RIPEM User's Guide for RIPEM version 1.1 Mark Riordan mrr@scss3.cl.msu.edu June 1993 Introduction What is RIPEM? RIPEM (Riordan's Internet Privacy-Enhanced Mail, pronounced RYE- pehm) is a public key encryption program oriented toward use with electronic mail. It allows you to generate your own public keypairs, and to encrypt and decrypt messages based on your key and the keys of your correspondents. RIPEM is free, but each user is required to agree to a license agreement which places some limitations on its use. This document is meant to instruct new users on the basic use of RIPEM. It does not replace the Unix man page ripem.man, also distributed with RIPEM. The man page describes all RIPEM options in reference format; some obscure options are discussed only in the man page. See also the Usenet newsgroup alt.security.ripem. Public Key Encryption Public key encryption, a fairly recent concept, is an encryption scheme in which messages are encrypted and decrypted with pairs of keys. One component of a user's keypair is used for encryption; the other is used for decryption. Thus, public key cryptography is sometimes referred to as asymmetric cryptography. Though both halves of the keypair are computed at the same time, neither can be derived from the other. This arrangement allows each correspondent to publish one half of his keypair (the encryption key, public key, or public component), keeping secret only the decryption half, or private component. Users wishing to send a message to, say, Alice, simply consult a non-secret directory of public components to find Alice's public key component. They encrypt their messages to Alice using her public key. Because only Alice knows her private component, only she can decrypt any of these messages to her. And none of the users corresponding with Alice need ever have first exchanged any secret information with her. Each user needs keep secret only his/her own private component. Contrast this with traditional secret-key, or symmetric, cryptography. In a group of N correspondents, each user must keep track of N-1 secret keys. Furthermore, the total number of secret keys required for traditional cryptography is (N)*(N- 1)/2, much larger than the N keys required by public key cryptography. Thus, public key cryptography's value lies in improved key management, especially for large numbers of correspondents. However, for the value of public key cryptography to be realized, there must be an effective way for individual users to widely advertise their public key components. Privacy-Enhanced Mail RIPEM provides capabilities very similar to Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM), as described by Internet RFC's 1113-1115. However, RIPEM lacks the concept of a certificate, a document which guarantees that you have the correct public key of a correspondent. RIPEM does implement a simple public key server, but this is much less secure than the certificate-based key management described in those RFC's. Because RIPEM does not implement certificates, it is not compliant with these Internet PEM RFC's. However, RIPEM is as compliant as is possible without implementing certificates. As specified in the PEM RFC's, RIPEM generates a pseudo-random message key, and uses this key to encipher the message using a traditional symmetric-key encryption algorithm. In the current implementation of RIPEM, the DES (Data Encryption Standard) algorithm in one of two different modes. RIPEM then enciphers the message key using the RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) public key algorithm, and includes the enciphered message key with the message. Although the actual message text is never enciphered with a public key algorithm, the effect is the same. The advantage of this hybrid approach is performance-related: DES and other typical symmetric cryptosystems are typically thousands of times faster than public key systems. RIPEM also "signs" the message by computing a checksum or hash function of the message plaintext, and encrypting this hash value with the sender's private key component. (Private RSA key components are usually used for decryption of messages encrypted with the public component, but in fact the reverse process also works.) Rivest's MD5 message digest algorithm is used for the hash function. This signature is verified by the recipient, to ensure that the message really was from the purported sender. The recipient computes her own message digest of the message after decrypting the message. The recipient then decrypts the encrypted message digest using the sender's public key and checks it against the recomputed digest. If the two match, the message must have been encrypted by the sender, since only the sender knows his private component. The results of these computations--the encrypted message key, the encrypted message, the signature (encrypted hash value), and various pieces of control information--are formatted into lines of ASCII text suitable for inclusion into an electronic mail message. About RIPEM Platforms Supported RIPEM runs on MS-DOS, Macintosh, OS/2, Windows NT, and a variety of Unix systems, including NeXTStep, SunOS, Sun Solaris 2.1, DEC ULTRIX, IBM AIX, HP/UX, SGI Irix, MIPS RISC/os, Motorola System V/88, Apollo, SCO Unix, Jolitz's 386BSD, Linux, ESIX, and others. Ports to other platforms are anticipated. Some ports of RIPEM do not have all the functionality of the Unix version; in particular, some versions do not implement direct network access to the RIPEM key server. Licensing The source code to RIPEM itself is in the public domain. However, because RIPEM was developed using RSA Data Security's RSAREF toolkit, use of RIPEM requires an RSAREF license. A copy of this license is included in RIPEM distributions, and users of RIPEM should read this license before running the program. The author of RIPEM believes that the current RSAREF license allows free personal use of RIPEM by citizens of the United States and Canada. Commercial use is forbidden. However, this personal interpretation has no legal standing, and RIPEM users are urged to read the RSAREF license agreement themselves. Note: persons wishing to redistribute RIPEM should consider relevent US government export restrictions. How to Obtain RIPEM RIPEM is distributed via anonymous FTP from rsa.com. RIPEM's home base, on which the most recent version can always be found, is the site ripem.msu.edu. RIPEM is distributed via non- anonymous FTP from this site. To comply with export restrictions, cryptology-related files on this server cannot be obtained via anonymous FTP. To apply for FTP access to ripem.msu.edu, send an email message to ripem@ripem.msu.edu. State your citizenship (must be USA or Canadian) and your willingness to comply with relevant export laws and software licenses. Also state the "canonical" Internet domain name of your host, and the country in which your host resides. If you are not absolutely certain of the primary name of your host, FTP to ripem.msu.edu under user anonymous. The FTP server will inform you of your hostname. This is extremely important-- experience distributing RIPEM to date has shown that many users do not know the canonical Internet hostname of their computer. Here's a sample email message you might send: To: ripem@ripem.msu.edu Subject: FTP Access to ripem.msu.edu Please give me access to ripem.msu.edu. I am an American citizen, and I agree to comply with crypto export laws and RSAREF license terms. My hostname is hobbit.egr.bigu.edu. This host is located in the United States. After you have sent your request, you'll receive a special FTP username and password by return email. (There may be some delay, because I need to actually read your message before creating a username and password.) This username will work only from the hostname you specified in your message. Once you have retrieved RIPEM, you are free to redistribute it, subject to export restrictions and RSAREF license terms. The complex distribution mechanism described above applies only to the site ripem.msu.edu, due to local site restrictions. Caveats Text files only. RIPEM encrypts only text-based messages; "binary" messages must be printably encoded (for instance, with uuencode) before being encrypted. 1023-character lines. The lines of text in plaintext messages processed by RIPEM must be less than 1024 characters long. (This restriction is borrowed from Internet RFC's on electronic mail and privacy-enhanced mail.) Message size limits. Due to the nature of the RSAREF toolkit, RIPEM can encipher only messages which can fit entirely into the central memory of your computer. This is unlikely to be a problem on most workstations and larger computers, but may be a problem for some PC users. The vanilla MS-DOS version of RIPEM restricts messages to less than 48,000 characters. Simple "filter" only. RIPEM acts only as a "filter": it simply reads an input source and produces output. RIPEM is not capable of formatting or delivering electronic mail messages. In fact, although RIPEM has some features to facilitate its use with electronic mail, it need not be used in conjunction with electronic mail at all. For use with electronic mail, RIPEM requires an external mail program; for instance, the Unix mail program. No guarantees. As RIPEM is free software, it should not be surprising that it comes with no guarantees of any type. Credits RIPEM was written primarily by Mark Riordan, but nearly all of the cryptographic technology comes from the RSAREF toolkit by RSA Data Security, Inc. Much-appreciated contributions were made by Mark Henderson, Richard Outerbridge, Greg Onufer, Marc VanHeyningen, Mark Windsor, and others. The Macintosh version of RIPEM was written by Ray Lau. Using RIPEM Usage Overview Using RIPEM generally requires the following steps: generating a keypair, communicating the public component of your key to correspondents, encrypting messages, and decrypting messages. RIPEM has a bewildering array of command line options. However, most of them are not needed for ordinary use. Also, RIPEM looks at certain environment variables to determine what to do in the absence of certain command line options. Environment variables are named entities attached to your session which have values which you can set, either interactively or, more commonly, automatically at login time. For instance, a Unix user running the C Shell might include a line like setenv RIPEM_SERVER_NAME ripem.msu.edu in his/her .cshrc file, while an MS-DOS user would accomplish the same thing by including set RIPEM_SERVER_NAME=ripem.msu.edu in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file. For discussion of individual environment variables, see the sections below and the RIPEM man pages. However, there is one environment variable of general interest: the variable RIPEM_ARGS can be given the value of options using exactly the same syntax as used in command line parameters. Conflicts between parameters specified both in RIPEM_ARGS and on the command line are resolved in favor of the command line. Here is a quick, simplified run-through of sample RIPEM usage: To generate a keypair, placing the public component in mypublic and the private component in mysecret: ripem -g -P mypublic -S mysecret -R eks Assume at this point that you have collected a number of correspondents' public components in the file bigpubkeyfile by concatenating a number of individual -P files. To encrypt a message to recipient@bighost.edu, whose public key can be found in bigpubkeyfile, assuming my private component is in mysecret, the input message is in mymessage, and the encrypted output is to be placed in cipher.out: ripem -e -r recipient@bighost.edu -p bigpubkeyfile -s mysecret -i mymessage -o cipher.out To decrypt a message to you, reading from the file cipher.out and placing the decrypted message in the file plain.out, given my private component is in the file mysecret: ripem -d -s mysecret -i cipher.out -o plain.out Generating a Keypair Before you can use RIPEM, you must generate your own keypair. To do this, you must run RIPEM with the -g (for generate) option, and specify sources of pseudo-random information that RIPEM can use to create a unique keypair for you. RIPEM can obtain pseudo-random information from the running system, from characters you type at the keyboard, from a file, and from the command line. The first two options are generally the most useful. You must also specify two special output files: one for the public component of the keypair and one for the private component. Because keypairs are typically left unchanged for long periods of time--a year or more--it is very important that the private component of your keypair be kept secret. For this reason, RIPEM stores private key components only in encrypted form. (The key is encrypted using DES in CBC mode, with a pseudo- random "salt" added to the key.) When generating a keypair, RIPEM asks you for a key to be used to encrypt the private key component. This secondary key will be needed whenever you use RIPEM subsequently. It is critical that this key-to-a-key be chosen carefully, and that you remember it. If you forget the key to your private key component, your public key is worthless and unusable. The key to your private key can be up to 255 characters long. (This length limitation is an arbitrary implementation detail; RIPEM takes a hash function of the password you type before actually using it to encrypt the private component.) A typical invocation of RIPEM to generate a keypair is: ripem -g -u fred@snark.edu -P mypublickey -S mysecretkey -R eks This call requests RIPEM to generate a keypair (-g). It identifies you (-u) as fred@snark.edu; this information is placed in the output files. The public component (-P) is placed in the file mypublickey. The private (or secret) component (-S) is placed in the file mysecretkey. RIPEM will prompt you (twice) for an encryption password before writing to this file. The -R eks option means that to obtain a pseudo-random data for key generation, RIPEM will use the entire command line, will prompt you at the keyboard for a pseudo-random string, and will also query the system for pseudo-random information before generating the keypair. RIPEM identifies your key by your electronic mail address, which is specified by the -u option. If you omit the -u option, RIPEM will attempt to determine your email address by taking the value of the environment variable RIPEM_USER_NAME or, if that is not present, by querying the running system. It is best to identify your key in a form that others will be able to use as an email address. For instance, in the above example, fred@snark.edu is a better key identifier than just fred, because it is more readily used by correspondents on other hosts. If your host is known on the network by several different names, or if you ordinarily use several different computers interchangeably, it may be safer to explicitly specify your email address to RIPEM, rather than have it to figure out the address from the running system. By default, RIPEM generates keypairs roughly 516 bits in size. The author of RIPEM believes that this size is more than adequate for most purposes. However, the -b parameter is available for users who wish to generate larger keys. Specify - b bitsize to generate a key of size bitsize bits; bitsize must be between 512 and 1024, inclusive. Large keys are slower to generate as well as to subsequently use for encryption. Generating a keypair is much slower than encryption or decryption. On a 386 PC-class computer, be prepared to wait several minutes for the key generation to complete. Note that the first several bytes of all RIPEM keys are the same. This is due to RIPEM's use of OSI Distinguished Encoding Rules and associated key identifying strings to encode keys. It does not mean that the public keys generated are numerically similar. Managing Keys Once you have generated a keypair, you must publicize the public component so that others can use it to send messages to you. Also, you must obtain access to the keys of other users. Key distribution can be by: * Internet key server (requires Internet access for key lookup, but not for publication) * The finger protocol (requires Internet access for key lookup and publication) * Flat files (can be used with little or no network access) You can choose the techniques that RIPEM uses to find a key by setting the -Y command line option. The -Y option takes an argument which is a string of one or more of the characters s, g, and f, which stand for Server, finGer, and File. For each correspondent, when necessary RIPEM will attempt to learn the correspondent's public key by consulting these sources in the order specified until the key is obtained. The default value of the -Y option is "sf", which means that RIPEM first attempts to look up a public key via an Internet key server. If it is unsuccessful, it attempts to look up the key in a flat file. Read the discussion below for details on other related command line options. Key Distribution via the RIPEM Internet Key Server Key Server Description and Limitations If you have Internet access, you can communicate your key to others by registering the key on an Internet RIPEM key server. Currently, there is an "experimental" RIPEM key server running on the host ripem.msu.edu. This host is experimental in that it is an unofficial service which may have to be terminated with little or no advance notice. This RIPEM key server acts as a central repository for public keys, saving users the effort of distributing their keys individually to all potential correspondents. This key server is not an especially secure mechanism. The level of security present in the key protocols is much less than that provided, for instance, by the Privacy Enhanced Mail certificate mechanism specified in the Internet PEM RFC's. The authenticity of keys maintained on the server is not guaranteed. The RIPEM key server is simply a means for RIPEM users to conveniently exchange keys. Registering a Key via the Key Server To allow the maximum number of users to publicize their keys via this mechanism, the RIPEM key server accepts key registration requests by electronic mail. Although the RIPEM key server itself is connected only to the Internet, users of non-Internet networks such as CompuServe, BITNET, and so on can register their keys by sending their key registration requests via an appropriate network gateway. To register your key, send the public component (the output file from the -P option) to the email address ripem-register-keys@ripem.msu.edu On a Unix system, for instance, you can register your key by a command like: mail ripem-register-keys@ripem.msu.edu outfile on most systems. Alternatively, an input file can be specified via the -i option, and an output file via the -o option: -i infile -o outfile. Specifying Recipients and Processing Mail Headers (-r and -h) The recipient(s) of a message can be specified in two ways: on the command line, or via message headers in the input plaintext. To specify recipients explicitly on the command line, use the -r option: -r recipient_addr. Recipient_addr must be the recipient's email address, in a form which RIPEM can use to look up the recipient's public key. For instance, suppose your recipient has valid email addresses bob@egr.biguniv.edu and bob@biguniv.BITNET. If Bob has registered his RIPEM public key only as bob@egr.biguniv.edu, then the address bob@biguniv.BITNET will not be adequate for RIPEM's purposes, even if it is a valid email address. The -r option can be used multiple times for multiple recipients. If the message plaintext has been prepared by a mail program, it may already contain mail headers which state the recipients' email addresses in "To:" and "cc:" lines. To take advantage of this situation, you can use the -h option. The -h option tells RIPEM how to handle plaintext input that contains mail headers. "Mail headers" are defined to be all the lines at the beginning of a message, up to the first blank line. The syntax is: -h header_opts, where header_opts is one or more of the letters i, p, and r. i tells RIPEM to include the headers as part of the message to be encrypted. p tells RIPEM to prepend the headers to the encrypted output. r tells RIPEM to examine the message headers, looking for "To:" and "cc:" lines. Any recipients named on those lines are included as recipients to RIPEM's encryption. The default is "-h i", which causes message headers to be included in the plaintext being encrypted, but no other header processing is done. This is equivalent to treating the message as if it does not contain mail headers at all. A useful combination is "-h pr", which extracts recipients' names from the mail headers at the beginning of the input, copies the mail headers unmodified and unencrypted to the beginning of the output, and then discards the headers before encrypting the rest of the message. This combination is suitable for instances in RIPEM is being used to encrypt a message after it has been prepared by a mail program but before it has been sent. Decrypting a Message The -d option specifies that RIPEM is decrypting a message. During decryption, RIPEM looks at the values of the -i, -o, -u, -p, -s, -P, -y, and -Y options discussed above. If RIPEM cannot decrypt the input message, or if the input message fails the signature check, RIPEM will generate no output in the -o file or on standard output. Instead, it will issue an error message on the standard error device, which is usually your terminal. In addition, RIPEM returns a value of zero to the operating system if the message decrypts properly, and it returns a non-zero value if there are problems. This is typical behavior for programs under Unix and MS-DOS and allows you to write command scripts which check to see whether decryption proceeded properly. If RIPEM does decrypt the message properly, it will write the decrypted plaintext to the -o file or to standard output. The output contains only the original plaintext (subject to any modifications performed by the -h option used by the sender of the message). It does not include any mail headers or other superfluous text added to the encrypted message--for instance, by a mail system--after the encryption. Advanced Usage Specifying Encryption Algorithm (-A) By default, RIPEM encrypts messages using DES in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode. This is the data encryption algorithm and mode used by Internet PEM-conformant software. Although DES has proven quite resistant to theoretical attacks of cryptanalysts for 16 years, many cryptologists have expressed concern over DES's relatively small keyspace, which leaves it potentially vulnerable to brute-force attack by a well-funded opponent. (DES keys are 56 bits long.) One obvious solution to the keyspace problem is to use multiple passes of DES. A few years ago, IBM suggested a particular multi-pass usage of DES called Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE). In EDE usage (sometimes called Triple-DES), each 64-bit block is encrypted with a 56-bit key we'll call key1. The result of that encryption is decrypted with a second 56-bit key called key2. Finally, the 64-bit result of that decryption is encrypted with key1. This use of DES results in a dramatic increase of keyspace from 2^56 keys to 2^112 keys. RIPEM implements this use of DES, with Cipher Block Chaining applied after each triple encryption, and refers to it as DES- EDE-CBC. When encrypting, specify -A des-ede-cbc to select this mode. When decrypting, RIPEM automatically detects the encryption algorithm used and decrypts appropriately. DES-EDE has not been widely adopted by the cryptographic community. In particular, DES-EDE encryption is not conformant with Internet PEM as of this writing. Therefore, use the default mode (which can also be explicitly requested via -A des- cbc) for all but your most critical messages. In addition, consider that there is some performance degradation associated with Triple-DES. Specifying Debug Mode (-D and -Z) Users experiencing problems with RIPEM, or simply wishing to examine the inner workings of the program, can use the -D option to cause RIPEM to print informative messages while it executes. Debugging options were originally implemented in RIPEM for development purposes, but have been left in place for the benefit of curious users. Specify -D debuglevel to turn on debug messages. Debuglevel is an integer specifying the amount of debug output desired. 0 specifies no debug output, while 4 is the maximum value currently implemented. Debug messages are normally written to the standard error output, which is usually your terminal screen. To write debug messages to a file, use the -Z debugfile option. Specifying Encryption Mode (-m) By default, in encryption (-e) mode RIPEM encrypts a message, encodes it to printable ASCII characters, and signs the message. This processing corresponds to the -m encrypted command line option. With non-default values for the -m option, RIPEM can perform other types of processing in -e mode. -m mic-clear specifies that the message is signed, but not encrypted. The body of the message is left in plaintext, so that the recipient can read it without decryption software of any sort. If the recipient wishes to verify the signature, however, he/she will have to use RIPEM in -d mode as usual. -m mic-only also specifies that the message is signed, but not encrypted. However, the body of the message is printably encoded into ASCII characters as per RFC 1113. This encoding expands the size of the message by about 33% and adds no security; it simply helps guarantee that the message will survive hostile mail software verbatim. In practice, mic-only mode is infrequently used. Specifying Your Username (Email Address) (-u) As described above, you can specify your username (or more correctly, your email address) via the -u option or via the environment variable RIPEM_USER_NAME. The default is for RIPEM to attempt to determine your email address from the running system. RIPEM makes use of this information in all three modes: key generation, encryption, and decryption. If you have a number of email addresses that you wish to be regarded as equivalent, you can specify your username as a list of comma-separated email addresses. During key generation and encryption, RIPEM will use the first name in the list as your username. During decryption, RIPEM will search your private key file for your private component under each one of the comma-separated names until it succeeds in finding a matching key in the file. These features make it easier to use RIPEM if you have mail forwarded to a primary mail account from a number of other email addresses. To make use of the multiple username capability, you must edit your private key file to include multiple User: lines. Specifying the Key to Your Private Component (-k) By default, RIPEM prompts you interactively when it needs to know the key to the private component of your public key. However, with some loss in security, it is possible to inform RIPEM of this key by other means. This capability may be useful for instances when RIPEM is invoked by another program, or for when you are testing or benchmarking. You can specify the key to your private key via the -k option; specify -k keytokey on the command line. As a special case, you can specify -k -. Specifying - as your password on the command line causes RIPEM to read the password as the first line from standard input. If -k is not specified, RIPEM will check the value of the environment variable RIPEM_KEY_TO_PRIVATE_KEY. If this variable exists and has a non-null value, its value will be used as the key to the private key; otherwise, RIPEM will prompt you on your terminal for this key. Specifying the key to your private key via -k or via the environment variable is generally less secure than typing it interactively. Although RIPEM erases its command line arguments shortly after startup, there is a brief window of time during which other users on a Unix system could view your command line arguments by using the ps command. Likewise, other users could determine the value of your RIPEM_KEY_TO_PRIVATE_KEY variable by various means, especially if they had physical access to your terminal. Therefore, these options should be used with caution, if at all. Using UNIX Mail Programs and Utilities This section suggests techniques for using RIPEM in conjunction with popular Unix mail programs. Use of the C-Shell is assumed. It is possible, of course, to compose a message in a text editor, save the message to a file, run RIPEM to encrypt the message, start your mailer, insert the encrypted file into a message, and then send the message. In fact, the encryption and mailing can be done on separate systems, with appropriate file transfers. However, on most Unix systems it is possible to eliminate several of these tedious steps. Setting Up Your Environment It is recommended that Internet-connected Unix users include the following in their .cshrc file: setenv RIPEM_SERVER_NAME ripem.msu.edu setenv RIPEM_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE ~/.ripemprv setenv RIPEM_PUBLIC_KEY_FILE ~/ripempub setenv RIPEM_USER_NAME (Your email address; e.g., smith@bigu.edu) Create a shell script to encrypt RIPEM messages. Place the following lines in a file named ripem-encrypt, put this file in a directory mentioned in your path, and give it execute permission. (This file is available in the RIPEM distribution, in the util directory.) #!/bin/sh tempfile=/tmp/msg-`whoami` ripem -e -h pr -i $1 -o $tempfile cp $tempfile $1 rm $tempfile Create a shell script to decrypt RIPEM messages. As above, place these lines in the file ripemd: ripem -d | more Create a shell script to help reply to encrypted RIPEM messages. Place this in ripemr: ripem -d -h pr | quote -h Include the following lines in the file .mailrc in your home directory. (A sample .mailrc can be found in the RIPEM distribution, in the util directory.) set editheaders set EDITOR=ripem-encrypt Creating a RIPEM Public Key The initial generation of keys can procede something like this: cd ~ ripem -g -S .ripemprv -P ripempub -R eks Type random garbage at the keyboard when prompted. Type in a secret password when prompted for the password to your private key. Type it again when prompted for verification. Now register the key: mail ripem-register-keys@ripem.msu.edu N 1 smith@bigu.edu Wed Sep 30 22:38 29/1119 Greetings & pipe ripemd Pipe to: "ripemd" Enter password to private key: (Type your password here.) (The plaintext message is displayed.) "ripemd" 29/1119 & q $ Encrypting an Email Message Using "Mush" Mush is a mail package that is compatible with mail, but provides additional capabilities. The procedure described above for encrypting messages with mail also works with mush. Decrypting an Email Message Using "Mush" The procedures described for mail also work with mush. However, mush's greater power allows you to configure it to be easier to use than mail, especialy in curses mode. Configure mush by creating a file named .mushrc in your home directory and placing the following lines in it: set edit_hdrs set editor=/home/scss3/mrr/bin/ripem-encrypt set visual=/usr/ucb/vi bind-macro D :pipe ripemd\n bind-macro R r~f\n~\|ripemr\n~v\n To decrypt and display a message in curses mode, simply type the letter D while the cursor is positioned on the corresponding message index line: 56 U Mark Riordan " line prefix, and enters a visual editor. For this procedure to work, you must have compiled the quote program--located in the ripem/util directory--and installed it in a directory on your path. 56 U Mark Riordan