TELECOM Digest Thu, 12 Jan 95 07:20:00 CST Volume 15 : Issue 26 Inside This Issue: Editor: Patrick A. Townson About the GIF Incident and Substitutes (Paul Robinson) GIF Unisys Response (Stephen Goodman) Changes in Hong Kong Dial Plan (Paul A. Lee) Problems Calling Zaire (Jonathan V. Bland) Is Two Second Delay Still Necessary? (James Baker) Northern TeleCom Norstar Key System (Daniel Aharonoff) Voice Response Unit Question (Jim McCormack) Network Access Wanted in Kenosha, WI - 414 (Erick Bergquist) Sonet SDH DCC Information Wanted (Tom Engbersen) Digital Exchange Location Problem (Roni Levkovitz) Bellcore Standards Question (Craig Harris) 10-XXX Codes (Eric Paulak) "Jitter" as a Quantity (Joe Habermann) Wanted: NEC SMDR Software (Daniel Land) FCC BBS Invites Calls (Shaun Maher) Seeking Canadian Telco WWW Addresses (Helen Vanderheide) Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas (Peter Campbell Smith) Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas (Phil Ritter) Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas (Mitch Greer) Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas (Marko Ruokonen) Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas (Robert Hall) Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas (Judith Oppenheimer) Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas (Clive Feather) Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas (Colum Mylod) Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas (Julian Thornhill) TELECOM Digest is an electronic journal devoted mostly but not exclusively to telecommunications topics. It is circulated anywhere there is email, in addition to various telecom forums on a variety of public service systems and networks including Compuserve and America On Line. It is also gatewayed to Usenet where it appears as the moderated newsgroup 'comp.dcom.telecom'. Subscriptions are available to qualified organizations and individual readers. Write and tell us how you qualify: * telecom-request@eecs.nwu.edu * The Digest is edited, published and compilation-copyrighted by Patrick Townson of Skokie, Illinois USA. You can reach us by postal mail, fax or phone at: 9457-D Niles Center Road Skokie, IL USA 60076 Phone: 708-329-0571 Fax: 708-329-0572 ** Article submission address only: telecom@eecs.nwu.edu ** Our archives are located at lcs.mit.edu and are available by using anonymous ftp. The archives can also be accessed using our email information service. 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Any organizations listed are for identification purposes only and messages should not be considered any official expression by the organization. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 15:21:03 EST Subject: About the GIF Incident and Substitutes Organization: Tansin A. Darcos & Company, Silver Spring, MD USA From: Paul Robinson With the recent problems over the use of Unisys patented LZW compression in GIF files, there has been suggested people switch to JPEG format. Then someone else pointed out that IBM has a patent on the compression format that uses. Aparently both are the same algorithm. David Winfrey points out that the information on this is in rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/ news.answers/compression-faq/part[1-3]. (Rtfm was busy so I used the site "pit-manager" which is the old name for BLOOM-PICAYUNE.MIT.EDU. (Did you know any time you put any message on a big-7 Usenet group that has the phrase 'pit-manager' in it, RTFM sends you a nastygram telling you the name is now 'rtfm'? Even if you were to write, "I was a pit-manager in a casino," in a message.) Under current patent laws, if both patents do cover the same invention, if someone can figure out which one was invented later, the patent on that one can be overturned. Also, it may be possible to play one off against the other, e.g. if they want to fight over this, the other one can be used to argue the invalidity of theirs. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 11 Jan 95 12:04 EST From: Stephen Goodman <0003945654@mcimail.com> Subject: GIF Unisys Response FYI -- this came in my e-mail today. Thought I would pass it along. Excerpt from ... EDUPAGE. Edupage, a summary of news items on information technology, is provided three times each week as a service by Educom -- a Washington, D.C.- based consortium of leading colleges and universities seeking to transform education through the use of information technology. UNISYS RELENTS ON PATENT INFRINGEMENT Unisys has backed down on its intention to extract license fees from software companies that use its patented approach to displaying graphics online. The Graphics Interchange Format, or GIF, is so popular, many software companies apparently thought the algorithm was in the public domain. Unisys now says it will seek fees only for newly created products that come out in 1995 or thereafter, and only from major for-profit software developers. (Chronicle of Higher Education 1/13/95 A20) ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 15:28:34 -0500 From: Paul A. Lee Organization: Woolworth Corporation Subject: Changes in Hong Kong Dial Plan I've been getting inquiries from some of our international divisions about a change that's supposed to be coming soon in Hong Kong's dial plan and/or number plan -- something about adding a '2' at the beginning of the number. Can anyone provide me with details about the change? Does it affect only calls within Hong Kong, or will the dial string used to reach Hong Kong from other "countries" change, too? Paul A. Lee Voice 414 357-1409 Telecommunications Analyst FAX 414 357-1450 Woolworth Corporation CompuServe 70353,566 INTERNET <=PREFERRED ADDRESS* ------------------------------ From: OPS@ins.infonet.net Subject: Problems Calling Zaire Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 16:41:08 +1000 Organization: Viatel We are having trouble calling certain numbers in Zaire through Mercury. They will only recognize numbers going to city codes 12 and 222 (i.e. 24312 ... and 243222 ...). An example of the numbers we are dialing starts with 243884. We know that these numbers are valid as we can reach them when dialing through MCI. Mercury has said that they have the French Telco carry this traffic and that neither of them block any numbers going to Zaire. The progression of the responses that we have received from Mercury is that these numbers are invalid (untrue) and that these destination number can't exist (also untrue). I have proven these numbers to be valid with Mercury by conferencing them in on calls to the one of the destination numbers over MCI. After this was done, the technicians working on the fault said that the only way they could continue to work on this was by having the name and address of the destination number. We are unable to provide this information. I have spoken to a supervisor at Mercury who feels that this is an unreasonable request. We have been trying to resolve this problem since Dec 16th. Any input regarding this will be greatly appreciated. Feel free to respond to us directly or via the newsgroup. Jonathan V. Bland Viatel Operations ------------------------------ From: jbaker@halcyon.com (James Baker) Subject: Is Two Second Delay Still Necessary? Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 15:59:03 -0800 Organization: Northwest Nexus Inc. Is there still a technical reason for the two second delay at the beginning of a phone call? I understand that some old analog switches could be fooled into billing the call incorrectly or not at all if certain tones were present within the first two seconds of ringing. Thus the FCC requirements for auto answer stuff is to wait two seconds after ringing before answering the phone (or at leaset before sending any signals into the phone wires). I doubt any such switches are still in use so perhaps it is time to petition the FCC to remove this requirement from Part 68. BTW ... here is a rough calculation based on figures out of my head of the national cost of this old regulation still being on the books. Suppose 250 million people make an average of five calls a day to answering machines, auto-attendants etc. If you value the average person's time at $10 / hour the annual cost is about $7 million. I suspect the real figure is higher. James Baker Seattle, WA jbaker@halcyon.com ------------------------------ From: ilink@netcom.com (Daniel Aharonoff) Subject: Northern TeleCom Norstar Key System Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408 261-4700 guest) Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 23:19:11 GMT Would like to get some feedback on reliability, expandability, stability on a Norstar switch by Northern Telecom. We are also looking to get a voice-mail that would compliment that system. This is for a small company of about 30 employees with a high degree of voice-mail usage and support calls. Any suggestions or feedback is very much appreciated. Thanks, Daniel Aharonoff Please post to newsgroup and my personal account @ ilink@netcom.com E-Mail: ilink@netcom.com Home Page: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/il/ilink/infolink.html infoLink Communications ------------------------------ From: as965@yfn.ysu.edu (Jim McCormack) Subject: Voice Response Unit Question Date: 11 Jan 1995 13:27:06 GMT Organization: St. Elizabeth Hospital, Youngstown, OH Reply-To: as965@yfn.ysu.edu (Jim McCormack) I presently operate a voice/fax response unit using a 486 pc with analog phone lines directly connected to a Rhetorex voice board. The software and hardware I have is capable of being used with a PBX to do call transfers. I don't have a PBX but I was wondering if I could purchase a desktop phone which could be configured so that if a caller asks for my extension the voice response unit would transfer the call to the phone just like a PBX. Anybody have any ideas? Thanks in advance for your help. Jim McCormack ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 11 Jan 95 00:30:50 CST From: Erick_Bergquist@edtng.Kenosha.WI.US (Erick Bergquist) Subject: Network Access Wanted in Kenosha, WI - 414 Hello, I am looking for a way to get network access in Kenosha, WI, even if it means getting my own direct 57.6k, T1 connection. There are no local net providers (besides the university and a BBS that offers email). I am looking into starting my own service, but lack the funds, and can't find enough people that are willing to do it right, and keep it going. If anyone knows of any service/provider that has local access, please let me know, or how much a T1, 57.6, would cost directly. I called many services/providers, and none offers decent local access, at high speed rates. Netcom is moving into the Madison/Milwaukee area, and I don't know if they will cover Kenosha locally. Kenosha is on the border of WI, and IL, on Lake Michigan. Right inbetween Chicago and Milwaukee. It seems to me that this area is being left out, as there are plenty of ways I can get access if I were located south or north of here. If you know of anything, contact me. Network access is kind of important to me, and I am seeking a stable connection. If you are in this area, and are also looking for access, then contact me, and maybe we can work on this problem together. Thanks for the Help!!! Erick Bergquist (Erick_Bergquist@EDTNG.Kenosha.WI.US) Computer Programmer/Analyst, Microcomputer Specialist, and such. ------------------------------ From: news@zurich.ibm.com Subject: Sonet SDH DCC Information Wanted Date: 11 Jan 1995 08:38:28 GMT Organization: IBM Research Zurich Reply-To: news@zurich.ibm.com In Sonet/SDH multiplexer and section overhead, there are the D1..D12 bytes, reserved for "network management and supervision". Can anyone shed some light on the data transmission protocol which governs these DCC channels? Is this (already?) standardized? If so which standard? Kind regards, Ton Engbersen ------------------------------ From: ielavkow@techunix.technion.ac.il (Levkovitz Roni) Subject: Digital Exchange Location Problem Organization: Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 14:29:44 GMT I am working on a project of finding the optimal location of digital exchanges that are connected by optical links. The problem is to minimize the cost of connecting new lines and maintaining the existing once. I have tried , in vain, to find references to other works on similar problems. It will be of great help if anybody can tell me where to look for such references. Thanks in advance, Ron Levkovitz ielavkow@tx.technion.ac.il ------------------------------ From: charris@coypu.cig.mot.com (Craig Harris) Subject: Bellcore Standards Question Date: 11 Jan 1995 16:19:36 GMT Organization: Motorola Inc., Cellular Infrastructure Group Reply-To: charris@blue.cig.mot.com I am looking for any Bellcore specification on an idle T-1 channel. That is, if the channel is idle, would the T1 equipment send 01111111 or 10000000? Craig Harris email: charris@cig.mot.com Motorola Inc. Suite 1450 pager: +1-800-759-7243 pin 87119 777 108th Ave. NE office: +1-206-637-8054 Belluevue, WA 98004 mobile: +1-206-930-1029 ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 12 Jan 1995 00:05:55 -0500 From: ericp@ucg.com (Eric Paulak) Subject: 10-XXX Codes FYI If you're a hospital, university or hotel that is classified as an aggregator/reseller, and you just upgraged your PBX to deal with the new North American Numbering Plan, you may have just set yourself up for a legal nightmare. Here's why: According to a law that was passed in 1990, all aggregators must unblock their switches so that a caller can reach their long distance carrier of choice. What this required so that you wouldn't get stuck paying for the cost of the calls was that your switch had to pass úÿ through and differentiate calls that started with either 10-XXX-1 or calls that started with 10-XXX-0. If you could do this at the time the law was passed, you had to do it right then. If you could upgrade your switch for less than $15/station, you had to do this by Jan. 10, 1994. If it cost you more than $15/station, you have until April 17, 1997. And, if you upgraded your switch anytime prior to April 17, 1997, you had to offer access at that time. So, if you just went through an upgrade to be able to accomodate the new interchangeable area codes and the new expanded carrier identification codes (101-XXXX), you are now capable of allowing access to any long distance carrier, and you must do so or be subject to FCC fines. Another bit of information dealing with 10-XXX codes. The number of available carrier information codes with the 10-XXX format is down to around 20. At the present rate that format should expire sometime in February. At that time, the new format will be 101-XXXX. Eric Paulak The Center for Communications Management Information (301) 816-8950, ext. 327 11300 Rockville Pike, Suite 1100, Rockville, MD 20852 ------------------------------ From: haberman@i11.msi.umn.edu (Joe Habermann) Subject: "Jitter" as a Quantity Organization: University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 17:13:16 GMT I need a solid reference for "delay jitter" as quantity w.r.t. frames arrivals. Much of the material that I've read defines jitter as the variation interarrival times, but what I really want is a quantitative definition that's effectively "the jitter for two event arrivals is difference between the expected and observed interarrival times." I found an example of the use of "jitter" as a quantity recently in a paper that I was reading: ".. The conference origination application delivers frames to the network adapter at an aggregrate rate of 1 frame every 33 seconds (with a measured jitter of +- 2 ms)." But the paper does not define jitter. It's obvious what is meant, but I really need a solid definition from a solid source. Thanks, Joe Habermann / haberman@msi.umn.edu ------------------------------ From: dland@cks.ssd.k12.wa.us (Daniel Land) Subject: Wanted NEC SMDR Software Date: 11 Jan 1995 10:39:04 -0800 Wanted: PC Software for capturing SMDR output from a NEC NEAX2400 IMS PBX rs232 port -- Software Needed - Free or Low Cost Does anyone have some PC (maybe even Windows) based software to capture the SMDR output from this model of NEC PBX. Please respond by e-mail if possible. Thank you, Daniel H. Land* Seattle Public Schools voice (206) 298-7599 mailstop AF-334 fax (206) 298-7505 4141 Fourth Avenue South net dland@cks.ssd.k12.wa.us Seattle, WA 98134-2309 ------------------------------ From: fcclaw@cais.cais.com (Smithwick-Belendiuk) Subject: FCC BBS Invites Calls Date: 11 Jan 1995 20:52:32 GMT Organization: Capital Area Internet Service info@cais.com 703-448-4470 Smithwick & Belendiuk, P.C., a Washington area communications law firm, offers a free Bulletin Board System - "FCC WORLD." FCC WORLD maintains FCC libraries of files, updated daily, Forums on FCC issues and Classifieds Ads for the communications industries. The service is free and has no time limit with two lines in service. Try FCC WORLD at 202-887-5718 today! Shaun Maher Sysop - FCC WORLD fcclaw@cais.com ------------------------------ From: hvanderh@edtel.alta.net (Helen Vanderheide) Subject: Seeking Canadian Telco WWW Addresses Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 15:22:37 MST Organization: ED TEL Does anyone know where I can get WWW addresses of companies like: - Bell Canada - BCE - Northern Telecom - Mobility Canada - CANTEL Thanks in advance to anyone that can help. Helen Vanderheide ED TEL, Information Services Email: hvanderh@edtel.alta.net Voice: 403-441-7877 Fax: 403-424-8312 ------------------------------ From: campbellp@logica.com (Peter Campbell Smith) Subject: Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas Organization: Logica, London Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 11:35:01 GMT In article Tony Harminc writes: > What happens if you dial a Canadian 800 number this way? Is the > overseas carrier actually doing an SS7 lookup to determine the carrier > or are they just assuming that country code 1 = USA ? Sigh -- I can > guess the answer. Could someone with a few pence to burn try a > Canadian number that isn't reachable from the US, such as Bell > Canada's Ontario business office line 800 668-2355 (or 800 NOT-BELL as > I prefer to think of it)? > I won't be surprised to hear that you get to pay for a call that says > "the number you have dialed cannot be reached from your calling area" From the UK you first get the recording saying that if the call is answered you will have to pay for it, then a few rings, then a recording saying that the 800 number you have called is not available where you are calling from, ending with the words '702 7'. I have no way of telling whether I was actually charged for the call, though a non-800 call that gets to North America but ends with an American recording (such as the number you have dialed is not in service) is not billed. One might think that 702 was where my call 'landed' in North America, but according to my (possibly out of date) list it is Nevada, which seems somewhat unlikely. I know international calling used to be a bit of a gamble ... Peter Campbell Smith, Logica, London, UK mailto: campbellp@logica.com [TELECOM Digest Editor's Note: Well I have called 800 numbers which were not in service and wound up getting intercept messages from the geographical area code where the 800 service had been located, such as 'the number you dialed is not in service, 312, etcetera ..' ------------------------------ From: pritter@nit.AirTouch.COM (Phil Ritter) Subject: Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas Organization: AirTouch Cellular, Los Angeles Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 15:46:09 GMT In article Mr Robert Hall writes: > Judith Oppenheimer and Ari Wuolle have both discussed the fact that it > is now possible to access U.S. 800 numbers from international locations. > Following Judith's dialing suggestions, I attempted to call a number > of 800 numbers from Hong Kong. For example, I dialed: > 011 International Access Code > 1 Country Code for U.S. > 800-555-1212 800 Directory Assistance > The call appears to have been processed by the Hong Kong switch, but I > get a recording in a very American voice telling me: > "access to the 800 number you have dialed is not free when dialed from > outside the United States. If you proceed with this call, you will be > billed international direct dial rates for this call. If you do not > wish to proceed with this call, hang up now". I also wonder how the billing is handled on the US side. Since the carrier is receiving revenue for this call on the originating side, do they still bill the 800 number owner (the terminating party) for the calls? If they don't, how do they differentiate these calls. If they do, it sounds like the IXC has their hands in both parties pockets. Not a bad deal (for the carrier, that is). Sure explains the incentive to open up 800 for IDDD! Phil Ritter pritter@la.airtouch.com [TELECOM Digest Editor's Note: I think the caller is billed for the portion of the call from his country to the gateway in the USA where the carrier's switch is located, and the USA recipeient of the call is billed for the USA portion only, same as before. When we first discussed this a couple years ago, when AT&T was handling international calls to 800 numbers via their USA Direct program, didn't we discover that the international caller was billed for a call to Pittsburgh, PA at an AT&T office there, and the USA party got billed for an 800 call from Pittsburgh to wherever they were? PAT] ------------------------------ From: Mitch Greer@data.InterServ.Com Subject: Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas Date: 11 Jan 1995 20:51:27 GMT Organization: DCLU - City of Seattle > I've been wondering about overseas access to non-US NANP 800 numbers. > What happens if you dial a Canadian 800 number this way? > Could someone with a few pence to burn try a > Canadian number that isn't reachable from the US, such as Bell > Canada's Ontario business office line 800 668-2355 (or 800 NOT-BELL as > I prefer to think of it)? > I won't be surprised to hear that you get to pay for a call that says > "the number you have dialed cannot be reached from your calling area". I tried and was turned back from the local switch with: "You have reached a number that is disconnected or no longer in service. If you feel that you've reached this recording in error..." I'm in range of Canadian TV from Vancouver and just for giggles I occasionally try a Canadian 800 and I always get turned back with that recording. The last time I was in Vancouver I tried calling a friend's 800 number in Los Angeles from a coin phone and was turned back with a recording from the 206 area code. Mitch ------------------------------ Date: 11 Jan 95 15:22:16 EST From: Marko Ruokonen <100031.31@compuserve.com> Subject: Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas Here's what I have found out about dialing US 800 numbers from Germany by ISDN and by GSM (D1-Telekom): First, I tried 001-800-555-1212 (00 international access code, 1 CC for US): ISDN: tri-tone, "Keine Verbindung unter dieser Vorwahl". (Translation: "No connection by this area code") GSM: German ringing tone, then the anouncement "Leider ist uns diese Rufnummer nicht bekannt. Am besten fragen Sie bei der Auskunft nach.- We are afraid we have no record of this number. Please call the information service". (Note: there is NO tri-tone with the announcement). Then, I tried just 001-800: ISDN: same as above. GSM: (after a looong delay, 20 sec.): "Die von Ihnen gewahlte Rufnummer ist unvollstandig. Bitte rufen Sie die Auskunft an.", translation (not in the announcement): "The number you have dialed is incomplete. Please call directory assistance". Note: Dialing just 001 on the GSM results in the "incomplete" message, but only after five seconds. Makes me wonder what is going on in the switch when someone dials 001-800. I do not think this is a timeout situation, since on the GSM phone I have to enter the number and press "SEND" to place the call and it is not possible to append numbers after SEND has been pressed. Marko Ruokonen 100031.31@compuserve.com ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 12 Jan 1995 09:55:05 HKT From: Mr Robert Hall Subject: Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas Tony Harminc wrote: > I've been wondering about overseas access to non-US NANP 800 numbers. > What happens if you dial a Canadian 800 number this way? Is the > overseas carrier actually doing an SS7 lookup to determine the carrier > or are they just assuming that country code 1 = USA ? Sigh -- I can > guess the answer. Could someone with a few pence to burn try a > Canadian number that isn't reachable from the US, such as Bell > Canada's Ontario business office line 800 668-2355 (or 800 NOT-BELL as > I prefer to think of it)? > I won't be surprised to hear that you get to pay for a call that says > "the number you have dialed cannot be reached from your calling area". Tony: I tried dialing the NOT BELL number. Received my same message ("you'll have to pay for this call"). Waited on the line after the message, but the line was cut. Something somewhere isn't working, even if I stay on the line indicating that I will pay IDD charges! Regards, Rob Hall ------------------------------ From: Judith Oppenheimer Date: Wed, 11 Jan 1995 21:57:35 -0500 Subject: Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas The call being completed with the message "this is not a free call" are being done by Sprint. Judith Oppenheimer ------------------------------ Subject: Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas Date: Thu, 12 Jan 1995 09:41:05 GMT From: Clive D.W. Feather Quoth Tony Harminc: > I've been wondering about overseas access to non-US NANP 800 numbers. > What happens if you dial a Canadian 800 number this way? > Could someone with a few pence to burn try a > Canadian number that isn't reachable from the US, such as Bell > Canada's Ontario business office line 800 668-2355 I got the above message (though with slightly different wording) referring to the United States, followed by ringing. I then hung up. Clive D.W. Feather | Santa Cruz Operation clive@sco.com | Croxley Centre Phone: +44 1923 813541 | Hatters Lane, Watford Fax: +44 1923 813811 | WD1 8YN, United Kingdom ------------------------------ From: cmylod@nl.oracle.com (Colum Mylod) Subject: Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas Date: 12 Jan 1995 10:32:26 GMT Organization: Oracle Corporation. Redwood Shores, CA Tony Harminc (EL406045@BROWNVM.brown.edu) wrote: > I've been wondering about overseas access to non-US NANP 800 numbers. > What happens if you dial a Canadian 800 number this way? [...] > Canada's Ontario business office line 800 668-2355 (or 800 NOT-BELL as Caling from +44 land: "access to the 800 number you have dialed is not free from outside the United States..." etc, i.e. the (now) usual disclaimer before the number rings. I hung up on the first subsequent ring. Sorry Canada, you've been annexed. PS: Access to +1 800 is still blocked from other European countries. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 11 Jan 95 11:16:32 GMT From: jth@ion.le.ac.uk (Julian Thornhill) Subject: Re: 800 Numbers From Overseas > I've been wondering about overseas access to non-US NANP 800 numbers. > What happens if you dial a Canadian 800 number this way? > I won't be surprised to hear that you get to pay for a call that says > "the number you have dialed cannot be reached from your calling area". Well I just tried it from the UK via British Telecom and got the usual message "800 numbers from outside the **US** are not free ..." and then I got the ringing tone, so I guess it works. Didn't stay on the line to see who answered though! úÿ (continued next message) ÿ@FROM :telecom@delta.eecs.nwu.edu úÿ(Continued from last message) Regards, Julian Thornhill Email to jth@ion.le.ac.uk Physics Department Tel 0116 2523566 FAX 0116 2523555 Leicester University +44-116-2523566 (international) University Road Leicester LE1 7RH ------------------------------ End of TELECOM Digest V15 #26 *****************************