%APPEND%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Specify a search path for data files and overlays.

  Format:

    APPEND [\H] d:path[;[d:]path ...] [/X:ON|OFF] [/E:ON|OFF]
                ... [/PATH:ON|OFF]
  
      /X tells APPEND to process  SEARCH FIRST and EXEC functions.  Com-
      mands like  COMP and DIR use  the SEARCH FIRST functions to search
      for their files.  DOS uses the EXEC function any time a command is
      input.  **Note:  Cancel APPEND before running BACKUP.**

      /E tells APPEND to keep its paths in the DOS environment, like the
       PATH command.

      /PATH makes APPEND apply to files having pathnames.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:

     APPEND enables programs to search  for needed files  in directories
     other  than the  current directory.   It functions similar to PATH.
     PATH is used only  to search for .BAT, .COM, and .EXE files whereas

     APPEND is used to  search for any other type of file, such as .DAT.
     
     The punctuation  character ";" is used to separate the APPEND paths
     or to request a list of the current APPEND paths.

  Examples:

     Search the  directory C:\DRDOS  for any needed data  files that are
     not found in the current directory.

       APPEND c:\drdos
*END*
%ASSIGN%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Instructs DOS  to route  disk I/O requests  for one drive to another
    disk drive.  Mainly used when you run a program  from one disk drive
    that has been hard-coded to access files from a specific disk drive.
    Rather than load the  program and files  on the specified drive, you
    temporarily assign the current drive to the other drive.

  Format:

    ASSIGN  x=y [/A]

      x   specifies the drive to which current disk I/O requests are sent.
      y   specifies the drive letter that you want disk I/O requests to be
          routed to.

      /A  displays the current status and assignments
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2
  Explanation:

    Some application  programs can only be run on,  or access their data
    from,  one disk drive.  The ASSIGN  command allows  you to  assign a
    drive letter  that is not on your  system to a drive letter which is
    available on  your system.   An example of this would be if you have
    only one drive  on your computer,  and the applications  program was
    programmed to use  drive C for  all of its  data storage.   With the
    ASSIGN command, you can assign all requests for drive C to drive A.

    If you  want to use  the ASSIGN command for more  than one drive, it
    must be done with one ASSIGN command.   This is  because each ASSIGN
    command statement cancels any previous ones.

  Example(s):

    Assign all requests for drives A and B to C.

      ASSIGN A=C B=C
*END*
%ATTRIB%
                                                             Page 1 of 3

  Purpose:

    Display and/or changes any of the four attributes of a disk file.
    ATTRIB R1.43    Change file attributes

  Format:

    ATTRIB [+|-A][+|-H][+|-R][+|-S] [@][d:][path]filename[.ext] [/P][/S]
      +A            turn on archive attribute (-A turn it off)
      +H            turn on hidden attribute (-H turn it off)
      +R            make file read-only (-R make it read-write)
      +S            turn on system attribute (-S turn it off)
      @             the filename that follows is the name of a file list
      d:            drive which attrib is to search
      path          directory where search is to begin
      filename.ext  file for which attributes are to be displayed or changed
      /P            pause after each page
      /S            search for files in subdirectories
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 3

  Explanation:

    Multiple files may  be specified on  the command line.   If no files
    are specifed attrib will assume *.*.

    Each disk  file  can be marked  as "read-only" so that  it cannot be
    accidentally deleted.   A file that is marked as "read-only" will be
    shown in the directory as normal with the DIR command.   However, if
    you try to delete the file with the DEL or ERASE commands,  DOS will
    not carry out the command. You get an "Access denied" error message.

    The "archive" file attribute shows whether  a file has  been changed
    since the last backup was made. This attribute is cleared by special
    backup programs when they  perform backup on a disk, such as the DOS
    BACKUP program.  When using backup programs, you can specify  backup
    of only those files that have changed since the last backup--instead
    of backing  up all files,  which can take  much longer.   The BACKUP
    program examines this archive attribute  to determine whether or not
    to backup a file.
.cp
                                                             Page 3 of 3

    The "system" attribute,  when switched ON,  prevents the DIR command
    from displaying the file and the COPY command  from copying the file
    unless a  "/S" switch is employed.

  Example(s):

    Set the read-only attribute for MYFILE.TXT.

      ATTRIB +R MYFILE.TXT

    Set the "archive" attribute on all file with a filename extension of
    .DAT, including those in subdirectories, pausing after each screen.

      ATTRIB +A *.DAT /S /P

    Display the attribute of all files.

      ATTRIB *.*
*END*
%BACKUP%
                                                               Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    BACKUP R1.05    Disk backup utility
    
    Backs up one or more files from one disk to another. This is usually
    used to back up files from a hard disk.

  Format:

    BACKUP [/H] d:[path[file.ext]] d: [/S][/M][/D:mm-dd-yy][/T:hh:mm:ss]
         ...[/F][/A][/L[:path[file.ext]]

     /H     Display this help text
     /A     Add new files to backup disk without erasing existing ones
     /S     Backup files in sub-directories also
     /M     Backup only files modified since last backup
     /D     Backup files modified since a given date
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Format:  (cont'd)

     /T     Backup files modified since a given time on a given date
     /F     Format destination disks
     /L     Record actions in a log file - default name \BACKUP.LOG


  Example(s):

    Backup all files on drive C to drive A.

      BACKUP C:\*.* A: /S
*END*
%CACHE%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    CACHE R0.06 Disk Cache

  Format:

    CACHE [/H] [/S=xxx] [/X] [/E]
      /S    Requested size of disk cache in Kbytes
      /X    Use eXpanded memory for buffers
      /E    Use Extended memory for buffers

    Use of no options merely displays current status of cache.

  Explanation:

    Used to speed up the process of accessing data on a hard disk.  Used
    to define and set up  an area of RAM memory  which acts as a buffer,
    storing a copy of data frequently read from the disk.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Examples(s):

    Install disk cache using 512 Kbytes of eXpanded memory.

      CACHE /X /S=512

    Display the current status of the disk cache.

      CACHE

      The display produced will look like this:

      ******************************************************
      *        1 drive cached in 123 track buffers         *
      *        2091 K Bytes of Etxended Memory used        *
      *        69% of CACHE in use with a 74% hit rate.    *
      ******************************************************
*END*
%CD/CHDIR%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Allows you to move between disk subdirectories.  Used to change cur-
    rent directory to that specified.

  Format:

    CD [d:][\]  or  CHDIR [d:][\]
    CD [d:]dirpath

  Explanation:

    Typing CHDIR or CD without  any parameters will  display the current
    directory.   Specifying a  directory path of  ".."  pops the current
    directory back one level up the directory tree.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Change the current directory to the root directory; i.e. \ (slash).

      CD \

    Change current directory to \LEVEL1\LEVEL2 from \LEVEL1\LEVEL2\LEVEL3.

      CD \LEVEL1\LEVEL2   or   CD ..

    Display the current directory.

      CD
*END*
%CHCP%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    Changes a specified code page.

  Format:

    CHCP [cp]

      cp - selected code page number

  Explanation:

    This command  changes (selects)  the specified code  page number for
    Dr DOS and for all devices which support code page switching.

    Typing CHCP without specifying a code page  number displays the cur-
    rent code page.
*END*
%CHKDSK%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    CHKDSK 6.16    Disk checker

    Analyzes the directories, files, and File Allocation Table on the
    specified drive, or default drive, and produces a disk and memory
    status report.

  Format:

    CHKDSK [/Help] [d:] [file] [options]
      file  Individual files can be checked. Wild cards are allowed.
      /A    Available memory display only.
      /B    Read all files to find bad clusters.
      /C    Display cluster numbers of cross linked files.
      /D    Find removed directories on the disk.
      /F    Write fixes back to disk. (Default = R/O)
      /L    Rebuild cluster links.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Format:  (cont'd)
      /M    Verify disk for bad clusters, map bad clusters.
      /P    Display Parent block for all directories.
      /R    Recover root directory.
      /S    Show actual file space.
      /V    Be verbose - displays extra information.
    
  Explanation:

    The check  disk command  scans a disk and checks  it for two things:
    space allocation and spacing errors.  It  then produces a memory and
    disk status report which shows how much total space is left on disk,
    the amount of space in use in bytes, and the number of files in use.

  Example(s):

    Check drive B and fix all file allocation errors.

      CHKDSK B: /F
*END*
%CLS%
                                                               Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    Clears the video screen.

  Format:

    CLS

  Explanation:

    Use this command when you want to clear the video screen.
*END*
%COMP%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    COMP R1.06    File comparison utility

  Format:

    COMP [/Help] [d:[path]]file.ext [d:[path]]file.ext [/A] [/M:n]

    /H        Display this help text
    /A        ASCII compare - print differences as ASCII characters.
    /M:n      Maximum number of comparison mismatches per file.
    d:path    Drive/Path of files to be compared.
    file.ext  Files to be compared - may contain wild card characters.

  Explanation:

    This command is useful when you want to see if two files contain the
    same data. COMP will display any differences on the screen.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Compare JUNK on drive A to JUNK on drive B.

      COMP A:JUNK B:

    Compare all files on drive A to all files on drive B.

      COMP A: B:

    Compare all files on  drive A  with the extension  .ASM to all files
    on drive C with the same name.

      COMP A:*.ASM C:
*END*
%COPY%
                                                             Page 1 of 3

  Purpose:

    Copies and/or combines files.

  Format:

    COPY[/A][/B][d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B]
              [d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B][/V]      or

    COPY[/A][/B][d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B]
              [+[d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B]...]
              [d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B][/V]
  
      /A Treat as ASCII file. When used with source file name, copies up
      to but not including the first Ctrl Z (EOF marker). When used with
      target file name, causes Ctrl Z  to be added as the last character
      of the file, as required by some word processors.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 3

  Format:  (cont'd)

      /B With source file name, the file is treated as BINARY file.  The
      entire file is  copied regardless of  Ctrl Z markers  encountered.
      With target file name, causes NO Ctrl Z to be added to the file.

      /V Verify that target sectors are  written correctly.  This is the
      same as setting the VERIFY command to ON.

      /S Includes system files and hidden files in the COPY operation.

      /C Asks for confirmation before copying a file or group of files.

      /Z Zeroes the top bit of every byte in the destination file.

  Explanation:

    COPY is used to copy files or groups of files  from one directory to
.cp
                                                             Page 3 of 3

  Explanation:  (cont'd)

    to another and/or from one disk to another.  Wildcard characters may
    be used in file specifications.

  Example(s):

    Copy HELP.DAT from drive A to drive B.

      COPY A:HELP.DAT B:
    
    Copy all files from drive B to drive C.

      COPY B:*.* C:

    Copy FILE1 and FILE2 from drive A into  one file named FILE3 on disk
    drive C.

      COPY A:FILE1 + A:FILE2 C:FILE3
*END*
%CTTY%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Changes the standard  input and output  console to an auxiliary con-
    sole, or restores the keyboard and  screen as the standard input and
    output devices.

  Format:

    CTTY device-name

  Explanation:

    This command is useful when you want  to use a terminal connected to
    your serial port.  The MODE command must be used before this is done
    to initialize the serial port to the desired settings.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Set the standard input and output device to the first serial port.

      CTTY COM1:
*END*
%CURSOR%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    CURSOR  R1.01   Laptop cursor utility.

  Format:

    CURSOR  [/H] [/Snn] [/C] [OFF]
      /Snn    Set flash interval.  nn is a 2 digit number from 1 to 20;
              it is the cursor flash interval in 1/20ths of a second.
      /C      Enables CGA compatibilty.   Specifying this option ensures
              display is  accessed only during  horizontal retrace, pre-
              venting the snow effect that occurs on some CGA displays.
      OFF     Restores the hardware cursor.

  Explanation:

    CURSOR generates a large cursor with variable flash  rate for use on
    laptops and portables with high persistance (e.g., LCD) displays.
*END*
%DATE%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Set or display the current system date.

  Format:

    DATE [mm-dd-yy]

  Explanation:

    Type DATE without a  parameter to display  and/or set current system
    date.  DOS will display the current  date and ask you to enter a new
    date.  You can enter a new date, or press  Enter to keep the current
    date.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Set the system date to December 25, 1987.

      DATE 12-25-87

    Display the current system date.

      DATE
*END*
%DEL/ERASE%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Deletes the specified disk file.

  Format:

    DEL (or ERASE) [d:][path]filename[.ext] [/C] [/S]

      /C  Prompts you to confirm deletion on a file by file basis
      /S  Includes deletion of system files

  Explanation:

    This command erases files that match the filename.   Write protected
    files cannot be erased.   If the global filename  characters *.* are
    given, DOS will request verification of this command, by displaying:
    " Are you sure  (Y/N)? "   The global filename  characters, ? and *,
    are allowed.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Delete all files with the extension .ASM.

      DEL *.ASM

    Delete all files. DOS will ask to verify this operation.

      DEL *.*

    Delete the file named FILE1.TXT.

      ERASE FILE1.TXT
*END*
%DELQ/ERAQ%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Deletes the specified disk file(s),  automatically querying for con-
    firmation before deleting.

  Format:

    DELQ (or ERAQ) [d:][path]filename[.ext] [/S]

      /S  Includes deletion of system files

  Explanation:

    This command erases files that match the filename.   Write protected
    files cannot be erased.   The global  filename  characters,  "?" and
    "*", are allowed.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Delete - after confirmation - all files with the extension .ASM.

      DELQ *.ASM

    Delete - after confirmation - the file named FILE1.TXT.

      ERAQ FILE1.TXT
*END*
%DIR%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Displays a list of file names in the specified directory, or current
    directory if none is specified.

  Format:

    DIR [d:][path][filename[.ext]] [/D][/S][/A][/L][/R][/C][/P][/W]

      /D   display files where the system attribute is reset
      /S   displays all files with the system attribute set
      /A   displays all files
      /L   includes file size and date/time stamp
      /R   tells Dr DOS to remember new switches as defaults for DIR
      /C   tells Dr DOS to remember thse switches for next DIR
      /P   pause after each full page screen display
      /W   list in wide format across the screen
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:

    DIR displays the file contents of a disk directory. Without switches
    DIR does not display hidden or system files.   The use of wildcards,
    such as "*" and "?", allow you  to specify multiple  files or groups
    of files.

  Example(s):

    Show all files in the current drive and directory with a file exten-
    sion of .WP

      DIR *.WP

    Show all files on drive A.

      DIR A:
*END*
%DISKCOMP%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    DISKCOMP R1.32    Floppy diskette image comparison

  Format:

    DISKCOMP [d:] [d:] [/1] [/8] [/V]

      d:    drive specification for removable drive
      /1    compare first side only of double sided diskette
      /8    compare only first eight sectors per track of diskette
      /V    verify that all tracks can be read (other switches ignored)

  Explanation:

    DISKCOMP compares two entire diskettes track by track.  This is use-
    ful to verify that a DISKCOPY operation was successful.
.cp
                                                               Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:  (cont'd)

    Older versions of DOS only used one side of the diskette, and 8 sec-
    per track. New versions use two sides of the disk, and 9 sectors per
    track; this allows for more data to be stored on each diskette.  The
    /1 and /8 parameters are not necessary with Dr. DOS or  new versions
    of DOS.

  Example(s):

    Compare the double sided 9 sector diskettes in drives A and B.

      DISKCOMP A: B:
*END*
%DISKCOPY%
                                                               Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    DISKCOPY R1.33    Floppy diskette duplication

  Format:

    DISKCOPY [s:] [d:] [/1]

      s:            drive containing source diskette
      d:            drive containing destination diskette
      /1            copy side 0 only

  Explanation:

    The DISKCOPY command copies an entire  diskette and format the dest-
    ination disk if necessary. If you have only one disk drive, DISKCOPY
    will tell you when to change the disks.
.cp
                                                               Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:  (cont'd)

    Older versions of DOS used only one side of the diskette,  where new
    versions use two sides of the diskette; this allows for more data to
    be stored on each diskette.  The /1 parameter is not  necessary with
    Dr DOS or newer versions of DOS.

    In general,  the DISKCOPY command is  not a good  method of  copying
    diskettes because it preserves the often found  inefficient ordering
    of data.  Use the FORMAT and COPY commands instead.

    Some commercial disks are copy protected.  If this is the case, then
    DISKCOPY cannot complete the copy,  or it will make a copy that does
    not work.

  Example(s):

    Copy the disk in drive A to drive B.

      DISKCOPY A: B:
*END*
%EDITOR%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    EDITOR R2.00    Full Screen Text Editor

  Format:

    EDITOR [/Help]  [d:][path][filename[.ext]]

  Explanation:

    EDITOR is a text editor.   It can be  used to create,  alter or just
    read through a file of ASCII text.

    The command line  file  specification is the drive,  path  and file-
    name  of the file  to be edited.   If you do not supply  this on the
    command line, EDITOR will  prompt you for it.  If the  file does not
    exist EDITOR will ask you if you wish to create it.   Online help is
    available when executing  EDITOR by pressing Cntrl-J.
*END*
%EXE2BIN%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    EXE2BIN  R1.00 Convert EXE files to BIN or COM files.
  
  Format:

    EXE2BIN [/H] [file1[.ex1]] [file2[.ex2]] [/Sxxxx]
    file1        This is the source EXE type file. The file must have a
                 valid EXE header.  If no  extension is specified a de-
                 fault of .exe is added. File1 can include a valid path.
    file2        This is  the destination  filename.   If file2 is given
                 with no extension, then .bin or .com is added depending
                 on the contents of  the source EXE header.  If file2 is
                 not specified then  file1 is  used with  a .bin or .com
                 extension. File2 can include a valid path.
    /Sxxxx       xxxx is a (maximum of)  4 digit hex value which will be
                 used as the base  for any segment  fixups which are re-
                 quired for a BIN type file.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:

    EXE2BIN converts EXE type executable files produced by a DOS  linker
    into binary image files (usually with a .bin extension) or .com exe-
    cutable files.   Whether the destination file is a BIN or a COM type
    depends on the initial IP field  in the EXE file's header.   A value
    of 0  will result in a BIN type file and a value of 100h will result
    in a COM  type file.   The  destination filename  extension does NOT
    effect this.

  Example(s):

    Convert the file data.exe to data.bin.

      EXE2BIN data
*END*
%FDISK%
                                                               Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    Prepares a hard disk for formatting.

  Format:

    FDISK

  Explanation:

    A new hard disk is not usable until the surface has been partitioned
    and then formatted.  FDISK does the partitioning.   Then utilize the
    use the FORMAT command to format the disk.  You only have to use the
    FDISK command once.  *** WARNING ***  The FDISK command destroys all
    files on the disk!

    See the Dr DOS User Guide for a detailed explanation of FDISK.
*END*
%FILELINK%
                                                             Page 1 of 3

  Purpose:

    FILELINK R1.03   File transfer utility.   Used to transfer files be-
    tween two computers connected via their serial communications ports.


  Format:

    FILELINK [/H] command [@][src_spec] [dest_spec] [COMn:b] [switches]

    FILELINK SETUP  [COMn:b]   configure FILELINK to use COM  port n for
                               baud rate b
    FILELINK DUPLICATE         transfer  FILELINK to other  computer via
                               COM port
    FILELINK SLAVE  [/X]       enter slave mode
    FILELINK DIRECTORY [filespec]  show directory of slave computer
    FILELINK QUIT              terminate  FILELINK running on slave com-
                               puter
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 3

  Format:  (cont'd)

    FILELINK TRANSMIT  [@]src_spec [dest_spec] [switches]
     Copy src_spec files from master to slave. (@ preceeds a file list.)
     Use dest_spec to specify the destination path on slave.

    FILELINK RECEIVE   [@]src_spec [dest_spec] [switches]
     Copy src_spec files from slave to master. (@ precedes a file list.)
     Use dest_spec to specify the destination path on master.

    All commands may include a COMn:b parameter to  override the default
    port configuration set with the FILELINK SETUP command.

    /A            only transfer files with archive attribute
    /D:mm-dd-yy   only transfer files modified since specified date
    /H            transfer files with hidden or system attributes
    /U            only transfer files that don't exist on destination,
                  or exist but with an earlier date stamp
.cp
                                                             Page 3 of 3

  Format:  (cont'd)

    /M            only transfer files with archive attribute
    /P            (TRANSMIT/RECEIVE) prompt before transfering each file
    /P            (DIRECTORY) page directory display
    /R            overwrite read-only files
    /S            copy files in sub-directories
    /X            do not allow any file on slave to be overwritten

  Explanation:

    Used to establish a master-slave communication  link between two PCs
    that have been  connected together via a cable  between their serial
    commumications ports.  The communications link provides a  mechanism
    for inter-PC file transfers.  See Dr DOS User Guide for more details.
*END*
%FIND%
                                                               Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    FIND R1.43    Searches for a pattern of letters in a text file.

  Format:

    FIND [options] "search string" [@][[d:][path]filename[.ext]...]
      /B            change display format
      /C            show only the number of lines containing "string"
      /F            show only the name of files that contain "string"
      /N            display line numbers
      /S            search files in sub-directories
      /U            case-sensitive search (eg 'A' doesn't match 'a')
      /V            display lines not containing "string"
      @             the filename that follows is the name of a file list
      d:            drive which find is to search
      path          directory where search is to begin
      filename.ext  file to be searched (wildcards allowed)
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:

    Use FIND to search text files for a specified string of characters.

  Example(s):

    Display lines from the file PROG that DO NOT contain the letter F.

      FIND/V "F" PROG

    Display how many lines in the file PROG that contain the name JOE.

      FIND/C "JOE" PROG
*END*
%FORMAT%
                                                             Page 1 of 3

  Purpose:

    FORMAT R1.50    Floppy diskette format

  Format:

    FORMAT [d:] [options]
      d:         drive containing diskette to be formatted
      /V         prompt for volume label
      /B         leave space for OS system files (5.25 inch drives only)
      /S         transfer DrDOS O/S system files, including COMMAND.COM,
                 to root (\) directory of disk after formatting
      /8         set sectors per track to 8 (5.25 inch drives only)
      /1         set to single sided (5.25 inch drives only)
      /4         reduce format to 8/9 sectors (hyperdrives only)
      /N:8       set sectors per track
      /T:40      set tracks to be formatted (40 or 80 only)
      /F:360     capacity of disk to be formatted (160, 180, 320, 360,
                 1200, 720 or 1440)


.cp
                                                               Page 2 of 3

  Explanation:

    A new disk,  including a hard disk,  must be  prepared before  it is
    used for the first time.  This step is called formatting. Be careful
    not to accidentally format a valuable disk.  ***** WARNING ***** The
    FORMAT command destroys all files on the disk!

    The following table of parameters is allowed for each type of disk:

             ┌────────────┬─────────────────────────┐
             │   DISK     │   PARAMETERS ALLOWED    │
             ├────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
             │ 160K/180K  │  /S, /V, /1, /8, /B, /4 │
             │ 320K/360K  │  /S, /V, /1, /8, /B, /4 │
             │ 720K/1.44M │  /S, /V, /N, /T         │
             │ 1.2M       │  /S, /V, /N, /T         │
             │ FIXED DISK │  /S, /V                 │
             └────────────┴─────────────────────────┘
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                                                             Page 3 of 3

  Example(s):

    Format the diskette in drive B.

      FORMAT B:

    Format the disk in drive A and make it a bootable system disk.

      FORMAT A: /S

    Format a 720K diskette in a 1.44M drive.

      FORMAT A: /N:9 /T:80
*END*
%GRAFTABL%
                                                               Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    GRAFTABL R1.01    Graphics character set support,

  Format:

    GRAFTABL [/Help] [code] [/STATUS]
      code      437    USA (Default if no code)
                865    Norway
                860    Portugal
                863    French Canadian
                850    Multilingual
      /STATUS   Display current status

  Explanation:

    Use GRAFTABL to display foreign language characters when in graphics
    mode on the color/graphics adapter (CGA).
*END*
%GRAPHICS%
                                                               Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    GRAPHICS R1.01    Graphics screen print utility

  Format:

    graphics [COLOR] [/R]

    /R      Reverse black and white dots.
    COLOR   Use color printer.

  Explanation:

    Allows the contents of a graphics screen  to be printed on a printer
    which can print graphics.
*END*
%JOIN%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    JOIN    R1.00   Join physical drives.

  Format:

    JOIN [/Help] [d: path | /D]

    d:            drive to JOIN
    path          root directory to JOIN to
    /D            undo JOIN on d:

  Explanation:

    Connects a drive to a directory on another drive to produce a single
    directory structure from two separate directories.
*END*
%KEYB%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    KEYB R2.03    National keyboard utility

  Format:

    KEYB code[+|-][,codepage]

    Country               Codepages      Country               Codepages
    BE - Belgium          437   850      PO - Portugal         860   850
    CF - Canada (French)  863   850      SF - Swiss (French)   437   850
    DK - Denmark          865   850      SG - Swiss (German)   437   850
    FR - France           437   850      SP - Spain            437   850
    GR - Germany          437   850      SV - Sweden           437   850
    IT - Italy            437   850      SU - Finland          437   850
    LA - Latin America    437   850      UK - United Kingdom   437   850
    NL - Netherlands      437   850      US - United States    437   850
    NO - Norway           865   850
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                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Format:  (cont'd)

    +     Force keyboard type to enhanced
    -     Force keyboard type to non-enhanced

    If codepage is omitted then the 1st, (local), codepage shown will be
    assumed.

  Explanation:

    Loads a keyboard program that replaces the keyboard program resident
    in the ROM BIOS. This will allow support of non-U.S. keyboards.
*END*
%LABEL%
                                                               Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Allows you to create, change or delete a volume label on a disk.

  Format:

    LABEL [d:][volume label]

  Explanation:

    It is suggested that you label each of your  disks with a volume la-
    bel.   This is an electronic  label to indicate  what information is
    contained on the disk.  A label can be put on the disk when you for-
    mat it by using the FORMAT command with the /V parameter.   However,
    you can also assign or change a disk label by using the LABEL command.
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                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    LABEL will show any label currently on the disk in drive A and query
    if you want to change or delete the current label.

      LABEL A:

    Make the volume label on the disk in drive A UTILS.

      LABEL A:UTILS
*END*
%MD/MKDIR%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Creates a  subdirectory on the  specified disk  within the specified
    directory.

  Format:

    MKDIR [d:]path  or  MD [d:]path

  Example(s):

    Create a subdirectory named LEVEL1 under the current directory.

      MD LEVEL1
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                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Create a subdirectory named ADP under the root directory of drive C.

      MD \ADP

    Create a subdirectory named ELEC under the directory named UTILS.

      MD \UTILS\ELEC
*END*
%MEM%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    MEM R1.01    Memory usage utility
    Show current memory utilization.

  Format:

    MEM [/Help] | [/B] [/D] [/S] [/M] [/A] [/P]
      /H       Display this help text
      /B       Show allocated memory blocks
      /D       Show device drivers
      /S       Show system structures
      /M       Show system memory map
      /A       Show all information
      /P       Pause listing at each page

    If no parameter is specified the total amount of memory available is
    shown.
*END*
%MEMMAX%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    MEMMAX R1.00   Memory extension control.
    Provide control of utilization of upper and lower memory.

  Format:

    MEMMAX [/Help] [+|-U] [+|-L] [/U] [/L]
     +U    opens upper memory for HILOAD (-U closes it)
     +L    opens lower memory for programs (-L closes it)
     /U    displays upper memory status
     /L    displays lower memory status

    Upper memory is  memory between  640 Kb and 1 Mb.   Lower memory  is
    memory in the first 64 Kb.
*END*
%MODE%
                                                             Page 1 of 5

  Purpose:

    MODE R1.22    Printer and screen mode utility.

    Set the way that a printer, a color/graphics monitor adapter, or
    asynchronous communications adapter operates.

  Format:

    MODE LPT#:[n][,[m][,[P][,s]]]
      or LPT#:=COMn
      or mode[,lines]
      or [mode],m[,T]
      or CON: [LINES=lines] [COLS=cols] [RATE=r DELAY=d]
      or COM#:b[,p][,d][,s][,P]
      or device CODEPAGE options

    Each format of MODE command is explained in detail as follows:
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                                                             Page 2 of 5

  Format:  (cont'd)

    LPT#:n,m,P   Set-up printer
      #=Printer port number,  n=characters per line (80, 132),
      m=lines per inch (6 or 8), and P=Continuous retry on timeout

    LPT#:=COMn   Redirect printer port # output to serial port n

    mode,lines   Set display mode
      mode=   40 or BW40 - 40 columns no color (CGA)
              80 or BW80 - 80 columns no color (CGA)
              CO40       - 40 columns color (CGA)
              CO80       - 80 columns color (CGA)
              MONO       - 80 columns (MDA)
      lines= # of text rows: 25, 43 or 50

    [mode],m[,T] Set display mode parameter as described above
      m=CGA display shift direction: L or R
      T=show test pattern
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                                                             Page 3 of 5

  Format:  (cont'd)

    CON: LINES = lines        lines = number of text rows: 25, 43, or 50
    CON: COLS = cols          cols=number of text columns: 40 or 80

    CON: RATE = r DELAY = d   r=keyboard typematic rate: 1..32
                              d=keyboard typematic delay: 1..4

    COM#:b,p,d,s,P Set serial port #=serial port number
      b=baud rate - 110..19200
      p=parity    - E(ven), N(one) or O(dd)
      d=data bits - 7 or 8
      s=stop bits - 1 or 2
      P=Continuous retry on timeout

    device CODEPAGE PREPARE=((cplist) [d:][path]filename[.ext])
      device      one of CON, PRN, LPT1, etc
      cplist      one or more of 437, 850, 860, 863, 865
      filename    specifies the file containing the character shapes
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                                                             Page 4 of 5

  Format:  (cont'd)
    device CODEPAGE SELECT=cp
      device      one of CON, PRN, LPT1, etc
      cp          one of 437, 850, 860, 863, 865

    device CODEPAGE REFRESH
      device      one of CON, PRN, LPT1, etc

    device CODEPAGE /STATUS
      device      one of CON, PRN, LPT1, etc

  Explanation:

    Set the way  that a printer,  a color/graphics  monitor adapter,  or
    asynchronous  communications adapter operates.   See examples below.
    See the Dr DOS User Guide for a much more  thorough treatment of the
    MODE command and its multitude of options.
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                                                             Page 5 of 5

  Example(s):

    Set the screen to color mode with 80 columns

      MODE CO80

    Set the first communications  port to 1200 baud,  no parity,  8 data
    bits, and 1 stopbit.

      MODE COM1:1200,N,8,1

    Set the first parallel printer to 132 columns per line.

      MODE LPT1:132
*END*
%MORE%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    Stops the screen from scrolling when it is full.

  Format:

    MORE <input filename

  Example(s):

    Display the file SAMPLE.DAT on the screen and pause when each screen
    is full.

      MORE <SAMPLE.DAT  or      TYPE SAMPLE.DAT | MORE
*END*
%NLSFUNC%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    National Language Support.  NLSFUNC  R3.00

  Format:

    NLSFUNC [[d:]path|/H]

      d:path       Drive and path of COUNTRY.SYS file.
      /H           Display help screen.

  Explanation:

    NLSFUNC provides support for extended country information and allows
    you to use the CHCP command to select code pages for all devices set
    up to use them.
*END*
%PASSWORD%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

   PASSWORD R1.51    Display or change password protection level

  Format:

   PASSWORD [@][d:][path][filename.ext] [/R|W|D|P|G[:password]] [/N][/S]
      /R[:passwd] "passwd" required to read, write or delete the FILE
      /W[:passwd] "passwd" required to write or delete the FILE
      /D[:passwd] "passwd" required only to delete the FILE
      /P[:passwd] "passwd" required for all access to the DIRECTORY
      /G[:passwd] set global default password
      /N    remove password protection from file
      /NP   remove password protection from directory
      /NG   remove global default password
      /S    operate on files or directories in subdirectories
    Multiple files may be specified on the command line.
    Use '@' to specify that the filename that follows is a file list.
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                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:

    The PASSWORD command is used to assign  password protection to files
    or paths.

  Example(s):

    Assign the password "SUZIE" to the file EYESOFF.LTR.

      PASSWORD eyesoff.ltr /r:SUZIE
*END*
%PATH%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Establishes a search path for program execution.

  Format:

    PATH [d:]path[[;[d:]path...]  or  PATH ;

  Explanation:

    A hard disk is divided  into subdirectories to make  it more manage-
    able.  However, this type of structure has its advantages and disad-
    vantages.   When you want to run a program,  you must know where the
    program is located in order for Dr DOS to find it,  and then run it.
    You can use the PATH command to tell Dr DOS where to search for pro-
    grams you want to run.   You may specify a list of  drives and path-
    names, separated by semicolons.  Then, when you enter a command that
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:  (cont'd)

    is not found in the current drive and directory,  Dr DOS will search
    all drives and directories on the path,  for that program file name.

  Example(s):

    Show the current path setting (if any).

      PATH

    Tell Dr DOS to search the current directory (default), then the ROOT
    directory, then the directory named UTILS.

      PATH C:\;C:\UTILS

    Remove all previous path settings.

      PATH ;
*END*
%PRINT%
                                                             Page 1 of 3

  Purpose:

    Prints a queue (a list) of  data files on the  printer while you are
    doing other jobs on the computer.

    PRINT R1.20    Print a queue of files in the background

  Format:

    PRINT [/D:device][/B:buffsiz][/U:busytick][/M:maxtick]
          [/S:timeslice][/Q:quesiz][/C][/P][/T] [filespec...]

      /C   cancel the preceding and all following filenames
      /P   print the preceding and all following filenames
      /T   cancel all files on queue

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                                                         Page 2 of 3

  Explanation:

    /S:timeslice - to specify the time-slice value. Default is 8 slices.
                   The range is 1 to 255.

    /U:busytick  - to specify the number of clock ticks  that PRINT will
                   wait until print device is available. Default is 1.

    /M:maxtick   - to specify  how many  clock ticks PRINT  has to print
                   characters to the printer.   Default is 2.  The range
                   is 1 to 255.

    /T           - to set Terminate mode.  All queued files are canceled
                   from the print queue.

    /C           - to set the cancel  mode.   Allows you to select which
                   files to cancel.
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                                                             Page 3 of 3

  Explanation:  (cont;d)

    /P           - to set the print mode.  The preceding filename +  all
                 following filenames are added to the print  queue until
                 /C is found on the command line, or you press Enter.

  Example(s):

    Print all files with the extension .TXT in the current directory.

      PRINT *.TXT
*END*
%PROMPT%
                                                             Page 1 of 3

  Purpose:

    Defines the DOS command line prompt.

  Format:

    PROMPT [prompt-text]

  Explanation:

    Where prompt-text specifies the  new text for the DOS prompt.   This
    can contain special characters in the form $p.   These special char-
    acters are as follows:

      $  the $ character                  l  the < character
      t  the time                         b  the | character
      d  the date                         q  the = character
      p  the current directory            h  the backspace character
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 3

  Explanation:

    v  the DOS version number           e  the ESCape character
    n  the default drive letter         _  the CR LF sequence
    g  the > character

    The initial DOS prompt is the drive letter followed by the ">" char-
    acter.   However, the prompt can be changed to something else, which
    you may prefer over the default DOS prompt.  A popular prompt is the
    $p$g prompt.   This makes the prompt the current drive letter,  plus
    the current directory,  and then the ">" character.   This is useful
    when using a hard disk with several subdirectories.

    You can get very creative with the PROMPT command.

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                                                               Page 3 of 3

  Example(s):

    Make the DOS prompt the current directory name and the greater than
    sign (C:\UTILS>).

      PROMPT $P$G

    Make the prompt the system time and date.

      PROMPT $T$D
*END*
%RD/RMDIR%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    Deletes a subdirectory from the disk.

  Format:

    RMDIR [d:]path  or  RD [d:]path

  Explanation:

    This command  removes a subdirectory  from the disk,  but only after
    all the files have been deleted with the DEL command.  Some programs
    write  hidden files  that cannot be deleted  using the  DEL command.
    Then the RD command will not work on this subdirectory.

  Example(s):

    Delete the subdirectory named UTILS.

      RD \UTILS
*END*
%RECOVER%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    RECOVER R1.02    Recover lost data from a damaged disk

  Format:

    RECOVER d:
    Recover cluster  chains into files.   Used only if root directory is
    corrupted.

    RECOVER [d:][path]filespec
    Recover file(s) containing bad sectors.

  Explanation:

    The RECOVER command  enables you to retrieve  information from files
    that have been corrupted.  If you have a file that is only partially
    readable, it removes unreadable parts so that the rest is usable.
*END*
%REN%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Renames a disk file.

  Format:

    REN[AME] [d:][path]filename[.ext] filename[.ext]

  Explanation:

    The RENAME command changes  the name of a disk file.   Only the name
    is changed; the file itself is not altered. The wild card symbols, ?
    and *, may be used, but they should occur in  identical positions in
    both names or only be used in one name.

    Either REN or RENAME can be used.
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                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Rename all files named JOE  with any extension to  JIM with the same
    extension.

      RENAME JOE.* JIM.*
*END*
%REPLACE%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Selectively replaces files on the target with  files of the same name
    from the source.

    REPLACE R1.43    Selective file copy

  Format:

    REPLACE [/Help] [@][d:][path][filename[.ext]] [d:][path] [/options]

    The first file specification is the drive,  path and name of file(s)
    to be copied (wildcard filenames allowed).   This specification must
    be present.   Use '@' to specify that the given file contains a list
    of files to be copied.

    The second file  specification is  the destination drive and path to
    which files will be copied. Default is the current drive and path.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Format:   (cont'd)
      /A          only copy files that do not exist on the destination
      /H          don't ignore files with hidden or system attributes
      /M          merge changed  files on source with unchanged files on
                  destination
      /N          preview operation - do not actually copy any files
      /P          prompt before copying each file
      /R          overwrite read-only files
      /S          copy files in subdirectories
      /U          only replace  files older on the destination  than the
                  source
      /W          wait for disks to be changed

  Example(s):

    Replace all files named JOE.TXT on your fixed disk drive C from your
    floppy drive A.

      REPLACE A:JOE.TXT C:\ /S
*END*
%RESTORE%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    RESTORE R2.00    Restore files saved by BACKUP
    Restores one or more backed-up files from one disk to another disk.
  
  Format:

    RESTORE [/Help] d: [[d:][path]filename] [/switches]
      /A:mm-dd-yy   restore files modified on or after specified date
      /B:mm-dd-yy   restore files modified on or before specified date
      /E:hh:mm:ss   restore files modified  at or earlier than specified
                    time
      /L:hh:mm:ss   restore files modified at or later than a  specified
                    time
      /M         restore files modified or deleted since last backup
      /N         restore files that no longer exist on the destination
      /P         prompt before restoring files changed since last backup
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Format:  (cont'd)

      /R         report names of files which WOULD be restored - take no
                 action
      /S         restore files in subdirectories also

  Example(s):

    Restore all files from the backup diskettes to disk drice C.
    
      RESTORE A: C:\*.* /S
*END*
%SET%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    This command will insert strings into the  command processors envir-
    onment.  A copy of this environment is made available to any program
    running.

  Format:

    SET [name=[parameter]]

  Explanation:

    The entire string is inserted into the environment block. All lower-
    case letters are converted to uppercase  when inserted in the block.
    If the name already  exists in the environment,  it will be replaced
    with the new string.

    If you type SET without any parameters,  it will show you the envir-
    onment block strings.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:

    If name is  specified without  anything after  the equal sign,  then
    that name string will be deleted from the current environment block.

  Example(s):

    Place a string associated with LIB into the environment block.

      SET LIB=C:\TURBOC\LIB

    Erase the previous string entered.

      SET LIB=
*END*
%SETUP%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    SETUP   R3.0    Change DR DOS configuration.

  Format:

    SETUP [/Help]

  Explanation:

    Setup allows you to change your Dr DOS configuration as specified in
    your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files.
*END*
%SHARE%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    SHARER1.00File sharing support.
    Loads support for file sharing.

  Format:

    SHARE [/H|[/X][/L:nn]]

      /H           Display help screen.
      /X           Turns state of SHARE off.
      /L:nn        Allocated nn locks.

  Explanation:

    SHARE is a Dr DOS program which provides support for file locking, a
    means by which all or  part of a file may be  reserved for exclusive
    access by one program.
*END*
%SID%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    Symbolic Instruction Debugger  SID  R3.1

  Format:

    SID [filename]

  Explanations:

    SID  (Symbolic Instruction Debugger)  allows you to  test  and debug
    programs interactively.   Help is available on SID  commands by run-
    ning SID and then typing ? or ?? at the SID command prompt.

    See the Dr DOS User Guide for a thorough treatment of SID.
*END*
%SORT%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Reads data from the standard input device, sorts the data,  and then
    writes it to the standard output device.

  Format:

    SORT [/H][/R][/+n]

      /R   - to sort in reverse order
      /+n  - to sort based on the characters in column n

  Explanation:

    SORT is a filter program which reads standard input, sorts it alpha-
    betically, and then writes it to the standard output device.
.cp
                                                               Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Read the file UNSORT.TXT, sort its records starting in column 1, and
    write the sorted output to a file name SORT.TXT.

      SORT /R <UNSORT.TXT >SORT.TXT

    Produce a directory listing sorted by file size (file size starts in
    column 14).

      DIR | SORT /+14
*END*
%SUBST%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Establishes a subdirectory as a separate "disk".

  Format:

    SUBST [d:] [e:path]SUBST [/D]  or SUBST

    d:     specifies the drive  letter that you want to use  to refer to
           another drive or path.

    e:path specifies the drive or  path that you want to refer to with a
           nickname.  The path must start from the root directory.

    /D     deletes a substitution.  You must specify the drive letter of
           the drive whose substitution you want to delete.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:

    Some older programs do not  support the use of subdirectories,  they
    expect their data to be on a specific drive. In such a case, you can
    instruct DOS to treat a subdirectory as a different drive name. Then
    you can tell the program to  use this drive name  to access its data
    files.

  Example(s):

    Substitute drive D for the subdirectory \WP on drive C.

      SUBST D: C:\WP
*END*
%SYS%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    SYS R1.31    Transfer operating system files

    Transfers a copy of the operating system files from the default
    drive to the specified drive.

  Format:

    [d1:][path]SYS d2:

  Explanation:

    Two hidden operating  system files are copied  from the source drive
    d1 to the destination drive d2, so that the destination disk becomes
    a bootable system disk.   Note, however, that the  SYS  command does
    not copy the COMMAND.COM file to the new disk.
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                                                               Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:  (cont'd)

    You cannot use the SYS command to place the DOS files on a disk that
    was formatted without the /S parameter.

  Example(s):

    Transfer the operating system from the default drive to drive A.

      SYS A:
*END*
%TIME%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Set or display the current system time.

  Format:

    TIME [hh:mm[:ss[.xx]]]

      hh to specify the hour
      mm to specify the minutes
      ss to specify the seconds
      xx to specify the hundredths of seconds.

    TIME with no  parameters shows  the current time and  asks for a new
    time.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Set the time to noon.

      TIME 12:00:00
*END*
%TOUCH%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    TOUCH R1.41    Change file time and date stamps

  Format:

    TOUCH [/Help] [@][d:][path]filename[.ext] [/options]

      @             the filename that follows is the name of a file list
      d:            drive which touch is to search
      path          directory where search is to begin
      filename.ext  file to be touched (wildcards allowed)

      /T:hh:mm:ss   time to be set (24 hour) (default is current time)
      /D:mm-dd-yy   date to be set (default is current date)
      /F:[E|J|U]    specify European,  Japanese or USA  format for  date
                    option
      /P            prompt before touching each file
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Format:  (cont'd)

      /R            touch read-only files
      /S            touch files in sub-directories

    Multiple files may be  specified on the command line.   The filename
    must present. If you wish to specify all files, use *.*

  Example(s):

    Set the date-time stamp on all files in the UTILS directory, includ-
    ing subdirectories, to be 06:30 am today.

      TOUCH \UTILS\*.* /S /T:06:30:00
*END*
%TREE%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    TREE R1.51    Show directory structure
    Displays all directory paths found on the specified drive.

  Format:

    TREE [/Help]  [d:][path][filename[.ext]] [/B] [/F] [/G] [/P]

      d:            drive which tree is to search
      path          directory where search is to begin (default is root)
      filename.ext  file to find

      /B            brief mode - omit file totals
      /F            display all files
      /G            graphical directory display
      /P            pause after each page

    Multiple files may be specified on the command line.
.cp
                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:

    When there are many subdirectories  and files on a hard disk,  it is
    difficult to visualize where files are and how to move from place to
    place.  The TREE command is designed to show the organization of the
    disk.  Unfortunately, this program does not give a good graphic pic-
    ture of  the subdirectory  structure of a disk.   Several commercial
    programs are available that will create graphic displays of the disk
    tree structure.

  Example(s):

    Show the directory tree for disk C.

      TREE C:

    The same as above but it also shows all files on drive C.

      TREE C: /F
*END*
%TYPE%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Display a text file to the standard output device.

  Format:

    TYPE [d:][path]filename[.ext]

  Explanation:

    Global filename characters are NOT allowed.

    The TYPE command  will display the  contents of  a text  file on the
    video screen (standard output). The standard output redirection com-
    mand may be used to redirect the displayed output to another file or
    the printer.
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                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Display the contents of LETTER.TXT to the screen.

      TYPE LETTER.TXT

    Display the contents of LETTER.TXT to the printer using the standard
    output device redirection command.

      TYPE LETTER.TXT >PRN
*END*
%VER%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    Displays the Dr DOS version number.

  Format:

    VER

  Explanation:

    The Dr DOS version consists of a single digit  major version number,
    followed by a period, then a one digit minor version number.

  Example(s):

    Display the Dr DOS version number you are using.

      VER
*END*
%VERIFY%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Sets DOS into the verify mode.

  Format:

    VERIFY [ON | OFF]

  Explanation:

    VERIFY without parameters shows the current setting of verify mode.

    If the VERIFY mode is set 'ON', Dr DOS will verify any data when it
    is written to the disk.   If the data cannot be  read back from the
    disk, Dr DOS will generate an error message at that time. This will
    allow you to see that a disk is damaged, replace the disk, and save
    your data to the new disk.
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                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Example(s):

    Set the verify mode to ON.

      VERIFY ON
*END*
%VIEWMAX%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    Invoke the Dr DOS dual window command shell.

  Format:

    VIEWMAX

  Explanation:

    Brings up the full screen,  dual window Dr DOS command shell,  which
    has a graphics oriented, mouse driven user interface very similar to
    that of the MacIntosh.   Allows user to create  and manipulate "file
    folders" as well as  individual files and directories.   Full access
    to all Dr DOS commands.
*END*
%VOL%
                                                             Page 1 of 1

  Purpose:

    Displays the disk volume label information.

  Format:

    VOL [d:]

    If you do not specify a drive, the default drive is used.

  Example(s):

    Show the volume label for the disk in drive A.

      VOL A:
*END*
%XCOPY%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Selectively copy groups of files.

  Format:

    XCOPY [d:][path]filename[.ext]  [d:][path][filename[.ext]]
          [/A][/D:mm-dd-yy][/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W]

    The source specification is first, the target is second.

      /A  copies only files with the archive bit set,  meaning they have
          changed since last copied with BACKUP or XCOPY /M.
      /D:mm-dd-yy  copies files whose date is the same or later than the
          date specified.
      /E  creates subdirectories on the target disk even if they will be
          empty. Otherwise XCOPY will not create an empty subdirectory.
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                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Format:  (cont'd)

      /M copies only files with the archive bit set,  but will clear the
         archive bit after  it is copied.   This is much like the BACKUP
         command.
      /P prompts you before copying each file.
      /S copies files in all subdirectories under the current directory.
      /V tells XCOPY to verify that each file has been copied correctly,
         much like the /V parameter in the COPY command.
      /W tells XCOPY to wait for you to insert a disk.

  Example(s):

    Use XCOPY to copy all files  named JOE.TXT with the  archive bit set
    from drive C to drive A, then clear the archive bit to indicate that
    it has been copied.

              XCOPY C:JOE.TXT A: /M
*END*
%XDEL%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Extended file delete.   XDEL R1.41

  Format:

    XDEL [/Help]   [@][d:][path]filename[.ext]...  [/options]
      @             the filename that follows is the name of a file list
      d:            drive which xdel is to search
      path          directory where search is to begin
      filename.ext  file to be deleted (wildcards allowed)
      /D            remove empty subdirectories
      /N            delete specified files with no warning (careful!)
      /O            overwrite before deleting - file PERMANENTLY LOST
      /P            prompt before deleting each file
      /R            delete read-only files
      /S            delete files in subdirectories

    Multiple files may be specified on the command line.
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                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Explanation:

    XDEL is a command used to delete multiple files extended across sub-
    directories and to remove empty directories.

  Examples:

    Delete all files with the  .DOC extension from the  currnt directory
    and all its subdirectories.

      XDEL *.DOC /S
*END*
%XDIR%
                                                             Page 1 of 2

  Purpose:

    Extended directory display   XDIR R1.41
  
  Format:

    XDIR [/H] [[+|-ADHRS] [d:][path][filename[.ext]]] [options]

    +|-ADHRS      It is possible to select files for display on the bas-
                  is of  their file attributes.   For example, "xdir +A"
                  will display only  those files that have the "archive"
                  attribute  set;  "xdir -R" will display all files that
                  do not have the read-only attribute set.
    d:            drive which xdir is to search
    path          directory where search begins (default is current)
    filename.ext  file to find (wildcards allowed)
    /B            brief mode: display only file path and name
    /C            display checksum for each file
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                                                             Page 2 of 2

  Format:  (cont'd)

    /P            pause after each page is displayed
    /L            long display format (default)
    /N            do not sort directory
    /R            reverse sort order
    /S            display files in sub-directories
    /T            sort directory by date/time (default is by name)
    /W            wide display format
    /Z            sort directory by file size

  Explanation:

    XDIR is an expanded version of  DIR that provides  extra options for
    displaying the contents of directories and subdirectories.
*END*
%DRHELP V1.1%
                                                             Page 1 of 9

  The following is general information about the terms used in this HELP
  program and about Dr DOS terms and specifications.


  When the HELP program shows  the format of a command,  it includes all
  variations of the command.   Many times, all the  different parameters
  are not required;  these parameters are shown enclosed in square brac-
  kets ([ ]).

  In the HELP program,  we refer to all  Dr DOS commands as  'commands'.
  However, many of these Dr DOS commands are not built into Dr DOS; they
  are really programs that have been provided on your Dr DOS diskette.

  This HELP program does not attempt to cover all the technical informa-
  tion on every  Dr DOS command.  If a command  needs special attention,
  the HELP program  will simply refer  you to the Dr DOS manual for more
  information on the command. This program was created to help beginners
  and to be a quick reference to all PC users.
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                                                             Page 2 of 9

  Each command explained in this  help program has four sections.   They
  are: the Purpose,  the command Format, Explanation,  and the Examples.
  The Format section describes the correct syntax for the command, along
  with all possible optional switches.

                       * FILE SPECIFICATIONS *

  The file specification tells Dr DOS  where to search for the specified
  file. A filespec has four parts: the drive letter, the path, the file-
  name, and filename extension.

                       
                       - The Drive Specifier -

  A drive letter specifies which drive the file is on.  The drive letter
  is followed by a colon.   For example, B: is the drive  specifier that
  represents drive B.  If a drive specifier is omitted, then DOS assumes
  the current (default) drive.
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                                                             Page 3 of 9

                       - The Path Specifier -

  The path tells Dr DOS where the file can be found.  The path is another
  name for the directory or subdirectory.

                      - The Filename Specifier -

  A filename consists of one to eight characters.  The following are NOT
  valid characters:      .  "  /  \  [  ]  :  |  <  >  +  =  ;  ,  space

  Any other characters are valid filename characters.  Dr DOS checks for
  invalid filename characters in a filename specification.

                     - The Filename Extension -

  A filename extension consists of one to three characters preceded by a
  period.  The same rules apply for valid  extension characters as apply
  for filename characters.
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                                                             Page 4 of 9

                  * GLOBAL FILENAME CHARACTERS *

  There are two  special characters that  can be used in a  filename and
  extension specification.  They are the "*" and "?" characters.   These
  characters  make life  much easier  when executing Dr DOS commands  on
  several files with similar names.


                     - The ? Character -

  A question mark (?) in a filename or filename extension indicates that
  any character can occupy that position.  For example,

                       dir lett?r.txt

  displays all  filenames on the default drive  that start with the four
  letters LETT, then any character, followed by the R character with the
  extension of .TXT.
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                                                             Page 5 of 9

  An example of what might be displayed is:

    letter.txt
    lettxr.txt
    lett1r.txt


                     - The * Character -

  An asterisk (*) in a filename or filename extension indicates that any
  character can occupy that position and all remaining positions in that
  filename or extension. For example,

                        dir lett*.txt

  displays all filenames on the default  drive that start  with the let-
  ters LETT,  followed by any other letters,  and have the  extension of
  .TXT.
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                                                             Page 6 of 9

  An example of what might be displayed is:

    lett.txt
    letter.txt
    letters.txt
    lett1.txt


                      * DOS DEVICE NAMES *

  Device names are special  names which have certain meanings to Dr DOS.
  These names are reserved; do  NOT  name any files with a Dr DOS device
  name.


                    - CON (Console Device) -

  Console keyboard/screen.   This is referred to  as the standard output
  device. This can be redirected at the command line when redirection is
  desired (see below).
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                                                             Page 7 of 9

                        - AUX or COM1 -

  The first serial port.  This is sometimes called the RS-232C port, the
  serial port, or the asynchronous communications adapter.  This is con-
  nected to a phone line modem, or serial printer.


                        - LPT1 or PRN -

  The first parallel port.  This is connected to your  parallel printer,
  the most common type of printer on a personal computer.


                            - NUL -

  This device does not exist.  It is a "dummy"  device name  for testing
  purposes or to tell  a program to output its messages to nowhere.   As
  an output device,  the write operations are simulated,  but no data is
  written. As an input device, an immediate end-of-file is sent.
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                                                             Page 8 of 9

          * REDIRECTION OF STANDARD INPUT & STANDARD OUTPUT *

  DrDOS provides a  convenient way for us to redirect  the output to the
  screen,  or input from  the keyboard, to another device or file.   The
  standard output redirection syntax is as follows:

                   > [d:][path]filename[.ext]

  This causes all output that would go to the screen to be placed in the
  file specified.   This will create the file if it does not already ex-
  ist, or erase its contents and start over if the file does exist.

                   >> [d:][path]filename[.ext]

  This causes the output to the screen to be sent to the file specified.
  If the file does not exist, it will create a new one. If the file does
  exist,  it will append  to the bottom of  the file without erasing any
  data presently in the file.
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                                                             Page 9 of 9

  The standard input redirection syntax is as follows:

                  < [d:][path]filename[.ext]

  This causes standard  input to be retrieved  from the file  specified.
  This redirection can be used with the Dr DOS SORT command.

  The filename  specification can also  be any device name,  such as the
  printer. To get a printout of your directory, simply type:

                           DIR > prn

  A copy of your directory will be printed on the first parallel printer
  (LPT1).   To send a copy of the directory to a file, simply type:

                       DIR > myfile.txt

  A file named MYFILE.TXT will be created or erased if already  present,
  and the directory listing will be put in the file.
*END*
