stationery and announcements. Bank Note Paper - Cotton fiber bond used for bank notes or currency. Basic size: 17x22: 20 to 24 lbs. Basic Size - The specific, standard sheet size from which the basis weight of a given grade is determined. Basis Weight - Weight, measured in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper in its basic size. Purely speaking, substance weight is the term used to express the basis weight of bond paper (500 sheets of 17 x 22) but the phrases basis weight and substance weight are often used interchangeably. Also note that a ream of tissue grades and wrapping is considered to be 480 sheets. Bible Paper - Thin, lightweight, opaque printing paper for use when low bulk is important, as in bibles, prayer and hymn books, dictionaries, insurance rate books, and for multi-fold package inserts. Basis weights range from 25x38-18/ream to 30. Some grades are made from strong, new cotton and linen rags; others flax. Greatest tonnage is made from chemical wood pulp alone or in combination with rag fibers. Also called india or india bible. Blank Book Paper - Bond, writing, news manila writing. Grade depends on purpose of blank book. Bleaching - Pulp fibers are generally bleached to produce white fibers for papermaking. Other reasons are: to increase the chemical stability and permanence of wood fibers by chemical purification; and to obtain clean, sanitary fibers as required for food packaging papers. Bond - Free sheet paper used for letterheads and forms. Basic size: 17x22. Substance weight: 13 to 24 lbs. Bonds are characterized by strength, rigidity, good absorptiveness and erasability. Book Paper - Generally description given to any type of paper suitable for printing, exclusive of newsprint and boards. Made as wove or laid and can have finishes of antique, eggshell, machine, super calendered, coated, dull, matte or glossy. Most commonly used for bookwork or printing two sides. Generally more opaque than bonds. Sometimes known as text or textpaper. Book Paper, Premium - As the name implies, these are high cost papers. Their most important qualities are high opacity with low caliper or thickness. These papers also have very high longevity properties, and are used in such products as Bibles and encyclopedias. Book Paper, Uncoated - Term descriptive of those papers (exclusive of newsprint) that are most suitable for use in the graphic arts, particularly in the commercial, book and publication sectors. They can be wove or laid with a wide range of finishes. Basic size: 25x38. Basic weight: 22 to 150 lbs. Braille Paper - Smooth, high strength paper suitable for the production of raised dots needed to manufacture reading material for the blind. Bristol Board - A good quality board made from rag content papers prepared or plied together, usually with a thickness of .006" and up. Types of bristols include engravers bristols, folding, index, and wedding bristols. Broadside - Refers to an advertising piece or poster of large size. Brochure - Pamphlet bound in booklet form Broken Carton - A carton of paper that has been opened and some of its contents removed. Bulk - Thickness of a sheet of paper in relation to its weight. High bulk paper lacks compactness. Low bulk paper is compact. Bundle - Measuring unit of paperboard or chipboard. It weighs 50 pounds, but number of sheets contained therein will vary with the size and thickness of the sheets. Cabinet - Announcement cards, correspondence cards, cut-size cards, envelopes and stationery are packed in cartons referred to as cabinets. Car Signboard - A board used for outdoor advertising. Card Forms - Three sizes are considered standard: 3x5; 4x6; and 5x8 since they cut without waste from standard sizes of index bristol. The most economical cut from 8((h))x11 stock is 4((f))x5((h))" for post card size. Carbonless Paper - Sometimes called NCR, duplicator paper, etc. Paper that is treated or coated so that it will generate a copy under pressure. In effect it does the same job as carbon paper without carbon interleaves or carbon coating. The top sheet is CB or coated back; the bottom sheet is CF or coated front; sheets in between are CFB or coated front and back. Normal is White, Canary, Pink, Goldenrod. For 5-part the sequence is White, Green, Canary, Pink, Goldenrod. The aforementioned sequences are precollated, and if all parts print alike and on one side only, it is more economical since they do not have to be collated after printing. If a card or tag is used as the last part, or if a difference sequence of colors is used, the sheets must be collated after printing. On sets of 3-parts or more, when printed on 2-sides there is an additional charge for re-collating in addition to the 2nd side printing to get the sheets back into the proper sequence or for using reverse collated stock which the printer does not normally carry in inventory. Cartons - A package designed to ship papers in sheets. Most cartons are packaged to hold approximately 150 pounds and the number of sheets will depend upon the grade and weight of the paper. Also, each mill will have its own specifications. Junior cartons are used to package reams of cut sized papers (8((h))x11, 8((h))x14, 11x17, etc.), 8 to 10 reams per carton. Catalog Paper - Term describes a lightweight paper, sometimes coated. Used primarily in mail order catalogs and directories. Grade provides high strength despite its lightweight. Basic size: 24x36. Basis weight: 9 to 28 lbs. Chain Marks - Also called chain lines. Watermarks in paper that resemble impressions of a chain, running parallel to the grain, approximately one inch apart. These watermark lines are found in laid papers. Check Paper - Chemically treated paper and cover printed with a fine pattern to reveal erasures and alterations. Chipboard - Low density board made from unused waste, in thicknesses of .006 and heavier. Generally used as back sheet in padding. Coated - Refers to paper or paperboard that has been coated to improve printability or appearance. Clay is usually used and may be applied during the manufacturing process or on an off-machine coater. Paper may be coated one side (C1S) or two sides (C2S). Coated Book Paper - A C2S paper suitable for multi-color printing or fine reproduction of photographs. Available in glossy, dull and embossed finished. Coated Offset - A C2S paper with high resistance to picking and suitable for offset printing. Available in glossy and dull, embossed and matte finished, coated offset papers generally do not develop as high a finish as coated book papers because the latter posseses a lower percentage of binder in the coating. Color Fastness - Capacity of dyed paper to retain its original color or to resist fading and change through the influence of heat, light, use, etc. As an example, the color fastness of Astrobright colors is not as great as is that of a colored coated paper. Color Standard - Colored paper and ink commonly used. Standard color sequence in sets: white, canary, pink, goldenrod, green, and buff. Additional parts may be salmon and white. Combination Run - Two or more print jobs handled together to effect savings. Combined Order - Two or more print jobs with enough similarities to be manufactured as one form with changes. Commodity Papers - Term used to classify low-end qualities of bond and offset papers. Conditioning - Allowing paper to sit long enough for it to adjust to the surrounding atmosphere until its moisture content is equal to atmospheric moisture content. This process provides for optimum performance on the press. As a rule of thumb, a minimum of 5 hours is required, or 5 hours for each 5 degrees difference between outdoor and pressroom temperatures. Construction Paper - Type of heavy paper, manufactured in a wide range of colors. This grade is used most often in elementary schools for cutouts and other artwork. Basic size: 24x36. Basis weight: 40 to 80 lbs. Container Board - Linerboard and corrugated medium used in the manufacturer of shipping containers. Continuous - Designates paper in rolls usually manufactured for end-use production operations from the web. Continuous Form - Form manufactured from a continuous web, not slit into separate parts prior to its use. Continuous forms may be carbon interleaved, non-carbon interleaved or carbonless. In terms of folding, continuous forms may be folded, zig-zagged (flat pack) or non-folded (roll). Converting Paper - Paper changed from its original state into a new product such as envelopes, gummed tape, labels, etc. Copy Paper - Paper used in photocopying machines. Correspondence Papers - Writing papers with attractive finishes. Good finish and good writing characteristics are principal qualities. Cotton Fibers - Selected new cotton cuttings acquired from the textile industries. They are free of synthetic fibers and are the principal source of cotton fibers used in the manufacture of cotton content papers. Basic cotton and cotton linters are also used in the manufacture of pulp. Cotton Fiber Content Paper - Papers made from cotton fiber in qualities of 25, 50, 75 or 100%, are made on smaller, slower running machines than sulphite/sulphate papers. Slower speed helps produce a dense, well-knitted formation. Cotton fiber papers are surfaced sized by immersing the partially-dried web of paper in a bath of starch or animal glue sizing, followed by the removal of the excess sizing through a set of rollers. The sized web of paper is then rewound into a roll and stored in a dampened condition to permit thorough penetration of the sizing materials prior to final drying which occurs off the paper making machine in a process called air-drying. The web, in its dampened state is floated through a heated tunnel under only a slight degree of tension. Because the web dries freely in heated air, the paper acquires a degree of cockle in its finish. Cover Papers - Strong, heavy paper suitable for covers of brochures, etc. Available in various colors and grains. Customer Furnished Stock - Any paper stock provided by the customer to be printed or converted. Stock is normally printed at the customer's risk and priced as though printer were providing stock. Generally not acceptable if mill package has been opened. Customer furnished envelopes are generally not acceptable for printing unless shipped directly from paper warehouse to printer. Cut Cards - Generally, various standard size small cards and tickets used for personal and business cards, advertising, invitations, etc. Deckle - On the wet end of the paper machine the straps or deckle rulers that prevent the fiber from overflowing the sides of the machine. The deckle determines how wide the paper on a particular machine will be. Deckle Edge - Refers to the feathered edge on paper produced when fibers flow against the deckle or edge of the web. Deliberately produced for aesthetic purposes, a deckle edge is found especially on expensive formal stationery and announcement. A deckle edge can be created by an air jet, or also by a stream of water. Deckle Stain - Paper that has a coloring or tint along the deckle edge. Double Coated - A sheet that has been coated twice on the same side. Sometimes incorrectly confused with a sheet coated on both sides. Dull Coated - Same as dull finish. Paper is said to be dull coated when it registers a gloss test reading of less than 55%. Characteristically, dull coated or finished paper has a smooth surface and is low in gloss. Generally, it is categorized as falling between an uncoated sheet and a regular coated (semi-dull) paper. Duplex Coated Bristol - Used for advertising, postcards and folders, this paper is characterized by a solid center coated with a bright or deep color on one side and a harmonizing shade or white on the reverse. The center base is generally manufactured from softwood and hardwood chemical pulp, and is approximately 10 points in thickness. Duplicating Papers - A general term applied to a vast group of papers used in any type of copying or duplicating process. Each paper is uniquely designed for its specific function. Sometimes called copier paper. Eggshell Finish - Usually refers to book grades of paper that have a finish similar to the surface of an egg. A special felt is used to mark the surface before the paper is dried. Embossed Finish - A finish imparted to a web of paper through an embossing machine. The embosser has an upper steel roll with a pattern engraved on it and designed to be steam heated. The bottom roll, whose diameter is customarily twice that of the upper roll, consists of a soft material like cotton or paper. It serves as a backing roll for the paper web which receives the pattern off the engraved roll. Before paper is embossed, the hard engraved roll is rotated for sometime against the soft backing roll under pressure, thereby creating a mat surface in the latter roll. After the paper passes through the embosser it receives a finish on both sides. Fanapart Glue - Special glue for edge-padding carbonless papers. Fine Papers - Large category of paper that includes those grades used for writing, printing and cultural purposes. Finish - The most important physical property of paper. The term finish has a broad meaning. It describes surface contour and characteristics measurable by smoothness, gloss, absorptiveness and print quality. Surface character of papers differs greatly. Finish of paper can be aesthetic. It can be functional. The finish of a text or cover paper is more often than not selected by a designer to express an aesthetic view. High fidelity halftone illustrations require a glossy enamel finish. Finish may be a top-priority choice. Or it may be secondary. If high-bulk paperweight is necessary, a low finish, antique paper must be acceptable. Offset lithography does not impose finish limitations since it is capable of printing on almost all surface considerations. Finishes originating during the papermaking process may be described in order of their smoothness - roughest to smoothest. Antique describes the roughest surface. It gives maximum bulk-to-weight ratio. Antique papers are soft to touch. They are used for high-bulk purposes and in those cases where the surface characteristic is required. Papers with a smooth finish are described as having an eggshell finish. Vellum finish has a highly unique surface, which is smoother than eggshell. It is selected by printers because it is easier to handle after printing. It possesses a greater degree of ink absorbency; which means it has less tendency to set-off. Further smoothing of the paper results in a machine finish or an English finish. The latter representing the highest possible finish that can be produced on a paper machine. Aside from printing requirements, finishes are chosen for their aesthetic appearances to help designers achieve purposes. Specific end-use requirements may dictate that a paper's surface possesses properties that repel water or grease. Plastic-coated cover papers for example resist soiling of any kind, water and grease. Flame Resistant Paper - Papers treated with chemical during manufacture so gases will be emitted under conditions of extreme heat and will combine with the oxygen in the air. The surrounding atmosphere is then unable to support combustion. Flat Forms - Standard dimensions for flat forms include 9 sizes that cut without waste from business paper size 44x34. Or, which can be combined in multiples of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64, will form press sheets that will cut without waste from standard-size business papers. Flourescent Paper - Paper that has been manufactured with the addition of flourescent dyes which give the brilliance that appears brighter when viewed in natural daylight. A variety of whites are produced including green-white, cream-white and blue-white. All are high-white with a large brightness measure. Most popular is neutral white for paper surface efficiency. Flush Cover - Cover of a book that has been trimmed to the same dimension as the textpapers. Foil Paper - Paper coated with either aluminum or bronze powder finish, or leaf finish. General Purpose Bond - Forms paper which is translucent to ultra violet light but opaque enough to provide legible printed forms. Grain Direction - A fundamental property of paper resulting from the alignment of fibers flowing onto the paper machine. Commonly referred to as the machine direction. Grain influences other characteristics of paper. A sheet of paper will contract more across the grain than it does parallel to the grain. A simiple mositure test for determining the grain direction concerns moistening one side of the paper and observing that the axis of the curl parallels the direction of the grain. Paper will fold more easily and smoothly when the fold parallels the grain. Heavier weight paper, like cover and bristol may fold without scoring when folded parallel to the grain. By contrast, scoring is necessary when folding across the grain. A sheet of paper will generally offer greater resistance to being torn in the direction across its grain; also paper will demonstrate greater tensil strength in the direction of the grain. IMPORTANT NOTE: Grain direction affects the printability of many papers. Gripper Edge - That leading edge of a sheet of paper which the printing press grippers use to pull the sheet through the press. This edge, generally approximately 3/8" can have no printing image. If enough gripper margin is not allowed, the printer has only two choices. He will have to reduce the size of the image to allow for gripper, or he will have to print on a larger sheet and cut it down to the proper finished size. Gummed Papers - General term for label paper finished with an adhesive coating on one side. Handmade Paper - Paper made by hand, usually as separate sheets with a rough finish and a deckle edge. Hickies - In offset, donut shaped spots or imperfections in the printed edge traceable to such things as dirt on the press, dried ink skin, paper particles, dust, etc. High Bulk Papers - Antique finished book paper bulking from 440 to 344 pages to an inch for 45 lb. Other weights are in proportion. Hymnal Paper - Strong, low-finish opaque book paper. Illustration Board - A heavy art board. India Paper - See Bible Paper. Industrial Papers - Broad term referring to papers manufactured for industrial uses such as packaging, cardboards, tissues, and wrapping papers. Japan Art Paper - Irregularly mottled paper imitating imperial vellum. Such papers are long-fibered and strong. Jute - Strong, long-fibered pulp made from hemp, used in combination with kraft pulps for the manufacture of jute papers. Kraft - The kraft process has many advantages which account for its universal usage. It will pulp almost every available wood species. It produces a strong white pulp needed for operating today's high-speed paper machines and for performance on high-speed presses and converting equipment. The paper is used primarily for wrapping. Bleached kraft is used for printing papers. Laid - Term describes the finish imparted by a dandy roll which features wires parallel to its axis that impress the paper during manufacture to produce a permanent watermark. The wires which produce the laid effect are situated parallel on the dandy roll and are not interwoven with the traverse chain wires which encircle the dandy roll's circumference, meaning in the cross grain direction. The paper is generally used for writing and correspondence purposes. Ledger Paper - A strong paper, usually made for accounting and records. It is similar to bond paper and its erasure and pen writing characteristics. Linen Finish - Embossed paper or boards that have a surface resembling linen cloth. Manifold Paper - Lightweight, dense paper used in the manufacture of manifold forms. It is used for copying by interleaving with carbon paper before typing. Normal finish is unglazed, but is available in glazed and, in better grades, cockle finish. Manila - Paper or board manufactured from manila hemp. Marble Paper - Paper with a surface pattern resembling marble. It is used as end leaves in books. Marble paper can be decorated by hand or by an intaglio process which employs a copper roll. Matte Finish - Matte coated papers have little or no gloss. They have been prime coated at the size-press of a papermaking machine with a thicker weight than applied to regular dull coated papers, but the coat weight per basis weight is less. Matte coated papers are suitable for all types of lighographic reproduction. Metallic Papers - (1) Paper having a special coating which allows indelible marks to be written on its surface with a metal point or stylus. (2) Paper made to resemble metallic surfaced paper or paper combined with metallic foils by coating the paper with metallic substances. (3) Paper coated, while in a high vacuum, with the condensation of vaporized metal. Mimeo Bond - Writing grade suitable for use on stencil duplicating machines. Principal qualities are absorbency, lack of fuzz on surface, good opacity, suitable for pen-and-ink signature. Mother-Of-Pearl - Irridescent glazed paper to resemble mother-of-pearl. Newsprint - Paper on which newspapers are printed. Newsprint is the most inexpensive paper available that will withstand printing and contains mostly mechanically ground wood pulp. Offset Paper - Generally refers to paper that is manufactured specifically for use on offset presses. It is characterized by strength, cleanliness, pick-resistance and relative freedom from curl. This paper must be relatively impervious to water. Onionskin - Lightweight rag paper used for making duplicate copies between leaves of carbon. Excellent quality, durability and good appearance. Cockle finish is most associated with onionskin though unglazed and glazed finishes are available. Opacity - Sometimes referred to as show-through this term refers to the property of a sheet which prevents dark print areas from showing through the paper to the other side. Opaque Ink - An ink that conceals all color beneath it. Padded Forms - Sets of forms or sheets joined together by a flexible glue or padding compound. Padding Compound - Liquid adhesive which adheres sheets of paper to form a pad. For edge padding carbonless papers, a special adhesive called Fanapart glue is available. Paper - Generally, paper is a medium formed primarily from cellulose fibers in a water suspension bound together with additives and formed on a machine wire. Papeterie - A paper used for greeting cards, stationery, etc., which is distinctive from regular stock in that special watermarks and embossing may be used. Parchment - Parchment papers were once made from animal skins. Today it is commercially manufactured from cellulose fibers and made to look like earlier parchment by bathing unsized stock in sulphuric acid. The resulting sheet has an extremely hard surface, high wet-strength and is resistant to grease and dirt. Lesser grades of imitation parchment have the parchment mottled effect printed on the sheet. Picking - Fibers in the paper which tend to pull away from the surface during the printing process. This occurs when the tack or pull of the ink is greater than the surface strength of the paper. Plain Paper - Bond quality uncoated paper used in plain paper copiers. Plate Finish - A hard finished paper. Pressboard - Manufactured on a wet machine from sulphate pulp and cotton fiber or a combination of both and finished with a high polish. Thickness ranges from .031 to .250 of an inch. Principal qualities: uniform thickness and density, excellent ply adhesion and good forming and molding properties. Available in a variety of colors. Primary Colors - Yellow, red and blue. Printability - How well a particular sheet appears after the printing process in regards to ink receptivity, uniformity, smoothness, compressibility and opacity. It involves a complex interrelationship of many paper properties. Best methods of predicting printability are those which simulate actual printing conditions and which are reproducible from test to test. Quaker Colors - Drab or grey colors. Quire - In printing paper, a quire is 25 sheets or 1/20th of a ream. Rag Newsprint - Paper composed entirely of cotton fibers for use in library editions of some newspapers. Rag Paper - Today it is usually referred to as cotton fiber paper. It is made from cotton cuttings and linters. Railroad Board - A heavy board made in colors. Two thicknesses, 4 and 6 ply. Coated and uncoated. Ream - Five hundred sheets of printing paper. Recycled Paper - Paper that is made from a combination of virgin fibers, post consumer waste (such as old newspapers, magazines, etc.) and scrap paper that never reached the consumer (such as bindery trimming, butt rolls, etc.). Register Bond - A lightweight bond, usually in rolls used for business forms. Release Paper - Smooth, glazed paper, usually treated with silicones, to allow sticky or tacky materials to be easily removed from the paper's surface. Rice Paper - A term mistakenly applied to a number of different Japanese fine papers by early English explorers. The explorers could not understand the Japanese explanation of the paper, so for lack of a better word they called the delicate translucent papers rice paper. In somewhat common use today by individuals who are not familiar with papers. Right Side of Paper - The felt side of a sheet. Also the side on which the watermark, if any, may be read. Roll Label - Pressure sensitive paper printed and perforated for easy removal. Generally furnished on rolls to 6" wide in multiples of 1,000 individual labels. Safety Paper - Paper that has been specially treated either with beater additives or surface treatment, and used primarily as negotiable bonds and documents. Treatment prevents erasures or alteration of any writing or printing on the surface. Sales Book - Set of forms bound into a book, usually with a stiff backing for ease of manual writing. Satin Finish - A smooth finish applied to paper. Self Cover - Booklet cover that matches the inside pages. Set-Off - Transferring or smearing of ink from freshly-printed sheets of paper to another surface (also called off-set). Show-Through - Term refers to amount that can be seen by looking through a sheet of paper that is not adequately opacified. Signature - Section of book obtained by folding a single sheet of printed paper in 8, 12, 16 or 32 pages. Snap-Out Form - This form is collated similarly to the strip form. Completed forms are fed individually into typewriter for use. Specialty Papers or Boards - Paper or board that is manufactured, or subsequently converted, for a specific use. These grades usually cannot be used for anything other than their intended special purpose. Stock Sizes - Standard sizes of paper or board. Examples are are 8((h))x11, 8((h))x14, 11x17 in cut sizes and 17((h))x22((h)) and 23x35 etc. for parent sizes. Super-Fine Writing - Writing paper with smooth finish and close formation, made of suplhite and cotton fiber pulps. Supercalender - Off machine calendar rolls that heat and iron paper to provide a high gloss finish. Tablet Papers - A grade of paper used for the manufacture of tablets designed primarily for writing. Tack - The pulling power of separation force of ink causing picking or splitting of weak papers. Tag - Strong stocks - jute, rope and sulphate tags - are used when extra service is expected from the paper selected. Text Papers - A general term applied to various grades of printing papers which are made for the specific use of bookwork. Often the papers are watermarked with the word text. Thickness - Measurement of paper in thousandths of an inch. Tissue Paper - Category of papers characterized by extreme lightness and transparency. These papers suitable for napkins and bathroom tissues, can be made on any type of paper machine. A ream of tissue contains 480 sheets. Basic size is 24x36. Basic weights are less than 18 lbs. Tooth - Characteristic of paper. A slightly rough paper which permits acceptance of ink readily. Translucency - Ability to transmit light without being transparent. Trim - Excess paper allowed a printed sheet for gripper and bleed. Varnish - Thin, protective coating applied to a printed sheet of paper for protection or to improve appearance. Vellum - Very strong, good quality cream colored or natural paper made to impersonate calfskin parchment. Also, the term is often applied to the finish of paper rather than a grade. Stationery is often referred to as vellum. Also tracing paper used by architects and artists. Velox - Black and white paper print for proofing or display. Halftone posseses full contrast and shows what the copy will look like when reproduced. Also called stat. This is a name registered by Kodak, but much to Kodak's chagrin, is commonly used to describe any such material. Virgin Stock - New, unused wood pulp (as opposed to recycled stock). Water-Color Paper - General term for handmade papers suitable for watercolor painting. The surface is usually rough grained or textured. Water Resistant - Quality of a sheet of paper to resist penetration by water from one surface to the other. Watermark - A term referring to the impression of a design, pattern or symbol in a sheet while it is being formed on the paper machine wire. It appears in the finished sheet as either a lighter or darker area than the rest of the paper. Wove - Finish characterized by the impressions of a felt dandy roll covered in woven wire and without laid lines. Writing Papers - A general term applied to papers used for writing purposes. Wrong Side - The wire side of a sheet. The side from which the watermark is wrong reading. Xerography - Copying process that uses a selenium surface and electrostatic forces to form an image. Xerographic Paper - A utility grade of paper stock used in xerography and some quick printing. Yellowing - Describes a transformation inherent to all vegetable fibers which is caused by aging. Paper made of vegetable fibers will turn various degrees of yellow as its environment couples with ageing to produce this phenomenon. Yellowing is very evident in groundwood papers and only a few hours in direct sunlight is enough to yellow a newspaper. Copyright 1981 Cy Stapleton, Lufkin, Texas